child

Open Access Article

1 - Predicting Marriage Satisfaction Based on adverse Childhood Experiences, Attachment Behaviors, Exchange Patterns, and Perceptions of Parental Marriage in Couples
Ahmadreza Kiani Mahmud Mohamadi razi

10.52547/Fsh.1.1.51

The purpose of this study was to predict marital satisfaction based on adverse childhood experiences, attachment behaviors, exchange patterns, and perceptions of parental marriage in couples. This was a descriptive correlational study. The tools of this study were ACEs More

The purpose of this study was to predict marital satisfaction based on adverse childhood experiences, attachment behaviors, exchange patterns, and perceptions of parental marriage in couples. This was a descriptive correlational study. The tools of this study were ACEs childhood adverse experiences, attachment behaviours, parental marriage perception, marital satisfaction, and a short communication form questionnaire which was administered to 400 subjects (200 couples) in Bojnourd city using SPSS software. Because the population was large and no information was available from all of these individuals, multi-stage cluster sampling was used. Results: Findings showed that one's perception of parental marriage and perception of one's own marriage as well as one's satisfaction with marriage was significant and positive. There was a significant and positive relationship between one's perception of marriage and attachment, as well as a negative and significant relationship between childhood adversity and one's own perception of marriage, and finally, the relationship between perceptions of marriage and exchange patterns showed a negative and meaningful relationship. Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that adverse childhood experiences, attachment behaviors, exchange patterns, and perceptions of parental marriage are good predictors of marital satisfaction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Analysis of the realization of the implementation of the child-friendly cities (cfc) case study:shiraz city
Farzaneh Salami

The concept of Child Friendly city is based on a sysem in which attention is paid too children s rights and polices and laws, programs and budget based on the needs of children cities reflect.Child-friendly design centers by the (UNICEF) human settlements program(HABITA More

The concept of Child Friendly city is based on a sysem in which attention is paid too children s rights and polices and laws, programs and budget based on the needs of children cities reflect.Child-friendly design centers by the (UNICEF) human settlements program(HABITAT)was founded in 1996.The purpose of this plan, the implementtition of the(CRC) at a level where we had the greatest impact on children. The purpose of this research is aimed at the realization of child-friendly cities in shiraz accepted,The methodology of this paper is descriptive in parallel,data collection haar data using a questionnaire and the population of both city managers,specialists and experts in urban and parents living in shiraz.Based on pearson correlation, shiraz all components of defined showed none of the items participation of children, the legal framework prtner of the child, comprehensive strategy rights of the child yamkanysm coordinated, systematic evaluation and assessment of the impact of legislation on children budgets,report on the status of children in urban, independent of the rights of children and protect children 3 and older not mean this show partially in shiraz in terms of the principles of friendly child was not favorable, analysis was performed based on multivariate regression model, in the city shiraz, the indicators rights of children as the most important and effective variables prediction kntdh friendly city children coefficient of the highest rsnk 0.426. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Satire Techniques Representations in Theme Structure of “Farhad Hasan Zade's” Stories
حسين ادهمي

Farhad Hasan Zade (Born in 1341/1962) is one of the satirists whose works are mostly within the domain of Children and Adolescent Literature. His satire stories are mainly taken from social realities enriched with social themes and a moderate criticism and represent soc More

Farhad Hasan Zade (Born in 1341/1962) is one of the satirists whose works are mostly within the domain of Children and Adolescent Literature. His satire stories are mainly taken from social realities enriched with social themes and a moderate criticism and represent social affairs and problems. He uses satire techniques in these stories which show his mastery on common methods and patterns of satire writing. The article reviews three story collections by Farhad Hasan Zade and investigates his methods in satire writing. First section of the article introduces satire techniques in these stories and second section reviews the representation and frequency of these techniques in different parts of stories’ themes. Based on findings of this article, although Hasan Zade’s satire techniques impact on story elements like space, characterization, tone, style, language and so on, the representations of these techniques are obvious in structure of stories’ themes. These techniques are located in narration flow of stories by being present in different parts of theme (start, inconstancy, expansion, climax point, problem solving and end); they are parts of story body in climax and end points. Reviewing the frequency of representation of these techniques in different parts of theme, we may come to these conclusions: “start” and “expansion” in different parts of stories’ theme have more variety and frequency than satire techniques and in “end” point of story “raid” and “satire turn” techniques have more frequencies. The article reviews these findings and explains the relation between these techniques and structure of themes in Hasan Zade stories with descriptive-analytic method in which statistical data, tables and charts were used too. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Study of the Evolution of Maternal Contents in the Poetry of Some Poetesses from the Period of Constitutionalism up to Present
مریم عاملی رضایی

Women’s Poetry has always been the field of expressing their emotions. Maternity is the purist of the feminine emotions reflected in the poems of both men and women. Extending feminine poetry in contemporary period, maternal images have also been depicted in it by the p More

Women’s Poetry has always been the field of expressing their emotions. Maternity is the purist of the feminine emotions reflected in the poems of both men and women. Extending feminine poetry in contemporary period, maternal images have also been depicted in it by the poetesses themselves. The objective of the present article is to study maternal contents in the poems of Iranian famous poetesses from the period of Constitutionalism to the present, say, Jale Qaem Maqami, Parvin E’tesami, Foruq Farokhzad, Simin Behbahani. It focuses on the fact that emerging modern thinking and individualism introduced the content of separation between mother and child to the feminine poetry. It also studies the ascent and descent of expressing maternal contents in their poetry. Although the nature of maternal emotion is the same, it worth mentioning that it can be affected by factors like the life, beliefs and world view of a poetess herself, the social changes of her time that make some contents more prevailing than the other ones. Findings of the present research shows that the main contents of this type are expressing mother and child emotions, mother and child talk, training child by mother, mothers view on the world and universe. Studying maternal contents in the poetry of every poetess, we will follow its changes regarding their time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Causes and Consequences of Ethical Delinquency of Children and Adolescents in Telegram and Instagram Social Networksg
mohamad sadeq chavooshi Hadi Karamati Moez

Children and teenagers are the most vulnerable in social networking telegrams and instagrams; social networks expose under-age users to a huge amount of information, partly because of their inappropriateness of age and rational growth and the rate The child's knowledge More

Children and teenagers are the most vulnerable in social networking telegrams and instagrams; social networks expose under-age users to a huge amount of information, partly because of their inappropriateness of age and rational growth and the rate The child's knowledge can have harmful effects. Therefore, it is essential that the skills needed to be present on the social networks of telegrams and instagrams are taught to children and their parents, as well as the causes and effects of the moral delinquency of this vulnerable stratum in social networks. Prevent possible damage. In this paper, through analytical-descriptive research method, a library is used to identify the causes and effects of moral delinquency of children and adolescents in the social networks of Telegram and Instagram. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Effect of educational Literature on the Revolutionary and War Literature in the Selected Works of the Child of the Sixties
SOHEILA MEHRVAZIRI mostafa salari BEHROZ ROMIANI

One of the important types of literature is the children's literature. In Iran, in spite of the literary greatness and power and background, the literature of children in its today’s meaning does not have much background, but in the contemporary period, the literature o More

One of the important types of literature is the children's literature. In Iran, in spite of the literary greatness and power and background, the literature of children in its today’s meaning does not have much background, but in the contemporary period, the literature of children has received a great deal of attention so that it can be said that one of the most extensive and most beautiful types of literary in Iran, especially in the contemporary period, is the effect of educational literature, the literature of revolution and the war on child’s works. This expression in the literature of the child of the sixties reached to its peak, due to the fact that not much time passed since the Islamic Revolution, and also shortly after the Islamic Revolution, the Imposed War happened, in such a way that many Iranian poets and writers, especially the poets of the child and teenagers paid special attention to this literary type among other literary types. This article is written with the aim of indicating and analyzing the effect of educational literature, the literature of revolution and war on the works of the child of the sixties. In order to achieve this goal, first of all, the exact meaning of the child's literature and its characteristics and the child's age periods is discussed briefly. Then the educational literature, the literature of revolution and war and its effects in the poetry and story of the child of the sixties have been analyzed. The result of this study shows that perseverance, courage, kindness, hope, chivalry, advocacy of right and truth and endurance against the oppression and force, are educational values and contents that are the main core of many tales and stories of the child of the sixties Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Nostalgia in the literary works of Dr. Ali Shariati
Hashem Goodarzi

Dr. Ali Shariati is one of the influential figures in the field of political, social and cultural affairs, which has significant literary works that are "desert" and "loneliness talks" and "the introduction of Hossein, the heir of Adam" is one of the most valuable liter More

Dr. Ali Shariati is one of the influential figures in the field of political, social and cultural affairs, which has significant literary works that are "desert" and "loneliness talks" and "the introduction of Hossein, the heir of Adam" is one of the most valuable literary works of Dr. Shariati, a writer capable of The literary works have plenty of literary themes and themes. One of these valuable aspects of contemporary poets and writers is the nostalgic content of these great literary works. The return to childhood and the love of youth and the rejoicing of the beautiful past of the past, and the expression of valuable political, social and cultural memories, in great literary works such as desert and loneliness, expressing the valorous feelings and appreciation, and the power of the great writer and literary creator Dr. Ali Shariati His great literary works are well-known in the desert and lonely conversations, and these beautiful and nostalgic effects are well seen, which clearly illustrates the understanding of the truth, the beautiful element and the great literary themes of the great literary works of Dr. Ali Shariati, and the manifestation of the great emotions and The profound humanity in these lasting literary works. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Alignment of jurisprudence and ethics with the assumption of observing the limits in corporal punishment of children
Sadegh Fani Maleki Ahmad mirkhalili

According to the jurisprudential sources, the principle of corporal punishment of children has been prescribed and according to this, the legislator of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in Article 1179 of the Civil Code, has accepted the corporal punishment of children by t More

According to the jurisprudential sources, the principle of corporal punishment of children has been prescribed and according to this, the legislator of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in Article 1179 of the Civil Code, has accepted the corporal punishment of children by their parents. At first glance, it is thought that corporal punishment of a child is a behavior contrary to moral standards, and this jurisprudential ruling is in conflict with moral principles. The purpose of this study is to correct this basic view and to prove the principle of permissibility of corporal punishment of children from two perspectives of jurisprudence and ethics and to determine its permissible scope, to prove the non-confrontation of jurisprudence and ethics in this field. That is, corporal punishment in jurisprudence on the one hand is limited to its amount, type and severity, and on the other hand, the age of the child, the position and motivation of the discipline are also considered as permissible limits, and by observing these restrictions, not the ruling It is not permissible in jurisprudence to oppose the principles of ethics, but it is completely in harmony with it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Analysis of children's characters regarding the importance of childhood in Attar's Tazkereh al-Awliya
arezo hagigi seyed mohsen sajedirad mohamad ali atashsowda

Tazkirat al-Awliyā is one of the valuable mystical works in which Attar Neyshapouri introduces the Sufi saints by mentioning their sayings, anecdotes and wise narrations. A majority of this book consists of narratives about the life and characteristics of saints with a More

Tazkirat al-Awliyā is one of the valuable mystical works in which Attar Neyshapouri introduces the Sufi saints by mentioning their sayings, anecdotes and wise narrations. A majority of this book consists of narratives about the life and characteristics of saints with a narrative structure. In these narratives, there are other relatively fixed characters besides the saints, one of whom are children. they have two different faces in the inner layers of their characters; sometimes they are children in their own sense; sometimes they are identical to the characters of "the Old" and "unseen language". Using purposive sampling method and content analysis, in this article we investigate the manifestations of children's characters in Tazkirat al-Awliyā and at the same time, examine the childhood, the saints' views towards children, and different manifestations of children's characters and their roles in this mystical narrative. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Minimum Intervention Model in Response to Children Unlawful Behaviors in court Complex of Shahid Fahmideh, Tehran, Iran (2016-2017)
Hossein Gholami

Models of response to children unlawful behaviors are grouped into five categories, penal justice, welfare, restorative, minimum intervention, and risk management. Each of these models attempts to correct delinquent children in a different way and with varying degrees o More

Models of response to children unlawful behaviors are grouped into five categories, penal justice, welfare, restorative, minimum intervention, and risk management. Each of these models attempts to correct delinquent children in a different way and with varying degrees of impact, and non-punishment or mild punishment may lead to further correction of delinquent children in certain offenses. This study aimed to compare the extent and manner of application of the Minimum Intervention Model with other models in Shahid Fahmideh Judicial Complex of Tehran. It was performed through the explanatory content analysis method and the statistical population consisted of 100 cases selected from two branches of this complex using the purposive non-probability sampling method. After the data were collected, they were analyzed in SPSS, and the percentages of frequency were as follows: 20% of the cases were not responded due to order for suspension of prosecution and 76% of the cases had at least one of the intervention indicators in addition to other response models. Findings indicated that the judges of this complex used the Minimum Intervention Model more than other models. Although the use of this model in the area of criminal justice for children and adolescents is a positive action, it must be adjusted in some offenses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Sociological Analysis of Child Rights in Iran: The Scientific and Executive Status of Committee on the Rights of the Child in Markazi Province
Maryam Sha’ban

The present study sought to study the scientific structures and the implementation of child rights in Markazi province, therefore, the level of analysis is at the macro and structural levels, in such a way that all programs, actions and structures in relation to salarie More

The present study sought to study the scientific structures and the implementation of child rights in Markazi province, therefore, the level of analysis is at the macro and structural levels, in such a way that all programs, actions and structures in relation to salaries The child was identified in Markazi province and then analyzed using the library-based document analysis method. The purpose of the research was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of scientific and executive in relation to child rights in Markazi province and ultimately to provide a solution for policymakers to improve the status quo. The lack of a definite definition of the "child" and "childhood" in Iran and the scattered petty culture in the provinces, such as the Markazi province, and the gap between the definitions of various institutions, including the institution of religion, law and law, in addition to the non-conformity of each with Popular culture, the lack of power for prescribing and policy for the children's rights committees, such as the central governorate, the system of denial of child support programs and the assignment of children's rights in the province to the Chambers of Ladies and Family Governorates have led to the second priority of children's rights programs in provinces such as central province. As a result, all of these cases have led to barriers to improving the status of children's rights in Iran at the macro level and in the central province at a lower level. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Social Protection of Street and Labor Children
Nasim Khodakhah

Throughout history the child has been exposed to various abuses due to certain physical and mental characteristics. The specific situation of street children has caused them to be exposed to various types of abuse and harm in the community in the family environment, and More

Throughout history the child has been exposed to various abuses due to certain physical and mental characteristics. The specific situation of street children has caused them to be exposed to various types of abuse and harm in the community in the family environment, and they need a lot of support, including legal protection. The phenomenon of street children and work is one of the problems facing most of the major cities in the contemporary world. Children are forced to work due to their particular circumstances, and this has led to positive and negative changes in their self-reflection of their peers. The issue of addressing poverty and children and solving street children's problems is a matter that will only be solved with the cooperation of international governments, international governmental organizations and international NGOs, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, and will work closely with the rights of children's rights activists. The social status of these children is very unfavorable and street children are more likely to be subjected to sexual assaults and illnesses such as AIDS, sexual violence and forced pregnancy if they are girls. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Critical Analysis and Survey Politics and Presented Solutions to Protection from Working and Street Children
Hosein Khobbakht Bentolhoda Niknami

Problem of working children and street children is one of the most issues related to children in developing and developed societies, there are between 100 up 150 million street children in the world. Cannot presented estimated right from number of this children, because More

Problem of working children and street children is one of the most issues related to children in developing and developed societies, there are between 100 up 150 million street children in the world. Cannot presented estimated right from number of this children, because there is no definition accurate from this issue and states don’t express breadth of this the phenomenon in yourself country clearly, different and damaging politics by authorities and social factors and family .unfortunately it has provoked to this problem such as unmatched the rules in country and no conformity of existence ruled and a lack of sanctions in encounter of offenders and lack of awareness families from laws of children that indicates this is necessity to confront to the phenomenon more than ever the present article is trying to express solutions direction improvement of children situations after cash politics and survey problems of this children. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Comparative Study of Asylum Seeker Children’s Right to Health in Common European Asylum System and Convention on the Rights of the Child
Reza Mousazadeh AhmadReza Azarpendar

One of the Asylum seekers children’s essential rights is the right to health, which is interpreted as the highest physical and mental standards. This right may include comprehensive medical and healthcare services, proper food and housing, proper health educations and a More

One of the Asylum seekers children’s essential rights is the right to health, which is interpreted as the highest physical and mental standards. This right may include comprehensive medical and healthcare services, proper food and housing, proper health educations and also healthy environment. Accordingly, the governments are required in convention on the rights of child to spare their utmost effort to realize this right. At the time being, considering the large number of asylum seekers heading from the West Asian countries towards Europe, the European countries’ commitment to ensuring the asylum seekers children’s right to health is critically important. By comparing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its General Comments with Common European Asylum System, Apparently, despite of the fact that the European Union has been successful in legislating for the asylum seekers children, in some cases, the fulfillment of children’s rights is subordinated to the domestic conditions of members of the EU, that it’s contrary to their obligations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Prohibition of Child Pornography in the Context of International and Domestic Documents
Mohammad Hossein Jafari Elaheh Parsa

One of the major abuses against the child's legal rights in the community is pornography that violates human dignity, as mentioned in international documents and today it has become a growing global threat. The direct production or direct participation of children in se More

One of the major abuses against the child's legal rights in the community is pornography that violates human dignity, as mentioned in international documents and today it has become a growing global threat. The direct production or direct participation of children in sexual images is pornography, which is conducted through a variety of media including magazines, cartoons, paintings and animations. Given the irreparable consequences of this damage to children, countries and governments must take appropriate legal action so that this can be done to some degree from the destructive effects of this vulnerable group. Child pornography has been banned and sanctioned in most countries of the world and in international documents and treaties that have been concluded between countries. In domestic law, although it has not explicitly referred to pornography, but it has been declared illegal by numerous instances in several laws, and it has been punished for the offender, but it should be noted that the drafting of the law in this The field is not the only solution to eliminate this crime and to eliminate its effects, but the government must inform the people and families and children. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Research Ethics and Children's Rights
Shima Tabatabai

Background and aim: Despite the increasing global attention on the societal need to respect the principles of children's participatory rights in which children are involved, surprisingly, the relationship between children's rights and research ethics is not clear and re More

Background and aim: Despite the increasing global attention on the societal need to respect the principles of children's participatory rights in which children are involved, surprisingly, the relationship between children's rights and research ethics is not clear and research ethics for children’s rights have been neglected in the social sciences literature. The aim of this study is to determine the relation of the ethical guidelines with children’s right. Method: This analytic study conducted to analyze the ethical research considerations from human rights and child right perspective. Results: Our analysis revealed that although the human right principles referred to in the social research ethical guidelines, the definition of “right” and especially children rights are ignored. Within the social sciences research ethical guidelines, including those related to children, there is often a lack of direct referral to the human rights principles emphasized by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). Conclusion: Linking the human rights principles within research ethics guidelines will promote and encourage a rights-based approach to child research. These specific Research ethics guidelines need to be drawn upon the UNCRC. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Comparative Study of Children and Adolescents’ Protection Law in Iran and Egypt
Amin Jafari Maryam Shajirat

