• List of Articles Structure

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Effects of Network Structure, Knowledge Stock and Absorptive Capacity on Innovative Performance of Knowledge- Based Companies
        Morteza Akbari saheb imani roya mahmoudi hoda abedi hadi toloasl
        The innovative performance of companies has been studied quite extensively and for a long period of time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of network structure, knowledge stock and absorptive capacity on innovative performance of Tehran knowledge- ba More
        The innovative performance of companies has been studied quite extensively and for a long period of time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of network structure, knowledge stock and absorptive capacity on innovative performance of Tehran knowledge- based companies. About 132 companies were selected as the sample in Tehran province, Iran. In order to collect data, standard questionnaires of innovative performance with 10 questions, absorption capacity with 8 questions, network structure with 4 questions, and knowledge stock were also used with 7 questions. In all items were measured using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). Data collected through a questionnaire which its validity confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) software Smart- PLS 2.0. The results showed that the network structure, knowledge stock and absorptive capacity effect on performance knowledge-based companies. Also, the absorptive capacity have had partial and complete (perfect) mediating role on the relationship between knowledge stock with innovative performance and network structure with innovative performance. In addition, the absorptive capacity (0.48) has the largest and network structure has the lowest rank in explaining performance of innovative companies. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Model to improve banking by Using customer knowledge management and Mobile Banking and Its Impact on Customer Loyalty
        narges rezaei malek
        With progress of communication technology in the past two decades, use of ICT has become a success factor in the world of competition. To increase competition in the banking industry of Iran, many banks are willing to offer a unique service to their customers. Investmen More
        With progress of communication technology in the past two decades, use of ICT has become a success factor in the world of competition. To increase competition in the banking industry of Iran, many banks are willing to offer a unique service to their customers. Investment of private banks has concentrated on the presenting special services. That has led to more successful in attracting and retaining customers. To evaluate the influencing factors on banking services improvement, information technology and knowledge management as key factors were identified. This paper is to identify the most effective indicators to assess the impact of knowledge management and information technology for improving customer service of bank on customer satisfaction.180 experts of Bank Mellat is selected as population. Sample size was calculated by using a random sampling method. 130 samples were obtained but 120 questionnaires Were returned. Data were collected through questionnaires. In order to analyze the data from the structural equation modeling and LISREL software was used. In order to ensure the accuracy of the results and sensitivity analysis, regression analysis were applied. Finally, the results show that the customer knowledge management and mobile banking have positive effect on performance of banking service, and improving this kind of services have positive effects on customer satisfaction. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Medial-axis Enhancement of Tubular Structures and its Application in the Extraction of Portal Veins
        amirhossein forouza reza aghaeizade youshi sato masa houri
        I In this paper, a new filter is designed to enhance medial-axis of tubular structures. Based on a multi-scale method and using eigenvectors of Hessian matrix, the distance of a point to the edges of the tube is found. To do this, a hypothetical line with a deliberate d More
        I In this paper, a new filter is designed to enhance medial-axis of tubular structures. Based on a multi-scale method and using eigenvectors of Hessian matrix, the distance of a point to the edges of the tube is found. To do this, a hypothetical line with a deliberate direction is passed through the point which cuts the tube at its edges. For points which are located on the medial-axis, this distance is symmetric with respect to any deliberate direction. We find samples of the distances in different directions and assign a measure to the points based on this symmetry property. The output of this step is an enhanced image in which noise is removed and tubes can be seen more clearly. Then, we employ the filter developed by Pock et al. to enhance medial axis. Evaluation of the proposed method is performed using 2D/3D synthetic/clinical datasets both quantitatively and qualitatively. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - The impact of business intelligence on organization’s effectiveness (case study: E-Farda company)
        fatemeh amini
        Business intelligence (BI) systems provide the ability to analyze business information in order to support and improve management decision making across a broad range of business activities. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of organizational strat More
        Business intelligence (BI) systems provide the ability to analyze business information in order to support and improve management decision making across a broad range of business activities. The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of organizational strategy, structure, process, culture, information content quality and information access quality on organizational effectiveness and the possible mediating role of business intelligence (BI) systems among them. For sampling, simple random - sampling method is used. Sample data for this study were collected from E-Farad organization in Tehran and analyzed using the partial least squares method, a statistical analysis technique based on the structural equation modeling. Stability of the questionnaires used in the present study was calculated higher than 0.7 in term of Cronbachalpha, confirming the reliability. The results revealed that organizational factors, such as organizational strategy, structure, culture, and information content quality positively affect both BI systems’ effectiveness and organizational effectiveness. Also, the results showed that there is not a positive and significant effect between variables of process and information access quality on the effectiveness of the organization. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Change of Academic Regulation and Systems, the Necessity for Improvement of Iranian National Technology and Industries Relation Development
         
        For years Iranian thinkers and managers try to improve the relation between universities and industries to use the scientific results of academics centers in national technology development. Some years ago after changing the name “Culture and advanced education ministry More
        For years Iranian thinkers and managers try to improve the relation between universities and industries to use the scientific results of academics centers in national technology development. Some years ago after changing the name “Culture and advanced education ministry” to “ministry of Science, research and Technology” the ministry tried to have important roles on national technology and knowledge based development. Though much trying, there is needed to essential planning and organizing works to lead the ministry to have beneficial output for the goals of technology development which is in constitution. To reach to the goals which coming in the constitution it is needed some rectification and modification in organization structure, rules and process of execution. In other hand there are some science and technology organizations parallel to each other with more budget and low responsibility in the government. So grinding and dispersion of research possibilities is one of the barriers to technology development in Iran. This paper notices to the Change of academic regulation and systems as a necessity for improvement of industries relation and national technology development for country. Improvement of technological universities instruction systems is one of the other items emphasized in this paper for national technology development Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - Policy Making for Centralized and Decentralized R&D Structures in the Petroleum Industry Based on the Idea to Market Process
          homameddin tabatabaei Ahmad mousaei
        Nowadays, R&D is the one of the most important pillars of corporations. Oil industry is the Iran's largest industry an as a corporation no except of this rule. But various structures and different approaches exist for the position of R&D in corporations' structure. T More
        Nowadays, R&D is the one of the most important pillars of corporations. Oil industry is the Iran's largest industry an as a corporation no except of this rule. But various structures and different approaches exist for the position of R&D in corporations' structure. Three major structures have been used more in corporations for research and development, which are: • Centralized R&D structure • Decentralized R&D structure • Hybrid R&D structure In this paper first, the stages of idea to market process will be described. Then the types of R&D structures in corporations will define and then their position in the Iran's oil industry investigated. Next according to the stages of idea to market process, duties and nature of activities in centralized and decentralized R&D sections in hybrid R&D structures will discuss. Finally some policies and recommendation for the improving the R&D in the Iran's oil industry is presented Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Recognizing and Priority Characteristics of Business Model Innovation Using Meta-Synthesis and Shanon Methods
        Zahra Eshaghian حمیدرضا یزدانی Seyed Mohammadbagher Jafari
        Nowadays, the importance of nobility has cumulatively grown among increasing competition between corporations and myriad of researchers and managers gravitate towards business model innovation as the guarantor of profitability and persistence. In spite of various models More
        Nowadays, the importance of nobility has cumulatively grown among increasing competition between corporations and myriad of researchers and managers gravitate towards business model innovation as the guarantor of profitability and persistence. In spite of various models and frameworks related to business model innovation, no comprehensive model has been proposed so far to recognize and priority characteristics of business model innovation. In order to proposed a framework by systematic literature review of articles indexed in WOS and SCOPUS have been collected and 42 selected articles have been examined, interpreted and eventually combined by means of meta-synthesis method. It was found that the characteristics of business model innovation can be categorized as the overall four frames of innovation in content (including 2 macro-definitions of 1.value chain activities, 2.intra-organizational activities), innovation in structure, innovation in governance and innovation in value capture. Then the importance and priority of characteristics was determined using Shanon method. Eventually, requisite suggestions according to the findings of research have been presented. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - Analysis of Spatial Statistics of Dust Khuzestan Province
        Ahmad Reza Nakhaie Nezhad Fard Marzieh Mogholi
        Khuzestan Province is adjacent with some great deserts that the dust of these deserts are continually entering this province. Understanding the spatial pattern of these dust is of great help when planning to mitigate its effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to More
        Khuzestan Province is adjacent with some great deserts that the dust of these deserts are continually entering this province. Understanding the spatial pattern of these dust is of great help when planning to mitigate its effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the best inter-discipline of the dust and then to analyze the spatial statistics of the dust in Khuzestan province during the period 1995-2016. The results showed that the method of reverse weighing with a coefficient of 0.75 is the best model for the microscope zonation. Analysis of the spatial statistics of the dust phenomenon in Khuzestan province shows that we have witnessed clustering of days with dust in the province over the years. The clustering maps of spatial autocorrelation of the dust using the Moran statistics show that in general, the northwest and western regions of province during the studied period have high clusters and the southern, eastern, southeastern and the southwest have low clusters in the province. In 1995, the highest Moran coefficient was (Moran Index = 1/008797) and in 2008 the lowest Moran coefficient was (Moran Index = 0/996831), indicating the highest and lowest number of cluster dust days in 1995 and 2008. The results of hot and cold spots in Khuzestan province during the statistical period show that mainly the north and northwest regions contain hot spots, which means more frequent days of dust in these areas of the province during the studied time period. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - Identifying, analyzing and prioritizing the key factors affecting the restoration of Iranian baths:Case of study: Mohtasham historical bath of Kashan
           
        Urban historical sites and structures are of phenomenon that lots of countries of age face. Coming true the era of "globalization" and the increasing acceleration of changes that have embraced all aspects of human life have not only underscored the importance of these More
        Urban historical sites and structures are of phenomenon that lots of countries of age face. Coming true the era of "globalization" and the increasing acceleration of changes that have embraced all aspects of human life have not only underscored the importance of these historic capital and cultural affairs, but the crisis of identity and wandering of contemporary societies, looks more than It has been pinned to the legacy of the past generations. Persian baths are considered as one of the dynamic urban spaces in the center of the country's old neighborhoods, and not so long ago this type of structure and work had various functions performed in the fields of health, social, economy and etc. Today most of these baths are abandoned and useless or at least have lost most of their roles and positions, whereas one cannot underestimate the role of Iranian baths in creating the feeling of belonging among society and the economic potential it had in tourism industry development. Therefore trying to restore these structures while adopting them to modern society and needs and also keeping the authenticity and originality seems necessary. Studying the past activities concerning restoration of Iranian historical baths brings to the light a combination of factors which led to its success or failure. It seems, misunderstanding of affecting factor on restoring historical structures will somehow shape the roots to success and failure of this act. In this regard, considering what these factors and their weight are, they are a question that is posed in connection with the planning and implementation of interventions related to the restoration of old buildings and historical buildings. This article seeks to identify, analyze and prioritize the key factors affecting the restoration of Iranian baths, a small step, in line with the above requirements. This was done firstly through library studies, field studies and interviews with scholars. After identifying important influential factors, the list of factors has been passed to the experts' judgment in order to rank using the questionnaire tool. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software using statistical tests. Finally, the most important parameters for the restoration of traditional baths have been presented. Needless to say that in order to enhance the objectivity of the research achievements, all processes and procedures has been done with due attention and attention to the historical bath of Mohtasham Kashan. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Paleostress analysis in Bozqush Mountains, northwest Iran
        احد نوری Parisa Amini Sharifi  Moayyed
        Knowledge of the local stress field in a region is important in the structural and affecting factors on structural kinematics studies. Therefore, in this paper after describing the basic theoretical principles of stress inversion method from slickensides, it was used More
        Knowledge of the local stress field in a region is important in the structural and affecting factors on structural kinematics studies. Therefore, in this paper after describing the basic theoretical principles of stress inversion method from slickensides, it was used field measured heterogeneous fault –slips as raw data to determine the average state of the principal stress axes in order to analyze the regional geodynamic situation of this area. The results of the reduced stress tensor from fault-slip measured data, show 21/156، 64/012 and 14/251 states for σ1، σ2 and σ3 axes respectively. The results of analysis of these data show substantial agreement between the determined principal stress axes and recent tectonic research in this region. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - The Impacts of the North Tabriz Fault on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the neighbor aquifer in the East of Tabriz City, Iran
        ebrahim rajabpour Abdorreza Vaezi hir
        The North Tabriz Fault (NTF) is the most prominent tectonic structure in the Northwest of Iran. The results of this study show that this fault has a major impact on hydrogeological conditions of the local aquifer. Plio-Quaternary volcanic ash and tuff layers constitute More
        The North Tabriz Fault (NTF) is the most prominent tectonic structure in the Northwest of Iran. The results of this study show that this fault has a major impact on hydrogeological conditions of the local aquifer. Plio-Quaternary volcanic ash and tuff layers constitute the only unconfined aquifer of this area which directly lies on Miocene red marl as aquifer bed rock. Northern part aquifer bed rock is placed in the higher level than the southern part. This could be the reason for the existence of the reverse dip-slip movement of fault in this area, which causes the northern part (hanging wall) trust over the southern part (footwall). Sharp differences in aquifer bed rock level at relatively low distances (less than 200 m), can be a sign of near-vertical slope of fault in this area. An obvious groundwater level differences which reaches to more than 8 meters, along with the apparent differences between groundwater qualities across the fault at a low distance (about 200 meters) show a barrier behavior of fault. Total depth of the southern part wells is four times compared to the northern parts. Total annual discharge of southern part wells is about eight times of northern parts. Total hardness and ions concentrations of groundwater samples shows that most of the northern part samples are not suitable for drinking purposes, but the southern part samples are suitable. Also, all of the northern part samples have the negative Langelier index (corrosive). All of the southern part samples have the positive (very close to zero) Langelier index and suitable for industrial usages. Therefore this is a reason why most of industries in this area were located in the southern part of the fault. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - The role of tectonic structures in conducting groundwater inflow to the second part of Zagros water tunnel – Kermanshah province
