Comparative Study of Asylum Seeker Children’s Right to Health in Common European Asylum System and Convention on the Rights of the Child
Subject Areas : child rights
Reza Mousazadeh
1
(Full Professor Ministry of Foreign Affairs, School for International Relations, Tehran, Iran)
AhmadReza Azarpendar
2
(Master Ministry of Foreign Affairs, School for International Relations, Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: The Right to Health, Asylum Seeker Children, the International Human Rights Documents, European Union ,
Abstract :
One of the Asylum seekers children’s essential rights is the right to health, which is interpreted as the highest physical and mental standards. This right may include comprehensive medical and healthcare services, proper food and housing, proper health educations and also healthy environment. Accordingly, the governments are required in convention on the rights of child to spare their utmost effort to realize this right. At the time being, considering the large number of asylum seekers heading from the West Asian countries towards Europe, the European countries’ commitment to ensuring the asylum seekers children’s right to health is critically important. By comparing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its General Comments with Common European Asylum System, Apparently, despite of the fact that the European Union has been successful in legislating for the asylum seekers children, in some cases, the fulfillment of children’s rights is subordinated to the domestic conditions of members of the EU, that it’s contrary to their obligations.
1. Van Bueren G. The International Law on the Rights of the Child. Hague: Kluwer Law International; 1998. p.1.
2. Liefaard T, Sloth-Nielsen J. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: Taking Stock after 25 Years and Looking Ahead. Leiden-Boston: Brill Nijhoff; 2017. p.2.
3. G.Pernin C, Nichiporuk B, Stahl D, Beck J, Rasaelli-Sanchez R. Unfolding the Future of the Long War, Motivations, prospects, and Implications for the U.S. Army. Santa Monica: RAND Publisher; 2008. p.176.
4. European Commission. Common European Asylum System [Internet]. Available at: http://www.ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/asylum_ en. Accessed December 9, 2018.
5. Waller T, Handley G, Doyle C, Hickman C, Jones K, Lumsden E, et al. An Introduction to Early Childhood, a Multidisciplinary Approach. London: Sage Publishers; 2005. p.2.
6. Convention on the Rights of the Child, Adopted and Opened for Signature, Ratification and accession by General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1998, Articles 1, 2(1), 2(2), 6(1), 6(2), 23, 24.
7. Todres J, E.Wojcik M, R.Revaz C. The U.N. Convention on the rights of the child, An Analysis of Treaty Provisions and Implications of U.S. Ratification. New York: Transnational Publishers; 2006. p.165.
8. Labbaf F. Children’s Rights from the Point of view of the Quran and Sunnah. Tehran: Zohd Publications; 2006. p.27-28. [Persian]
9. Ghomashi S. Intentional Abortion from the Perspective of Sunni Jurisprudence. Journal of Reproduction and Infertility 2005; 6(24): 375-389. [Persian]
10. Doe Et al Vs Bolton, Attorney General of Georgia, Et al (1973) No70-40, Available at: https://www.scholar.google.com/scholar_case? case=11713857759343795310&q=Doe+Vs+Bolton&hl=en&as_sdt=2003. Accessed December 1, 2017.
11. Peivandi GH. The Rights of the Child. Tehran: Publishing Organization of Institute for Islamic Cultural and Thought; 2011. p.44-47. [Persian]
12. Abbasi Sarmadi M, Zangi Ahromi A. Reviewing of a Child's Age and its Legal Status from the Perspective of International Documents. Family Law and Jurisprudence 2012; 20(63): 23-42. [Persian]
13. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Convention on the Rights of child. 1989. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/AR/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx. Accessed Sep 21, 2016. [Arabic]
14. Law J. A Dictionary of Law. 8th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. p.102.
15. Shukla CK, Ali S. Child Labor and the Law. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons; 2006. p.19-26.
16. Angel WD. The international Law of youth rights: Source documents and commentary. Translated by Taj Mazinani AA, Satvati J. Tehran: Third Generation Publications; 2001. p.22-28. [Persian]
17. Barbara M. The politics of migration. London and New York: Routledge Publications; 2006. p.198.
18. Great Britain: Parliament: Joint Committee on Human Rights. The Treatment of Asylum Seekers, Tenth Report of Session 2006-07. London: Published by The Stationery Office; 2007. Vol.2 p.146.