This study was conducted by reviewing the laws and regulations of Iran and Egypt concerning children and adolescents, and also international standards such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Beijing Rules as well to compare and analyze issues including More

This study was conducted by reviewing the laws and regulations of Iran and Egypt concerning children and adolescents, and also international standards such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Beijing Rules as well to compare and analyze issues including children and adolescents protection rules in Iran and Egypt, the minimum and maximum age of criminal responsibility, type and extent of criminal responsibility in different age groups in both Iran and Egypt. Then, the extent of compliance of two countries rules with international rules was assessed. Our results revealed that Iran has not complied with the principles of legislation in drafting the protection laws for children and adolescents. The adoption of numerous and dispersed laws in the pre and post revolution has undermined the principle of accessibility of the law, then these circumstances make it difficult to protect children and adolescents with It is a problem and finally prevent the realization of access to justice. In Egypt, the minimum and maximum age for criminal responsibility is 12 and 18 years, respectively, also the minimum age of civilian custody is 21 years, while in Iran’s law, there is not the same approach regarding minimum and maximum age of criminal responsibility due to punishments of crimes are classified into discretionary, retaliate. This result has controversy with international regulations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Minimum Intervention Model in Response to Children Unlawful Behaviors in court Complex of Shahid Fahmideh, Tehran, Iran (2016-2017)
Hossein Gholami Hassan Ali Moazenzadegan Nafiseh Zaeri

Models of response to children unlawful behaviors are grouped into five categories, penal justice, welfare, restorative, minimum intervention, and risk management. Each of these models attempts to correct delinquent children in a different way and with varying degrees o More

Models of response to children unlawful behaviors are grouped into five categories, penal justice, welfare, restorative, minimum intervention, and risk management. Each of these models attempts to correct delinquent children in a different way and with varying degrees of impact, and non-punishment or mild punishment may lead to further correction of delinquent children in certain offenses. This study aimed to compare the extent and manner of application of the Minimum Intervention Model with other models in Shahid Fahmideh Judicial Complex of Tehran. It was performed through the explanatory content analysis method and the statistical population consisted of 100 cases selected from two branches of this complex using the purposive non-probability sampling method. After the data were collected, they were analyzed in SPSS, and the percentages of frequency were as follows: 20% of the cases were not responded due to order for suspension of prosecution and 76% of the cases had at least one of the intervention indicators in addition to other response models. Findings indicated that the judges of this complex used the Minimum Intervention Model more than other models. Although the use of this model in the area of criminal justice for children and adolescents is a positive action, it must be adjusted in some offenses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - An Analytical Study of Important Cultural Factors Deterring Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure
Arian Petoft

Nowadays, one of the most known types of violence against children around the world is child sexual abuse, which is typically a reflection of the causes of social problem. The customs and traditions of society sometimes make the people to conceal sexual violence against More

Nowadays, one of the most known types of violence against children around the world is child sexual abuse, which is typically a reflection of the causes of social problem. The customs and traditions of society sometimes make the people to conceal sexual violence against children. Many cases of sexual abuse have not been reported due to concealment and fear of being exposed, and its deleterious effects on children remain concealed. As one of the most dangerous forms of violence against children is their sexual abuse, it is important to examine cultural normative factors and can help us in pathology and in providing appropriate solutions. Therefore, the present article seeks to answer the key question of what cultural norms can make us to conceal child sexual abuse cases and consequently facilitate and increase sexual violence against children and adolescents. Understanding the values generally held by people of a particular culture allows us to eliminate the social barriers to disclosing child sexual abuse. Overall, this article found that the important cultural factors are: family honor and dignity, chastity, gender discrimination, high costs of disclosure, traditional and racial difference, deviant religious beliefs and non-effective adherence to reasonable cultural norms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Protection of Right to Life of the Child in Viewpoint of Islam and International Instruments with a Look at the Children of Yemen
Mahdi Rahmani Fatemeh Piri Amirhajiloo

The right to life is the most important right of any human being, especially the child. This right is the cornerstone of all human rights and any violation of it is a gross and grave violation of fundamental human rights. According to the teachings of Islam and many Int More

The right to life is the most important right of any human being, especially the child. This right is the cornerstone of all human rights and any violation of it is a gross and grave violation of fundamental human rights. According to the teachings of Islam and many International Instruments, the child, as a human being, has the right to a decent living and life under any circumstances. Today, with armed clashes waged by global arrogance to achieve their economic and political interests in some countries, including Yemen, the inherent rights of children, including the right to life, the right to health, the right to education, have been clearly threatened and violated and every year thousands of Yemeni children die as a result of these clashes. Theis study is a descriptive-analytical and comparative study that examine the fundamentals of the right to life of child in Islam and international Instruments and the effects of armed conflict on child rights. In addition, the right to life of children in Yemen has been discussed and stated that it is essential for all people, national and international institutions and governments to provide mechanisms to secure this right and prevent violence against children in armed conflict. In addition, it is imperative that those who endanger the life of children in armed conflict be charged with war crimes, prosecution, trial and punishment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Evaluation of the Right to Oral Health of a Child and its Realization on the International Stage
Aghil Mohammadi Aghil Mohammadi Abdosaheb Niknam

Health is one of the most important human rights. The right to oral health is one aspect of this right and an integral part of public health pertains to the disease-free status and chronic pain in the mouth, face and throat. Among the human groups, children are the most More

Health is one of the most important human rights. The right to oral health is one aspect of this right and an integral part of public health pertains to the disease-free status and chronic pain in the mouth, face and throat. Among the human groups, children are the most vulnerable to various health threats, and therefore international instruments, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), emphasize the right to children's health. Oral diseases are among the factors that seriously affect this right. These diseases not only cause pain, but also affect the eating, speaking and quality of life, inner and social self-esteem of the child. Based on a descriptive-analytical approach and in the light of an overview of the international law approach to the right to health and the right to oral health and the explanation of children's rights in this field, the present paper addresses the question of the right to oral health and what is the position of child in oral health? This paper concludes that, despite the particular importance of children's oral health and the achievement of important results in this area, Oral diseases continue to be widespread among children and the right to do so is faced with many obstacles and limitations. In addition to international institutions, it is essential that states, along with global health programs for all, are targeted and organized, in particular to prevent these diseases and improve access to primary health care. Access to health information around the world, the use of new technologies, regular and annual reports by states on children's oral health can help promote the right to children's oral health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Instagram Child Labor Concept: A Study on Iranian Children on Cyber Space
Atefeh Aghaei Zahra Rezania

Instagram is considered a new medium context where users involving parents and children are able to actively act. Instagram Child Labor is a new phenomenon on cyberspace where children are exploited by their parents to be of use by expressing various aspects of their bi More

Instagram is considered a new medium context where users involving parents and children are able to actively act. Instagram Child Labor is a new phenomenon on cyberspace where children are exploited by their parents to be of use by expressing various aspects of their biological life. With this in mind, media power is capable of creating a concept of child as well as behaving to the detriment of children in favor of businesses and family wealth. This study aims at identifying the meaning of "Instagram Child Labor" and what it collocates with. To this purpose, eight influencer pages working on children scope were picked out to be analyzed qualitatively utilizing MAX QDA. The results indicate that children’s body and communications equal to "display means", "mothers’ identity and brand maker", "a means to advertise" and moreover, children’s personal information is akin to "a way to satisfy children’s curiosity" that with the prior one create the concept of Instagram Child Labor so that families become more lucrative by helping advertising firms make more followers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The Necessity of Recognition and Support of Children Right to Happiness in Domestic and International Legal System
Reza Fanazad Ramin Poursaeid

The increased human beings experiences and improvements have direct effect on social and legal developments. As a sample, the classic rights such as the right to life and the right to body immunity are counted as obvious and normal rights. The less-known rights have bee More

The increased human beings experiences and improvements have direct effect on social and legal developments. As a sample, the classic rights such as the right to life and the right to body immunity are counted as obvious and normal rights. The less-known rights have been appeared in both internal and international law. The right to happiness with emphasis on child happiness is one of these new phenomenons. This right obtains its situation as a new generation of developing factors by some countries. The authors search and explain by library-based studying method on the concept of happiness in philosophy, theosophy, morality, literature and religious jurisprudence. Then, (facts) and (norms) about joining of children happiness and legal system are discovered. The results show us non-governmental organizations and governmental ones such as teaching and cultivation ministry or Institute for the intellectual development of children and young adults in spite of their advantageous services are far from their real missions. It may because of no priority of happiness for politicians, absence of consistency between policy and relative administrators, some cultural and economic challenges, etc. This article has submitted some suggestion to solve the obstacles in accordance with available circumstances. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Children's Rights to Education in International Human Rights Documents
Marzieh Hojaji Najaf Abadi Massimo Papa

Children's rights, as part of the human rights debate, focus on protecting and supporting children and achieving their basic rights. Human rights are the inherent rights of all human beings. Children also have the same rights without discrimination. The main purpose of More

Children's rights, as part of the human rights debate, focus on protecting and supporting children and achieving their basic rights. Human rights are the inherent rights of all human beings. Children also have the same rights without discrimination. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the right to education of children and to study it in international documents. An analytical approach has been used to achieve this goal. The main focus of this analysis is the Convention on the Rights of the Child as the most important document in the field of child rights, related articles on the Child’s education right, other international human rights instruments, the position of education in the international human rights system, the Declaration of Human Rights and Islamic Declaration of Human Rights. Therefore, recognizing the right to education for children in the human rights system will require the support and commitment of governments to provide children with access to appropriate educational facilities. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child incorporates the broad concept of the child as the right holder. The four basic principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child can be: 1. The principle of non-discrimination and the guarantee of the rights of the Convention for all children without any discrimination; 2. The priority of the interests of the child in any law and regulations affecting the child; 3. The right to life, survival and development of children and adolescents; 4. The right to have children's views and opinions at all stages of their decision-making. In this international instrument, Articles 28 and 29 recognize the right to education in children and this right has been enshrined in equal opportunities. Another international human rights instrument, especially in the field of children and the right to education of children, is the Human Rights Declaration of 1948. Article 26 recognizes the right to education of children and everyone has the right to equal access to education and access. It also sees education as guiding the human personality with good understanding, forgiveness and respect for different beliefs. This analysis, on the one hand, represents the belief in the inherent dignity of children and the "human personality" without any discrimination on the basis of issues of gender, color, opinion, ethnicity and religion, and on the other hand, emphasizes the principle is to protect children and to recognize their fundamental rights. The right to education as a human rights principle in the field of children, including the right to access to education, the right to quality and standard education, respect for the human dignity and dignity of the child, non-discrimination education at all stages of childhood, access to educational opportunities and equality of opportunity in education. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Explaining Consent and Assent in the Treatment of Children from the Perspective of Jurisprudence, Law and Medical Ethics
Kourosh Delpasand Zahra Firouzabadi Ahmad Mashkoori Afsaneh Ghanbari Mohammad Nourian

Background and aim: Health professionals have the ethical and legal duty to achieve the highest level of protection for the safety and health of children in medical interventions. Children have different mental and physical capacities depending on age, type of illness a More

Background and aim: Health professionals have the ethical and legal duty to achieve the highest level of protection for the safety and health of children in medical interventions. Children have different mental and physical capacities depending on age, type of illness and disability. But the important point is to examine the age of the child from the perspective of jurisprudence, law and ethics. Therefore, the present article examines how the framework of Iranian law on obtaining consent from children in a variety of non-surgical and surgical interventions and determining the legal criteria for consent of the child and his or her legal guardians. Method: This research is based on descriptive-analytical method and based on valid library documents and resources. Results: When the parent of the child cares for his or her interests, he or she is the best decision-maker in the therapeutic process. When parents are concerned about the child's best interests, they are the best decision maker in the therapeutic process. However, in cases where the forced parent has a high risk behavior for the child and does not allow the child to take the necessary medical treatment, health professionals must apply for a permit through the Prosecutor's Office to obtain treatment. Conclusion: Consent and agreement in children is a continuous process and in therapeutic situations depends on the child's ability and understanding of the situation. In many therapies, involving children in decision-making helps them to participate in the treatment process. It is recommended to set consent rules for the treatment of children in a variety of non-invasive and non-surgical interventions and invasive and surgical interventions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - The Effect of Visual Media on the Occurrence of Deviations and Crimes in Children and Teenagers and Ways to Prevent it
Fatemeh Afshari javad afshari

Background and Aim: One of the most important influencing factors in the lives of today's societies is visual media, which, in addition to having positive effects in reducing social harms, have a negative role in creating deviations and crimes and one of the vulnerable More

Background and Aim: One of the most important influencing factors in the lives of today's societies is visual media, which, in addition to having positive effects in reducing social harms, have a negative role in creating deviations and crimes and one of the vulnerable groups in this field are children and teenagers. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of visual media on the occurrence of deviations and crimes among children and teenagers and discussing ways to prevent it. Method: The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method and using documentary (library) resoureces. Results: Visual media, by getting the audience used to the events, desensitization and inattention, etc., provide the basis for learning violence from the media. Younger people are much more influenced by the media, and this is due to their realism, their incomplete cognitive ability, and their inability to relate the scenes of the program to the final result. With the development of global media outside the control of governments, such as satellites and the Internet, and providing inappropriate models, negative training, airing programs with no purpose, not paying attention to the age of the audience, and not showing the results of actions, the role of the mentioned media in the spread of crimes and deviations such as violence, running away from home, free sexual relations, and sexual addiction are undeniable, especially among young people. Conclusion: Due to the negative impact of visual media on children and teenagers in terms of creating grounds for deviance and committing crimes, it is necessary for the government, people, family and mass media to make a joint effort to deal with the content of inappropriate and replace it with healthy programs and entertainment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Principles Governing the Child's Right to Health in the International Human Rights System
Zahra Ebrahimi Zahra Moshrefjavadi

Children as the recipients of the right to health and the future of any society need the support of the government, their parents and legal guardians while entering adulthood. The Convention on the Rights of the Child has referred to the issue of child health in several More

Children as the recipients of the right to health and the future of any society need the support of the government, their parents and legal guardians while entering adulthood. The Convention on the Rights of the Child has referred to the issue of child health in several articles and the Committee on the Rights of the Child has called on governments to consider childhood conditions and children's evolving capacities when fulfilling their obligations toward them. Thus, the Convention on the Rights of the Child has four core principles that underpin all children's rights: the right to life and survival, non-discrimination, the right to be heard and consideration of child’s best interests such as all human rights. Since children's right to health is a general right and encounters various challenges from the time of birth and even before that to adolescence, some principles are added to the basic principles in order to supplement the content of their right to health and complete them. The right to education, protection from abuse and misbehavior and prohibition from harmful practices and threats of the digital world are specific principles governing the definition of children's right to health. Governments need to consider this right of children in all areas and recognize children as individuals possessing rights. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Protecting Children against Inappropriate and Harmful Computer Games
Mohammas Javad Arabian Seyedeh Parisa Mirabi Ali Zand

The use of computer games among children is rapidly expanding and it has become an integral part of children's daily lives. These games, with their innovative potential, can provide motivation for therapy, enhance practical skills and facilitate teaching and learning co More

The use of computer games among children is rapidly expanding and it has become an integral part of children's daily lives. These games, with their innovative potential, can provide motivation for therapy, enhance practical skills and facilitate teaching and learning concepts. In addition to the positive aspects, playing these games has negative effects and on the other hand, kids drowning in computer games will lead to earn profits and benefits by the companies that make these games. This study, with descriptive-analytical method using domestic laws and regulations and internationals treaties and other library resources; was carried out to examine the protection of the children's rights from harmful computer games by applying sociological theories; domestic law and international documents and has used descriptive, analytical method aimed to ensure the right to play, enjoy and entertain. The present study was conducted aimed to examine the benefits and disadvantages of computer games to express legal requirements and protections and protect users from harmful effects of these games. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Data Credibility and Electronic Records in The Face of Rights of the Child in Cyber Space
Mostafa Mandegar Reza Zareie Masoud Reza Ranjbar Sahraei Merhzad Razmi

After the emergence of innovative information technologies and them casting a shadow upon people’s lives, the effects of this gift on many aspects of individual and social life will become apparent and its domain will expand to an extent that some Pillars of personal an More

After the emergence of innovative information technologies and them casting a shadow upon people’s lives, the effects of this gift on many aspects of individual and social life will become apparent and its domain will expand to an extent that some Pillars of personal and public rights of individuals and nations will be under its sphere of influence. The issue of rights of the child have such great significance that many international documents focus on them and a convention under the name of the Convention on the Rights of the Child has been assembled upon basis of which children in need will receive more protection. Also, anything that would threaten the personal future and reputation of the child needs to be reexamined, because by publishing content in cyber space a proof and document of a an event is created in an endless space in which the deletion of said data is almost impossible; therefore the preservation of dignity and protection of children’s rights in cyber space is a fundamental issue that needs special examination. Thus in this study which is conducted in an analytical-descriptive manner, the focus is on the subject of the right of the children in cyber space by relying on the laws regarding electronic trade in Iran, Convention on the Right of the Child and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights with focus on credibility of data and electronic records. Manuscript profile

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30 - Right to Food from Perspective of Instruments of International Law with Emphasis to Nutrition Right of Children
Manuchehr Tavassoli Naini Ghazaleh Behzadfar

The right to food is one of the basic and fundamental rights for every person. In order to be able to benefit from other rights, people’s nutritional needs must first be satisfied. Without securing and attending to this right and innate need, a human will not be able to More

The right to food is one of the basic and fundamental rights for every person. In order to be able to benefit from other rights, people’s nutritional needs must first be satisfied. Without securing and attending to this right and innate need, a human will not be able to live and benefit from the rest of human rights. The right to food is not a separate and distinct topic, it's one of the subsets rights of economic and social rights that are recognized under the title of right to adequate standards of living including right to food. The result of this research shows that in addition to the universal importance of right to food and nutrition, children’s nutrition is more important because of their age and health status. Child nutrition as well as other rights, particularly right to education is very closely related. These are the things that turn the right to food into one of the most important human rights that requires attention, infringement on which should be followed up and investigated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - The Right to Art and Identity for Children from the Perspective of Persian Poetic Texts (Poems by Hafez, Rumi, Saadi, Ferdowsi, etc.)
Shahriar Shadigou Fariba Parvaneh Mehri Toutounchian

In today's society, the issue of identity is a fundamental issue in childhood, because if we do not pay attention to it, the current and future generations will suffer from imbalance and confusion. The present study aims to investigate the right to art and identity for More