        HamidReza Nasseri Narges Bayat Lili Izadi Kian Farshad Alijani
        High local groundwater flow into rock tunnels is a technical and environmental problem for underground constructions. Geological structures such as faults, open fractures, and dissolution channels could play important roles in conducting ground waters to the tunnels. Ho More
        High local groundwater flow into rock tunnels is a technical and environmental problem for underground constructions. Geological structures such as faults, open fractures, and dissolution channels could play important roles in conducting ground waters to the tunnels. However, prediction of groundwater inflow from these structures using analytical and empirical method often failed due to given hydrogeological assumptions and simplification such as a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium around the tunnel. The Zagros water tunnel is located in the northwest of Kermanshah province. A huge amount of groundwater flow into the tunnel through fractures occurred during drilling of the second part of tunnel. The second part of tunnel passes through Pabdeh and Gurpi formations. A considerable amount of groundwater flushed into the tunnel when the Ilam Formation was penetrated, causing numerous problems and great damage to the drilling operation. The goal of this study is to identify the factors that influenced water flows into the tunnel. To this purpose, geological features of high flow rate zones have been identified and investigated. The highest input rate (800 l/s) was recorded in the zone Hz23 located in Kurdighaseman anticline. The relationship between geological features and the groundwater inflow into the tunnel indicated that faults play conveying role for ground water into the tunnel. Evaluation of high local groundwater inflow to rock tunnels based on characterization of geological structures is more reliable compared to available analytical and empirical estimation. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        13 - Investigate and identify the challenges of the relationship between industry and academia
        Kamran  Malekpour ali delavar saeed ghiasi
        In order to achieve the goals of real and sustainable development, every society needs the interaction and continuous action of two scientific and technical institutions that are formed in the form of universities and industry. Due to the organic relations of these two More
        In order to achieve the goals of real and sustainable development, every society needs the interaction and continuous action of two scientific and technical institutions that are formed in the form of universities and industry. Due to the organic relations of these two institutions that form a single system, a violation in each of them causes a violation in the whole system. The present study tries to identify the challenges and barriers of the relationship between industry and academia from the perspective of industry managers and university professors with an interpretive approach. The research approach used is qualitative methodology and ethnographic method has been used to conduct research operations. The data of this study were collected using participatory observation, semi-structured interview technique and document analysis and then combined using triangulation technique. The sampling method used in this study is qualitative-purposeful sampling and using the theoretical saturation index, 15 university professors and 10 industry managers were interviewed as a research sample. Their attitudes and views on the challenges and barriers to communication between industry and academia were examined. The main findings of this study using contextual theory include categories such as weakness in context and support, lack of knowledge and skills, lack of efficient management system, reluctance to communicate, lack of appropriate culture and beliefs, inflexibility of structure. Processes are the inability to network. According to the research, all these categories can be placed under the category of industry-university relationship challenge Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        14 - Prototypicality in Transitive Structure of Persian Verbs
        Faeghe Shahhoseini
        The present article studies Prototype of transitive structure in Persian verbs. So far, transitivity has been studied from different aspects. However, in Persian language it has been studied limitedly from a cognitive perspective. The main objective of the present artic More
        The present article studies Prototype of transitive structure in Persian verbs. So far, transitivity has been studied from different aspects. However, in Persian language it has been studied limitedly from a cognitive perspective. The main objective of the present article is to get to a precise and clear definition of transitivity regarding Persian speakers’ cognition. To do so, the author defines prototype of transitive structure based on seven major criteria, and one minor criterion. According to the findings of the research, to define transitivity we have to consider both form and function. Transitivity can be defined on a continuum, ranging from prototypical transitive verbs to non-prototypical transitive verbs, and intransitive verbs. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        15 - Morphology of the story of Mehr -va- Māh
        عليرضا  نبی‌لو
        In order to focus on the analysis of the Mehr -o- Māh story in this paper, a number of issues, literature reviews and different versions of narratives as well as fiction structures and its elements are rendered. Moreover, it is considered to review some related topics s More
        In order to focus on the analysis of the Mehr -o- Māh story in this paper, a number of issues, literature reviews and different versions of narratives as well as fiction structures and its elements are rendered. Moreover, it is considered to review some related topics such as language, character, narrator, the point of view, the structure chain and plot, theme, setting and time. As a result, the whole book considered as a long story with numerous characters promoting the events. The structure of the sentences and its style of writing are uncomplicated and technical simultaneously. Furthermore, 45 characters with usually proper names play a role in the narrative, while most of them are magicians and fairies (24.30 %) or women and girls (22.2 %). The narrator, additionally, is unclear and vague, so the story is narrated in the third person point of view. The paper aims to study the story based on the 31 acts which mentioned by Propp and also considering his classification in 6 stages, including preparation, complication, transference, struggle, return, recognition. At the end, it is worth mentioning to know that narrative pattern of the story is as following: α γ φ δ β ↑ ε λ F A C λ E G G K D H F C B E B O λ H K M Ex φ Pr U K E Pr O T L K W QN I Rs ↓ Moreover, the characters could be classified in 7 distinct groups of act, which extraordinary events as the main elements of the story play a great role. In more details, the time of the narrative is unclear; some of the locations are realistic, while some of them virtual, such as China, India, Mecca, Sham, Egypt and Morocco. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        16 - Meaning, Language, Image in “The End of Shahnameh” a poetry by Mehdi Akhavan Salis (M. Omid)
        Ali Noori Ahmad کنجوری
        “The End of Shahnameh”, is consisted of the poems written in 1335-1338 SH by Akhavan. It can be considered as the acme of the poet’s mature style. Here in this article we try to study the poem ‘The End of Shahnameh’, which is one of the best in the collection. Having in More
        “The End of Shahnameh”, is consisted of the poems written in 1335-1338 SH by Akhavan. It can be considered as the acme of the poet’s mature style. Here in this article we try to study the poem ‘The End of Shahnameh’, which is one of the best in the collection. Having introduced poetry, its features and elements, in general, and some approaches to literary criticism, we will study and interpret the mentioned poem using a combination of approaches, and regarding the interactions of meaning, language, and image, as the three major structural elements of poetry. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        17 - Synaestesia: character and nature
        مینا  بهنام
        This essay tries to study synaestesia with a cognitive approach to the structure of language. Its theoretical framework is provided by Joseph Stern (semantician), Stefan Ulmann (linguist), and Osgood (psychologist). The author tries to explain the symbolic nature of th More
        This essay tries to study synaestesia with a cognitive approach to the structure of language. Its theoretical framework is provided by Joseph Stern (semantician), Stefan Ulmann (linguist), and Osgood (psychologist). The author tries to explain the symbolic nature of this linguistic phenomenon as well as the speaker’s perceptional process while using it, and its emotional and mental effects on them. When explained the formation process of synaestesia, we will study it as a neurological and perceptional category. Then, we will provide some examples from Persian literature to clarify the structure of synaestesia. At last, we will come to rethinking synaestesia in art and linguistic phenomena (poetry and prose). According to the finding of the research, synaestesias is a metaphor in which a particular meaning, common to a given perceptional domain, projects to another domain to which it no longer is usual. The basis of such a transition is a kind of similarity and interference between the two domains. In general, this possibility comes from man’s selective system of thinking and his capability to use metaphor. That is why it is frequently seen in different fields of art, including cinema, painting and music. Literary schools use synaestesia differently, not just for creating images, but to communicate special meaning, and to impress the audience. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        18 - Aesthetic Functions of Predisposition of Verb In Sa’di’s Sonnets
        سوسن  جبری  
        Syntactic structures somehow reflect our perception of outer and inner facts, and express the relations established by our minds among the things and concepts in terms of linguistic forms. Such a process is unconscious. Poets, however, employ the syntactic patterns to s More
        Syntactic structures somehow reflect our perception of outer and inner facts, and express the relations established by our minds among the things and concepts in terms of linguistic forms. Such a process is unconscious. Poets, however, employ the syntactic patterns to some degree consciously so that they would effectively express their thoughts and emotions. Predisposition of verb is a defamiliarized syntactic pattern whose functions here have been studied in Sa’di’s sonnets. Structure functions of this pattern are to create forceful musical effects, keeping sentences length short, extendibility, completing the meaning, and structural cohesion. Predisposition of verb has also semantic functions including meaning extension, emphasis, magnification, minimization, generalizing palace and time, brevity, interpretability, suspension and expectance, prominence of descriptions, movement and dynamism, emotional incitement, creating images and pleasure, semantic cohesion. Thus, predisposition of verb is considered as one of the reasons for the beauty of Sa’di’s sonnets which along his skillful use of other linguistic techniques make readers share in poet’s thought and emotions. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        19 - From Meaningful Structure to the Structure of Quatrain (Ruba’i) (Sociological approach to the Relationship Between Worldview of Rudaki’s Age and the Structure of Quatrain)
        Ahmad خاتمي منا  علي‌‌مددي  
        Quatrain is a form that first enjoyed wide currency among Iranian poets , then it found its way to Arab poetry; however, though it is believed by some, like Shams Qys Razi, that Rudaki first developed quatrain, due to lack of adequate documentation, there is no agreeme More
        Quatrain is a form that first enjoyed wide currency among Iranian poets , then it found its way to Arab poetry; however, though it is believed by some, like Shams Qys Razi, that Rudaki first developed quatrain, due to lack of adequate documentation, there is no agreement on who was its inventor. Some believe that quatrain can be traced to the pre-Islamic form of poetry known as Khusrovani, others relate it to Sufis. In this paper, the authors believe that such arguments will never lead to a defensible result. So the issue needs to be viewed from another perspective. To do so, using Lucien Goldman’s theory of Genetic Structuralism, according to which there is a homologous relationship between the inherent structure of literary works and the key structures of the social context of the author, they have tried to show how quatrain is the reflection of rationalistic worldview of the rationalist poets of the Khurasani school of poetry rather than the evolution of Iranians pre-Islamic poetry. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        20 - A Critical Study of the Validity of Gulestan Based on the Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis
        سيامک  صاحبي محمد‌ها‌‌‌‌دي  فلاحي نسترن  توكلي
        With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitnes More
        With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitness and implicitness of linguistic features used to express ideas in Gulestan , and to find the mystery of eternality of Sa’di’s speech. Presupposing that taking account of discourse structure can be helpful for understanding and interpreting a text, and relying on the fact that discourse is a meaningful linguistic unit having four features of systematicality, intentionality, objectivity, and being macro-linguistics, here in this article we have applied linguistic aspect of Van Leeuven’s model (1996) to find an answer to the question that what makes a work live on in cultural construction of different generations due to its linguistic features. Hence, after brief review of the relationship between literature and linguistics, we first introduce the subject and the research method. After that, critical discourse analysis and Van Livon’s model are introduced as basic concepts. This is followed by explaining the two categories of explicit and implicit features involved in Van Leeuven’s model. Dividing textual structure of Gulestan into two groups of narrative discourse-based and informative discourse-based structures, we analyze a text from the first chapter of Gulestan . Text analysis shows that in Gulestan the discourse-based features of implicitness such as deletion, passivization, de-personalization, referential and classificatory types are of high frequency in comparison with the features of implicitness. Measuring and explaining the degree of mysteriousness, we conclude that one reason for the eternality of Sa’di’s Gulestan is his use of the discourse-based features of implicitness. (Notice that here we deal with implicitness from a discourse approach not Gnostic and poetic one). This has made it possible for Sa’di to de-contextualize his narratives temporally, spatially, historically, politically; to hide their agents, actors, and patients, so communicate his own message through their speech prominently and effectively, and thereby make his work eternal for all centuries and generations. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        21 - Teaching Farsi Compound Verbs to non-Persian Speakers
        زينب  محمد ابراهيمي حسن  شاهی‌پور
        The category of compound verbs is one of the most interesting, subtle and yet complex part of syntactic researches that has attracted the attentions of many linguists and teachers teaching a second/ foreign language. Analyzing the structure of compound verbs in spoken s More
        The category of compound verbs is one of the most interesting, subtle and yet complex part of syntactic researches that has attracted the attentions of many linguists and teachers teaching a second/ foreign language. Analyzing the structure of compound verbs in spoken standard Farsi language in terms of Government and binding theory, and using a new scientific method of teaching language and vocabulary, the present research tries to provide a new practical and effective way of teaching Farsi compound verbs to the speakers of languages other than Farsi. According to the finding of the research, the compound verbs can be divided into two groups: one-argument verbs and multi-argument verbs. At elementary levels, it is better to start teaching with the first group. The second group should be taught at higher levels. Moreover, it seems appropriate to use spoken materials that have already been recorded in real communication contexts. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        22 - Studying the Binary Oppositions in the Structure of Sanaie's Hadiqa
        محمد امير  عبيدي‌نيا علي  دلائي ميلان
        'Binary oppositions' is considered as one of the basic concepts of structural and post-structural critique, and theories of linguistics and semiotics. It is rooted in mythological and cultural beliefs of the humans. Binary oppositions can be found throughout Hadiqa. At More
        'Binary oppositions' is considered as one of the basic concepts of structural and post-structural critique, and theories of linguistics and semiotics. It is rooted in mythological and cultural beliefs of the humans. Binary oppositions can be found throughout Hadiqa. At the level of its surface structure, the phrases, headings, the relations between lines and their arrangements show binary oppositions. At its deep structure, there can be found such oppositions among the successively expressed contents. At the surface structure of its narratives, the characters are of binary oppositions. Their deep structure also centers on this concept. The present article first studies and analyzes the term 'binary oppositions' concerning with different theories, and then classifies the origins of the binary oppositions in both the surface and deep structures of Hadiqa, especially considering its characterization. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        23 - The Proportion of Colors in Imagery and Shah-Nameh’s Narrative Core
        اكرم  جودي نعمتي
        one of the important elements related to imagery in the close analysis of any poet’s stylistic levels, is color; which associates his thoughts and passions on one hand, and subject and theme of the poetic work on the other hand. Therefore the analysis and survey of the More
        one of the important elements related to imagery in the close analysis of any poet’s stylistic levels, is color; which associates his thoughts and passions on one hand, and subject and theme of the poetic work on the other hand. Therefore the analysis and survey of the manner in which color is utilized within stylistic poets’ works- who do not copy others’ works- is a path for recognizing their inner world; while it is also a critical approach on their artistic and literary potentialities in using a variety of imagery elements. For this purpose, the present article surveys the process used for utilizing color in Ferdowsi’s imagery and the poet’s concern about proportion and the consistency of colors along with the narrative core within Shah-Nameh stories. It is revealed that color lacks any originality in Ferdowsi’s imagery; yet there is a meaningful relation between the function of color with the content, events and the incidents taking place through the story. That is why the color of the heroes’ horses coordinates in many instances with the story’s core narrative and the etymology of their owner; while the bradawl of each hero appears with a specific and certain color and role. What is more, the color of the tent of each individual famous figure differs with the other ones. These issues have the potential for a symbolic paraphrase in some cases and show Ferdowsi’s ability in using all and every literary potentiality. In this essay through showing the used frequency of each color in Shah-Nameh, the accurate comparison of colors has become possible; showing that 53.69% of the atmosphere of the used colors in Shah-Nameh, belongs to cold and dark colors due to war, and epical atmosphere and the black colors, as a group, possesses 33.29% as the most used color. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        24 - Literary and Artistic Manifestations in a Number of Hadiss (Prophet’s Words)