19. J.Whittaker D. Asylum seekers and refugees in the contemporary world. New York: Routledge Publications; 2006. p.6.
20. d’Orsi C. Asylum-Seeker and Refugee Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Peregrination of a Persecuted Human Being in Search of a Safe Haven. New York: Routledge Publications; 2016. p.5.
21. Ebrahimi SN. Private International Law. Tehran: Samt Publications; 2004. p.178. [Persian]
22. Kazerooni SM. Asylum in International Law. Tehran: Negahe Bayeneh Publications; 2015. p.27. [Persian]
23. Parvizi J. Migration and Asylum Policy of the European Union and the Human Rights Question. Tehran: Center for International Research and Education of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 2015. p.41. [Persian]
24. Alekajbaf H. Concept and situation of Rights to Health under the International Human Rights bills. Iran J Med Law 2013; 7(24): 139-170.
25. Doebbler CFJ. The Principle of Non-Discrimination in International Law. Washington DC: CD Publications; 2007. p.71-276.
26. Human Rights Committee. General comments No.17. on Article 24 (Rights of the Child). 1994. para.5.
27. Bruce A. Article 2 the Right of Non-Discrimination (A Commentary on the United Nation Convention on the Rights of the Child). Leiden-Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publications; 2008. p.127-130.
28. General Guidelines Regarding the Form and Contents of Periodic Reports to be Submitted by States Parties Under Article 44, 13th session. 1996. paras.41-42.
29. Zamani SG. Simulation of treatment and premiums in international human rights law. Tehran: Law and Politic Research 2006; 8(19): 25-40. [Persian]
30. Sieid Fatemi SMG. Right to Life. Legal Research Quarterly 2000; 31: 149-166. [Persian]
31. Yorke J. The Right to Life and the Value of Life: Orientations in Law, Politics and Ethics. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing; 2016. p.154.
32. Nowak M. Article 6, the Right to Life, Survival and Development. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publications; 2005. p.18.
33. Hashemi SM, Hemmati M. Social and Economic Rights (Welfare Rights) Children, Analyzing theoretical foundations and international standards. Legal Research Quarterly 2011; 6: 253-280.
34. Child Rights Committee. General Comment No.5. on General Measures of Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. 2003. Para.12.
35. Child Rights Committee. General Comment No.7. on Implementing Child Rights in Early Childhood. 2006. para.10.
36. Kokabi Saghi F. Justiciability of the Right to Health in International Legal System. Iran J Med Law 2016; 10(37): 7-33. [Persian]
37. Abbasi M, Rezaee R, Dehghani G. Concept and situation of the right to health in Iran legal system. Iran J Med Law 2014; 8(30): 183-199.
38. United Nations General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1966. Article.12, para.2 (a).
39. Wench BE, Asbjørn E. A Commentary on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 2: The Right to Health. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publications; 2006. p.43-46.
40. Report of the Independent Expert for the United Nations Study on Violence against Children (A/61/299). 2006.
41. Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, World Health Organization. 2003.
42. Child Rights Committee. General Comments No.4. on adolescent Health and Development in the context of the Convention on the rights of the Child. 2003. paras.10, 25.
43. Westra L. Child Law, Children’s Rights and Collective Obligations. London: Springer International Publications; 2014. p.31.
44. Buck T. International Child Law. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge Publications; 2014. p.185.
45. Hodgkin R, Newell P. Implementation Handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Geneva: UNICEF; 2007. p.362.
46. Child Rights Committee. General Comments No.3 on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the Child. 2003. paras.28-32.
47. Child Rights Committee. General Comment No.15 on the right of child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. 2013. para.31.
48. European Parliament and of the Council. Directive 2013/33/EU. June 26, 2013. Articles.19, 20(1), 20(2), 23(1), 23(4), 24, 25.
49. Smyth CM. The common European asylum system and the rights of the child: an exploration of meaning and compliance. PhD Dissertation. Leiden University; 2013. p.231-234.
50. European Parliament and of the Council .Directive 2011/95/EU. December 13, 2011. Articles 20, 23(2), 30(1), 30(2).
51. Child Rights Committee. General Comment No.6.on Treatment of Unaccompanied and Separated Outside of Origin. 2005. para.16.