In today's society, the issue of identity is a fundamental issue in childhood, because if we do not pay attention to it, the current and future generations will suffer from imbalance and confusion. The present study aims to investigate the right to art and identity for children from the perspective of Persian poetic texts (poems of Hafez, Rumi, Saadi, Ferdowsi, etc.). The research method is qualitative analysis in the form of library and using the technique of taking notes and using theoretical sources and theory about children's identification According to the obtained results, it can be said that the identification of children in contexts such as family, society and education system is emerging, so its development depends on the development of these contexts. Therefore, when researchers address the issue of child identification, they provide the means for the development of individuals first and then for the development of society. Attention to the rights of children in various dimensions is also in the focus of attention of different societies and religions in the world, so that various laws in this field have always been approved by various organizations and institutions.. Recognizing a child's art, literature, and identity as fundamental rights has an important role in the process of forming his or her identity. Parents are the first and closest reference to the rights of children in all aspects of education and identification, and certainly an informed parent can provide the most and most useful help to his or her child. The study of art in Persian poetry also reveals the influence of art on human mental development, moral development and attention to physical dimension. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Introduction of Work and Street Children's Database (1923-2011): Addressing and Solutions to Children's Social Damages and Problems
Khosro Salehi

The existence of social problems in every society puts children at greater risk than others and damages their health and well-being. In our country, children are facing with various problems and this problems comes from different reasons (economic, social, cultural, etc More

The existence of social problems in every society puts children at greater risk than others and damages their health and well-being. In our country, children are facing with various problems and this problems comes from different reasons (economic, social, cultural, etc.). Street children and children who are vulnerable to harm, mainly for economic reasons, who work on the streets and, in fact, spend most of their time in unsafe and risky streets and, as a result, are more exposed to these children, especially girls. There are various risks. Understanding the status, problems and harm of these children, gathering statistics, information and resources about them, getting acquainted with the causes and factors causing these injuries and increasing them, is the first step in helping these children and trying to make the necessary changes in their lives. It means to benefit from their rights. The lack of information and their distribution in relation to children exposed to harm in general and working and street children are in particular a barrier to planning and organizing activities to relieve them of harm. Designing a database of street children and children can be promising in this field, and it is necessary to transfer it through the database to future generations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Iran's penal policy towards providing security for children in cyberspace
Seyed Abbas Khalilpour Chalkiasari

The astonishing advancement of information technology in the early years of the twenty-first century has brought about countless changes in the various fields and opened another door to the new world so that all human economic, social, political, cultural and scientific More

The astonishing advancement of information technology in the early years of the twenty-first century has brought about countless changes in the various fields and opened another door to the new world so that all human economic, social, political, cultural and scientific activities are fundamentally changed. Law is also a branch of the humanities that regulates human relations in the context of collective life. It has developed laws to prevent children from unsecured entering the virtual world and legal measures to protect them. Adopting a distinct approach to the substantive criminal law of cybercrime can minimize harm to children and adolescents by prevention. In the meantime, questions and doubts have been raised about the limits of freedom of use of the Internet for children, the limits of free flow of information against child users, protection of child privacy in cyberspace and finally the role of legal regulations to protect this vulnerable group that easily can be exploited in this boundless world. In this research, through data collection tools and using library and internet resources with rational analysis of the content to study the legislative policy of criminal law on criminal security for children in cyberspace, in comparison with the iranian legal system and international documents, in order to better confront and prevent these crimes, the issues and problems and the strengths and weaknesses of the enacted laws are presented and suggestions and solutions for solving these problems are discussed. Manuscript profile

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34 - Children’s Rights in the Urban Rights in Light of Convention on the Rights of the Child
Shahram Salami Mohammad Mazhari

Development of urbanization in the world has made the states confront various challenges in realm of certain rights of citizens, especially children, as far as they need more attention than other citizens concerning their special developmental conditions. However, not o More

Development of urbanization in the world has made the states confront various challenges in realm of certain rights of citizens, especially children, as far as they need more attention than other citizens concerning their special developmental conditions. However, not only the cities are not designed based on the needs of children, they do not offer the least rights to them. Convention on the Rights of the Child is certainly the main legal document for children. Children benefit from different rights that are reflected in the convention on the rights of children; however, this study intends to answer this question that, “What are the rights of children in the urban right area?” The necessity of identifying the children rights in the urban rights is important on that as one of the main pillars of the society, children are mostly subject to most social, economic, health and educational threats and losses. Moreover, as far as identification of the rights of children in cities is emergent at international arena, particularly in Iran, and concerning the efforts of international organizations such as UNISEF on promotion of these rights, the city managers and policymakers are expected to carry out the required action in this area. Based on this, the present study seeks to explain the main rights of children in cities such as non-discrimination, the right of children with disabilities, public hearing, benefiting social security, the right to health, education and playing and pleasure through investigating various economic, social and cultural areas that are effective on the children rights in urban area by collecting data through library method and descriptive-analytical data analysis. It is concluded that although appropriate theoretical actions have been taken by urban institution in Iran, it is obvious that there is a great gap in practice to make children achieve desired status. Manuscript profile

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35 - Manifestations of differential penal policy towards child victims with a look at the Child and Adolescent Protection Law adopted in 2020
bahram jafary

Child victimization poses a dire threat to the most sensitive and important assets of society. Accordingly, in international documents and domestic laws, differential policies have been adopted to prevent victimization while limiting and eliminating its effects and prec More

Child victimization poses a dire threat to the most sensitive and important assets of society. Accordingly, in international documents and domestic laws, differential policies have been adopted to prevent victimization while limiting and eliminating its effects and preclude secondary child victimization. Using the library and descriptive method, the present study, with emphasis on the Child and Adolescent Protection Law, attempts to discuss the aspects of the differential policy approach aimed to protect child victims in the iranian legal system. The results indicate that there were scattered, yet inadequate, regulations protecting children in various substantive and formal aspects in the past; However, while developing the scope of differential protecting regulations, the enactment of the Child and Adolescent Protection Law in 2020 has provided considerable preventive and monitoring- oriented views, especially through making legal intervention in favor of children and adolescents that are at risk or victimization. It can be said that this law clearly factors in differential policies including determining several crimes and specific punishments aimed at protecting children and adolescents and considering special institutional, disciplinary and judicial organizations with the aim of managing, preventing and dealing with child victimization and limiting its effects. Manuscript profile

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36 - Child Rights and Autism Spectrum (Fields and Plans)
Mahmoud Abbasi Zahra Poursina Meysam Kalhornia Golkar

Autism spectrum disorder or Autism is a prominent contemporary psychological disorder. Patients depending on the severity of disease, suffer from functional impairment, in the areas of communication, social interaction and behavior, and generally behavioral imbalance ca More

Autism spectrum disorder or Autism is a prominent contemporary psychological disorder. Patients depending on the severity of disease, suffer from functional impairment, in the areas of communication, social interaction and behavior, and generally behavioral imbalance caused serious problems for them in normal process of family and social life. The rising trend and tangible growth in the number of children affected in recent years, has sounded the need for targeted actions in the area of autism community health management. One of the most important areas that need to be addressed is the special support for children with autism based on the general principles of child rights and in accordance with the special situation of these children. At the moment, due to lack of health insurance coverage, inadequate diagnosis and rehabilitation facilities, ignoring the right to education and enjoy the conditions appropriate to the situation, necessity of establishing parent guidance and counseling system and support the living standards of children affected in their families and community, all has led serious challenges for those with autism and their families. Accordingly, the theoretical analysis of the principles of child rights with the importance of children with autism seems to be necessary to provide the infrastructure and requirements for securing the fundamental rights of these children especially in two areas of health and education in the domestic system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Methods of Fostering Orphaned Children and Children with Unqualified Parents in Iranian Law
Elaheh Mohseni

Protecting children at risk is one of the most important issues of child rights under international and regional conventions and domestic laws. The principle accepted in family law is the parent's priority for child custody. However, if the child’s welfare requires, one More

Protecting children at risk is one of the most important issues of child rights under international and regional conventions and domestic laws. The principle accepted in family law is the parent's priority for child custody. However, if the child’s welfare requires, one way of protecting children with unqualified parent(s) is to keep them in a safe environment outside the family by qualified persons or public or private entities and institutions. In this way, the ultimate goal is to restore parental ability, rebuild family relationships and provide the opportunity for the child to return to the family. This study uses library resources, laws, regulations and interviews with experts and professionals of Behzisti (State welfare organization) and judiciary to try to identify different ways of providing administrative and judicial support to orphaned or abandoned children In order to provide effective guardianship and care for them. According to current laws and regulations, in case of guardianless or neglected child, caring for him/her would be in a family setting and otherwise in a residential child care community. In addition to restoring family competence, the independence of the supported child also terminates the intervention of public institutions to support children and adolescents without effective guardian. Undoubtedly, the successful return of the child to the original family requires a gradual and supervised process as well as eliminating the existing family problems. Manuscript profile

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38 - The Measures of Reacting to Pedophiles in Offenses against Children; Punishment or Treatment?
amir samavati pirouz hassan bigdeli

Pedophilia is one of the paraphilic mental disorders and is one of the groups of child abuse in heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual pedophiles. This disease is caused by a person's emotions and imagination. One of the best ways to identify pedophiles is to examine the More

Pedophilia is one of the paraphilic mental disorders and is one of the groups of child abuse in heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual pedophiles. This disease is caused by a person's emotions and imagination. One of the best ways to identify pedophiles is to examine the person's instinctive reactions to audio and video stimuli related to children. The results of this research, based on descriptive-analytical method and using library tools, include that there is no definite and acceptable treatment for this disease, and that the measures proposed by experts include drug treatment and creating impotence. These measures are very effective in preventing crime because a pedophile, like other criminals, initially investigates the cost of the crime, and if he closes the government sponsors the act and can hide behind the mask of a patient, commits the crime. However, high penalties can be a serious deterrent to crime prevention. In Iran, according to recent cases and in accordance with Islamic jurisprudence, the perpetrators of these crimes, along with having elements constituting a crime, have considered class punishments in such a way that the legislator in articles of the law criminalizes acts against children and It has considered the punishment of imprisonment and flogging, and in other articles, it has considered a heavier punishment in case of sexual offenses such as intercrural sex and tribadism, and a much higher punishment in case of adultery and sodomy. Manuscript profile

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39 - legislative Criminal Policy in the Iranian Legal System on Child Rights Violations in the Field of Computer Games
Mohammad khorshidi athar

Background and Aim: Criminal protection of children against computer games following the fundamental transformation in the light of technological advances and the spread of computer games along with increasing the power of its impact on human thought and behavior is ine More

Background and Aim: Criminal protection of children against computer games following the fundamental transformation in the light of technological advances and the spread of computer games along with increasing the power of its impact on human thought and behavior is inevitable. On the one hand, entertaining children due to their strong interest in computer games, and on the other hand, the wide range of such games with large investments to develop computer games in the age group of children In addition to the unhealthy and harmful effects on this vulnerable group has raised many concerns for thinkers. In this study, the criminal policies of the Iranian legal system regarding the violation of children's rights in the context of computer games compared with international documents and from a critical point of view has been evaluated and by perusing the strengths and weaknesses of related laws, the need for comprehensive rules to protect the rights of the child against harming of computer games has been emphasized by formulating an effective differential criminal policy. Method: The method of discussion in this research is descriptive-analytical and the method of data gathering is library. Results: In Iran's legal system, a review of the laws related to the current criminal policy regarding the violation of children's rights in the field of creating, publishing and distributing computer games reveals gaps and defects. Conclusion: By examining the situation of children and their rights against computer games and studying the negative and inappropriate effects of this universal and effective technology on children it is possible to achieve a comprehensive support program containing differential criminal policies against child victimization through the use of computer games. A differential approach to substantive criminal law in the field of child safety in relation to computer games is the role that the legislature can play in protecting children and to prevent the abuse of the rights of this vulnerable group. Manuscript profile

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40 - A Critique on the Scope of Child Custody in Iranian Law with an Emphasis on Jurisprudence
mostafa nasiri

Background and Aim: Under the rule stipulated in Article 1210 of the Civil Code, minors who have reached puberty can be allowed to leave the custody of their parents and guardians and continue their lives independently before mentally mature. It is clear that such a rul More

Background and Aim: Under the rule stipulated in Article 1210 of the Civil Code, minors who have reached puberty can be allowed to leave the custody of their parents and guardians and continue their lives independently before mentally mature. It is clear that such a rule will involve a lot of damage for minors. Now the question is if in the light of principle of harm, a step can be taken to protect children more and so limit the scope of this legal ruling? In this article, the author is trying to provide an appropriate answer to this question by relying on some jurisprudential opinions and rules and legal ideas so that the interests of minors were better considered. Method: This research has been done using documents and library resources and descriptive-analytical method. Results: Leaving a child out of parental custody before reaching mentally mature is against the goals of care and education and can cause irreparable damage to the child first and then to the society. But unfortunately, due to the interpretation of Article 1210 of the Civil Code, there is a possibility of minors leaving custody early and causing such injuries to them. Therefore, before the legislative reform, it should be thinked about the interpretation and implementation of the law in order to prevent such a situation in the family and society. Conclusion: Currently, based on some jurisprudential opinions as well as the principle of harm, it is necessary to consider the continuation of custody of children until they reach the mentally mature stage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Dominant Discourses on Childhood and Childhood Studies: A Review of Iranian Society
Maryam Sha’ban

Background and Aim: The current research seeks to identify different discourses in the field of childhood and childhood studies, as well as to discover the dominant discourse on the field of childhood in Iranian society. Method: The method of the research is qualitativ More

Background and Aim: The current research seeks to identify different discourses in the field of childhood and childhood studies, as well as to discover the dominant discourse on the field of childhood in Iranian society. Method: The method of the research is qualitative and was done using document analysis. Results: In this research, after identifying different discourses in the field of childhood from the perspective of thinkers and texts in the field of childhood, the Iranian society have been investigated; The results show that in the Iranian society, among the three discourses, needs, law (legal) and quality of life, in the field of childhood, the legal discourse is dominant. Therefore, the dominant discourse of childhood in contemporary Iranian society is the legal discourse. Conclusion: The dominance of legal discourse on childhood and childhood studies in Iran has led to the creation of structural constraints and popular demands for more legal protection for children. The most important structural and active situation in the discourse of children's rights in Iran is the formation of the national authority of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the expansion of associations for the protection of children and their rights. Manuscript profile

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42 - The Rights of Delinquent Children and Adolescents in Iran: An Analysis of Four Determining Areas
Maryam Sha’ban Seyed Mohammad Hosseini

This study seeks to investigate how four main areas of reference in Iran and the world are exposed to child delinquent. Therefore, four main areas of reference were identified that include Iranian legal regulations, Islamic religion, the Convention on the Rights of the More

This study seeks to investigate how four main areas of reference in Iran and the world are exposed to child delinquent. Therefore, four main areas of reference were identified that include Iranian legal regulations, Islamic religion, the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Islam and the Convention on the Rights of the Child; Then they were analyzed with a qualitative approach and documentary analysis method. The results show that exposure to delinquent children is approximately the same in all four domains. Although the three areas related to Iran and the Islamic world have been centered on Law of Religion, especially Shi'ism, their roots lie in Islamic religion, and against them the Convention on the Rights of the Child as an international matter has been drafted based on the Declaration of Human Rights and the belief in Humanism, but they work very closely on how to deal with child guilty and there are no significant differences between their procedures. Therefore, all four domains regard the child as having no precise decision-making power and consider his/her delinquency a common "mistake" in his/her development. The child should be forgiven as much as possible and his/her error should be ignored; this should also have a corrective and re-interactional aspect to be done within the child's family by the child's parents or legal guardians. Unless child guilty is limited, such as harm to others, which has resulted in violations of the rights of others, all three areas emphasize efforts to minimize penalties and impose penalties for reform and resocialization. the only point of difference is in the definition of the child and the age range that makes the subject different in applying the rules related to child delinquency. Manuscript profile

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43 - Structural Relationship between Child Abuse and Emotion Dysregulation with Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder
Talieh Moosavihondori Majid Mahmoud Alilou Yaser Madani

This research aims to investigate the structural relationship between child abuse and emotion dysregulation with symptoms of borderline personality disorder three hundred and seventy seven participants were chosen from Shiraz university students through convenience samp More

This research aims to investigate the structural relationship between child abuse and emotion dysregulation with symptoms of borderline personality disorder three hundred and seventy seven participants were chosen from Shiraz university students through convenience sampling method. All participants completed Child Abuse Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Dysregulation Scale and Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire (B form). Data were analyzed using SMART-PLS software and multiple regression. Findings suggest that among main types of child abuse, neglect relates to symptoms of borderline personality disorder directly and indirectly through emotion dysregulation as mediator variable. In addition, child emotional and sexual abuse both indirectly relate to symptoms of borderline personality disorder, through emotion dysregulation as mediator variable. Manuscript profile

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44 - The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Mother-child Relationship in Prediction of Psychological Well –Being of Mothers with Intellectual Disabled Children
Zahra Bondar Kakhaki Behnaz Shid Anbarani Mahsa Bameshgi Hamidreza Aghamohammadian Sharbaf

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation and mother-child relationship variables in the prediction of psychological well-being of mothers with intellectual disabled children. This is a descriptive and correlational study. The More

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation and mother-child relationship variables in the prediction of psychological well-being of mothers with intellectual disabled children. This is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers with intellectual disabled children whose children were educated in Mashhad during 97-98 academic year under the exceptional primary education of Mashhad. 150 mothers were selected by accessible sampling method and completed Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being (RSPWB), Cognitive emotion regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Parent-child relationship scale (PCRS) to determine the contribution of each of the variables. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS-23 software. According to the findings, there was a significant positive correlation between psychological well-being and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and conversely, there was a significant negative correlation between psychological well-being and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy. There was also a significant positive correlation between positive parent-child relationship and psychological well-being. The pattern of results indicated that adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and positive parent-child relationship have the ability to predict the psychological well-being of mothers with intellectual disabled children. Thus, by the intervention and changing the mother-child relationship and cognitive emotion regulation strategies of the mothers with intellectual disabled children, we can improve and enhance the psychological well-being of these mothers. Manuscript profile

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45 - Attachment style, mindfulness eating, mother beliefs with child emotional eating: mediating role of child emotion regulation
mahdieh sarshar shirin zeinali

Objective: child eating problems, as one of the important factors that affect the development and performance of the person, is affected by many environmental and relational factors including mother psychological component and child emotion regulation. The main purpose More