        MohammadReza Bemanian
        Hadiss are considered as major principles in the recognition of Islam and the acquisition of epistemology. The present essay discusses the literary and artistic methods, and techniques used in Hadiss. Utilizing an artistic and literary language is among the special char More
        Hadiss are considered as major principles in the recognition of Islam and the acquisition of epistemology. The present essay discusses the literary and artistic methods, and techniques used in Hadiss. Utilizing an artistic and literary language is among the special characteristics in the forming the structure of Hadiss. In the artistic and literary manifestations of Hadiss numerous dimensions are mentioned; among which music, image and structure are known as the tools and elements used. The existence of such elements in Hadiss has led to the formation of both artistic and literary aspects within these words; mainly Prophet Mohammad’s words of advice; while one can point to the harmony and coordination, pun, cohesion, coherence, arithmetic conjunction, and phonetic system in Hadiss; as these factors form the overall structure and music of these words. Another major element in the formation of the artistic and literary form of Hadiss, is using image for enriching the mentioned concepts in their text. The present paper points to the above tools and elements in theoretical literature, following it a number of Hadiss are surveyed as examples. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        25 - Prolepsis in Sa'di's Tales the Stories of the West
        مسعود  نوروزیان شادمان  شکروی افسانه  صحتي
        Insofar as it is related to techniques of story writing such as diction, omission, etc. short stories in the west have evolved to a great extent. These elements, that is, literary devices, can also be seen in the Persian classical works of literature. Terms such as Poin More
        Insofar as it is related to techniques of story writing such as diction, omission, etc. short stories in the west have evolved to a great extent. These elements, that is, literary devices, can also be seen in the Persian classical works of literature. Terms such as Point of departure, and prolepsis, found in the works of great writers such as chekov, Allen Poe, Pomasant can also be found in Sa'di's "Golestan". Point of departure in stories will lead to the emergence of perception, and neurological curves in the shortest period possible. The present paper is aimed at comparing Golestan with the stories of the west in this regard. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        26 - The role of simile in stylistic variety change
        Ahmad 
        Style reflects selection and combination of the language capabilities applied by the poet. On the other hand, it reflects the imitation and innovation in the language various aspects like phonology, words and grammar. Rhetoric system is one of the language systems. Rhe More
        Style reflects selection and combination of the language capabilities applied by the poet. On the other hand, it reflects the imitation and innovation in the language various aspects like phonology, words and grammar. Rhetoric system is one of the language systems. Rhetoric system includes all the language decorative tools such as expressive, rhetorical and, in other word, all the language decorative elements. Rhetoric system is the most important and major language system in which literature creation process can be observed. The reason includes that style related changes are occurred in this system. Simile, from which the other systems such as metaphor, personification and even irony are originated, is the basic element in this system. Rhetoric language system change can be simply shown by studying the simile structure. This article tries to have a glance at the style related changes in Modern Poem simile by the statistics available on the full analysis of the similes used in the poetries by Nima, Akhavan and Sohrab Sepehri. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        27 - Coordinate Structures and Their Aesthetic Function in Kalila - o - Demna
        محمدرضا  عمرانپور
        This paper is the result of a reasearch which has been done for studying and analysis of the coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna. Applying coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna is one of the techniques by Abolmaali for creating dignified prose which is imi More
        This paper is the result of a reasearch which has been done for studying and analysis of the coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna. Applying coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna is one of the techniques by Abolmaali for creating dignified prose which is imitated by other writers in the periods after him not only in literary prose but also in writing historical and scientific books. What we mean by "coordinate structures" is two words, two phrases or two sentences which are connected by conjunction particularly ''and''. The coordinate structures may have been made of two parts or more. These parts which may be synonymous, antonym, cause and effect, etc. occupy the place of subject, object, complement, adjective and adverb in sentence structure. The most important using of the coordinate structures in Kalila-o-Demna is for aesthetic techniques. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        28 - A Critical Review and Analysis of the Narrative Technique in a Story of the Golestan of Saadi
          mostafa gorji
        One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest th More
        One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest the value of the previous works, but also helps today’s writers in achieving the effective narrative techniques. Discovering the deeper layers of the Golestan of Saadi demands deep thinking, and through reviewing and reinterpreting it, new literary potentials can be found. This research aims at a critical study and analysis of narrative discourse and the structure of narration in the story about a young boxer in the third chapter of Golestan. It shows how much Saadi has been successful in induction of his beliefs through finding the proper forms related to them and based on the assimilation of form and content, he creates a piece of work which has different dimensions of a literary work all together, a work which satisfies the audience through different eras. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        29 - Analyzing the function of “Fictional Allegory” in the Plot of Short Stories
        Leila Rezaei عباس جاهدجاه
        Allegory is one of the rhetorical devices that has attracted a great deal of attention from critics for its semantic functions. Among different types of allegory, fictional allegory which has a narrative structure has had a wide application in classical and contemporary More
        Allegory is one of the rhetorical devices that has attracted a great deal of attention from critics for its semantic functions. Among different types of allegory, fictional allegory which has a narrative structure has had a wide application in classical and contemporary Persian literature. Like poetry, contemporary story has benefited from semantic functions of allegory in many cases. Studying the fictional allegories used in modern short stories, illustrates that some authors have used this device not just for its semantic function, but also it in the structural part of the story. Aiming at studying this function, in this research three Persian short stories (“Mehdi”, “Amphibians”, “Fiction and Grief”) are analyzed based on the ideas of Brian Richardson about the structural effect of rhetorical devices in modern stories to show that in addition to its semantic function, fictional allegory has a role in the plot structure of modern short stories . Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        30 - Analysis on the Structure and Pattern of Drama in “Haft Lashkar” (Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists)
        Atefe  Nikkhoo Yadollah  Jalali Pandari
        Haft Lashkar, (/hæft læ∫kær/: The Seven Corps) is one of the instances of “Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists” during the Qajar dynasty which has been written by an anonymous rhapsodist in 1292 (Lunar Hijri) (1875 A.D). Haft Lashkar has originally been the name of one More
        Haft Lashkar, (/hæft læ∫kær/: The Seven Corps) is one of the instances of “Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists” during the Qajar dynasty which has been written by an anonymous rhapsodist in 1292 (Lunar Hijri) (1875 A.D). Haft Lashkar has originally been the name of one of the famous rhapsodic battle- narratives which was chosen as the title of one of the scrolls of Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists due to its fame and prevalence. The narrative aspect of the text creates relation and connection between literature and drama. This type of storytelling that involves drama and playing the roles of different characters by the narrator, and imitating their manners and moves has led the storytelling towards a kind of dramatic narrative which is called “Dramatic Storytelling”. Meanwhile, although the rhapsodist has considered using the old narrations as a model, his subjective and structural manipulations add a dramatic feature to the text. Thus, because of the dramatic capacity of the scrolls, in this article the dramatic structure of the Comprehensive Scroll is studied. First, by defining the structure of dramatic play and identifying the differences between this structure and the narrative structure in this scroll, a specific model is introduced and explained. Eventually, applying Bart’s structural model of “episode” as involute events, the results of this research, has led us to the “narration-through-narration” event-oriented drama structure, which is different from the climatic drama in the Comprehensive Scroll of Rhapsodists, which has been illustrated in a table and a drama- narrative graph. The dramatic basis of this kind of narration has been revealed through action enhancement as well as increasing interaction between especial roles in the main narration in the form of an event-oriented drama. some suspense features resulted from this type of drama structure are: Using convergent events and developing the depth of the drama, and audience’s focus on the state of the events during the drama instead of concentrating on its ending. . Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        31 - Analysis of Rhetorical Fields in Saadi's Works and Their Generalization in Persian Language and Literature
        farhad mohammadi
        In order to understand the rhetoric of the Persian language and to discover its rules and principles, it is necessary to study and analyze its syntactic structures. By this manner, the order of syntactic structures in normal status can be recognized the changes that hap More
        In order to understand the rhetoric of the Persian language and to discover its rules and principles, it is necessary to study and analyze its syntactic structures. By this manner, the order of syntactic structures in normal status can be recognized the changes that happen due to rhetorical purposes could be distinguished; because the syntax structures, which are the various orders of the components, are forming according to meaning and rhetorical purposes. Any kind of "change in the grammatical position of the components", "change in sentence form" and any "deletion or addition" in the word are the result of rhetorical purposes. This article focuses on Sa'di's work as a prominent example of Persian rhetoric, examining the most important fields of rhetoric through which the transfer of meaning and the induction of rhetorical goals take place. The purpose of this research is to identify the general fields of Persian language syntax in inducing rhetorical goals, each of which can include many instances. It also attempts to show what meanings and purposes are usually expressed with each of these capacities. The results show that "displacement of word components", "change in structure and formation of sentences” and "syntactic increase and decrease" are the main means used to express rhetorical purposes in Persian syntax. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        32 - The function of headers of Florence's manuscripts in rewriting Shahnameh stories
         
        Ancient literary stories must be told in a simple and fluent language in order to be compelling and comprehensible to today's audience. The process of narrating these tales in contemporary language should be in accordance with the principles that have two main axes: Fir More
        Ancient literary stories must be told in a simple and fluent language in order to be compelling and comprehensible to today's audience. The process of narrating these tales in contemporary language should be in accordance with the principles that have two main axes: First, maintaining the structure of the story and the style of the author, and second, its conforming to the audience’s language and understanding. In this regard, rewriting and returning the stories of Shahnameh to prose, in addition to paying attention to the level of the audience, also requires knowledge about Ferdowsi's style and expression. On the other hand, attention should be paid to summarizing and simplifying stories. Each of the Shahnameh's rewrites has some degrees of summarizing and omitting story or artistic effects. But the omission of some sections damages the original structure of the story, does not reveal Ferdowsi's art in composing stories for the audience. There are several ways to convey these points and the story to the audience as completely as possible. Considering the linkage of the Shahnameh headers with the structure of the story, our suggestion in this article is to use this manuscripts of the Shahnameh based on their headings. As a notable example, we have used the Florence version, which is the oldest available version of the Shahnameh and while reviewing some of the problems in rewriting this work, we have provided solutions for more accurate rewriting. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        33 - “Islamic Parliament” and Policy Making In Iran (1980- 2008)
        Vhid sinaee سمیه  زمانی
        Law-making assemblies are one of the institutions involved in the process of policy making. The range of their intervention is from real determination to formal influence. This fluctuation is affected by two categories of structural factors and agents. The structures in More
        Law-making assemblies are one of the institutions involved in the process of policy making. The range of their intervention is from real determination to formal influence. This fluctuation is affected by two categories of structural factors and agents. The structures include the jurisdiction of Parliament, internal organizations of parliament, the power distribution in political systems and external structures which have impact on Parliament. The agents include executive head of parliament, chief executive, representatives and influential groups. Three types of parliament are detectable from relationship of these structures and agents that are determinative parliament, effective, low- of -effect and neutral in the process of policy making. This study is going to investigate the role of Islamic assembly in the process of policy makings in Iran based on the theoretical framework. The results of this study show that assembly had causative, and not determinative, role in regard to structural factors and agents in the process of policy makings. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        34 - A Critical Study of Class-based Analysis about Election Behavior of New Middle Class (Iran’s Presidential Elections Seventh (1995) and Ninth (2003) Periods)
        سعید میرترابی سيد مهدي  ميرعباسي
        Between 1995 and 2003 many of critical factors for development of new middle class like economic growth, expansion of cities, improvement of education and literacy,development of political institutions and state bureaucracy and so… continued to growth and, as a result, More
        Between 1995 and 2003 many of critical factors for development of new middle class like economic growth, expansion of cities, improvement of education and literacy,development of political institutions and state bureaucracy and so… continued to growth and, as a result, we can expect for a larger middle class in this period. On the other hand, in many of class-based analyses about presidential elections results in 1995 and 1999 in Iran, scholars focused on new and recently developed middle class role in shaping election results and victories of slogans about political development. But in presidential election in 2003 (in first round) candidate who represents political development slogans lost and in second round despite of heavily rally of Reformists in support of rival candidate, winner candidate has no any relation to political wishes that usually respect to new middle class. The article, tries to explain this dilemma and shows that ”there is a structural condition that can called “Rentier state” economic structure in Iran that constrains class-based analyses in explaining election behavior of new middle class and in forecasting election results.Wecannot stress heavily on factors that relate to quantitative expansion of middle class and its role on shaping elections wishes of different groups in society.”The article stresses on structural factors related to political economy of oil in shaping social layers in oil rich countries and shows how these factors help shaping a special middle class that necessarily have not those characteristics and wishes that is relate to this social group in standard theories of political development. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        35 - Semantic and Structural Dimensions of Decision- making in Islamic Republic of Iran’ Foreign policy
        GHOLAMALI SOLEIMANI Sayed Jalal Dehghani Firozabadi
        Along with the victory of Islamic Revolution, a fundamental change has occurred in Iran's foreign policy. But neglecting the domain of foreign policy and international relations in the study of the role of political system domain, confront the foreign policy study domai More
        Along with the victory of Islamic Revolution, a fundamental change has occurred in Iran's foreign policy. But neglecting the domain of foreign policy and international relations in the study of the role of political system domain, confront the foreign policy study domain of Islamic Republic Of Iran with special difficulties that in fact leads to the weakness in conceptualization in this domain. With regard to the area of foreign policy analysis and the achievements of this sub-domain, this article aims to answer these basic questions that: what is the Islamic Republic of Iran’s foreign policy decision-making model? Answering this question requires considering different effective levels in the analysis of foreign policy that the present study , examines this subject in three levels of decision-maker, decision-making structure and decision-making orientation of foreign policy as main effective elements in foreign policy decision-making and their role in foreign policy decision-making , hoping that it can illustrate the action and decision-making logic and also effective structural and organizational factors affecting on the Islamic republic of iran’s foreign policy. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        36 - The analysis of the spatial structure of Qom metropolis with emphasis on the formation of sub-cores
        Mohammad soleimani mosa kamanrodi Mazhar Ahmadi Ahmad Zanganeh
        Among the patterns of building a city, a , polycentric cities pattern of larger cities is true, as experience has shown that smaller cities, especially historic cities, often have a metropolitan core, usually located in the central geometric and historical boundaries of More
        Among the patterns of building a city, a , polycentric cities pattern of larger cities is true, as experience has shown that smaller cities, especially historic cities, often have a metropolitan core, usually located in the central geometric and historical boundaries of the city. This is due to the physical development of large cities towards the periphery, urban sub-centers, and the city’s multi-core spatial structure gradually emerges. The present paper aims to identify the evolution of the spatial structure of the metropolis of Qom from the viewpoint of the nuclei and urban centers, especially in the last three decades. The idea of this research was that the specific characteristics and functions of the city prevented the city from becoming a part of the city’s central depopulation, as compared to other similar cities. For analyzing data, quantitative methods including general G and LISA statistics, standard deviation and kernel density functions have been used in Arc Gis 10.3 software. The results of the research show that the metropolis of Qom despite its special religious features and its second rank in the religious cities of the country after the holy Mashhad, like many other major Iranian-Islamic cities, have been shown to accelerate urbanization and the physical and diffuse development of urban texture during the year. From 1986 to 2016. During this process, the central part of the city still retains many of its functions, and despite the relative burnout and physical barriers and constraints, it is now considered to be the most important urban core in the metropolis’s spatial structure. Consequently, the metropolis of Qom is rapidly increasing due to the rapid increase in population and extent (horizontal expansion), as well as the formation of some urban centers, nodes and sub-centers, although it is changing to several cities, but because of specific religious features and Its extensive functions in the central part of the city are still known as a Single-core city dominated by the city’s historical core. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        37 - Fusion of Learning Automata to Optimize Multi-constraint Problem
        Sara Motamed Ali Ahmadi
        10.7508/jist.2015.01.003
        This paper aims to introduce an effective classification method of learning for partitioning the data in statistical spaces. The work is based on using multi-constraint partitioning on the stochastic learning automata. Stochastic learning automata with fixed or variable More
        This paper aims to introduce an effective classification method of learning for partitioning the data in statistical spaces. The work is based on using multi-constraint partitioning on the stochastic learning automata. Stochastic learning automata with fixed or variable structures are a reinforcement learning method. Having no information about optimized operation, such models try to find an answer to a problem. Converging speed in such algorithms in solving different problems and their route to the answer is so that they produce a proper condition if the answer is obtained. However, despite all tricks to prevent the algorithm involvement with local optimal, the algorithms do not perform well for problems with a lot of spread local optimal points and give no good answer. In this paper, the fusion of stochastic learning automata algorithms has been used to solve given problems and provide a centralized control mechanism. Looking at the results, is found that the recommended algorithm for partitioning constraints and finding optimization problems are suitable in terms of time and speed, and given a large number of samples, yield a learning rate of 97.92%. In addition, the test results clearly indicate increased accuracy and significant efficiency of recommended systems compared with single model systems based on different methods of learning automata. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        38 - Speech Emotion Recognition Based on Fusion Method
        Sara Motamed Saeed Setayeshi Azam Rabiee Arash  Sharifi
        10.7508/jist.2017.17.007
        Speech emotion signals are the quickest and most neutral method in individuals’ relationships, leading researchers to develop speech emotion signal as a quick and efficient technique to communicate between man and machine. This paper introduces a new classification meth More
        Speech emotion signals are the quickest and most neutral method in individuals’ relationships, leading researchers to develop speech emotion signal as a quick and efficient technique to communicate between man and machine. This paper introduces a new classification method using multi-constraints partitioning approach on emotional speech signals. To classify the rate of speech emotion signals, the features vectors are extracted using Mel frequency Cepstrum coefficient (MFCC) and auto correlation function coefficient (ACFC) and a combination of these two models. This study found the way that features’ number and fusion method can impress in the rate of emotional speech recognition. The proposed model has been compared with MLP model of recognition. Results revealed that the proposed algorithm has a powerful capability to identify and explore human emotion. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        39 - Concatenating Approach: Improving the Performance of Data Structure Implementation
        dmp dmp Ali Mahjur
        10.7508/jist.2018.21.003
        Data structures are important parts of the programs. Most programs use a variety of data structures and quality of data structures excessively affects the quality of the applications. In current programming languages, they are defined by storing a reference to the data More
        Data structures are important parts of the programs. Most programs use a variety of data structures and quality of data structures excessively affects the quality of the applications. In current programming languages, they are defined by storing a reference to the data element in the data structure node. Some shortcomings of the current approach are limits in the performance of a data structure and poor mechanisms to handle key and hash attributes. These issues can be observed in the Java programming language which that dictates the programmer to use references to data element from the node. Clearly it is not an implementation mistake. It is a consequence of the Java paradigm which is common in almost all object-oriented programming languages. This paper introduces a new mechanism called access method, to implement a data structure efficiently which is based on the concatenating approach to data structure handling. In the concatenating approach, one memory block stores both the data element and the data structure node. According to the obtained results, the number of lines in the access method is reduced and reusability is increased. It builds data structure efficiently. Also it provides suitable mechanisms to handle key and hash attributes. Performance, simplicity, reusability and flexibility are the major features of the proposed approach. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        40 - The role of the physical structure of contemporary mosques in promoting social capital Case study: Vali-e-Asr Mosque in Tehran
        Ehsan Ghorbani Mahmoud  Teymouri
        Social capital is formed and built in the heart of social relations, the sacred institution of the mosque plays an effective role in cohesion and solidarity between people, which is effective in the formation of commitment and cooperation between the people present in t More
        Social capital is formed and built in the heart of social relations, the sacred institution of the mosque plays an effective role in cohesion and solidarity between people, which is effective in the formation of commitment and cooperation between the people present in the mosque. The present article aims to identify the effect of indicators of social capital promotion on the physical structure of contemporary mosques. Case study: Vali-Asr Mosque is on the agenda. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and method. In this process, in accordance with the data required for the research, the library method and reference sources were used. The data collection tool was a general questionnaire among 375 people and the specialized questionnaire and Likert scale had five options. The first category includes specialists and city managers who are randomly selected by 50 people. The results obtained from the Demtel technique, such as the sense of belonging to the mosque, (15.17) commitment to voluntary organizations, (14.94) participation in religious affairs and celebrations, (14.58), the presence of collective spaces in the mosque, (14.58), are in the first to third places. And the factors that are positive indicate how effective they are. Among these, indicators such as the perception of common values, proper access to mosque facilities and facilities, the existence of collective spaces in the mosque, a sense of belonging to the mosque, the existence of leisure in the mosque, participation in religious affairs and celebrations are in the first place. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        41 - An Analysis of the Role of the Great Hosseinieh in the Formation of the Secondary Structure of Zanjan in the Qajar Era and the Its Persistence Causes
        Ahad Nejadebrahimi MohammadJavad Heydari
        The government found more religious convergence with the people in the Qajar era. Because, in addition to the people, the government was also active in constructing religious places, such as Dolat (government) and Nasiriyah Tekyeh in Tehran and Zanjan city. This factor More
        The government found more religious convergence with the people in the Qajar era. Because, in addition to the people, the government was also active in constructing religious places, such as Dolat (government) and Nasiriyah Tekyeh in Tehran and Zanjan city. This factor not only increased the influence of the Shi’i religion and publicized its religious rituals, but, in addition to influencing the physical organization of the city, it paved the way for another structure too. This structure was not defined by physical element such as the main structure. Contrary to the main structure, this structure was a symbolic and semantic that arose as a result of social action. This structure was a result of citizen’s image of mind of the urban spatial sense and identity that the social construction (religious behavior of citizens) has played a major role in its shaping and, contrary to the main structure of the city, has undergone a change. The purpose of this research is to explain the role and influence of the Hosseinieh Azam (great Hosseinieh) in the formation of the secondary structure of Zanjan in the Qajar era. The research method is historical, descriptive and analytical. Documentary and field study method has been used in gathering the required information. Results of this research showed that the construction or development of the great Hosseinieh and the formation of its mourning group in the Qajar era have played an important role in creating the secondary structure of the city of Zanjan. A structure that has persistence to this time. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        42 - The physical-spatial structure analysis of the social classes houses in Oil company town “Abadan” during the boom of the oil industry, with the method of space syntax
        Golzar Yonesi Maryam Armaghan Mohamad Javad Saghafi
        The large consumption of oil for energy has had important implications for urban development and globalization in the twentieth century. One of them was the creation of a company town and, consequently, new physical and spatial forms of housing in them. Much of this has More
        The large consumption of oil for energy has had important implications for urban development and globalization in the twentieth century. One of them was the creation of a company town and, consequently, new physical and spatial forms of housing in them. Much of this has been done by British government, in the exploitation of oil and, consequently, the creation of the Oil Company town. Separated social classes based on social status and the special architecture associated with it are prominent features of the Oil Company town. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the physical-spatial structure of the allocated spaces to each social class and compare changes in these existing social structures in “Abadan”, Is done by space syntax method.we used the qualitative, descriptive-analytical research method, and finally the logical reasoning based on statistical and quantitative data. Depth map software, in items such as depth, integeration, connectivity,control and distribution, have been used in the selected plans of each class. The results and findings comparatively show the adaptation of the social structure to the architecture structure. In these structures, from the working class to the lesser masters, the structure has moved towards extroversion and fundamental change with its traditional form, and the separation and classification of spaces and the creation of spatial hierarchy, as well as individualism and privacy, in the working class to the bosses, according to the data. Software and analytics have increased step by step, and as of today, existing homes are getting closer. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        43 - Measuring Similarity for Directed Path in Geometric Data
        Mohammad Farshi Zeinab Saeidi
        We consider the following similarity problem concerning the Fréchet distance. A directed path π is given as input and a horizontal segment Q is defined at query time by the user. Our goal is to preprocess and save the directed path π into a data structure such that base More
        We consider the following similarity problem concerning the Fréchet distance. A directed path π is given as input and a horizontal segment Q is defined at query time by the user. Our goal is to preprocess and save the directed path π into a data structure such that based on the information saved in the data structure, one sub-path of the directed path can be reported which Fréchet distance between the sub-path and the horizontal query segment Q is minimum between all possible sub-paths. To the best of our knowledge, no theoretical results have been reported for this problem. In this paper, the first heuristic algorithm is proposed. We only experimentally show the quality of the algorithm in several datasets due to no existing algorithm. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        44 - Investigating the Professional Ethics System on Printed Advertising in Consumer and Brand Persuasion
        nima shojaei Kambiz  heidarzadeh Ahmad Rousta
        The customer is the most important capital of each organization and company with a commercial and profitable purpose, so recognizing consumer behavior and patterns of consumer behavior change is very important in this regard. For this reason, this research was designed More
        The customer is the most important capital of each organization and company with a commercial and profitable purpose, so recognizing consumer behavior and patterns of consumer behavior change is very important in this regard. For this reason, this research was designed to identify and evaluate the components that influence the use of print advertising in encouraging consumers and changing consumer attitudes towards the brand. The community in this study consisted of two groups: the first group was all experts and relevant people in the field of branding and customer purchasing that were used to identify the effective factors in changing consumer attitudes toward brand based on printed ads. The second group consisted of clients of the company, the effects of the identified components were investigated by them, and both groups were investigated in a targeted manner. The results showed that four components of propaganda content message, marketing structure, coloring and brand name and innovation in design in this field, and innovation in design has the most direct and indirect effects in this area, as well as the model designed for fit Is good. According to the obtained results, the designed model and identifiable components are a suitable model for identifying the factors affecting the use of print advertising in encouraging consumers and changing consumer attitudes towards the brand. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        45 - Ethical structuring in the cultural prevention of drug addiction
        Gholamreza  Mahdavi
        The ethical structure and its implications include the idiomatic and customary meaning and the place of ethics is of great importance in this regard. Culture and its concept of what culture really is and what it has to do with the development of community ethics and it More
        The ethical structure and its implications include the idiomatic and customary meaning and the place of ethics is of great importance in this regard. Culture and its concept of what culture really is and what it has to do with the development of community ethics and its relation to ethics is one of the core issues of social ethics. Prevention and its implications and types of prevention and prevention goals and its role in the culture of ethics in order to prevent addiction in society are the main layers of the present study. The causes of addiction tendency have also been explored, including pleasure, dissatisfaction, intolerance, greed, apathy, .... and what is addiction and who is addicted? The necessary explanations and solutions have been provided. On the ethical patterns in cultural prevention of addiction that the Islamic ethics approach is based on benevolence, not pleasure or suffering, and the acceptance that the performance of every human being is subordinate to the attitude of the world and its ruling system as a result of behavior modification and change. The pleasure-seeking approach to belief in asceticism and piety and death by substituting non-criminal reactions in the name of morality rather than criminal and punitive reactions by promoting Islamic ethics culture that will reduce the material and spiritual costs of drug abuse and addiction prevention. Was one of the results of the present study. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        46 - Compensation for Losses Caused by Increase in Prices of Object of Sale and Security against Faults in Tille
        Pouria  Razi
        The mechanism envisaged by the Civil Code regarding the guarantor of a security against faults in tille, economically, makes a large part of the damage indemnified, especially damage caused by the difference in price of object of sale. The uniform practice verdict No. 7 More
        The mechanism envisaged by the Civil Code regarding the guarantor of a security against faults in tille, economically, makes a large part of the damage indemnified, especially damage caused by the difference in price of object of sale. The uniform practice verdict No. 733, while posing the same question, has seen it as damages caused by the devaluation of currency. However, the fate of the possibility of obtaining compensation due to the difference in prices of object of sale is unclear. The remedies proposed by lawyers to compensate for these losses will remove the security against faults in tille from its original form. It seems that by studying the exact nature of today's currency as an exchange commodity not consumed, it would not only be possible to clarify the liability for this loss, but also to define the security against faults in tille in accordance with the new concept of currency. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        47 - The role of legal and ethical mechanisms in the pursuit of the objectives of the P & I Club's marine insurance industry
             