Objective: child eating problems, as one of the important factors that affect the development and performance of the person, is affected by many environmental and relational factors including mother psychological component and child emotion regulation. The main purpose of this study was to develop the modelling of child emotional eating based on attachment style, mindfulness eating, and mother beliefs with mediating role of child emotion regulation. Method: The participants of this study were 250, 11-12 year students (100 male and 150 female) studding in Urmia schools with their mothers. Mothers completed the attachment style, mindfulness eating and mother beliefs questionnaires and children completed emotional eating and emotion regulation questionnaires. Results: The results of the data analysis with SPSS and Lisrel revealed that due to attachment style, mindfulness eating, mother beliefs and child emotion regulation can significantly predict child emotional eating. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA = 0.016) and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI = 0.95) were optimal. Conclusion: This model determines that mother and child components affected child emotional eating and these elements should be taken into consideration in dealing with the causes and treating child emotional eating. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - model of contrast avoidance of Generalized anxiety disorder in people with symptoms of Generalized anxiety disorder
masumeh shafiei فاطمه رضایی Massoud Sadeghi

The aim of this study was to develop a model of of contrast avoidance of Generalized anxiety disorder in people with symptoms of Generalized anxiety disorder. .The present study is a correlation of structural equation modeling, The statistical population included 415 in More

The aim of this study was to develop a model of of contrast avoidance of Generalized anxiety disorder in people with symptoms of Generalized anxiety disorder. .The present study is a correlation of structural equation modeling, The statistical population included 415 individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder The statistical population of the study included 415 individuals with symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. And questionnaires Neuroticism, interpersonal problems, Contrast Avoidance of Worry and generalized anxiety were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation and structural equation And wereanalyzed using AMOS and SPSS software. the results showed that The proposed model fits well. In this model, neuroticism, interpersonal problems, and Contrast Avoidance of Worry had a direct and significant effect on the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. But Childhood Trauma and Emotional Contrast Avoidance did not have a direct and significant effect on the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Interpersonal problems and Contrast Avoidance of Worry also significantly mediated between neuroticism and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and Interpersonal problems and Contrast Avoidance of Worry significantly mediated between childhood trauma and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. According to the research findings, the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder are affected by childhood trauma, neuroticism, interpersonal problems, and Contrast Avoidance of Worry. Manuscript profile

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47 - The Relevance of Child’s Attitude toward Father and Borderline Personality Organization: The Mediator of Object Relations
Behnaz Abasi Rad Nader Monirpoor Hasan Mirzahosini

Introduction: The present study aims to Explaining model of Borderline Personality Organization on the basis of Primary Object Relation and of attitude to father. Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study co More

Introduction: The present study aims to Explaining model of Borderline Personality Organization on the basis of Primary Object Relation and of attitude to father. Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students of University in Tehran in the school year they were in 2017- 18. For this purpose, 250 of these students were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. In order to collect data, the Subject Relations Questionnaire (1995), The Kernberg Personality Inventory Questionnaire (IPO), Child’s Attitude toward Father Scale (CAFS) were used to analyze the data. A structural equation modeling was used. Results: The results showed that %22 of the dispersion of the scores of Borderline Personality Organization was explained indirectly through the Primary object relation. In addition, the results of this study, estimating the structural model in which Child’s Attitude toward Father as an in-depended variable and object relations were introduced into the mediator, showed that this model explains %22 of Borderline Personality Organization. Conclusion: The Borderline Personality Organization indirectly could be interpreted by Child’s Attitude toward Father via primary object relations and personality organization. Manuscript profile

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48 - The Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Mother-Child Relationship in Prediction of Psychological Well-Being of Mothers with Intellectual Disabled Children
Zahra Bondar Kakhaki Nasrin sadat hashemi golestan Behnaz Shid Anbarani Hamidreza Aghamohammadian Sharbaf

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation and mother-child relationship variables in the prediction of psychological well-being of mothers with intellectual disabled children. This is a descriptive and correlational study. The More

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation and mother-child relationship variables in the prediction of psychological well-being of mothers with intellectual disabled children. This is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers with intellectual disabled children whose children were educated in Mashhad during (2019-2020) academic year under the exceptional primary education of Mashhad. 150 mothers were selected by accessible sampling method and completed Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being (RSPWB), Cognitive emotion regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and Parent-child relationship scale (PCRS) to determine the contribution of each of the variables. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS-23 software. According to the findings, there was a significant positive correlation between psychological well-being and adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and conversely, there was a significant negative correlation between psychological well-being and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy. There was also a significant positive correlation between positive parent-child relationship and psychological well-being. The pattern of results indicated that adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy and positive parent-child relationship have the ability to predict the psychological well-being of mothers with intellectual disabled children. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - Develop a Structural Model of Unconditional Self-acceptance, Rejection Sensitivity, Imagine the Future and Childhood Experience of Care in Working Children and Adolescents
Narhes Ghasemi Yasser Rezapour Mirsaleh Mohammad Hadi Safi

Child labor is one of the social ills of today's society. This study aimed to investigate a structural model of unconditional self-acceptance, rejection sensitivity, future expectations, and childhood experience care in working children. A correlational design using str More

Child labor is one of the social ills of today's society. This study aimed to investigate a structural model of unconditional self-acceptance, rejection sensitivity, future expectations, and childhood experience care in working children. A correlational design using structural equation modeling was conducted. The statistical population of this study include the working child who lived in Yazd and Isfahan cities in 2020. A total of 160 children was selected using available sampling methid and answered to Chamberlin and Haaga’s unconditional self acceptance cale, Downey and Feldman’s sensitivity to rejection scale, Mcwhirter’s future expectations scale, and Bifulco, Brown and Harris’s childhood experience of care questionnaire. The findings showed that unconditional acceptance had a negative and significant effect on sensitivity to rejection (P<0.05). Childhood experience of care had a negative and significant relationship with future expectations while being positively and significantly related to sensitivity to rejection. Likewise, rejection sensitivity had a significant and negative effect on future expectations (P<0.05). The results did not support the direct effect of unconditional acceptance on future expectations. Regarding the results, it can be concluded that improving childhood care, reducing sensitivity to rejection, and working on the unconditional acceptance of these children, helped to improve their lives. Manuscript profile

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50 - The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Training Program on Acceptance of Autistic Children by Mothers
Ahmad Beh-Pajooh masoud gholamali lavasani Sara Pazoki

This study was accomplished to evaluate the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment training on the acceptance of autistic children by mothers. The method of the study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. Population of the study More

This study was accomplished to evaluate the effectiveness of the acceptance and commitment training on the acceptance of autistic children by mothers. The method of the study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. Population of the study included the whole mothers whose autistic child was receiving training and rehabilitation in Nedaye Asre Tehran Autism Center in educational year of 2015-16. Using convenience sampling, eleven mothers were selected as a sample group and received acceptance and commitment training in nine two-hour-sessions. As a research tool, the second edition of Acceptance and Action Questionnaire was used and analyzed based on data using paired/correlated t-test. Data analysis of results revealed that there was a significant difference between the results of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The result confirmed that acceptance and commitment training has been effective on mothers in accepting their autistic child, by increasing psychological flexibility and decreasing experiential avoidance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - The Relevance of Child’s Attitude toward Father and Borderline Personality Organization: The Mediator of Object Relations
Behnaz Abasi-Rad NADER MONIRPOOR Hasan Mirza-Hoseini

The present study aims to Explaining model of Borderline Personality Organization on the basis of Primary Object Relation and of attitude to father. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergrad More

The present study aims to Explaining model of Borderline Personality Organization on the basis of Primary Object Relation and of attitude to father. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate students of University in Tehran in the school year they were in 2017- 18. For this purpose, 250 of these students were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling. In order to collect data, the Subject Relations Questionnaire (1995), The Kernberg Personality Inventory Questionnaire (IPO), Child’s Attitude toward Father Scale (CAFS) were used to analyze the data. A structural equation modeling was used. The results showed that %22 of the dispersion of the scores of Borderline Personality Organization was explained indirectly through the Primary object relation. In addition, the results of this study, estimating the structural model in which Child’s Attitude toward Father as an in-depended variable and object relations were introduced into the mediator, showed that this model explains %22 of Borderline Personality Organization .thus , the negative function of father as a reference to power in the triple relations of mother - child - father during the pre - oedipus period can form the Borderline Personality Organization in adulthood . The Borderline Personality Organization indirectly could be interpreted by Child’s Attitude toward Father via primary object relations and personality organization. Manuscript profile

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52 - Review of some Reverend Narratives of Attar for Teens
sajad najafi behzadi masoomeh mehri ziba alikhani

Mystical texts contain valuable concepts and messages for children and adolescents. Creative rewriting of these texts can familiarize children and adolescents with important mystical material. The purpose of this research is to compare the some of the narrative of Attar More

Mystical texts contain valuable concepts and messages for children and adolescents. Creative rewriting of these texts can familiarize children and adolescents with important mystical material. The purpose of this research is to compare the some of the narrative of Attar Neishabouri with its rewritten text from the collection of Mahdi Azar yazdi’s rewritings to understand the important principles of a creative rewriting. The research method is content and document analysis. By studying the stories from the original text and adapting them to the rewritten text, they are examined from the perspective of the elements of the story and the appropriate rewriting methods. The results showed that Azar yazdi was seeking to acquaint children with mystical texts by changing the mystical theme and turning it into an ethical theme. An increase in the number of characters, an increase in the element of conflict and dialogue, the expansion of spaces and incidents, and the change in the title of stories are one of the most important techniques that Azar yazdi has intended for rewriting. Presenting the story directly and not paying attention to the element of suspense is one of the weak points of the dramatic rewriting. Manuscript profile

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53 - Intertextual elements and the flood of mind in the works of Mahmoud Akbarzadeh and Mohammad Reza Shams
maryam ghaffari jahed

The current trend of modernism in Iran is a new phenomenon that has attracted the attention of some writers and has produced works that have been successful in some cases with the pattern of western literature. Given that modernism still has its place in the fictional More

The current trend of modernism in Iran is a new phenomenon that has attracted the attention of some writers and has produced works that have been successful in some cases with the pattern of western literature. Given that modernism still has its place in the fictional literature of Iran as it should be, its entry into the child's literature can hardly be accepted. On the one hand, the authors' lack of attention to the childhood and adolescent age and the tendency to ambiguity make it impossible to understand the concept of the text for this group. In this study, with the aim of understanding the modernist features of child literature in recent decades and aspects of the authors' innovation, Mahmoud Akbarzadeh and Mohammadreza Shams have been focusing on the use of modern elements with an emphasis on the intertextuality and fluidity of the mind, and we conclude that Mahmoud Akbarzadeh in the field of modern scriptwriting , Has innovations, and most of the intertextual elements in his work are Faradastan and folklore, and in some cases, the fluid flow of mind is used to narrate the story. Mohammad Reza Shams' intertextual elements also include folk beliefs, folklore and myths, and have abundantly flowed from the fluid flow of mind. Therefore, his works are more complex than those of Mahmoud Akbarzadeh. : Manuscript profile

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54 - Protection of Children from Violence in The Context of International Instruments
Arian Petoft

Because in preadolescence and adolescence, various physical and mental dimensions of the child are being formed and developed, childhood is the most sensitive and influential period of each person's life. Therefore, maintaining and guaranteeing the growth and physical a More

Because in preadolescence and adolescence, various physical and mental dimensions of the child are being formed and developed, childhood is the most sensitive and influential period of each person's life. Therefore, maintaining and guaranteeing the growth and physical and mental health of the child is very important. Children should never experience domestic and social violence, and this is at the heart of international directives. Current international law obliges governments to protect all children from all forms of violence. Violence against children knows no bounds, and today it transcends race, class, religion, and culture, and there are children in all countries of the world who are always exposed to fear and experience of violence. In any case, this article is an attempt to provide a comprehensive answer to the question of what are the most important legal protections of international instruments, especially the Convention and the Declaration against Cases of Violence against Children. Thus, the present study step by step identifies and explains the most important fundamental rights of children in the context of international law. Manuscript profile

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55 - Editor Notes
Touba Kermani

Philosophy and Children Editor Notes Society

Philosophy and Children Editor Notes Society Manuscript profile

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56 - Practicing Creativity at Home and School
Alireza Amin

It is generally believed that creativity is an inborn talent that coexists with men since their birth, so others should only begrudge such merits. But such impression is totally wrong and unfounded belief. Creativity is a skill that everybody can learn, exercise, and ap More

It is generally believed that creativity is an inborn talent that coexists with men since their birth, so others should only begrudge such merits. But such impression is totally wrong and unfounded belief. Creativity is a skill that everybody can learn, exercise, and apply it. Creativity is just like skiing, playing tennis, cooking or learning mathematics. So everybody can learn these skills and improve themselves through exercising them. But, at the end, all may not succeed to learn these skills equally. Accordingly, given the importance of creativity, some communities since long ago have sorted out certain strict plans to foster the creativity of their people. Since the development of creativity needs proper environment and atmosphere, it is necessary to adopt various methods. The present paper is an attempt to elaborate these points and by referring to the way of developing creativities, seeks to be familiar with the definition, importance and obstacles of creativity. Manuscript profile

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57 - Cognitive Development Theories of Children as Viewed by Four Iranian Philosophers (Farabi, Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra)
Nawab Moqarrabi

In dealing with the philosophers of any school of thought we should not contend ourselves with explaining and unraveling their views and teachings only. Rather, we proceed to ask ourselves that had they been alive today how could they look at our present problems with t More

In dealing with the philosophers of any school of thought we should not contend ourselves with explaining and unraveling their views and teachings only. Rather, we proceed to ask ourselves that had they been alive today how could they look at our present problems with their own philosophical and epistemological spectacles? How this world and its problems would loom up before them and which solutions they would sort out as the way out. Hence, the present paper is an attempt to explore various cognitive development theories of children based on the foregoing viewpoint on philosophy and philosophers. To do so, four major Iranian philosophers have been selected in this study and their views on cognitive development theory have been assessed. As a matter of fact, early Iranian philosophers had no specific view or independent work on cognitive development, but if it is supposed to explore their views on this issue we should first of all try to deal with their epistemology, which in the tradition of Iranian philosophy is called “self-knowledge”. Following the introduction of “Philosophy and Children” to Iranians, most of the respective people hastily sought to hold workshops and communities of inquiry in schools and research centers in order to analyze it statistically and descriptively without assessing critically its foundations, principles, and background, most of which seemed to be inconsistent with our culture and Iranian philosophy. Seemingly, both proponents and opponents of “Philosophy and Children” are unaware of its theoretical principles. In this paper, for the first time, cognitive development theories of children will be studied critically in the context of Iranian philosophy with reference to the views of four great Iranian philosophers such as Farabi, Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra. It is impossible and illogical to lay the foundation of any new philosophical system without tracing its background and foundations to its culture, for acquiring any knowledge based on which the end of any action is attainable is possible only through a previous knowledge. Manuscript profile

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58 - Worship, Education, and Philosophy and Children
Moslem Shojae

Basically, man’s need for praying and worship is rooted in his inmost being. Indeed, man by nature tends to worship God. Such inclination in man is not something alien to him, but is something internal, for had it been otherwise the concept of worshiping God would have More

Basically, man’s need for praying and worship is rooted in his inmost being. Indeed, man by nature tends to worship God. Such inclination in man is not something alien to him, but is something internal, for had it been otherwise the concept of worshiping God would have been failed to be realized. In order to persuade its followers to worship God and attain spiritual perfection Islam prescribes certain rules. In Islamic thought man is considered to be the vicegerent of God on earth. In order to materialize such station the ground must be prepared from the childhood for assuming such assignment in the adulthood period. Accordingly, it is necessarily to teach the philosophy of praying and worship to man from the childhood and bring him up in the lap of Islamic teachings. The aim of this paper is to explore the notion of praying and worship, education, and Philosophy and Children in an analytic-descriptive manner. It also deals with certain issues such as the reality of worshiping and its impact upon man, the effects of praying and worship in life, the motive of worship, its roots and fruits, its contents, the importance of education and philosophical thought for children, and the role of philosophical education of children in attracting their attention towards praying and worship. Concluding that like all men, children also possess thinking power. Moreover, by nature they are curious as well. By directing their curiosity it is possible to bring them up as creative scholars. Creativity can develop their intellectual capacity. It is by means of this method that children turn up to be thinker and critic, and then learn to know how by criticizing an idea to direct their thought towards a better one in their creative nature. On the contrary, failing to foster their creative thought will bring in its wake a kind of imitative state in conduct and finally cease their critical and thinking power. Manuscript profile

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59 - Philosophy and Children and the Skill of Communicative Conduct with the Followers of other Religions
Mahdi Ganjvar

Nowadays one of the main concerns of philosophers is to apply philosophy to our daily life for which extensive measures have been taken up so far in certain teaching and research centers. In this regard the attempts made by the founders of Philosophy and Children to rec More

Nowadays one of the main concerns of philosophers is to apply philosophy to our daily life for which extensive measures have been taken up so far in certain teaching and research centers. In this regard the attempts made by the founders of Philosophy and Children to reconcile philosophy with society are remarkable. Though “Philosophy and Children” from the outset tended to ethics, it seems that the effect of such educational program on the augmentation of behavioral skills and interplay of children with their fellow men, in spite of its importance and necessity, remain unnoticed from the view of the experts and researchers. Accordingly, the present paper proceeds to give a critical analysis of the epistemological geometry of “Philosophy and Children” and also explains the role and impact of this program on the enforcement of communicative conduct of children with others. Drawing and presenting effective components for the augmentation of their skills in communicating with the followers of other religions are among the important achievements of the present work. The other achievements are: respecting the rights of fellow men and the opponents, bring about an atmosphere for free thinking (freedom of thinking and expression), enforcing the EQ of children, teaching the peaceful coexistence with others, and commitment of children to morality (avoiding bigotry and unduly imitation). The method of this work is analytic-deductive. Manuscript profile

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60 - A Study of the Necessity of Teaching Logical Thinking to Muslim Children
Khadijeh Shahidi Marani

“Philosophy and Children” entered our country as a ready-made commodity and as a plan of teaching thinking to children, while it had crossed various stages in its birthplace in order to attain such level. All these stages had a determining role in the formation of such More

“Philosophy and Children” entered our country as a ready-made commodity and as a plan of teaching thinking to children, while it had crossed various stages in its birthplace in order to attain such level. All these stages had a determining role in the formation of such a plan. One of the earlier stages was the very sense of need and necessity for teaching correct thinking to the children. Intellectual education is a subject of certain interdisciplinary sciences such as education and logical and philosophical studies to the extent that both these sciences directly involve themselves in this issue. It also is an attempt to explore the data collected through observations and classified in a cluster method for analyzing and interpreting them in a qualitative way. The present paper tends to highlight the importance and necessity of teaching correct thinking to Muslim children which are pursued in two main sections as followed: first, “our children can think” (even they can criticize other’s thoughts). In order to prove this assertion, namely possibility of developing of logical thinking in children, the author refers to certain sayings of Iranian Muslim children and tries to analyze them; the sayings that contain certain logical and valid demonstrations that have clear definitions in logic. Second, “sometimes our children commit mistake in their thinking”. In order to demonstrate this issue author should refer to certain logical errors among children and try to explain them. This introduction prompts us to reach the conclusion that given the intrinsic talent and capacity of children it is necessary to augment their skill of logical thinking through “teaching thinking power to Muslim children”. Manuscript profile