        The P & I Club's maritime insurance industry is relatively unknown to most insurance companies, and it is very effective in most companies that have accepted this and have supported and represented these maritime clubs in Iran. The impact of the economic and political p More
        The P & I Club's maritime insurance industry is relatively unknown to most insurance companies, and it is very effective in most companies that have accepted this and have supported and represented these maritime clubs in Iran. The impact of the economic and political problems of relationships Insurance companies have grown abundantly with this club. Insurance coverage often leads to over-consumption of care by insured persons. Commerce that is insured does not pay more attention to the materials, and this causes the loss of lost salary due to collision and shipwreck, and it can count, and this is a moral and legal vacuum in the definition and Interpretation of contractual agreements of insurance companies. From a theoretical point of view, the insurer and the insurer have the right to ask about the need for additional services and negotiate to obtain lower payments. Therefore, investigation and recognition of the effects of legal and ethical mechanisms in advancement of the goals of the insurance industry of the P & I Club of the Marine Region in order to observe and prevent the ill-fatedness of insurance companies and its consequences in compensating for damages and the adverse effects of insurers' The insurer, in line with sound and sound contractual policies, and the transparency of the matters specified in the contract, are necessary to improve the quality and service and the prospect of commercial transportation in the sea. Inspections indicate that in the contracts of carriage Maritime transportation There are legal and moral void in the country, and they are strong and efficient. It is also necessary to use the results of this research and the similar research used in this field to address the ethical and legal problems involved in advancing macroeconomic policies of the insurance industry with the statutory regulatory guarantee management strategies, with legal measures to promote Quality - The availability of contractual information and insurance - Observance of insurance policies will prevent barriers. Therefore, this solution is based on the description and analysis of issues and the resources developed by the library method, which hopes to extend the boundaries of the maritime insurance industry to broader commercial areas. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        48 - Components of power in The Abbasi's caliphate and its consequences
        Rasool  Akhgar Jalil  Pourhassan Darabi Abbas  Ashouri Nejad
        This article is dedicated to studying about components of power in The Abbasi's caliphate and Also the outcome and the effect of these components on their strengths and weaknesses. It is also about their political and social developments. Right after Abbasi's calipha More
        This article is dedicated to studying about components of power in The Abbasi's caliphate and Also the outcome and the effect of these components on their strengths and weaknesses. It is also about their political and social developments. Right after Abbasi's caliphate started in year 132 hijri and the arrival of new ethnic elements in political, social and official organization, and also expanding the territory of the caliphate, fundamental changes and transformations which were mostly caused by the influence of different ethnicities and cultures, started to happen is political, social , intellectual and cultural aspects. One of these changes was the transformation of the Abbasi's power structure which started to make their territory unstable unlike the previous ones. Adoption of orientalists policy by the Abbasi's which was joined by the influence of new ethnic elements and social classes and also the formation of issues like the establish of Al-buway and Seljuk government and cultural developments and the influence of cultural resources and center and new ideas    and also Abbasi's using religious tools such as attribution to prophet, benefiting from mahdism thinking, claiming the divine caliph and the divine legitimacy of the government and the caliphate to gain legitimacy and on the other hand, accepting the emirate of domination in times of weakness, all made the path for the fundamental changes in various aspects of the Abbasi's Caliphate such as the structure of political power. As a result of these changes and also the effect of these components, The Abbasi's ruled for more than five centuries and on the other hand, due to the sharing and participation of new ethnic elements in power, the path to form powerful shia and sunni governments was provided which they gained part of their legitimacy from the caliphate. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        49 - Indicators of Mahdavi's rule of peace and security
        Ehsan  Samani
        from a long time ago, one of the basic concerns of mankind has been the creation of a safe environment and free of conflict, and in that regard, he has taken measures and efforts, including the establishment of institutions such as the Community of Nations, the United More
        from a long time ago, one of the basic concerns of mankind has been the creation of a safe environment and free of conflict, and in that regard, he has taken measures and efforts, including the establishment of institutions such as the Community of Nations, the United Nations, the Security Council... but he has not only failed to provide world peace that we saw more and more terrible wars. The roots of insecurity and war should be sought in the kind of political systems. Poverty, ignorance and despotism are the roots of insecurity, oppression and and international conflict. Liberal democracy has also failed to eliminate these factors. It seems that the supreme goal can be approached with the pattern of Mahdavi's universal government and its special features. Of course, these attributes Completely are dedicated to the Mahdavi's universal government, but Islamic governments, before they emerge, by pattern of that government, can -According to their efforts- achieve a certain degree of this attributes , and equally bring peace and security to their communities. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        50 - Structural changes and doctrinal evolution of Shiism in the Safavid period
        toraj kadimi moneri kazemi rashd Masoumeh  Qara Daghi manegei sadri
        The Safavids formed a centralized government in Iran after the Fitr period, and by strengthening the national identity of the Iranians and using the element of religious identity, they made fundamental changes in the structure of government and society. The formalizatio More
        The Safavids formed a centralized government in Iran after the Fitr period, and by strengthening the national identity of the Iranians and using the element of religious identity, they made fundamental changes in the structure of government and society. The formalization of the Imami Shiite religion was the most important action of the Safavid government at the beginning of its work, which led to a fundamental change in the values and norms of Iranian society. Due to the historical nature of the subject, this research has been done using a descriptive and analytical method. Shiite religion was one of the important elements in the unity of Iranians in the Safavid period that formed the intellectual structure of the Safavids. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        51 - Rating the Effective Elements over E- Procurement Adoption in Organization by Statistical Method and Analytical Hierarchy Process Case study: Iranian Islamic Republic Railways
        Farzaneh Pourkiyani Davood Vahdat Reza Askari Moghadam Eslam Nazemi alireza dadashi
        The main goal of this article is rating and scoring the importance of main elements over implementation of e-procurement in organizations (Case Study: Iranian Islamic Republic Railways). For Scoring and rating the elements, we used the statistical methods of Friedman te More
        The main goal of this article is rating and scoring the importance of main elements over implementation of e-procurement in organizations (Case Study: Iranian Islamic Republic Railways). For Scoring and rating the elements, we used the statistical methods of Friedman test and Kruskal-Wallis test (test H), and Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP). Here we used two methods to rate the elements over e-procurement adoption; The statistical processes and the AHP or Analytical Hierarchy Process. Also, in this study two kinds of questionnaire are used and designed, likert and AHP. Likert questionnaire is completed by 97 persons among Iranian Railways experts, managers and senior managers having BA 70% and MA, 19%. The statistical processes result showed that most effectiveness elements over e-procurement adoption in I.I.R.R are "Organization" as the first factor ranked score 4.0585 , "Technology" as the second factor ranked score 3.7807 and "Environment" is the third factor ranked score 3.6968 respectively. AHP questionnaire is completed by 24 managers and senior managers of I.I.R.R and its results are similar to Fridman and Kruskal-Wallis method: "Organization" is the first ranked score 0.389, "Technology" is the second ranked 0.378 and "Environment" is the third factor ranked 0.233 which are the most important factors in e-procurement adoption in I.I.R.R respectively. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        52 - Suitable Organizational Structure for Knowledge-Based Companies
        Najaf Allahyari fard Rasoul Abbasi
        Knowledge-based economy is modern economy that production and distribution is based on knowledge and knowledge itself is the main source of growth and wealth creation. Knowledge-based companies are generators of knowledge-based economy. Knowledge-based companies & insti More
        Knowledge-based economy is modern economy that production and distribution is based on knowledge and knowledge itself is the main source of growth and wealth creation. Knowledge-based companies are generators of knowledge-based economy. Knowledge-based companies & institutions are private or cooperative companies that cause synergy of science and wealth, development of knowledge-based economy, achievement of scientific and economic goals (including development and application of invention and innovation) and commercialization of research and development (including design and production of goods and services) in the high technology and high value-added production, particularly in the form of software. Knowledge-based companies can be divided into two categories: micro and macro. K-based companies have made some important features such as job creation, positive competitiveness, generation and development. Those companies are commensurate with their growing economies. Organizational structures of companies in many different companies and organizations are playing an efficient role. The types of organizations and companies determine organizational structure. In this study we reviewe organizational structures, including functional, productional, regional, Matrix, connectional, horizontal, network, associational, star, clover and Virtual. We propose a suitable pattern “network-Virtual-horizontal” for organizational structure of K-based companies. This organizational structure increases productivity in knowledge-based companies. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        53 - Explaining Analytical Structure of Strategy in Research and Technology Organizations
        Mahdi Bandariyan
        Reviewing the literature of Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs), and the studying the reasons of ineffectiveness of those organizations in carryout their role and mission shows that, most of the time they haven’t definitive strategy or their strategies formulat More
        Reviewing the literature of Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs), and the studying the reasons of ineffectiveness of those organizations in carryout their role and mission shows that, most of the time they haven’t definitive strategy or their strategies formulated and executed based on incompatible models. In other side, many managers of RTOs are familiar with strategic management approach, but each has its own interpretation of that concept. Accordingly, the raised issue is what is the interpretation of strategy in RTOs? The study’s purpose is to explore the analytical concept of strategy in RTOs, to generate a frame that facilitates the process of strategic management in RTOs. Generally, organizational strategy determines the future direction and draws how the organization wants to achieve it. This study explains the analytical structure of strategy in RTOs and finally concluded that strategy in RTOs is begin by recognizing a technological opportunity based on industry challenges and by achieving that technological competencies which are correspond to those challenges within the budgeted time and money, the strategy achieved successfully. In analytical structure of strategy in Research and Technology Organizations after determining the required technological competencies and the different technological solutions to achieve each of them, the way to achieve any of its technological solutions to be studied. The range options to achieve a technological solution are form technology transfer of foreign sources to internal development in RTOs. Between those two end points, there are different pattern of technological cooperation and partnership to developing a targeted technology, which some of them are strategic alliance, strategic partnership and joint venture. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        54 - Policy Making for R&D Centers According to Idea to Market Process; Case Study Iran Petroleum Industry
        Seyed mahameddin Tabatabaei
        Nowadays, R&D is becoming one of the most important pillars of corporations. But there are several different and diverse approaches regarding the structure and position of R&D department in corporations. Most of the large companies have in-house R&D department. Except More
        Nowadays, R&D is becoming one of the most important pillars of corporations. But there are several different and diverse approaches regarding the structure and position of R&D department in corporations. Most of the large companies have in-house R&D department. Except corporate R&D, also independent research and development organizations has been established in many countries to promote scientific and technological capabilities. Each of these two types of research and development organizations has a special mission then policy making for them requires a particular process. The aim of this paper is to policy making for research and development organizations according to idea to market process. For this purpose, first, the elements of idea to market process and then the types of research and development organizations, including corporate and non corporate were described. Then different types of structures of corporate R&D ( in large organization ) will be defined and policies for the duties and nature of their activities in centralized and decentralized sectors of corporate R&D (in hybrid R&D structures) based on the elements of the idea to market process are discussed. Next, the proposed principles for the oil industry as the country's largest industry, which has several research and development departments as a case study, have been applied and finally suggestions for improving research and development in the petroleum industry are presented. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        55 - Identify appropriate methods to block the flow of income businesses (Case Study: Firm ideal wallpaper (wallpaper industry))
        Sedigheh Bahrami Komeyl ali abdollahi
        10.7508/jstpi.2017.01.006
        Today's business environment is challenging and constantly changing face, trade and business, one of the most important areas that the adoption of information technologies is severely affected, many methods Earn evolved and new methods and frequency values ​​into being More
        Today's business environment is challenging and constantly changing face, trade and business, one of the most important areas that the adoption of information technologies is severely affected, many methods Earn evolved and new methods and frequency values ​​into being established. Business Models Companies a major factor in the success of their performance and the framework to earn money, to three key questions answered are, what activities, how and when to be done? The correct answer to these questions lead to good performance and provide optimal benefits to customers and ultimately profits for the company. If customers are the heart of business models, revenue streams that make up arteries. Companies need to ask themselves what value each customer segment really willing to pay for it? The main purpose of this paper is to identify appropriate methods to block e-business revenues in the industry are ideal for wallpaper. Research based on the theoretical framework given Astrvaldr model. The population in this study, senior managers, personnel of financial, marketing and sales is ideal. Then through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis Subject to the main component of revenue streams and cost of e-business model can be extracted Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        56 - Investigation of Effective Factors on Implementing the Knowledge Management in Central Office of Jahad Daneshgahi
        Abbas Hosseinpour mohammad bagher alipour
        10.7508/roshdefanavari.2018.14.006
        The aim of this article is to identify effective factors on implementing the knowledge management in central offices of Jahad Daneshgahi. Research community is included of all managers and experts in which 132 people of this society are selected based on Chochran Formul More
        The aim of this article is to identify effective factors on implementing the knowledge management in central offices of Jahad Daneshgahi. Research community is included of all managers and experts in which 132 people of this society are selected based on Chochran Formula. The research method is applicable and descriptive and the cronbach’s alpha is used for determining the reability of the research instruments. In this level,the cronbach’s alpha of independent variable of effective factors is equal to 97% and the dependent variable of implementing the knowledge management is equal to 95% that shows the desired level of the reliability for the research instruments. Data are analyzied within two descriptive and analytical levels based on spss software. Reseach assumptions are related to investigating the effects of each dimensions of IT, organizational structure, organizationa culture, motivation and managerial factors on the implementing the knowledge management that allof them are confirmed. Findings show that all effective factors have a direct relationship with implementing the knowledge management. The highest effect is related to the motivation and then IT, organizational culture and then managerial factors. The lowest level is related tothe organizational structure. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        57 - Investigating the Determinant of Organization Structure Dimensions on the Readiness of Universities to become the University with the Entrepreneurial Features (Case Studi: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad)
        fereshte sadeghi yaghoob maharati alireza khorakian
        10.52547/jstpi.20686.15.60.39
        Today, government agencies, including universities, are confronted with problems for entrepreneurship. But these organizations have a special potential for entrepreneurship that can be achieved by providing the necessary fields for optimal results in this field. To prov More