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61 - A Study of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Mathnawi’s Stories (Sixth Book) on Philosophy for Children
Zahra Satar Panahi Zaynab Barkhordari

Stories are used for different purposes. Today stories are particularly used to increase thinking and reasoning power. Indeed, they are the means of teaching philosophy for children (Lipman’s method). On the other hand, original and deep-rooted Persian culture has been More

Stories are used for different purposes. Today stories are particularly used to increase thinking and reasoning power. Indeed, they are the means of teaching philosophy for children (Lipman’s method). On the other hand, original and deep-rooted Persian culture has been always associated with story literature. Mathnawi is considered to be one of the best sources of Persian stories replete with a lot of profound and instructive teachings, and naturally can be effective in cognitive and sentimental development of children. Applying Mathnawi’s stories in communities of inquiry and using them in teaching philosophy for children, apart from promoting discursive and curious skills of children, can be effective in bringing about a thinking child as well. Moreover, these stories, owing to their provocative contents, usually replete with queries and philosophical challenges, and in certain cases, on account of enjoying certain figures akin to children, can be effective in teaching philosophy for children. Inefficient points of these stories in many cases are resolvable. Being indigenous is a kind of privilege to these stories in applying them for teaching philosophy for children. Manuscript profile

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62 - The Impact of Teaching Program of Philosophy for Children upon the Development of Critical Thinking in Using Cyberspace
Maryam Solgi

Education is considered to be one of the most important activities of human being in all communities. The increasing spread of social structure and the demand for training and preparing the people for a life in progress on the one hand, and the existence of different ap More

Education is considered to be one of the most important activities of human being in all communities. The increasing spread of social structure and the demand for training and preparing the people for a life in progress on the one hand, and the existence of different approaches concerning the role of man in the present age on the other hand, more than ever, have prompted the upholders of teaching systems to undertake the guidance and organization of teaching process. Modern education seeks to focus on promoting critical and proper methods of reasoning and thought in curriculum. Rapid changes of societies, increasing growth of information, intrusion of cyberspace into human life and necessity of proper confrontation with these changes prompt us to think properly and develop our imaginal faculty and judgment in order to come to term with these changes. In this regard, three decades ago, a program of teaching philosophy for children was worked out in order to modify and strengthen their intellectual power. This program is considered to be one of the latest methods for strengthening the reasoning, judging and detecting power of children as well. Moreover, this program possesses certain cognitive and social objectives and its main objective is to teach thinking method for children. To meet this end, a kind of qualitative method of study has been adopted in collecting data in this work. The conclusions of this study indicate that in this program a great attention has been made to various dimensions of philosophical mind. But keeping in view the changes in the field of internet technologies and cyberspaces and the confrontation of children with these developments, they should be guided through this program toward criticizing the information that come to their mind. More important, threat of cyberspace against children is an important factor for drawing the attention of the educationists to this crucial issue. Manuscript profile

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63 - A Comparative Study of the Anthropological Principles of Ibn Sina and Matthew Lipman
Meisam Fallahi

The main objective of this paper is to make a comparative study of the anthropological principles of Ibn Sina and Matthew Lipman. This study is based on an analytic-descriptive and deductive method, for which data were collected from the libraries. First, the components More

The main objective of this paper is to make a comparative study of the anthropological principles of Ibn Sina and Matthew Lipman. This study is based on an analytic-descriptive and deductive method, for which data were collected from the libraries. First, the components of man from the perspective of Ibn Sina and Lipman are discussed, and then proceeded to elaborate their common and different points on man. According to the conclusion of this work, there are certain agreements and disagreements between them on the issue of man. They agree that man is a rational being, possessing will power, and also enjoying a kind of natural, biological and sensible features, along with individual and social identity. Man is also subjected to a perpetual change and transformation. As for their disagreements, each of them presents his own view on the beginning and end of man. One of their main differences on man pertains to the very proper age for commencing philosophical thinking. Manuscript profile

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64 - Philosophical Patterns of Irano-Islamic Way of Training Children
Masoomeh Zabihi

The presence of philosophy in Irano-Islamic thought differentiates the pattern of training of Iranian children with other nations. Since old time, philosophy considered to be the link between education and human civilization. The history of the human civilization also s More

The presence of philosophy in Irano-Islamic thought differentiates the pattern of training of Iranian children with other nations. Since old time, philosophy considered to be the link between education and human civilization. The history of the human civilization also supports the view that Iran has been always the cradle of civilization, science, and philosophy, and following the rise of Islam, it succeeded to develop its activity anew and presented its achievements to the world. In the lap of Islam, philosophical education of Iranians reached its zenith and maturity, and succeeded to leave behind certain particular patterns that have been followed by other nations, to the extent that, had there been no Iranian nationalistic feelings, other nations would have registered these patterns in their own names in the history of their culture. The present paper is an attempt to address these patterns, and review the impact of Irano-Islamic culture on them. Manuscript profile

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65 - Iranian Disposition of the Transcendent Philosophy and its Application to the Fundamental Transformation of Education
Nawab Moqarrabi

A great deal of research works have been carried out so far on the Transcendent Philosophy which symbolizes Iranian philosophy. But in spite of all these efforts still a basic question remained unnoticed, that is, what is the Iranian disposition of Mulla Sadra who seems More

A great deal of research works have been carried out so far on the Transcendent Philosophy which symbolizes Iranian philosophy. But in spite of all these efforts still a basic question remained unnoticed, that is, what is the Iranian disposition of Mulla Sadra who seems to be the last systematic and paradigm maker of the history of Iranian philosophy? What is the specific and essential feature of Mulla Sadra that sifts him from other philosophers of different cultures? On the other hand, it is a fact that if the Transcendent Philosophy is supposed to come out of the shelves of the libraries and play an effective role in people’s daily lives, it should be able to bring about a fundamental change in education, i.e. change in philosophical approach towards education, instead of grappling with certain useless and sterile theoretical discussions This paper is an attempt first to revise the salient features of Mulla Sadra’s Transcendent Philosophy, and then proceed to apply it to certain new teaching programs like that of philosophy and children which has totally a different attitude towards education in Iran and the world. Manuscript profile

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66 - Meditative Thinking in a Research Circle of Teaching Program of “Philosophy and Children”
Laya Raimzadeh Masumeh Samadi Fahimeh Ansarian

Meditative thinking is considered to be an intellectual, moral, emotional and normative skill, based on validation and active participation in a society along with a bit concern for the expansion of public good which alongside the critical and creative thinking can pave More

Meditative thinking is considered to be an intellectual, moral, emotional and normative skill, based on validation and active participation in a society along with a bit concern for the expansion of public good which alongside the critical and creative thinking can pave the way for the growth of intellectual analysis power. Thankful, normative, emotional, active, and sympathetic thinking are among the components of meditative thinking in a society. To change and promote the students beliefs in the phenomenon of meditation is an undeniable necessity and facilitating missions for the psychological well-being and intellectual growth of students in the research circles. The present article aims at defining the meditative thinking in research circle of teaching of philosophy and children, based on certain relevant sources. Research methodology of the work is analytic-descriptive of theoretical foundations for explaining the concept of meditative thinking, its use in promoting this kind of thinking in research circle of teaching philosophy and children. The sample for this analysis is selected under two pre-conditions of being new and fundamental and collected sources from the libraries. Manuscript profile

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67 - Facilitating Principles in Philosophy and Children Corresponding to Islamic Thought
Iman Dindar Isfahani

Today philosophy for children is an issue that has drew the attention of different communities to itself, for through this program it is possible to impart various teaching to children, and bring them up with creative and critical thinking. In Iran this program initiate More

Today philosophy for children is an issue that has drew the attention of different communities to itself, for through this program it is possible to impart various teaching to children, and bring them up with creative and critical thinking. In Iran this program initiated by Sadra Islamic Philosophy Research Institute (Siprin) in 1994, following which it proceeded to work out an Iranian version of this philosophical program. The present article makes an attempt to give an account of the program of philosophy and children in the following sections: 1- tutor, 2- time table, 3- environment, 4- method of beginning discussion, 5- thinking, 6- method and form of presentation, 7- content. In this paper the authors seeks to deal with the notion of tutor as a facilitating role in detail. This program have been formulated formally in the West and it is possibly tinged with Western ideas, so it requires to be localized and consorted with native culture, namely Iranian tradition. Moreover, Islam has reiterated the intellectual upbringing of man and there are sufficient Islamic resources which contain certain principles, methodology, content, etc. on the basis of which one can work out an indigenous program consorted with its culture. The present work is based on a library work and is regarded as a small example of the present capacity. Manuscript profile

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68 - The Necessity of “Philosophy and Children” as Tested by Islamic Thought with Reference to the Present Potentialities of Islamic Culture
Iman Dindar Isfahani Mehdi Mansuri

The method of “philosophy and Children” turned out to be one of the modern methods that today not only have been appreciated in the field of education, but also have been used in different societies. The objective of this program is to bring up certain critical and crea More

The method of “philosophy and Children” turned out to be one of the modern methods that today not only have been appreciated in the field of education, but also have been used in different societies. The objective of this program is to bring up certain critical and creative thinking in children as is stressed by Islam as well. On the basis of the principles of Islamic training and from the perspective of Religious texts, intellectual training should be commenced from the childhood, which exactly can meet the goal of the program of “Philosophy and Children”. As a matter of fact, the present program of the philosophy for children is affected by Western society, for instance we can easily detect the trace of pragmatist and pluralistic views in them. With respect to these intellectual roots, the existence of copious capacities in the religious seminaries, and their principles, methods, and contents in Islamic-Iranian culture, it is befitting to localize the program of “Philosophy and Children” in accordance with Islamic-Iranian culture. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - Place of the Art of Dialectic in the Program of “Philosophy and Children”: An Explanation
Ali Asghar Jafari Valani Mahya Mehrjedi

The concept of philosophy is closely intertwined with the concept of intellectualization. Moreover, the way of transmitting thought from the realm of subject to the realm of object has been the inevitable concern of thinkers. A question may arise in our mind as to how c More

The concept of philosophy is closely intertwined with the concept of intellectualization. Moreover, the way of transmitting thought from the realm of subject to the realm of object has been the inevitable concern of thinkers. A question may arise in our mind as to how can we express our ideas so that to be perceivable to the lovers of philosophy? On the one hand, the technique of choosing proper terms, the way of chapter wising and referring to philosophical ideas, all acknowledge the close relationship between art and philosophy. On the other hand, in the program of “philosophy and children” the way of developing stories and rising questions as well as the style of speaking of teachers indicate the use of a kind of art in this field. Dialectic or conversation in the program of “philosophy and children” is one of the basic principles and if we succeed to apply exactly the art of dialectic to attain exact definitions of philosophical concepts then we can concede our relative success in implementing this program. The present work, by reviewing the pattern of critical thinking and giving a brief account of the program of “philosophy and children”, intents to explain the place of the art of dialectic in the program of “philosophy and children”. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

70 - Teaching Intellection to the Children in Rumī’s Mathnawī
Fatemeh Bandalizadeh Zohreh Hosaini Khamenei Ehsan Gheisari

The main objective of the present work is to explore the views of Rumī concerning the teaching of intellection to the children. In his view human intellection is rooted in the divine revelation. Indeed, in his view human intellect is complemented by the revelation so, i More

The main objective of the present work is to explore the views of Rumī concerning the teaching of intellection to the children. In his view human intellection is rooted in the divine revelation. Indeed, in his view human intellect is complemented by the revelation so, in order to attain intellectual perfection, man from the beginning was in need of a perfect guide such as God. Rumī followed the same path in his approach to children. Children usually enjoy certain limited experience and are endowed with honesty and purity in their characters and have nothing to do with the adult’s mischievousness and impurities. Childhood in Rumī’s poems is considered the symbol of a period that man has not yet attained his beloved. In this stage a lover is in need of a mediator, similarly, children in this stage need to learn the way of thinking. With reference to Rumī’s Mathnawī the present article seeks to draw Rumī’s views in this regard. In this article we try to take some step in the field of education of children and behold the actualization of their potencies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - A Study of the Principles of an Approach for Promoting Children Perception of Environment through Environmental Art
Faezeh Hasani Helm

Today, a modern and strategic approach has come out for teaching the environmental concepts to the children which is based on environmental art. The aim of this approach is to turn the environmental crisis into a thoughtful discourse for deepening our understanding, imp More

Today, a modern and strategic approach has come out for teaching the environmental concepts to the children which is based on environmental art. The aim of this approach is to turn the environmental crisis into a thoughtful discourse for deepening our understanding, improving the techniques, nourishing our feeling and sentiments in order to have a different and fresh view towards the relationship between man and environment. The present article proceeds to study the principles of various solutions through which we can apply it to environmental art which leads to the enhancement of environmental understanding of children. Accordingly, the present work follows a descriptive- analytic method according to which the role of art creations and researches in nature will be used to promote the environmental awareness of children. The findings of this work indicate that environmental art by establishing easy relationship with the audiences by taking into account the objective, empirical, and reflective consideration can turn out to be a suitable method for children in their approach towards the environment. One of the main features of this approach is that it is based on visual, symbolic and conceptual method of environmental art versus mere scientific method of certain approaches. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - Attachment Style, Mindfulness Eating, Mother Beliefs with Child Emotional Eating: Mediating Role of Child Emotion Regulation
mahdieh sarshar shirin zeinali

Objective child eating problems, as one of the important factors that affect the development and performance of the person, is affected by many environmental and relational factors including mother psychological component and child emotion regulation. The main purpose o More

Objective child eating problems, as one of the important factors that affect the development and performance of the person, is affected by many environmental and relational factors including mother psychological component and child emotion regulation. The main purpose of this study was to develop the modelling of child emotional eating based on attachment style, mindfulness eating, and mother beliefs with mediating role of child emotion regulation. Method: The participants of this study were 250, 11-12 year students (100 male and 150 female) studding in Urmia schools with their mothers. Mothers completed the attachment style, mindfulness eating and mother beliefs questionnaires and children completed emotional eating and emotion regulation questionnaires. Results: The results of the data analysis with SPSS and Lisrel revealed that due to attachment style, mindfulness eating, mother beliefs and child emotion regulation can significantly predict child emotional eating. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA = 0.016) and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI = 0.95) were optimal. Conclusion: This model determines that mother and child components affected child emotional eating and these elements should be taken into consideration in dealing with the causes and treating child emotional eating. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - The Right to Education of Children with Need of Mental Rehabilitation in International Human Rights Documents and Iranian Law
hoda paran mohammad ali pourmottaqi

The right to education, as a human right, is one of the most important rights defined in international and domestic instruments for all human beings and is mentioned in international documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Iran's domestic law, su More

The right to education, as a human right, is one of the most important rights defined in international and domestic instruments for all human beings and is mentioned in international documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Iran's domestic law, such as the Constitution. One of the most sensitive groups entitled to education are intellectually disabled children, who may face obstacles in achieving their rights for various reasons. It is certain that disability should not prevent children from having this important human right, but unfortunately, in practice, we are witnessing challenges and problems in the international and domestic spheres that prevent the timely and appropriate education of intellectually disabled children. One of the most important problems in this regard is the absence of required laws and, consequently, the executive deficiencies in the internal system to fully support and ensure the right to education for children with mental disabilities. Therefore, it is necessary for the legislator to pay special attention to this issue, considering the special situation of children with need of mental rehabilitation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - The Impact of Coronavirus upon the Concept of Interest with Reference to the Right of Child Meeting
Mohammad Javad Abdollahi Zainab Zainab Hatami

According to the article 45 of new law to protect family, it is obligatory to consider the interest of the children and youth in making any decision in the courts. Interest in family law is considered to be the highest interest. Following the spread of Coronavirus epide More

According to the article 45 of new law to protect family, it is obligatory to consider the interest of the children and youth in making any decision in the courts. Interest in family law is considered to be the highest interest. Following the spread of Coronavirus epidemic a new condition came into existence and it brought in its wake some basic changes in the life of people and affected the interest of children as well. On the one hand, if parents are affected by virus then it will affect the health of children as well. On the other hand, if they cut their relation to their children then they may suffer psychologically. Accordingly, some solutions should be sorted out to facilitate their meeting. The present article following a philosophical approach seeks to study its legal procedure and the views of scholars and the impact of this crisis on detecting the interest of children and the right of family for their meeting. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - The Role of Family in the Transformation and Formation of Identity in Children
Zahra Taghyzade Ghavam Kobra Ahmadvand Zohreh Zohreh Ahmadi

One of the fundamental issues of modern world is the issue of identity and the present article try to deal with it in children. Children are the most vulnerable part of society. Family is the first stage in which man seeks to know himself and regain his identity in inte More

One of the fundamental issues of modern world is the issue of identity and the present article try to deal with it in children. Children are the most vulnerable part of society. Family is the first stage in which man seeks to know himself and regain his identity in interplay with his family members. Accordingly, family is very important for regaining identity. The present article tries to study some of the important family problems then proceeds to study the impact of family on regaining the identity of children with reference to the various levels of coherence, flexibility of family, employment of mothers and children, on the whole their exploitation in lower ages, way of bringing up children in a family and quantitative changes in a family in the absence of one of the parents or both of them. All these play significant role in the formation and transformation of the identity of children. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - Philosophical Explanation of the Strategy of Creative Teaching of Natural Sciences in Schools with Reference to the Program of “Philosophy & Children”
Fatemeh Bandalizadeh

The age of childhood and youth is the best period for social, emotional, and cognitive growth of children. On the one hand it constitutes the basis of human life, that is, what man has gained during the last centuries is due to his thinking power which played a decisive More

The age of childhood and youth is the best period for social, emotional, and cognitive growth of children. On the one hand it constitutes the basis of human life, that is, what man has gained during the last centuries is due to his thinking power which played a decisive role in his growth. Therefore, all his successes and progresses are rooted in his creative thinking. In this line the present article makes attempt to carry out a philosophical explanation of the strategy of creative teaching of natural sciences in schools with reference to the program of “Philosophy & Children”. The method of the work is analytic-descriptive based on library sources including laws, books, thesis, national and international articles. According to the findings of the article, creative thinking plays an important role in natural sciences. Accordingly, traditional method in teaching natural sciences, not only prevents the growth of critical thinking, but also brings about a gap between the programs and their implementations. Therefore, the only solution is to make a change in the way of teaching this science with reference to the program of “Philosophy & Children” and following a philosophical approach in teaching natural science. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - Philosophical Training of Children
Hosein Ataie

Plato in his Republic and Laws while describing the foundations of his ideal city, stressed that the training of people should commence from their childhood. Drawing attention to children as started from earlier ages extended to the contemporary period as well. Here a q More