        Today, government agencies, including universities, are confronted with problems for entrepreneurship. But these organizations have a special potential for entrepreneurship that can be achieved by providing the necessary fields for optimal results in this field. To provide these areas, fundamental changes in the structure of these organizations are necessary. Therefore, the present research aims to investigate the determinant of organization structure dimensions on readiness of Universities to become the University with the entrepreneurial Features. In the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. According to Morgan table, 114 sample were randomly selected. Validity was examined with point of view of a number of professors in the Department of Management of Ferdowsi University through factor analysis and Cronbach' s alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results showed that In terms of managers all dimension of organization structure are determinant factors effecting on the readiness of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad to become the University with the entrepreneurial Features. In addition, it was shown that among the dimensions of organizational structure, Formalism is the highest determinant factor effecting on the readiness of Ferdowsi University to become the University with the entre preneurial Features. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        58 - The Effects of Entrepreneur’s Characteristic on Entrepreneurial Marketing (Case Study: Fars Science and Technology Park)
        mohammad javad naeiji یدالهی yadollahi
        10.61186/jstpi.20953.19.76.30
        Despite entrepreneurial marketing being cited as one of the most important requirements for success of SMEs and startups, literature reveals few academic studies dealing with antecedents of entrepreneurial marketing. To contribute to the research gap, the purpose of thi More
        Despite entrepreneurial marketing being cited as one of the most important requirements for success of SMEs and startups, literature reveals few academic studies dealing with antecedents of entrepreneurial marketing. To contribute to the research gap, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of entrepreneur’s characteristic on entrepreneurial marketing with considering the mediator role of network structure and communication. The study is descriptive-correlation and in terms of purpose is an applied research. The statistical population of this study is companies in Fars Science and Technology Park. Data are collected from 110 companies and are analyzed by using structural equation model (SEM). The results show that entrepreneur characteristics not positively direct influence entrepreneurial marketing. However, findings support the indirect effect of entrepreneur characteristics through mediating path of network structure and communication. In other words, if entrepreneur characteristics facilitate networks and communication, they will improve entrepreneurial marketing. SMEs and knowledge based companies that interested in improving entrepreneurial marketing practices should enhance individual characteristics that can be help developing network structure and communication. The study contributes to the existing research about the role the entrepreneur can have in the firm’s ability to develop entrepreneurial marketing activities. Also, these results could be used for understanding entrepreneurial marketing dynamics and structure based on the interactive relations between antecedents to improve entrepreneurial marketing. From a practical viewpoint, the study has found that entrepreneurial marketing is based on networking and communicating. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        59 - Identifying the effective factors on aging entrepreneurship and providing an interpretive structural model
        ali poormandi Mohammad Bagher Gorji Ibrahim  Abbasi majid ashrafi
        10.52547/jstpi.21040.18.71.61
        Given that Iran is on the path of development and older entrepreneurs have an increasing share in economic activities in developed countries, the category of elderly entrepreneurship can help accelerate the country's development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to More
        Given that Iran is on the path of development and older entrepreneurs have an increasing share in economic activities in developed countries, the category of elderly entrepreneurship can help accelerate the country's development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting aging entrepreneurship and model design with an interpretive structural approach. The present research is applied and based on the method, descriptive-correlation. The decision team consisted of 11 senior entrepreneurs and university professors. In the first step, the factors affecting elderly entrepreneurship were identified using in-depth interviews using data-based method, which includes 24 components in eight dimensions (personality traits, entrepreneurial skills, entrepreneurial competence, entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial attitude, cognitive factors, human networks and behavioral characteristics. Are entrepreneurs). In the second step, interpretive structural modeling with Excel software was used to present the model. The results showed that the elderly entrepreneurship model has four levels: human networks in the first level, dimensions (entrepreneurial skills, entrepreneurial competence, entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial attitude and cognitive factors) in the second level, entrepreneurial behavioral characteristics in the third level and personality traits in the fourth level. Are located. Therefore, it can be said that the foundation of aging entrepreneurship is personality traits. Also, MICMAC analysis showed that the dimensions (1-8) are in the independent cluster and the dimension (7) is in the dependent cluster and the dimensions (2-3-4-5-6) are in the link cluster. Findings Research reflects aging entrepreneurship as a process of seizing opportunities by combining resources by human factors in order to create new values. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        60 - Sociological Analysis of Child Rights in Iran: The Scientific and Executive Status of Committee on the Rights of the Child in Markazi Province
        Maryam Sha’ban
        The present study sought to study the scientific structures and the implementation of child rights in Markazi province, therefore, the level of analysis is at the macro and structural levels, in such a way that all programs, actions and structures in relation to salarie More
        The present study sought to study the scientific structures and the implementation of child rights in Markazi province, therefore, the level of analysis is at the macro and structural levels, in such a way that all programs, actions and structures in relation to salaries The child was identified in Markazi province and then analyzed using the library-based document analysis method. The purpose of the research was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of scientific and executive in relation to child rights in Markazi province and ultimately to provide a solution for policymakers to improve the status quo. The lack of a definite definition of the "child" and "childhood" in Iran and the scattered petty culture in the provinces, such as the Markazi province, and the gap between the definitions of various institutions, including the institution of religion, law and law, in addition to the non-conformity of each with Popular culture, the lack of power for prescribing and policy for the children's rights committees, such as the central governorate, the system of denial of child support programs and the assignment of children's rights in the province to the Chambers of Ladies and Family Governorates have led to the second priority of children's rights programs in provinces such as central province. As a result, all of these cases have led to barriers to improving the status of children's rights in Iran at the macro level and in the central province at a lower level. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        61 - A Study of the Fear of Assessment as a Mediator in the Relationship between the Role Breadth and Organizational Structure with the Strategic Effectiveness
        Hamid Reza Oreyzi Atefeh Ejei
        This study aimed to investigate the role of the fear of evaluation, in the performance of managers in strategic effectiveness process. In addition the relationship between role breadth and organizational structure with the strategic effectiveness with regard to the role More
        This study aimed to investigate the role of the fear of evaluation, in the performance of managers in strategic effectiveness process. In addition the relationship between role breadth and organizational structure with the strategic effectiveness with regard to the role of mediators(fear of evaluation).The data from the expanded form of the Professional Analysis Questionnaire(PMPQ) McCormick, Fear of Assessment, Organizational Structure Questionnaire ,Chen and Huang, and Researcher-Made Questionnaire the process of strategic effectiveness, were administered on sixty one managers selected randomly. The results showed significant relation between organizational structure and the role breadth and fear of evaluation is mediate between role breadth and organizational structure with the strategic effectiveness. We suggested based on this result, that we need to considered some situation for release the pressure of evaluation, especially for the people who had a job with high role breadth and formal structure. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        62 - Psychometric Properties of the Profile of Emotional Competence: A Pilot Study
        Negin Bakhshi Farideh Yousefi
        Abstract The present study aimed to examine the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) among Iranian students. To this end 518 high school female students were selected in 2019 academic year using cluster sampling metho More
        Abstract The present study aimed to examine the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) among Iranian students. To this end 518 high school female students were selected in 2019 academic year using cluster sampling method and they completed the profile of emotional competence (Brasseur, Grégoire, Bourdu, & Mikolajczak, 2013), cultural competence Questionnaire (Central Vancouver Island Multicultural Society, 2007), and satisfaction with life scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). To investigate validity, confirmatory factor analysis and convergent validity were used. The findings of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed two-factor structure of the questionnaire and yielded two factors named as intra emotional competence and inter emotional competence. The correlation coefficients of the questionnaire scores with life satisfaction and cultural competence were 0.30 and 0.90 respectively. These results showed the convergent validity of the scale. To assess the reliability the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was in satisfactory level for each factor (α = 0.80 for intra emotional competence, and α = 0.78 for inter emotional competence), and the total score of the scale (α = 0.92). The findings suggest that the profile of emotional competence is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing emotional competence of Iranian high school students and can be used as a suitable instrument in psychological research. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        63 - The Relation between Job Motivation Characteristics and Burnout with Nonlinear Structure Equation Modeling Applications
        Hamid Reza Oreyzi parinaz kakoolaki
        In the current paper, two independent studies have been reported. The purpose of first study was to investigate the relationship between job motivation and job burnout characteristics via structural equation modeling. To this purpose, 377 Personnels of the National Iran More
        In the current paper, two independent studies have been reported. The purpose of first study was to investigate the relationship between job motivation and job burnout characteristics via structural equation modeling. To this purpose, 377 Personnels of the National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company in Isfahan selected via stratified random sampling method. Measures of the study were: Warr and Inseoglu Job Motivation Characteristics Inventory (2012) and Maslach and Jackson (1981) Maslach Job Burnout Inventory. The results of the research, while introducing a different non-linear relationship, AD and CE, showed that the nonlinear model was superior to the linear model. The aim of the second study was to investigate the order of the motivational characteristics of the job according to the underlying variables. To this end, 984 employees of the National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company in Isfahan who were selected via stratified random sampling method, responded to the Warr and Inseoglu (2012) questionnaire. The results of the study showed the importance of the nonlinear nature of the job motivation variables in terms of the latent variables in the Threston model. Based on two different categories of motivations (AD and CE), it is advisable to make interventions to reduce burnout and also to repeat the research with the job stress variable. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        64 - Psychometric Properties of the Profile of Emotional Competence
        Negin Bakhshi Farideh Yousefi
        The present study aimed at examining the validity, reliability, and the factor structure of the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) among Iranian students. To this end, 518 high school female students were selected in the 2019 academic year using cluster sampling meth More
        The present study aimed at examining the validity, reliability, and the factor structure of the Profile of Emotional Competence (PEC) among Iranian students. To this end, 518 high school female students were selected in the 2019 academic year using cluster sampling method, and they completed the Profile of Emotional Competence (Brasseur, Grégoire, Bourdu, & Mikolajczak, 2013), Cultural Competence Questionnaire (Central Vancouver Island Multicultural Society, 2007), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). To investigate the validity, the confirmatory factor analysis, and the convergent validity were used. The findings of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a two-factor structure of the questionnaire and yielded two factors named as intra emotional competence and inter emotional competence. The correlation coefficients of the questionnaire scores with life satisfaction and cultural competence were 0.30 and 0.52 respectively. These results showed the convergent validity of the scale. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was in satisfactory level for each factor (α = 0.78 for intra emotional competence, and α = 0.80 for inter emotional competence), and the total score of the scale (α = 0.92). The findings suggest that the profile of emotional competence is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing emotional competence for Iranian high school students and can be used as a suitable instrument in psychological research. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        65 - Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis of the Iranian version of Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)
        شادی حاج حسینی Ladan Fata Ali Fathi-Ashtiani
        This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) in a sample of 208 Iranians. The convenience sampling method was employed to select individuals with smartphones living in Tehran. The participants completed the SAS and Yo More
        This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) in a sample of 208 Iranians. The convenience sampling method was employed to select individuals with smartphones living in Tehran. The participants completed the SAS and Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Construct validity and convergence validity were employed to analyze the scale validity, whereas the retest method and Cronbach’s alpha were adopted to evaluate its reliability. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results of evaluating the construct validity and the SAS structure, the research data are consistent with the model. In other words, the fitting indices were within an appropriate range, and the SAS had a factor structure with six subscales. Therefore, the construct validity of the SAS was confirmed. Moreover, its convergence validity was confirmed with Young’s IAT (r= 0.75). The retest correlation coefficient (r= 0.93) and Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency (α= 0.92) confirmed the reliability of the scale. Therefore, the 33-item SAS had acceptable psychometric properties in six scales. It can be used as a valid and reliable tool to analyze an Iranian population. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        66 - Linguistic Study of Monsaleqshaq Suhrawardi and Arabshah Yazdi through the Intertextuality of Genetics
        Khodabakhsh Asadollahi Mohammad Shahbazi
        hrawardi (Sheikh Eshraq) is one of the greatest philosophers and mystics of the sixth century whose codified traditions have had a profound influence on later writers and poets, with the influence of Emadeddin Arabshah Yazdi among eighth century poets. Adaptation from S More
        hrawardi (Sheikh Eshraq) is one of the greatest philosophers and mystics of the sixth century whose codified traditions have had a profound influence on later writers and poets, with the influence of Emadeddin Arabshah Yazdi among eighth century poets. Adaptation from Suhrawardi's Monsa al-Ishaq treatise is a poem of the same title that has many similarities in terms of vocabulary, composition, sentence, syntactic and phonetic structure. Our purpose here is to examine the linguistic and prose-based language of Monsieur Ishaq based on Genetic Intertextuality, which deals with each of the above in separate sections, with a few examples of each, and the rest of the examples in the table We have specified pages in both Montserrat and bit. In terms of the intertextual subdivisions of Genet Garrett in both Montessaglades we attempted to investigate Genetic theory. Our achievement in this study is to prove Arabshah Yazdi's adherence to Suhrawardi's innovative thinking and vocabulary that can only be explored through the Genetic Intertextuality. These two works, in spite of their commonality, also have some differences, which we have mentioned in the text. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        67 - New research on the effects of the Quranic verses On the HAMIDI MGHAMAT
        Ahmad Khajehim ریحانه صادقی
        HAMIDI MGHAMAT is one of the valuable books of technical prose in Persian literature that Judge Hamid al-Din (d. 559) has devoted his extensive knowledge to various fields. This text was adorned by the late professor and researcher of Dr. Anabzinejad correcting and addi More
        HAMIDI MGHAMAT is one of the valuable books of technical prose in Persian literature that Judge Hamid al-Din (d. 559) has devoted his extensive knowledge to various fields. This text was adorned by the late professor and researcher of Dr. Anabzinejad correcting and adding suspensions to the ornament and is now one of the most authoritative manuscripts cited and available to scholars, professors and academics. The present study attempts to analyze the text of the authorities in a descriptive and analytical way to express different reflections of verses and themes of the Holy Quran which have not been mentioned in any source. The results of the study show that the verses of the verse are based on the verses in the direct application of the verses as well as the use of the content and content of the verses, the combination of several verses to convey their message and even the use of the structural style of the Holy Quran Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        68 - Comparative study of a poem by Ali Babachahi and Shams Langroudi on the basis of Gilles DeLeuse’s Rhizomatic theory