Plato in his Republic and Laws while describing the foundations of his ideal city, stressed that the training of people should commence from their childhood. Drawing attention to children as started from earlier ages extended to the contemporary period as well. Here a question may arise as why did philosophers concern about the training of children? Whether children also should follow the same ethical rules that elders do or they have to follow particular ethical rules? The present article, with reference to Islamic-Iranian thinking, tries to study the importance of philosophical approach in training children, and stress the necessary of philosophical training in religious training and outline the principles of philosophical training. But first the concept of training should be clarified. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

78 - Rights of Children in the Period of Crisis and Quarantine
sina Turkashvand

In his social life, man needs physical, spiritual, and economic security. Similarly, children also whose physical, intellectual and social growth begins in their early ages need particular attention and protection spiritually and physically. These attempts should have t More

In his social life, man needs physical, spiritual, and economic security. Similarly, children also whose physical, intellectual and social growth begins in their early ages need particular attention and protection spiritually and physically. These attempts should have their own proper concepts and patterns, that is, they should have protective aspects by considering children’s weakness in attaining their rights to the extent that the elders feel the necessary of protecting them. Accordingly, this work tries to explain the rights of children in the period of crisis and quarantine. Attention to the rights of children was not only the concern of present societies, this is the main concern of Islam as well. For instance, respecting children, avoiding violence against children, mistreatment of children and making discrimination are among the teachings of Islam. The method of this work is analytic-descriptive. According to the findings of this work, in the period of crisis and quarantine the rights of play are denied for children. Moreover, harassing children by elders will increase and their moral and training rights will be missed. According to these research children in the period of crisis and quarantine are not able to attain their rights as compare to the elders, for their rights always denied by the elders and since they depend on their elders they cannot complain legally. Explaining the rights of children in the period of crisis and quarantine indicate the basic needs of children and it is the duty of family, society, and government to meet their demand and require executive plan for protecting children. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

79 - The Effectiveness of Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Improving Rumination in Sexually Abused Children: A Single-Subject Research with one and two year follow-up
Sepide ghazi zade Ali Mashhadi Zahra Tabibi Atefe Soltani far

10.52547/fash.2.1.51

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of TF-CBT on Improving Rumination in sexually abused children. Methods: This quasi-experimental research was a single-subject research design with multiple baselines with follow-up. The statistical populati More

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of TF-CBT on Improving Rumination in sexually abused children. Methods: This quasi-experimental research was a single-subject research design with multiple baselines with follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all children of 9-12 years old, who have been sexually abused that referred to the Center of Clinical Tests of Forensic Medicine in 2016. In this study, sampling was purposeful, and 2 children were selected. The participants in situations of baseline, even sessions of intervention and one, two years after intervention responded to the Children’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-K). Sixteen treatment sessions were administrated for each subject. Data analysis by using visual analysis chart, percentage of recovery and PND was done. Results: The results showed that TF-CBT significantly improved rumination in clients at the end and in the process has been followed. Conclusion: It could be concluded that TF-CBT is effectively improving rumination in sexually abused children and vulnerable children need specialists. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

80 - Developmental Trajectories of Cognitive Intelligence in Iranian Preschoolers children
Mohsen Dadjoo Shahriar Gharibzadeh Mahta Vajedi Mojarad Elaheh Sobhani

The present study has aimed to investigate the developmental trajectories of cognitive intelligence in Iranian preschoolers to provide earlier prevention or intervention. The study sample was 433 healthy Iranian children (girl=47.8%) from Tehran, Bandar Abbas, Mashhad, More

The present study has aimed to investigate the developmental trajectories of cognitive intelligence in Iranian preschoolers to provide earlier prevention or intervention. The study sample was 433 healthy Iranian children (girl=47.8%) from Tehran, Bandar Abbas, Mashhad, Zarand, and Tabriz, who ranged from 48 to 78 months. The third Persian version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence was used to assess cognitive intelligence. A positive moderate (.3<r<.7) significant Pearson correlation was observed among 22 cases out of 42 correlations. It indicates a high internal correlation of cognitive components. The results of ANOVA showed no significant difference among Verbal Intelligence, Performance Intelligence, and overall Intelligence, in boys and girls. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed there were significant differences among developmental trajectories of Verbal Intelligence, Performance Intelligence, and overall Intelligence among the six-month age groups, which were followed up by the Games-Howell post-hoc test. Significant increase (p<.01) in cognitive intelligence at 48 to 78 months of age indicates that this age is one of the critical periods associated with the development of cognitive ability. Founded developmental trajectories in present study, can help administrators and professionals to cause better planning for early childhood. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

81 - The Course of Juvenile Court Proceedings in Iranian Criminal Law
Esmaeil Kashkoulian Masoud Heydari

Background and Aim: Fair trial is one of the most important issues that have always been considered by the legislator in the case of juvenile delinquents. Therefore, in this regard, there have always been several developments that the study of the course of these develo More

Background and Aim: Fair trial is one of the most important issues that have always been considered by the legislator in the case of juvenile delinquents. Therefore, in this regard, there have always been several developments that the study of the course of these developments can help the legislator in advancing the lofty goals of children's rights. The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the legislative and judicial developments that have taken place over the years in the field of juvenile justice and has brought it closer to a fair trial. Method: The method of this research is descriptive-analytical. Results: The findings indicate that dramatic changes have taken place in the field of juvenile justice, such as the establishment of a juvenile police force, the non-openness of the trial, the specialization of juvenile courts, the need for expert juvenile court judges, the establishment of a juvenile court and possibility of appeal on all the decisions issued by the courts. Conclusion: During several decades of legislation on children, the Iranian legislature has always tried to take an effective step in the field of juvenile justice. In addition to criminal law dimensions, criminological developments have taken place in this field and the legislature has changed its approach from crime focusing to criminal, so that juvenile delinquency is more just and fair. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

82 - Child Marriage: A Phenomenological Approach
narges pourtaleb SeyyedehBehnaz MousavianAlenjagh

Background and Aim: Child marriage is one of the controversial issues in the field of humanities that can be studied as interdisciplinary subject. Few qualitative studies have investigated this problem. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate child marriage. More

Background and Aim: Child marriage is one of the controversial issues in the field of humanities that can be studied as interdisciplinary subject. Few qualitative studies have investigated this problem. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate child marriage. Method: This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. In this study, 15 numbers from different sectors of the society were selected. Data was collected by using semi – structured interviews and analyzed using Smith method. After data analyze, 4 main themes and 26 sub-themes were extracted. Results: It was revealed that in some sub-themes such as definition of child marriage, consequences and causes, there was a consistency between individuals lived experiences and background. But in feedbacks different results were obtained. Individuals based on their personal preferences, propose different methods for parents, society and youngsters. The results of this study will pave the way for further research on the interventions related to child marriage. Conclusion: Individuals based on their personal preferences, propose different methods for parents, society and youngsters. Among these, paying attention to the local conditions, using the platform of culture and the existence of an official mechanism to give importance to the satisfaction of people in marriage has an important place. The results of this study will pave the way for further research on the interventions related to child marriage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

83 - Construction and Normalization of computerized working memory test for children
AliAkbar Shariifi Hossein Zare

In the case of working memory in children, due to the basic challenges in evaluating it, there are few tools. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing and standardizing a computerized working memory test for children. The method of this research is a d More

In the case of working memory in children, due to the basic challenges in evaluating it, there are few tools. The present study was conducted with the aim of developing and standardizing a computerized working memory test for children. The method of this research is a descriptive study and test development. Among the first to sixth grade students of Shahrekord, 324 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and were measured by computerized working memory test for children. The results of exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation showed that 9 subscales explained 86.54% of the variance of the data. The first, second, third, and fourth factors explained 29.42, 19.78, 18.86, and 18.49 percent of variance, respectively. Also, the test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.814 was obtained for the whole test and the correlation between Working Memory Test Battery for Children and the computerized working memory test for children in the range of 0.513 to 0.791. In total, the findings of the research showed that computerized working memory test for children has satisfactory psychometric properties in the Iranian children's pupulation, which can be used to measure children's working memory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

84 - "Role of Childhood Maltreatment and Alexithymia in Predicting Borderline Personality Disorder: A Study in a Non-Clinical Population "
Turaj Hashemi محمد امین شریفی Abbas Bakhshipour Majid Mahmoud Alilou Mansor Beyrami

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a multidimensional and heterogeneous disorder. Research has shown substantially in the last three decades that child abuse is a pathogenic factor for borderline personality disorder. The main purpose of this study was to predict More

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a multidimensional and heterogeneous disorder. Research has shown substantially in the last three decades that child abuse is a pathogenic factor for borderline personality disorder. The main purpose of this study was to predict the borderline personality disorder on the basis of childhood maltreatment and alexithymia, in nonclinical young adults. In this regard, 413 participants were selected using multistage sampling among all students studying in Tehran University. The Borderline Personality Scale (BPS), Child Abuse Self Report Scale (CASRS), and Toronto Alexi-thymia Scale (TAS-20) were used to measure variables. The raw data collected, was analyzed by structural equation modeling. The findings were similar to results of previous studies. The results indicate that theoretical model has a good fitness and childhood traumatic experiences (specially emotional abuse) and alexithymia are good predictors for borderline personality disorder. In addition, results revealed that alexithymia mediated rela-tionship between maltreatment and BPD symptoms Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

85 - Prediction of Alexithymia and Interpersonal Problems on the Basis of Attachment Styles
Pegah Farokhzad Mehrdad Sabet

The aim of this study was to predict Alexithymia and interpersonal problems on the basis of attachment styles in high school students. The population comprised of the 200 senior high school female students from district 2 of Tehran who were enrolled in 2014-2015 academi More

The aim of this study was to predict Alexithymia and interpersonal problems on the basis of attachment styles in high school students. The population comprised of the 200 senior high school female students from district 2 of Tehran who were enrolled in 2014-2015 academic year selected by multistage cluster sampling. For data collection Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) by Collins and Reid, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IPT) were used. Analisis of results based on Pearson correlation and stepwise linear regression showed that significant relationships exist among attachment styles, alexithymia, and inter-personal problems (P<0/01). Furthermore, the attachment components were capable of predicting alexithymia (about 22%) and inter-personal problems (about 27%). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

86 - Iranian Criminal Policy towards Child Sexual Molestation in the Light of the Child and Adolescent Protection Law of 2020
Abbas Ali Akbari Seyede Monira Hejazi

Children have always been exposed to many physical, psychological and sexual abuses throughout history. Today, following industrial, communication and information developments, supporting this group against all forms of exploitation is necessary, especially against sexu More

Children have always been exposed to many physical, psychological and sexual abuses throughout history. Today, following industrial, communication and information developments, supporting this group against all forms of exploitation is necessary, especially against sexual exploitation and sexual harassment, which are often included in the black figures of delinquency in many countries, including Iran due to moral issues. In the domestic system, in order to implement protectionist policies in accordance with international standards and the existence of a gap in the former law on the protection of children and adolescents adopted in 2002, the need for differential protection of sexually abused children was felt. In 2020, in the law for the protection of children and adolescents, the legislator has paid special attention to the protection of these victims against sexual harassment. The present study analyzes data and uses library tools to examine the legislative approach of the Iranian legislature in relation to child sexual abuse in the new law due to the previous legal gaps and insufficient legislative support for sexual harassment, as well as explaining the aggravated causes of these behaviors in law. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

87 - The Spirit of Child Rights; A Look at the Goals of Child Rights in a Comparative Approach
Salman Konani

Answering to this question of what is the purpose of creating children rights, first of all steps requires knowledge of the basis of children rights. Understanding this rules also requires constructing the goals of children rights in the social societies. Because of thi More

Answering to this question of what is the purpose of creating children rights, first of all steps requires knowledge of the basis of children rights. Understanding this rules also requires constructing the goals of children rights in the social societies. Because of this reason, there is a certain connection between the rules and goals of the children legal regime. Understanding of this rules and goals help to gain a more accurate awareness in regard philosophy and legal functions of children rights in society, and this act helps the public and criminal legislative to legislate more favourable child protection rules. There is no national or global consensus on the goals of children rights. There are different goals for this legal system that are not necessarily compatible. This study tries to identify the goals of children rights by descriptive- analytical method, and in this direction, a brief look at the approach of international documents and standards, as well as the Iranian legal system especially the law on the protection of children. The results show that the protection of the best interest of children is the most important basis of children right and eternalizing the right to have right for children and empowering families and paving the way for their material and spiritual development are among the most important specific goals of this legal system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

88 - Legal Protections of Children Under 8 on Instagram
Fatemeh abdi

Background and Aim: Children are one of the most vulnerable sections of the society and are exposed to all kinds of abuses due to the violation of their rights. Also, children's privacy in cyberspace is a very important issue. In this research, at first, the relationshi More

Background and Aim: Children are one of the most vulnerable sections of the society and are exposed to all kinds of abuses due to the violation of their rights. Also, children's privacy in cyberspace is a very important issue. In this research, at first, the relationship between the publication of children's pictures on Instagram by parents and their privacy, and then the damage of publishing children's pictures on their personality, was discussed, and then the scope of legal protection of children's privacy on Instagram was examined. The purpose of this research is to address the necessity of legal protection of children's privacy in cyberspace in order to maintain their mental health in the future. Method: This research has been done using documents and library resources and descriptive-analytical method. Results: Cyberspace is a mixture of opportunities and threats. Today, a number of parents by violating some of their children's rights such as image rights, increase the number of followers on their Instagram page and thereby attract advertisements and generate income. Also, the findings indicate that there are significant legal gaps in the field of protecting children's privacy in cyberspace, which will cause serious damage to the various aspects of the children's personality in the future. Conclusion: Supporting children is necessary and unavoidable due to their unequal position when playing a role in cyber space. The advancement of technology and stepping into the digital age requires the establishment of protective laws and specific legal mechanisms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

89 - Patterns and methods of moral development in childhood from the perspective of Nahj al-Balaghah
Jafar Shahbazi Seyed Nader Mohammadzadeh Gholam Hossein Entesar Foumani

The extent of morality and the expression of rational behavior in the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah is undeniable. This article has an analytical and descriptive approach with the aim of examining the pattern of moral development in childhood among the teachings of Nahj More

The extent of morality and the expression of rational behavior in the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah is undeniable. This article has an analytical and descriptive approach with the aim of examining the pattern of moral development in childhood among the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah. Morality is the most basic and important thing that happens in individual and social life, and it undoubtedly colors and gives direction to everything in life. Imam Ali (AS) The only thing he believes in is to stand on it and be prejudiced and not deviate from it is morality. For creatures that are in the process of change, evolution, growth and evolution, there is usually a good season in which they reach their best and most suitable growth and the expected effects of them are manifested. Childhood, when the child still has a pure heavenly heart. The principle of "love and respect" as a basis for communication with children, just as the principle of "model method" along with love has never been neglected. The principles of "reminder", "moderation" and "encouragement", "learning lessons" and "practical training" are other principles of methods of moral development in the life of Imam Ali (as). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

90 - Historical Discourse Analysis of the Birth of Modern School in Terms of Power Relations

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the historical discourse of the birth of the modern school in terms of power relations around the lives of children. The method used in this essay is Critical Discourse Analysis of Michel Foucault. In order to achieve the pur More

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the historical discourse of the birth of the modern school in terms of power relations around the lives of children. The method used in this essay is Critical Discourse Analysis of Michel Foucault. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the formation of new schools is analyzed from Foucault's point of view and his commentators. According to this description, a transformation has occurred from a body-based abstinence to institutional development of child care and school development. The most important discourse developments include the advent of modern childcare practices, the concealment of punitive care around children, and ultimately the expansion of modern power over the child's soul. Then, the power relations were analyzed based on a documentary analysis of the discursive approach to childhood and education. The results show that the birth of modern school and different branches of knowledge such as child psychology and sociology that shaped educational knowledge were the result of the evolution of the underlying social, economic, and demographic policies and disciplinary technologies and did not necessarily lead to the freedom of children. Therefore, the lives of children depend on the liberation not from institutions, but from the domination systems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

91 - A Comparative Study on Critical Thinking in Social Philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for Children Program”
yahya ghaedy

This article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 as More

This article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 aspects of foundations, aims and methods; and their relationship is studied. The result shows some similarities and differences between them. Similarities in foundations like being affected by Socrates, emphasize on thinking position in philosophy more than metaphysical subjects. About similarities in aims intellectual growth and to create better life is common in two approaches but the meaning of better life for them is different; for Horkheimer it means creating happiness for more people but in P4C program it means living in a democratic society with responsible and thoughtful citizens. Differences like adopting with social circumstances and the place of knowledge in social critic are mentioned. In methodology the main difference is to present certain and definable method for improving critical thinking in p4c but Horkheimer argue that critical thinking is a continuous process, so he doesn’t present a definite method only speaks of negative critique. The result of this study can be used for other researchers in philosophy and philosophy of education and other educational fields, curricula developer in educational systems, especially in developing an educational model for educating critical thinking. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

92 - Revisiting the Role of Children’s Voice in the Reformation and Improvement of Educational Programs and Policies
amin izadpanah

This article aims to study the role and value of children’s voices in the reformation of educational programs. This study is conducted through a critical philosophical inquiry method. The ultimate purpose of this method is the improvement of educational practice. Three More

This article aims to study the role and value of children’s voices in the reformation of educational programs. This study is conducted through a critical philosophical inquiry method. The ultimate purpose of this method is the improvement of educational practice. Three questions are raised in this paper: 1.Why children’s voices have historically often been neglected in relation to their life matters? 2. Why children’s voices must be heard and been considered as criteria in their life matters? 3. How can children’s voices be demarginalized and exercised in children’s educational matters for the betterment educational programs? The findings show that the total rejection of childhood and its values, a deficit conception of childhood, and inadequacy and deficiency of adults’ conception of childhood are among the most significant reasons of historical ignorance of children’s voices. Prerequisites of appealing to children’s voices include: A critical theoretical revision of adult-centered approaches of childhood, rejection of the universal notion of childhood, adopting the plurality and difference of childhood and children’s voices around the world based on various cultural climates and contexts, and adhering to the equality of children’s rights and adults. Dialogue and inquiry with children are suggested as two strategies for listening to and representing children’s voices in the reformation and improvement of educational programs and procedures. These two strategies can provide us with an access to fresh and firsthand knowledge about children and issues related to their lives. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

93 - The Effect of Young Children on Impulsive Decisions of Families in Fun Traveling
Mohesn Akbari Esmaeel Ramezanpour Parmis Moaf

An important dimension of consumer behavior is making impulsive decisions. These decisions are shaped by a quick decision process, resulting from excitement and emotion. Impulsive traveling is one of the immediate behaviors in which a tourist travels to somewhere for wh More