        behzad khajat
        10.52547/qap.22439.4.4.4
        Gilles Deleuse is a contemporary thinker whose rhizomatological theory (which is opposed to tree theory) has always been considered by thinkers. Deleuse and Flex Guattari, as two post-structuralist philosophers, collaborated with each other for many years and developed More
        Gilles Deleuse is a contemporary thinker whose rhizomatological theory (which is opposed to tree theory) has always been considered by thinkers. Deleuse and Flex Guattari, as two post-structuralist philosophers, collaborated with each other for many years and developed this theory in different ways. However, Deleuse's range of opinions is broad and related to various topics. According to this theory (which is based on epistemic and different artisticsystems can be generalized) the notions focused on the integrated, single-root, and center-oriented integrity are reviewed and replaced by a nonlinear, experiential, fluid, and multiplicative context. On the other hand, in the postmodernist poetry of Iran from the early Seventies Solar year has been existed; these approaches and challenges from both the poets' experiences and the theoretical debates and the poetry of the poetry of the era are tangible and expansive, and thus can be used to better understand the postmodernist poetry's identity against traditional and even modern poetry. In this paper, while describing Deleuse's ideas about the rhizomatic approach versus the tree, two poems of these two forms of thought and literature in today's poetry have been adapted and the most important differences between the two methods are classified according to the ten categories to be explained. Ali Babachahi, a representative of the postmodern poetry, and Shams Langroudi, a representative of the so-called "simplification" approach, have been chosen by the author to explain this situation because of their reputation, glory, numerous works, and literary rhyme and meter. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        69 - Designing a model for promoting tax culture with a combined Delphi and structural-interpretive approach
        azam zanganeh roohalla samiee mahmoodreza mostaghimi
        One of the most important concerns of the country's tax system is the promotion of tax culture. used. Delphi method was used to screen the components and 26 components were identified in 6 dimensions. Structural-interpretive modeling was used to level the dimensions. Af More
        One of the most important concerns of the country's tax system is the promotion of tax culture. used. Delphi method was used to screen the components and 26 components were identified in 6 dimensions. Structural-interpretive modeling was used to level the dimensions. After analyzing the data, the dimensions were categorized into four levels and the results showed that the infrastructure for the development of tax culture, firstly (media culture building) and second (taxpayer education) and third (taxpayer awareness - taxpayer confidence building - taxpayer legalism) fourth (Attitudes of taxpayers) are. MICMAC analysis was used for dimension clustering, in which the dimensions (taxpayer education-media culture) are in the independent cluster and the dimensions (taxpayer awareness-taxpayer confidence-taxpayer legalism-taxpayer attitude) are in the dependent cluster. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        70 - Investigating the market structure and determining the competitive power between the sugar beet producing provinces of the country
        mojtaba Davarpanah hamid mohammadi saman ziaee majid shahriari
        Comparative advantage is one of the most important and influential issues in economic and commercial activities. In the agricultural sector, comparative advantage is used as a rationale for achieving efficient allocation of limited resources and facilities for greater s More
        Comparative advantage is one of the most important and influential issues in economic and commercial activities. In the agricultural sector, comparative advantage is used as a rationale for achieving efficient allocation of limited resources and facilities for greater self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency in agricultural production and achieving a more efficient and powerful agricultural economy. Basically, supporting domestic products in order to rehabilitate domestic producers, to participate and compete in the international arena is one of the important tasks of the government. The aim of this study was to determine the market structure and competitive power between sugar beet producing provinces in the country based on concentration ratio, Herfindahl-Hirschman indices, apparent comparative advantage, symmetric apparent comparative advantage and Chi-square index and their fluctuation coefficient during 2019-2020 There have been. The results showed that during a period of 20 years, the structure of sugar beet production market in the country is a multilateral monopoly and according to the index of concentration ratio of four enterprises (CR4), West Azerbaijan, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan and Kermanshah provinces have the largest share of production in the country. The results of the comparative advantage of sugar beet in the country also show that Khorasan Razavi, West Azerbaijan and Semnan provinces have the highest symmetrical comparative advantage and Semnan and South Khorasan provinces with fluctuation coefficients of 1.08 and 1.50 are the most stable provinces, respectively. Countries are symmetrical in the comparative advantage index. Ardabil, Hamedan and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari provinces also have the lowest mean chi-square index (χ2) during the period 2019-2020. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        71 - Misbah’s Critical Study and Critique of Descartes’ Theory of the Process and Structure of Knowledge
        Hesam al-Din  Mo’meni
        Whenever reference is made to the process and structure of gaining knowledge, one may argue that the possibility of gaining it is rooted in one’s destiny. In fact, if someone absolutely doubts or has some suspicions concerning the possibility of gaining knowledge, he ca More
        Whenever reference is made to the process and structure of gaining knowledge, one may argue that the possibility of gaining it is rooted in one’s destiny. In fact, if someone absolutely doubts or has some suspicions concerning the possibility of gaining knowledge, he can never portray its process and structure. Given the fact that Descartes accepts the possibility of knowledge, the question is which strategies, processes, and stages he proposes for a knower to gain knowledge. Here, he appeals to intuition and inference and asks God not to deceive him. In his study and critique of Descartes’ theory of the process of knowledge, Misbah maintains that it is wrong to assume that the existence of nothing is as clear and certain as the existence of doubt, and even the existence of the skeptic has to be proved through the existence of doubt. He also rejects the innate ideas intended by Descartes. In this paper, the writers have explained Descartes’ theory of the process and structure of knowledge and reviewed it critically from Misbah’s point of view. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        72 - FINANCIAL STRUCTURE-ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS IN MENA COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM PANEL DATA APPROACH
        مهدی  تقوی تیمور  محمدی عباس  شاکری Mohammad نصر اصفهانی
        The financial structure is always considered as a major factor responsible for economic growth in a country. Based on various economic theories, there would be a positive relationship between the financial system and economic growth rate. In fact, a country with a bette More
        The financial structure is always considered as a major factor responsible for economic growth in a country. Based on various economic theories, there would be a positive relationship between the financial system and economic growth rate. In fact, a country with a better financial system can generate a larger Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which stands for a positive economic growth. However, it should be noted here that in the real world, there is not homogeneity in financial mechanism and economic growth, hence, we cannot completely set theory in the reality. According to this brief state of the problem, the main purpose of this research is exploring the financial structure (i.e. Financial development and financial architecture ) – economic growth nexus through the Panel Cointegraiton approach, FMOLS and Panel LS estimations over 19802011 for eight countries in the MENA region. The empirical findings report clear support for the long run relationship between financial development and economic growth, while do not provide any statistically significant relationship between financial architecture and economic growth. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        73 - Effective organizational elements and the results of cross-functional coopetition in small and medium size industries
        Hossein  Rahmanseresht bahram jabarzadeh karbasi
        Due to changing conditions and unstable environment, Companies to survive and have a good competitive position always require proper utilization of the knowledge available in the organization. Without a proper structure and leadership style, using this source is not pos More
        Due to changing conditions and unstable environment, Companies to survive and have a good competitive position always require proper utilization of the knowledge available in the organization. Without a proper structure and leadership style, using this source is not possible. An appropriate leadership style and structure can not only create competition for the creation of new knowledge but also by providing suitable cooperation condition, can create conditions for sharing created knowledge. Therefore this study, investigates the effective organizational elements as well as the results of cross-functional coopetition, in small and medium size industries. The study was causal and statistical sample is 165 employees and managers working in companies located in the industrial areas of Kerman city and the tool for data collection is questionnaire. Reliability for Conservative leadership, participative leadership, formalization, centralization, cross-functional coopetition and knowledge integration mechanisms is obtained 0/81, 0/70, 0/72, 0/70, 0/91 and 0/84 respectively. The results indicate that the conservative leadership and formalization impact on cross-functional coopetition but participative leadership and centralization have no effect on cross-functional coopetition. Also the results indicate that the cross-functional coopetition has a significant and positive impact on knowledge integration mechanisms. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        74 - A model for change governance structures for implementation theocracy based velayat-e faqih
         
        The Iranian people, led by Imam Khomeini revolted for the establishment of Islamic rule. Today the world's ‎dominant discourse is democracy and for this purpose, the nature of the government of Iran became Islamic Republic that ‎democracy is form and Islamic is terms o More
        The Iranian people, led by Imam Khomeini revolted for the establishment of Islamic rule. Today the world's ‎dominant discourse is democracy and for this purpose, the nature of the government of Iran became Islamic Republic that ‎democracy is form and Islamic is terms of content of government. Due to the lack of experience of Islamic countries in ‎democratic, western systems of governance was accepted to implement democracy. For Islamization of the government, it ‎placed the Supreme Leader at the head and the Guardian Council supervisory of parliament. Now, after nearly four decades ‎is essential to be revised in the governance structures. If there is a fault in the system should be desgined a system based on ‎religious approch and according to the conditions implement that in the absence of Imam Islamic roles should be ‎implemented. ‎ The study based on religious principles, characteristics of Islamic government and conditions of our country a ‎model for implementing religious government is designed. Content analysis method is used to obtain principle that should ‎be considered in the design of governance structures. For finding religious (Islamic) government a questionnaire among 30 ‎people who were selected snowball was distributed and analyesd with AHP method. For the realization of these features ‎according to religious principles and features of Iranian people, a system was designed that accordind to the idea of ten of ‎experts was revised. ‎ Keywords: neighborhood management, theocracy, theocracy structure, urban managementthe supreme leader.‎ Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        75 - Identification of Spiritual Leadership Components and its Impact on Organizational Health
        Mahdi Taghvaee Alireza Khorakian   saeed mortazavi
        Abstract A healthy organization, with its spiritual leadership, while preserving sustainability, will in the long run creates the ability to survive and expand the organization. The research seeks to identify, in the context of universities, the components of spiritual More
        Abstract A healthy organization, with its spiritual leadership, while preserving sustainability, will in the long run creates the ability to survive and expand the organization. The research seeks to identify, in the context of universities, the components of spiritual leadership and its impact on organizational health. The research method in this study is content analysis and scrolling. In this research, entering the universities of northeastern Iran and using the interviewing tool, we discovered the components of spiritual leadership, which consists of analyzing the interviews of the experts, 11 components including transformational, psychological integrity, meaningfulness, performance feedback, organizational commitment, membership, faith, altruism, vision, value-based and social capital model were achieved at three levels: individual, group and organizational. In order to confirm the data strength in the qualitative part of this research, credibility, reliability, dependability and portability were used. In the quantitative part, for assessing the validity of the questionnaires, two methods of content validity and construct validity were used. The reliability of the questionnaires was also measured using Cronbach's alpha (Spiritual Leadership Questionnaire (0.993), organizational health questionnaire (0.775), and the results of spiritual leadership shows the health of the organization. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        76 - Explaining the Role of Insurance in Developing Financial Institutions and Economic Growth in Selected Countries Using Dynamic panel Data Regression Methods and Generalized Momentum Estimation (GMM)
        Mohammad Nasr Isfahani Teimour   Mohammadi
        One of the key factors of countries’ planning in order to reach a stable long-term economic growth is existence of a proper financial market. Based on economic literature, efficient financial markets can positively affected economic growth of a nation. Furthermore, inve More
        One of the key factors of countries’ planning in order to reach a stable long-term economic growth is existence of a proper financial market. Based on economic literature, efficient financial markets can positively affected economic growth of a nation. Furthermore, investigation of effects of insurance which under a favorable financial market can make a direct and indirect influences on economic growth is mainly crucial for scholars. The main purpose of this study is to find out the effects of insurance and financial Structure on economic growth of 40 selected countries using a panel data approach over the period of 2000-2012. The results revealed that financial structure in some cases has significant effect, while in a number of cases, it shows insignificant impact. Also, the financial development index has a negligible negative effect on the economic growth of advanced countries and in the same way, this variable in MENA countries has a negative impact on economic growth. Moreover, this variable has various coefficients in several groups of countries. Furthermore, the findings depicted a positive significant effect of insurance on economic growth in advanced economies, while it negatively affects the economic growth in American nations. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        77 - Designing organizational structure in accordance with the functional activities of the mosque
        Morteza  Rojouei seyyed morteza ghayour mostafa sanati hajjar
        The mosque is the most important religious institution in Islam. At the first centuries of Islam in the Islamic community, the mosque as the most prominent institution of Islam has been manifested. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of the ha More
        The mosque is the most important religious institution in Islam. At the first centuries of Islam in the Islamic community, the mosque as the most prominent institution of Islam has been manifested. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development of the hardware and software of the mosque as an important and driving tool of growth and excellence, commensurate with the requirements of the time in order to maintain its strategic position in society. The mosque seems to require a structural change in the way it performs its functions effectively in order to adapt to new needs and respond to new needs stemming from new ways of thinking. Understanding this importance, the present study, using data from library sources and the qualitative content analysis method, first extracts new functions that fit the needs of the time in the modern mosque's functions and then with the help of research literature and findings has provided a structure appropriate to these functions. Due to the popular and voluntary nature of the mosque, the proposed structure for the mosque is a kind of adhocracy that has seven working groups in the form of worship-worship, social, cultural-propaganda, economic, scientific-educational, and military-political and support functions. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        78 - Radio Wave Propagation through Aperture Structures Using TLM
        R. A. Sadeghzadeh A. A. Lotfi-Neyestanak Mohammad Jahanbakht m. n. Moghaddasi
        In this paper transmission line matrix method is used to simulate the wave propagation through window structures. In this analysis a single window with precise dimensions and also a group of windows are considered. The effect of window’s dimension, window’s material, an More
        In this paper transmission line matrix method is used to simulate the wave propagation through window structures. In this analysis a single window with precise dimensions and also a group of windows are considered. The effect of window’s dimension, window’s material, and angle of incidence are all evaluated in details and in each case, the method has been compared with other numerical results, such as FDTD, ray tracing, and finite element methods. Furthermore, in one case the implementation of TLM method was shown to have a good agreement with the measured values. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        79 - Design of Low Power High Speed Dilation Operator for Binary Images in CMOS Technology
        M. hajirahimi E. Kabir  
        This paper describes the design of hybrid wave-pipeline architecture for implementation of real time morphological dilation. With minor changes to this architecture, it can be utilized for erosion, closing, and opening operators. The new architecture results in higher s More