An important dimension of consumer behavior is making impulsive decisions. These decisions are shaped by a quick decision process, resulting from excitement and emotion. Impulsive traveling is one of the immediate behaviors in which a tourist travels to somewhere for which he or she has not carefully planned. There are many reasons behind this kind of behavior in tourism, including going to see somewhere for fun; pressures from friends, peers and family members; undeclared internal motivations; or even encouragement from destinations with different marketing tools. This paper examined the impact of children’s participation, in family decision-making, on the emotions of the decision maker in the family and the impulsive travel plans they made. The conceptual model is based on literature and research background, which showed relationship between variables (youth insistence, decision makers’ emotions and intention to travel impulsively). For sampling and data collection, a questionnaire was distributed among 384 families that had traveled impulsively to different locations of the province of Guilan. This is an applied study, and data collection followed descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. SPSS 19 was used to analyze the descriptive data. For statistical inference, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) based on partial least squares (PLS) and Smart PLS2 software. Results showed that children’s participation in decisions affects impulsive family planning to travel. In addition, the mediating role of emotions was also confirmed showing that children that take part in family decision-making, not only increased the impulsive traveling of family members but also affected their emotions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

94 - Sociological Analysis of the Role of Poverty in the Child Marriage Experience (Case: Women in the City of Chabahar)
Esmat Salahshoor Karam Habibpour Getabi

Marriage of young girls during childhood is a social issue which has affected the lives of women and young girls in different parts of the world. The aim of this research is to discover the interpretations and rationales of the women in the city of Chabahar regarding th More

Marriage of young girls during childhood is a social issue which has affected the lives of women and young girls in different parts of the world. The aim of this research is to discover the interpretations and rationales of the women in the city of Chabahar regarding their experience of child marriage through a qualitative methodology and Grounded Theory approach. To this end, using a theoretical sampling method, 28 young girls in Chabahar County were chosen and deep and semi-structured interviews were carried out with them. The categories that provided the causal conditions for the marriage of young girls during childhood years were financial poverty, cultural/educational poverty, unfavorable family circumstances, and gender discrimination. In addition, interventional conditions (poverty of female heads of household, and the femininity of poverty) and contextual conditions (urban poverty, unfriendly living environments, and normalized patriarchy) have become a background for and facilitated the marriage of young girls. Moreover, data analysis using open, axial, and selective coding showed that the central category abstracted from the marriage of young girls in the sample is “extreme poverty, and multifaceted child marriage”. The findings implied that child marriages expose young girls to different kinds of obvious and indirect distressful situations, including child motherhood, child widowhood, domestic violence, dropping out of school, reinforcement of the cycle of poverty, severe depression, and social isolation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

95 - A Comparison of Bowlby's Attachment Theory in Psychology and Islam’s Teachings on Role of Mother in the Upbringing of Children
نجمه بارباز اصفهانی

The responsibility of raising children is on the shoulders of mothers both in terms of priority (quality of influence) and precedence. In all theories of growth, mothers have been mentioned as having the most influence on child. Hence, this research tries to answer ques More

The responsibility of raising children is on the shoulders of mothers both in terms of priority (quality of influence) and precedence. In all theories of growth, mothers have been mentioned as having the most influence on child. Hence, this research tries to answer questions like: How does the psychology of quality consider the influence of mother on child? How do the Quran and Hadiths describe the role of mothers and their influence on children? What are the points shared between Islamic teachings and physiology on this subject? The findings of this research indicate that psychologists like Bowlby attach importance to the role of mother after the birth while Islam considers the upbringing of children beginning with the selection of spouse, then pregnancy and then birth. In both views, the characteristics of the mother play a significant role in shaping the child’s personal and social character. Father’s role is also important, both in raising the child and, indirectly, in influencing the mother’s mental health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

96 - Studying Peace in the Documents and Procedures of FIFA
Hamidreza Akbarpoor

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is a non-governmental international organization that plays an active role in the international society, particularly in the realization of its goals including peacebuilding. This study aimed to examine the role of " More

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association is a non-governmental international organization that plays an active role in the international society, particularly in the realization of its goals including peacebuilding. This study aimed to examine the role of "FIFA" in building and establishing peace and the way a sports organization could influence world peacebuilding. A further question was the basis of FIFA’s participation in world peace. The answer to this question lies in 1980s when FIFA reconsidered its macro-level goals and was converted into a multi-aspect organization. Accordingly, the participation of FIFA began in 1980s in collaboration with other international organizations active in peacebuilding such as the United Nations and its sub-organizations such as United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace and UNICEF as well as non-governmental organizations such as Football for Peace. Several articles in FIFA’s Statue specify its active presence in different fields including human rights and elimination of racial and gender discriminations. This, in its turn, provides a space for peacebuilding in difficult conditions. The procedures of FIFA also indicate its high potential and influential role in peacebuilding and establishing peace in crisis-ridden areas in the Balkans, Palestine, Afghanistan, Africa, and other places in the world through joint programs such as “Unity for Peace, United for Peace”, “Football Friends”, “Football for Hope” and “Football for Peace”. Today, FIFA’s outlook is focused more than ever on peace and activities for peacebuilding. This is more tangible considering the developments in relations with other organizations active in peacebuilding and the significance of FIFA’s social responsibility. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

97 - Study and recognition of scientific opinions regarding the biological and psychological components of children with autism
Hamideh Moradian سمیه مرادیان

Children with autism, Asperger's, or pervasive developmental disorders have delays in motor skills in addition to impaired social skills and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Delays in motor abilities in autistic children are varied and include delays in sitting, crawli More

Children with autism, Asperger's, or pervasive developmental disorders have delays in motor skills in addition to impaired social skills and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Delays in motor abilities in autistic children are varied and include delays in sitting, crawling, walking as well as abnormal gait, poor posture control, and an inability to plan movement. Also, social interaction is a defect in the use of non-verbal behaviors and a lack of communication appropriate to the buttocks. Autism is a disorder that is affecting more and more people. For example, cognitive and verbal disabilities are very severe in some of these patients, while others have a very high level of mental genius and talent. The main purpose of this study is to study and recognize the biological and psychological scientific views of children with autism. Based on scientific principles, it can be concluded that autism spectrum disorder is a debilitating disease that impairs social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication skills, learning ability, and some vital emotions. The prevalence of this disease is increasing all over the world, including Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

98 - The Effect of Distance Learning through Shad Software on the Academic Achievement of Shahed Primary Special School Students in Alborz Province
Ehsan Golmehr Mahdi Kalhornia Golkar Meysam Kalhornia Golkar leila shiravand

Background and Aim: Education is one of the most important aspects of children's rights and so the quality of its implementation plays an important role in securing this right. This issue has a particular importance and sensitivity for children with special needs. With More

Background and Aim: Education is one of the most important aspects of children's rights and so the quality of its implementation plays an important role in securing this right. This issue has a particular importance and sensitivity for children with special needs. With the spread of the Corona pandemic in the world, the need for distance education became inevitable. In Iran, distance learning, including at the basic level, was formed using ‘Shad’ software, which is still current in many primary schools. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this type of education on the educational achievement of children with special needs. Method: In this study, using a descriptive survey method and a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Academic Achievement Questionnaire adapted from Pham and Taylor's 1994 research, the statistical population, teachers of Shahed Fardis Exceptional School of Karaj was selected and data analysis was performed. Chi-square test and Friedman test were used with Spss software version 24. Results: The findings showed that the effect of ‘Shad’ software in distance education is positive in terms of software efficiency and effectiveness compared to other methods of distance education and also by creating a specific program to prepare for assessments; However, due to the absenteeism of education, the overall outcome of the comments was a negative impact on students' academic achievement compared to the attendance method at the end of the year. Also, this type of education can have a negative impact on academic achievement by reducing performance during face-to-face assessment, reducing literacy skills, and distracting students due to being at home. Conclusion: Distance education, especially with the elimination of hardware and software defects, as well as cultural placement and mutual understanding of teachers, parents and students, is an opportunity in some respects to increase academic achievement, but face-to-face education, as well, due to its functions, should still be considered and emphasized by the educational system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

99 - The Rights of Children with Disabilities in Iran: An Analysis of Determining Areas
Maryam Sha’ban

Background and Aim: The present study seeks to identify, interpret and analyze the rights of children with disabilities in Iran. In this regard, the decisive fields of jurisprudence and law have been identified and analyzed at the domestic and international level. Met More

Background and Aim: The present study seeks to identify, interpret and analyze the rights of children with disabilities in Iran. In this regard, the decisive fields of jurisprudence and law have been identified and analyzed at the domestic and international level. Method: The research approach is qualitative and the research method is exploratory and documentary analysis. After identifying the documents related to the subject and issue of the research, they have been studied, analyzed and reviewed. Results: The results of the research show that at the international level and the Islamic Covenant on the Rights of the Child and in the internal laws and regulations of the Iranian society, the society and the political power structure are responsible for formulating and implementing protective policies for disabled children and these policies are also aimed at reducing harm, rehabilitating and Treatment of the disabled. In fact, they are considered a "posteriori strategy" towards the disabled. But in the religion of Islam, centered on Shiism as the dominant religion in Iran, dealing with the child is about potentially being a child, not actually being a child; This means that the children of future generations are considered and "foreseeable" in the current generation. It is as if the scope of childhood includes history and generations and is a "transhistorical" and “trans-generational" issue. Islam has emphasized on the "future and posterity" and respecting the potential rights of the next generations and has a "preventive" approach. Conclusion: The dominant strategy of the teachings of Islam in relation to children with disabilities can be inferred as "a priori and a posteriori strategy". In addition to the governing authority, community activists are responsible for the realization of plans related to this strategy for disabled children. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

100 - Studying Male-female Relationships and Children with an Emphasis on the Internal and External Effects of Tolerance Through Religious Teachings
sakineh ganjkhanloo maryam alizadeh

Tolerance is one of the prominent human qualities that God considered in the Qur'an as a divine blessing and mercy. Tolerance, as a high moral virtue, has a significant effect on personal and social ethics and is one of the principles that has had a tremendous impact on More

Tolerance is one of the prominent human qualities that God considered in the Qur'an as a divine blessing and mercy. Tolerance, as a high moral virtue, has a significant effect on personal and social ethics and is one of the principles that has had a tremendous impact on the improvement and growth of human relations with others. So, its observance is necessary for the general peace of society. In this regard, this article investigated the relations between men, women, and children from a descriptive and analytical perspective focusing on the internal and external effects of tolerance with a religious teaching approach. Tolerance has internal and external results, and tolerance, as a moral virtue, is one of the qualities that bring people high and honorable positions in this world and the hereafter. Also, it plays a very constructive role in the person's family and social life. Life is full of misfortunes that a person might deal with; if one does not build tolerance and behaves harshly and violently with others in times of difficulty and roughness, it will damage both person's social credit and his/ her religious-moral health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

101 - Cultural factors affecting childbearing among educated and ordinary women in Yasouj city
Maryam Azizi Saed Haiderpour Mina Helali Sotoudeh

Considering the fertility conditions of Iran during the last three decades, the formulation and successful implementation of any population policy relies on improving our understanding of the behaviors, preferences and desires of couples to have children, the factors af More

Considering the fertility conditions of Iran during the last three decades, the formulation and successful implementation of any population policy relies on improving our understanding of the behaviors, preferences and desires of couples to have children, the factors affecting their desires to have children, and the identification of demographic subgroups with the desire to have children. The yield is low and very low. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the desire to have children of educated women living in Yasouj city. The data is the result of a survey that took place in the winter of 1401 among 500 sample households in Yasouj city. The sampling method is a multi-stage cluster method. The results showed that 44% of women compared to 40% of educated women stated that they would like to have another child in addition to the children they had at the time of the research. Among the educated women who wanted to have children, 62% of them want 1 more child and only 3% of them want 3 more children. The corresponding ratios for women are 66.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The results of the bivariate analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the socio-economic base, the use of mass communication tools, women's independence, age at marriage, and the number of children alive and women's desire to have children. The results of multivariate analysis show the fact that socio-economic characteristics alone cannot play a decisive role in predicting the probability of wanting to have children. In fact, a combination of socio-economic, cultural and demographic characteristics gives a better explanation of educated women's desire to have children (9.59% versus 67.4%). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

102 - Identifying the Effective Components the Design of a Contemporary Residential Apartment in Iran in Order to Respond to the Child's Need for Mobility (Case Study of Hormzan Residential Complexes in Tehran)
Ahmad اخلاصی mahdi aroom

Responding to the child's need for mobility and play is an important issue both from the perspective of improving mental and physical health and as a response to the needs of a resident of a residential apartment. But due to the limitations in the construction of reside More

Responding to the child's need for mobility and play is an important issue both from the perspective of improving mental and physical health and as a response to the needs of a resident of a residential apartment. But due to the limitations in the construction of residential complexes; In many houses, the open space (yard), which was previously the most suitable private space to meet this child's biological need (movement), was removed and finally a small semi-open space (terrace) was replaced. The purpose of this research is to identify the influential components in the design of the body of the residential apartment in improving the quality of the space in order to respond to the mobility of the child. This research was done based on quantitative method (with the help of researcher-made questionnaire tool). Data collection was done by providing a questionnaire to the residents of Hormzan residential complex in Tehran, and the obtained data were analyzed using Spss-26 software and using factor analysis, Friedman test, Pearson correlation test, and the results were extracted and presented. Based on the analysis of the research findings, the use of open space (elevated yard) or semi-open space (terrace), green space, flexibility in the furniture and body of the apartment, and the use of natural light are the most important components that should be used as criteria for designing the body of a residential apartment to meet the needs. The child should be considered for mobility. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

103 - Design and Collection of Speech Data as the First Step of Localization the Intelligent Diagnosis of Autism in Iranian Children
Maryam Alizadeh Shima tabibian

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a type of disorder in which, the patients suffer from a developmental disorder that manifests itself by symptoms such as inability to social communication. Thus, the most apparent sign of autism is a speech disorder. The first part of this pa More

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a type of disorder in which, the patients suffer from a developmental disorder that manifests itself by symptoms such as inability to social communication. Thus, the most apparent sign of autism is a speech disorder. The first part of this paper reviews research studies conducted to automatically diagnose autism based on speech processing methods. According to our review, the main speech processing approaches for diagnosing autism can be divided into two groups. The first group detects individuals with autism by processing their answers or feelings in response to questions or stories. The second group distinguishes people with autism from healthy people because of the accuracy of recognizing their spoken utterances based on automatic speech recognition systems. Despite much research being conducted outside Iran, few studies have been conducted in Iran. The most important reason for this is the lack of rich data that meet the needs of autism diagnosis based on the speech processing of suspected people. In the second part of the paper, we discuss the process of designing, collecting, and evaluating a speaker-independent dataset for autism diagnosis in Iranian children as the first step in the localization of the mentioned field. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

104 - Cultivating critical thinking and its approaches
Ali Bakhsh Nazariani Asl sharullah Allameh Hakimeh Moradi Behrooz rahbarian

Defenders of critical thinking believe that critical thinking can increase the general impact of human characteristics on social classes and groups. Critical education and critical thinking emphasize the role of empowering human resources. In such a way that learners de More

Defenders of critical thinking believe that critical thinking can increase the general impact of human characteristics on social classes and groups. Critical education and critical thinking emphasize the role of empowering human resources. In such a way that learners develop critical thinking and practice and pay attention to the criterion of sufficiency in this regard. The purpose of this research is to cultivate critical thinking and its approaches. The research method is documentary-analytical. The results showed that more attention should be paid to developing critical thinking methods in people. Also, in the education process, while strengthening the spirit of criticism in teachers, it is necessary to create the spirit of criticism and the field of investigation and research in students. It has stated the results of the related researches, which confirm the effect of this method in the development of research thinking. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

105 - Analysis of Ethical Principles of Disciplinary and Educational Responses to Juvenile Delinquency from the Perspective of Islamic Criminal Law
roh allah ebrahimi mohamad ali haji deh abadi ALIREZA HOSSINI

Ethical principles Disciplinary and educational responses to juvenile delinquency reflect the facts and rules that have a moral character and are used as a response to the crimes and violations of children and adolescents in order to maintain and promote their moral cha More

Ethical principles Disciplinary and educational responses to juvenile delinquency reflect the facts and rules that have a moral character and are used as a response to the crimes and violations of children and adolescents in order to maintain and promote their moral characteristics and legitimacy. The answers are in the light of observing these principles. The present article has examined the nature of these principles by descriptive-analytical method and based on reference to authoritative Islamic sources. The findings of the study indicate that in Islamic law, the ethical foundations of disciplinary and educational responses to juvenile delinquency are diverse in addition to persuasion. Engaging in the development of the child, correcting and rehabilitating, promoting and exalting the moral virtues of love-loving and justice-oriented are among the principles that are used to change the way of thinking and beliefs of children and adolescents and to reconstruct or create moral feelings and virtues. ¬ Restraint on moral behaviors based on religious and Islamic teachings are used and from this perspective help to restore public order and security. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

106 - Developing a causal model of adolescent vulnerability to addiction based on the sensitivity of sensory processing and behavioral brain systems with the mediation of childhood trauma
safura keyvanlo Akbar Atadokht

Adolescents are heavily influenced by social and cultural changes that are exposed to harmful environmental stimuli such as addictive; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the causal model of adolescent vulnerability to addiction base More

Adolescents are heavily influenced by social and cultural changes that are exposed to harmful environmental stimuli such as addictive; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the causal model of adolescent vulnerability to addiction based on the sensitivity of sensory processing and brain-behavioral systems with the mediation of childhood trauma in the city of Mashhad. The present study was a descriptive correlation in terms of its practical purpose and the method of data collection. The statistical population of the research was all secondary school students of the second year of Mashhad in the academic year of 1402-1401. 228 students were selected by cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, Enisi's questionnaires for identifying people at risk of addiction, Aron's and Aron's sensory processing sensitivity, Carver's and White's brain-behavioral systems, and Bernstein et al.'s trauma questionnaire were used. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling method and SPSS27 and Lisrel8.8 software. The results of the research showed that the sensitivity variables of sensory processing and behavioral brain systems have a direct and significant effect on vulnerability to addiction. The results related to the fit indices of the model also showed that childhood trauma can mediate the sensitivity of sensory processing and behavioral brain systems with vulnerability to addiction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

107 - Comparison of Resilience, Mindfulness and Perceived Social Support in Mothers of Children with ADHD and Learning Disabilities, with Mothers of Normal Children in Shiraz
reza chalmeh Khadijeh arjmandi

The aim of this study was to compare resilience, mindfulness and perceived social support in mothers of children with ADHD, learning disabilities and normalcy in Shiraz. Methodology: The statistical population of the present study was the mothers of children with Attent More

The aim of this study was to compare resilience, mindfulness and perceived social support in mothers of children with ADHD, learning disabilities and normalcy in Shiraz. Methodology: The statistical population of the present study was the mothers of children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, Learning Disabilities and Normal in Shiraz. Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder, 52 mothers with children with learning disabilities and 54 mothers with normal children were selected and the Resilience Questionnaire (Connor & Davidson, 2003), Mindfulness Questionnaire (Walch et al., 2006) and Social Support were selected. Perceived (Zimet et al., 1988). Data were analyzed using Levin test method (to check the homogeneity of variances), and multivariate analysis of variance (to check the differences between variables in the study group) and SPSS-24 software. Results: The results of analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between resilience, mindfulness and perceived social support between mothers of children with ADHD and learning disabilities with mothers of normal children; In a way, mothers of normal children had more resilience, mindfulness and social support. Conclusion: The final results showed that in the areas of resilience and mindfulness, mothers of hyperactive children / attention deficit and learning disabilities need resilience and mindfulness-based education and special rehabilitation programs to increase Perceived social support is needed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

108 - Effectiveness of Schema-Therapy on Eating Styles Happy Child and Healthy Adults Modes in Obese People with Binge Eating Disorder: A Single-Case Study
Maryam Nourizadeh Mirabadi Marjan Hoseinzadeh Taghvaee Reza Moloodi Sheida Sodagar Maryam Bahrami Hidaji

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on eating styles and happy child and healthy adults Modes modes in obese people with binge eating disorder. The design of the current research was semi-experimental with a More

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of schema therapy on eating styles and happy child and healthy adults Modes modes in obese people with binge eating disorder. The design of the current research was semi-experimental with a single case structure of ABA type. The statistical population of the study included obese women suffering from binge eating disorder who referred to a slimming clinic in Tehran in 2014-2016. The study sample consisted of eight obese women according to the inclusion criteria. Data collection tools included the Dutch Eating Styles Questionnaire (1986), the Young Schema Modes Questionnaire (2008) and a semi-structured interview. Schema therapy was implemented in form of 20 90-minute group sessions and 4 additional 45-minute individual sessions. The participants were evaluated 3 times in the baseline phase, 10 times in the intervention phase, and 8 weeks after the intervention, they were followed up 4 times every 2 weeks using the measurement tool. In order to analyze the data, the participants' scores were collected individually during the three stages of baseline, ten stages of intervention and four stages of follow-up, and then by using the trend chart and interpreting the ups and downs of the scores. Participants were visually analyzed in different stages of baseline, intervention and follow-up. Then, by using the effect size indices, the percentage of non-overlapping data (PND), and the percentage of improvement and the valid change index (RCI), the effectiveness of the treatment was determined. The findings showed that in most of the participants, in the intervention stage compared to the baseline stage the scores of efficient modes; The happy child and healthy adult had an upward and increasing trend. For all the participants, The scores of emotional eating styles all people and external for most of them, and inhibited eating styles also had a downward and decreasing trend. Also, the RCI index scores indicated the stability of schema therapy results in the follow-up phase. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

109 - The lived experience of single-child adolescent in interpersonal interactions
hossein borujerdi abbas javaheri Yaser Madani

The purpose of the present research was to identify and explain the lived experience of single-child adolescent. This qualitative research was conducted in a phenomenological way with purposeful sampling through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population More

The purpose of the present research was to identify and explain the lived experience of single-child adolescent. This qualitative research was conducted in a phenomenological way with purposeful sampling through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the current study was single-child adolescent living in Tehran. The process of interviews continued until the saturation of the data was reached 14 participants. The method chosen for the analysis of the obtained data was the seven-step Claysey method. The findings of the present research provide four main categories of self-perception, interpersonal factors in the family, interpersonal factors with friends and interpersonal factors in school. We have 8 sub-categories obtained from this research. Also, 55 conceptual structures were among other findings of this research. The results of the present study showed that although single parenthood is a period that can bring benefits to individuals, especially teenagers, but in practice single parent teenagers have faced many challenges and issues. It seems that mental health experts can gain a deeper and better understanding of single-child teenagers by using the results of this research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

110 - Criminological Legal-Sociological Analysis of Street Children's Delinquency (From Family to Society and Industry)
zahra Aghababa fahim mostafa zade Alireza MOHAMMADBEYKI

The problem of delinquency and victimization of children and teenagers is one of the important social issues that has been very busy in today's world. Since then, the majority of researchers, sociologists, criminologists, psychologists, psychiatrists and education speci More

The problem of delinquency and victimization of children and teenagers is one of the important social issues that has been very busy in today's world. Since then, the majority of researchers, sociologists, criminologists, psychologists, psychiatrists and education specialists in the modern countries of the world have been trying to find a solution to prevent crime among children and teenagers. Various opinions have been expressed about the reason for the increase in crime and victimization in our time. Some of the researchers consider the increase in crime in today's world to be one of the specialties of the current civilized societies and they believe that in the same proportion as human beings advance with all their might towards industrial and material progress and development, in the same proportion, breaking the law, delinquency and committing anti-social acts in Industrial societies are expanding and spiritual peace and tranquility are decreasing in such societies. Accordingly, in this article, with the descriptive-analytical method and content analysis, he investigated this important issue in the collection of Islamic penal laws, labor, criminal procedure and protection of children and adolescents, and the most important result of this study is that the examination of the various articles of the above four laws There are complete and progressive rules and regulations in the field of children and adolescents in Iran's legal system, but the most important obstacle is in the implementation process and its guarantees. The most important suggestion is not to enter this group into criminal-punitive proceedings Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

111 - A comparative study of the concept of home among children of two cities (Shiraz and Noujin)
Fahimeh Abbasi Tahereh Nasr Keivan Mohamadpur

Abstract The concept of “home” transcends its physical existence, manifesting as an intellectual image. In essence, a house is a place to live and reach peace and comfort. The term “house” encompasses two distinct aspects of meaning and concep More

Abstract The concept of “home” transcends its physical existence, manifesting as an intellectual image. In essence, a house is a place to live and reach peace and comfort. The term “house” encompasses two distinct aspects of meaning and concept, which are different from each other. The aspect of the house meaning is an objective reality of a place where a person resides, but the concept of the house is a mental perception. Understanding the concept of home necessitates a thorough analysis of each individual's mindset regarding their living space. The purpose of this research is a comparative assessment of the home concept among 9-10-year-old children residing in Shiraz and Nojin cities. The research methodology involves content analysis utilizing argumentative analogies along with information gathering through library and documentary studies, Persian and Latin articles, and field research. By analyzing and examining thirty samples of children's drawings from these cities, it is possible to identify the similarities and differences in their mental images of the home concept. Result of this examination and analysis is anticipated several conceptual codes can be obtained. From the summation of these conceptual codes, the home concept among the children of these cities can be found, encompassing themes such as peace, comfort, comfort, security, and prosperity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

112 - Pregnancy: Right Or Duty
Neda Akbar zade

10.61186/ahrar.45877.4.7.1

Matrimony is a sacred event and different affects and consequences arise from it. One of the purposes of people in marriage is having baby, a baby who is the plenipotentiary representative of his/her parents. However, sometimes husband is opposed to her wife pregnancy w More

Matrimony is a sacred event and different affects and consequences arise from it. One of the purposes of people in marriage is having baby, a baby who is the plenipotentiary representative of his/her parents. However, sometimes husband is opposed to her wife pregnancy without any compelling reason. The question is whether childbearing is a right? And if the answer is positive, it is the right of both wife and husband or just one of them? We can understand from the context of jurists and Islamic scholars that childbearing is a right of both parents (not merely a right for man). As husband has the right of getting pregnant, the wife also has the right to become pregnant.According to La Zarar (no prejudice) rule and the assumption of husband’s misconduct, the wife would have the right to divorce if the right of wife (become pregnant) be ignored and man refuse to have a baby. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

113 - Children's Health And rights In Cyberspace.
Mohammad Taati sereshke Seyedeh Maryam Asadi nejad

10.61186/ahrar.45879.4.7.1

Right is the most central concept of legal science, the ambiguity in its definition and description causes misplaced expectations and, as a result, the feeling of injustice. According to the abstract concept of right, the researcher should go to analytical tools to get More

Right is the most central concept of legal science, the ambiguity in its definition and description causes misplaced expectations and, as a result, the feeling of injustice. According to the abstract concept of right, the researcher should go to analytical tools to get rid of the misconception, using Hofeld's theory in identifying and expanding the types of rights helps the researcher.The right of the child has been given special support by the institution of society due to their special position in the foundation of the future of human society on the one hand and their vulnerability as the first ones who are exposed to the direct attack of harm. Of course, how children's rights are violated is different in different parts of the world. In developing countries, children mostly face poverty and its consequences such as malnutrition, lack of health, medical and educational facilities. And in developed countries, moral problems and the weakness of the family foundation plague them. In any case, the main players in this arena, namely the family, the private sector, and the government, should try to protect everyone from this concept in an all-round interaction.Loneliness, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem and physical problems such as diabetes and dry eyes are some of the possible problems of children in excessive use or early entry into cyber space.Addiction to this space has reduced the child's motivation to interact with others, which has negative effects on his (her) personal communication and social interactions. One of the easiest ways to prevent this problem is to limit the time you use the Internet.The expansion of cyberspace and the great impact of this field on the life and norm of the need to protect the rights of the children in this field, The author's attempt in this article is to use the descriptive and analytical method to identify the right and its analytical structure, define the child and virtual space and health and health and also identify his rights in the relationship between the child and the virtual space in the relevant laws of Iran and Other international laws and documents are discussed and called for moderationIn the current research, the ethical aspects of library study, including the authenticity of texts, honesty and trustworthiness, have been observed Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

114 - Effective Strategies for Promoting Motivation in Children with Intellectual Disabilities Based on Environmental Psychology
Sara mohammadzadeh akbari Mahdi hamzenejad Razie Fathi

The current research seeks to provide effective solutions on the emotional and motivational development of mentally retarded children based on environmental psychology. The aim of this research is to provide a purposeful environment for the mental and educational dev More

The current research seeks to provide effective solutions on the emotional and motivational development of mentally retarded children based on environmental psychology. The aim of this research is to provide a purposeful environment for the mental and educational development of children with mental disabilities by examining the psychology of the educational environment. Mentally retarded children are physically, intellectually, emotionally and behaviorally different from other people and therefore they need special environments to empower their intelligence. In this research; First, By using study -library documents-, the basics of mentally retarded children and their disorders (conditions), as well as the psychology of the children's environment and the factors affecting the environment, have been studied, and then the relationship between the psychology of the environment and the needs of mentally retarded children has been investigated using descriptive-analytical methods. The current research aims to improve the states and disorders of mentally retarded children through the use of optimal environmental design solutions to cause their motivational growth. The findings showed that factors such as color, materials and form in the space can have a significant effect on the intellectual ability of mentally retarded children. So that by using these factors, optimal design solutions are obtained in order to solve each of their disorders and as a result increase their motivation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

115 - Explanation of Waldorf's Spiritual Approach to Children's Education and its Critique with Emphasis on Islamic Teachings M
Masomeh kiyani

The main purpose of this research is explanation of Waldorf's spiritual approach to children's education and its critique with emphasis on Islamic teachings. For this purpose, the descriptive-analytical method is used to identify and describe the components of Waldorf's More

The main purpose of this research is explanation of Waldorf's spiritual approach to children's education and its critique with emphasis on Islamic teachings. For this purpose, the descriptive-analytical method is used to identify and describe the components of Waldorf's spiritual perspective on children's education. Then, using the regressive analysis in Frankena’s method, the philosophical foundations of Waldorf's spiritual approach to children’s education are investigated. In the second part, Waldorf's spiritual approach to children's education is criticized by using the method of critical philosophical enquiry emphasizing the Islamic point of view. The results of this research indicate that Waldorf's spiritual approach pays attention to features such as: the development of children's whole beings, strengthening their artistic potentialities, developing their spiritual perception, emphasizing meaning-making and finding meaning, and freedom as the goal of education. These features are based on philosophical foundations such as: The existence of a spiritual world beyond the material world, the existence of various spiritual beings, the unity of the universe in a spiritual sense, looking at the child as a spiritual being, the repeated reincarnation of humans, emphasizing the senses, intellect, inspiration and intuition as sources of knowledge, the interaction between objectivity and subjectivity in the pursuit of knowledge, and the matching of human "I" with "Christ" as the ultimate goal of human life. In criticizing Waldorf's spiritual approach based on the Islamic point of view, it became clear that Waldorf's views on the nature of the transcendental and the belief in reincarnation are not acceptable in the Islamic view. At the same time, some educational implications of the mentioned approach, such as looking at the child as a spiritual being and honoring him, paying attention to the development of the child's whole being and especially his spiritual dimension, emphasizing artistic education and education based on the stages of child development, have commonalities with the Islamic perspective. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

116 - An Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Childbearing of the Couples and the Factors Affecting them in Lorestan Province
gholamreza Tajbakhsg

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An Exploration of the Lived Experiences of Childbearing of the Couples and the Factors Affecting them in Lorestan Province       Gholamreza Tajbakhsh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>       Introduction   Fertility as a social reality is influenced by environmental, social, political, economic, and cultural factors at the macro level. At the micro level, it is affected by the thoughts, motivations, and tendencies of people. Fundamental changes have been made in the structure and characteristics of the Iranian family in various dimensions. The decrease in fertility levels, the transition from extended families to nuclear families, and the resulting decrease in the number of children have been significant experiences for Iranian families. This change is tangible, as the fertility rate of the whole country has dropped from 2.07 in 2016 to 1.6 in 2022, which can be considered as under replacement fertility level. Currently, most provinces of the country, including Lorestan province, have low fertility rates below the replacement level (Statistical Yearbook of the Civil Registration Organization, 2023: 115).   According to the latest statistics from the National Statistics Center of Iran, the population of Lorestan province is 1,805,215 people. In Lorestan province, 8% of the population are children, 21% are teenagers, 17.5% are young people, 43% are middle-aged people, and 10.5% are elderly. Accordingly, 8% of the population of children cannot replace 10.5% of the province's elderly. In the next thirty years, more than 43% of the province's population will be elderly and not productive, leading to an aging province. In 2022, 15,211 marriages were recorded in Lorestan, which decreased to 14,612 last years. Additionally, in 2021, 4,215 cases of divorce were recorded in the province, and this figure decreased to 3,963, a seven percent decline last year (Iran Statistics Center, 2023).   Considering the above statistics and the trend of decreasing young population and increasing aging in this province, it is very necessary to address an important issue such as population rejuvenation. The population can affect the micro and macro structures of this province and society at both the individual and social levels. The lively presence of the young generation in this province can contribute to the dynamism and growth of its development through proper macro-cultural planning.   There are a few studies on the issue in Lorestan province, and due to the decrease in childbearing in this province, it is necessary to address this important issue. Therefore, the main objective of the current research is the sociological investigation of the tendency to have children and factors related to it in Lorestan province. According to the nature of the research problem and the mentioned goals, some basic questions will be investigated in this research. The questions of this research are as follows:   1. What factors affect the issue of childbearing in Lorestan province families?   2. What are the views of couples on the issue of having children and the challenges ahead?   3. What solutions can be offered to increase childbearing in Lorestan province?       Methodology   According to the nature of the research problem, a qualitative method was used to examine the issue, focusing on the study of childbearing contexts. A "semi structured interview" was employed for this method. The criteria for participation were limited to couples who were married and had started their life together; some had children, while others yet not had children. Samples were found in various public spaces, such as parks and recreational places, mosques, sports facilities, stores, and sanitary centers. Each interview lasted approximately 60 minutes.   The statistical population of this research included couples living in the cities of Lorestan province who were interviewed. In this qualitative method, sampling was purposeful and theoretical. According to object, sampling being continued until "theoretical saturation." Based on theoretical saturation, 31 married people were interviewed.   "Thematic" analysis and "coding" techniques were used to analyze the findings from the interviews. The findings were identified in three main categories. The first category refers to the semantic units that the interviewees discussed concretely and with examples. The second category is common themes, a more complex level than the first, where the related codes are presented in a specific and meaningful category. Finally, the main themes related to each category refer to the primary and fundamental factors affecting the category under investigation in the research.       Findings   The findings of the research, classified in eleven main themes: ideal familism, psychological and individual factors, cultural, social, economic, and political changes, attitudes and beliefs, sexual and family issues, inter-spousal relations, and epistemological perspectives on life. A healthy social, economic, and cultural condition, along with creating a sense of satisfaction and security in society, significantly affects couples' desire to have children. It is important to note that the selected subjects come from different social classes, have varying levels of education, and hold different views on the issue of having children. The married life of these couples is mostly more than five years, and the number of their children is fewer than two.       Conclusion   The current research sought to investigate the tendency to have children in Lorestan province and identify the factors affecting it. To better explain the research problem and examine the lived experiences of couples in the field of childbearing, a qualitative method was applied to capture their genuine experiences on this issue. The results of this research showed that various factors, such as economic, political, cultural, social, sexual, epistemic, inter-marital, and family relations, influence couples' views on having children. Undoubtedly, childbearing is a pressing issue in Iranian society and is a focal point of the current government's policies. Lorestan province is also among the regions affected by these policies. Given that Iranian society and the country's population are generally moving towards old age, it is crucial to address this issue. However, the platforms supporting childbearing should also be seriously included in the officials' agenda. It should not be forgotten that Lorestan province is one of the five most deprived provinces in the country and requires more attention in various cultural, political, and economic fields.   As the results of this research showed, significant and deeply rooted factors influence couples' desire to have children in Lorestan province. Cultural, economic, political, medical, and social conditions, among others, should receive more attention from both the public and officials. Additionally, due to Lorestan province's economic and political situation within the country, it should be noted that in order to succeed population policies, there must be a fundamental review and written planning to address economic, cultural, political, and health infrastructures. Without this, even with an increase in population and couples' desire to have children, the problems will not be solved. In a political perspective of several years, the situation in this province could become critical due to its disadvantaged position.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Ayatollah Aozama <a name="_Hlk175655012"></a>Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran.  tajbakhsh@abru.ac.ir </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

117 - Women, Family, Childbearing in Strengthening the Position of Motherhood
Nahid Javidi Seyed Ali Mousavi nasab

One of the most fundamentalneeds of any society for its survival is the reproduction of the generations. The issue of women, as a vital part of human society, deserves the same level of scrutiny and deep analysis as the human condition itself. Any analysis of women's More

One of the most fundamentalneeds of any society for its survival is the reproduction of the generations. The issue of women, as a vital part of human society, deserves the same level of scrutiny and deep analysis as the human condition itself. Any analysis of women's life dimensions, excluding gender characteristics, equates to an analysis of human life. Therefore, understanding a woman's status and dignity is essentially understanding human dignity. It is also indisputable that knowledge of oneself is a benchmark for other knowledge. Considering that half of the population consists of women, and they play crucial roles in various societal domains, including the family and child-rearing, which form the foundation of society, addressing women's issues as social and human capital is of utmost importance. If women shy away from marriage and childbearing, the population will decline, and the human race will face the risk of extinction. This study examines women, family, childbearing, and strengthening the position of motherhood from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an using the library research method and an analytical-descriptive approach. The findings indicate that attention to women's intrinsic qualities, gender justice, and social security in society can significantly impact childbearing and family dynamics. Conversely, the major obstacle is the adherence to feminist thinking, which can undermine the roles of motherhood and childbearing. Manuscript profile

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