        This paper describes the design of hybrid wave-pipeline architecture for implementation of real time morphological dilation. With minor changes to this architecture, it can be utilized for erosion, closing, and opening operators. The new architecture results in higher speed, less hardware complexity, and lower area and power dissipation compared to conventional pipeline implementation. In addition, it is faster than the wave-pipeline structure, without the difficulty of balancing the delay of long signal paths. Using the new architecture, three ASIC chips in 0.18µm CMOS are designed for binary image processing through Verilog. These chips dilate a 1024×1024 image by a 21×21 structuring element in 256.58μ s. The maximum frequency of the operations is 5.882 GHz, 5 GHz, and 4.167 GHz. For the power supply of 1.8 V and the 4.167 GHz frequency, the power dissipation is 597mW, 478 mW, and 410 mW, and the chip area is 0.118 mm2, 0.087 mm2, and 0.075 mm2, respectively. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        80 - Reducing Actuation Voltage of the Elliptical RF-MEMS Switches Using a Novel Cutting Pattern
        Mohammad Jahanbakht A. A. Lotfi-Neyestanak M. Lotfi-Neyestanak Mohammad Tondro-Aghmiyouni
        The elliptical structure for the micro electromechanical switches with low actuation voltage is proposed to work at the Ka band. The actuation voltage of this structure is shown to further been reduced by 21% with transverse cutting patterns. This Switch will then be an More
        The elliptical structure for the micro electromechanical switches with low actuation voltage is proposed to work at the Ka band. The actuation voltage of this structure is shown to further been reduced by 21% with transverse cutting patterns. This Switch will then be analyzed to extract its parameters such as Insertion Loss, Return Loss, and Deformation Posture. The effect of the actuation voltage on the deformation of the bridge will then be analyzed and the results would be compared with other common bridges. This switch may be used as a low loss and effective element for much complicated systems such as distributed phase shifters and phased array applications. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        81 - Reliability Insurance Contract as a New Method for Reliability Adjustment in Electrical Distribution Network
        S. M. Abedi  
        Several regulation schemes such as Rate of Return (ROR) and Price Cap (PC) lack incentives for efficient investment. ROR lead to overinvestment and PC on the other hand lead to underinvestment. Regulator employs various forms of reward/penalty schemes (RPS) to cover inh More
        Several regulation schemes such as Rate of Return (ROR) and Price Cap (PC) lack incentives for efficient investment. ROR lead to overinvestment and PC on the other hand lead to underinvestment. Regulator employs various forms of reward/penalty schemes (RPS) to cover inherent weaknesses in PC. Adding RPS allow utilities to make cost effective reliability improvements in response to changes in technology and costs but since this schemes result in consumers purchasing reliability and delivery as a single, optimal level of investment can’t be insured. To solve this problem, in the recent year, the Reliability Insurance Scheme (RIS) has been introduced which through it the reliability and delivery services are unbundled and so the efficient investment is insured. In this paper, firstly, the investment structure under RIS is compared to that of traditional regulatory schemes and, according to this comparison; the advantages of RIS are illustrated. In the second step, under RIS, the effects of free-riding and investment delay on the investment dynamics are evaluated and finally the centralized method for alleviating these effects is proposed. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        82 - 3D Finite Element Analysis of MV Three-Phase Transformer Mechanical Forces Effected by Inrush Current Based on a Novel Winding Structure
        A. Nasiri A. Ranjbar F.  Faghihi S.  Soleymani
        Transient mechanical force in transformer induced critical mechanical stress on windings and transformers in radial and axial directions. In this paper, impact of force’s within transient inrush current duration on MV three phase transformer with propose novelty windin More
        Transient mechanical force in transformer induced critical mechanical stress on windings and transformers in radial and axial directions. In this paper, impact of force’s within transient inrush current duration on MV three phase transformer with propose novelty winding configuration (S-P-S) to considered. In order to forces analysis, a 3-D model of three phase transformer developed by use Ansoft Maxwell V15.0. Magnetic vector potential, Magnetic flux density and electro-mechanical force’s of SPS-type and conventional-type of configuration windings and transformer calculated from a 3D finite element model. Based on the comparison and result analysis, proposed an optimal configuration for transformer winding in order to trade-off and minimization of electromechanical force’s in the transient inrush current state. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        83 - Human Activity Recognition using Switching Structure Model
        Mohammad Mahdi Arzani M. Fathy Ahmad Akbari
        To communicate with people interactive systems often need to understand human activities in advance. However, recognizing activities in advance is a very challenging task, because people perform their activities in different ways, also, some activities are simple while More
        To communicate with people interactive systems often need to understand human activities in advance. However, recognizing activities in advance is a very challenging task, because people perform their activities in different ways, also, some activities are simple while others are complex and comprised of several smaller atomic sub-activities. In this paper, we use skeletons captured from low-cost depth RGB-D sensors as high-level descriptions of the human body. We propose a method capable of recognizing simple and complex human activities by formulating it as a structured prediction task using probabilistic graphical models (PGM). We test our method on three popular datasets: CAD-60, UT-Kinect, and Florence 3D. These datasets cover both simple and complex activities. Also, our method is sensitive to clustering methods that are used to determine the middle states, we evaluate test different clustering, methods. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        84 - A DC-DC Interleaved Converter Based on Buck Topology with High Step-Down Conversion Ratio
        M. Ghanbari M. R. Yazdani
        High step-down conversion ratio cannot be achieved by the conventional buck converter. Also, the switch voltage stress is another drawback of the regular buck converter for high input voltages. In this paper, a DC-DC switching converter using interleaved method is propo More
        High step-down conversion ratio cannot be achieved by the conventional buck converter. Also, the switch voltage stress is another drawback of the regular buck converter for high input voltages. In this paper, a DC-DC switching converter using interleaved method is proposed based on the buck topology to achieve a high step-down conversion ratio. In the structure of this converter, a coupled inductor is used without need of another auxiliary winding. After presenting key waveforms and analysis of the proposed converter, the conversion ratio curves are offered. Moreover, simulation waveforms of a 240 W converter prototype with the input voltage of 150 V and the output voltage of 24 V are shown to verify the theoretical analysis. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        85 - Optimal and Sub-optimal Transmitter-Receiver Design in Dense Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things
        Farzad H. Panahi Fereidoun H. Panahi Zahra Askarizadeh Ardestani
        With the rapid development of new technologies in the field of internet of things (IoT) and intelligent networks, researchers are more interested than ever in the concept of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The emergence of these densely structured networks in recent ye More
        With the rapid development of new technologies in the field of internet of things (IoT) and intelligent networks, researchers are more interested than ever in the concept of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The emergence of these densely structured networks in recent years has raised the importance of the use of telecommunications technologies, such as ultra-wideband (UWB) technology with high reliability, industrial applications, and appropriate communication security. However, there are still numerous concerns about the extent of inter-network interference, particularly owing to undesired spectral discrete lines in this technology. As a result, it is necessary to provide an optimal solution to eliminate interference and control the power spectrum, and then design the optimal transmitter-receiver structures while considering high sensitivities to the synchronization problem in WSNs based on UWB technology. These goals are pursued in the present study by employing the optimal spectral strategy in the signal model, the structure of the transmitter sensor, and then constructing the optimal or sub-optimal receiver sensor structures, the results of which indicate improved communication performance in WSNs. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        86 - Design and Simulation of a Lable-Free Nano Biosensor for Detecting Molecules via Nanotube Junctionless Field Effect Transistor
        Zahra Ahangari
        Biosensors have various applications especially in medical diagnosis. In this paper, nanotube junctionless transistor is employed for label-free detection of biomolecules. The proposed device works based on dielectric modulated principle. In this transistor, the gate vo More
        Biosensors have various applications especially in medical diagnosis. In this paper, nanotube junctionless transistor is employed for label-free detection of biomolecules. The proposed device works based on dielectric modulated principle. In this transistor, the gate voltage is responsible for controlling the drain current and in case of gate capacitance variation, the drain current can be modulated. A nanogap is embedded in the gate insulator region for immobilization of biomolecules. Since each individual biomolecule has its specific dielectric constant, the accumulation of different biomolecule in the nanogap changes the dielectric constant of the nanogap, which eventually leads to the variation of gate capacitance and the drain current. Threshold voltage variation and drain current modulation are considered as two measures for detecting biomolecules and determining the biosensor’s sensitivity. The proposed device has two internal and external gates with low static power consumption as well as simpler low temperature fabrication process. One of the main advantages of the proposed device is its high selectivity and sensitivity, especially for biomolecules with low dielectric constant. Impact of critical physical and structural design parameters on the operation of the biosensor are thoroughly investigated. Gate workfunction and channel doping density are two critical parameters that affect the sensitivity of the biosensor and as a consequence, optimum values should be determined for them. Due to the low power consumption and high sensitivity, this sensor can be considered as a potential candidate for applications in nanoscale regime. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        87 - Psychometric Adequacy of Women's Sexual Well-being Scale in Married Women: Validity, Reliability and Factor Structure
        reza chalmeh fatemeh abdolahi
        10.52547/fash.2.1.29
        The aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Female Sexual Well-Being Scale in Iranian married women. For this purpose, a sample of 297 married women (with a mean age of 33.7 years and an age range of 24 to 45 years) was More
        The aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Female Sexual Well-Being Scale in Iranian married women. For this purpose, a sample of 297 married women (with a mean age of 33.7 years and an age range of 24 to 45 years) was selected by simple random sampling. The Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (Reef, 1995) and Women's Sexual Well-Being Scale (Rosen et al., 2009) were completed by the sample group. The validity of this scale was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods, convergent and simultaneous validity. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by two methods of Cronbach's alpha and halving. The results of factor analysis using principal component method and varimax rotation showed that this scale consists of 4 factors with the titles of interpersonal relationships, cognitive-emotional domain, physical stimulation and orgasm satisfaction, which is more than 66% of the variance. They explain the whole. The convergent validity of this scale indicated a satisfactory correlation between the dimensions of the female sexual well-being scale and the total score. To determine the simultaneous validity of the scale, the correlation between the dimensions of the female sexual well-being scale and the psychological well-being scale was used, which indicated a favorable correlation (p <0.001). Cronbach's alpha and halving coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions ranged from 0.63 to 0.82. The final result is that the Persian form of the Women's Sexual Welfare Scale has good validity and reliability in Iranian society and can be used in research, educational and clinical situations. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        88 - Study of selected macroeconomic variables from the perspective of moral hazard and financial constraints on return and capital structure in listed companies
        Masoumeh  Ebrahimi hosein panahian Hassan  Ghodrati mohsen rasolian
        The purpose of this paper is to examine the selected macroeconomic variables from the perspective of moral hazard and financial constraints on the return and capital structure in listed companies in addition to macroeconomic variables, the present study seeks to investi More
        The purpose of this paper is to examine the selected macroeconomic variables from the perspective of moral hazard and financial constraints on the return and capital structure in listed companies in addition to macroeconomic variables, the present study seeks to investigate and explain ethical risks and inappropriate choices in the capital market and the role of ethics in reducing it. This research is qualitative / quantitative. A number of stock exchange experts have been selected as sample respondents to the interview questions, and among the issues that determine the direction of this research and interview questions, the literature on selected macroeconomic variables, financial constraints and its effect on returns and capital structure and actors. Companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. To analyze the opinions of experts, first from the grounded theory method to identify indicators, from the fuzzy Delphi method and structural equations to evaluate selected macroeconomic variables, financial constraints and its effect on return and capital structure and capital companies and activists listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange The fuzzy dimtel method was used to prioritize the indicators and monitor the factors, and the structural equations were used to examine the relationships between the variables. In the research, we also intend to show that following ethical principles and developing ethical guidelines and creating a culture for the governance of ethical values can be very effective in reducing the risks of financial markets and creating transparency, reducing the cost of supervision and enforcing laws. Also guarantee. Findings showed that financial constraints affect the severity of the impact of economic output gap on capital structure, stock returns, company size and moral hazard on stock returns. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        89 - Broadband Low-cost Reflectarray based on a New Phase Synthesis Technique and a Class of Cross Bow-Tie Cells
        Mahmood Rafaei-Booket Mahdieh Bozorgi Seyed Mostafa Musavi
        10.52547/jist.32487.11.42.75
        In this paper, a class of Bow-tie unit cell on FR4 substrate is designed and investigated to be used in implementing a single-layer broadband Reflectarray Antenna (RA). In the analyzing step, two different parameters (length and angle) of the grounded Cross Bow-Tie (CBT More
        In this paper, a class of Bow-tie unit cell on FR4 substrate is designed and investigated to be used in implementing a single-layer broadband Reflectarray Antenna (RA). In the analyzing step, two different parameters (length and angle) of the grounded Cross Bow-Tie (CBT) are varied to obtain the phase diagrams. Various degrees of freedom in the CBT structure are very helpful in designing a broadband RA. In the antenna design procedure, an efficient phase synthesis technique is applied to minimize the adverse effects of frequency dispersion causing by the differential space phase delay at different frequencies. This technique optimizes the metallic CBTs arrangement on the aperture of RA, and reduces the dependency of RA design to the CBT’s phase variation. Consequently, combination of the CBT’s phase behavior and the phase synthesis technique leads to designing a broadband RA with a good frequency response. In addition to, the Side Lobe Level (SLL) of the resultant RA is reduced remarkably. For validation of the obtained numerical results, an RA is designed and fabricated in 8.7~12.3GHz frequency bandwidth. The measurements show 27.03 dB as a maximum gain value at 10.2 GHz with a 1.5dB gain bandwidth of 34%. It is also shown that the implemented RA exhibits a reduced SLL (<-18dBi) within its operating bandwidth. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        90 - Provide a Pattern Sustainable Tourism Development with Emphasis on Technology Commercialization in Iran
        shirin amirhosseini سید محمدرضا حسینی Roohalla samiee
        In today's era, many development planners and policymakers refer to tourism as the main pillar of economic development and believe that the basic method of tourism development is to achieve sustainable development, and the develop ent of sustainable tourism increases ta More
        In today's era, many development planners and policymakers refer to tourism as the main pillar of economic development and believe that the basic method of tourism development is to achieve sustainable development, and the develop ent of sustainable tourism increases tax revenues, exports and economic growth of countries. The aim of the this research was to present a model of sustainable tourism development with an emphasis on technology commercialization in Iran, which was done in a combined manner and is practical in terms of purpose and based on the descriptive-correlation method. Factors affecting the development of tourism were identified with an emphasis on technology commercialization based on in-depth interviews with 11 academic and organizational experts. The output of this stage was 35 components in the form of 4 dimensions: technology, economic, market awareness, laws and guidelines, That were leveled with interpretive structural modeling method and clustered with Mic Mac analysis, which was analyzed using Excel software. The results showed that the economic dimensions, market knowledge, rules and guidelines are in the first level, and the technological dimension is in the second level. The economic dimension is in the dependent cluster, the dimensions of market knowledge, rules and guidelines are in the linked cluster and the technology dimension is in the independent cluster. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that information and communication technology tools should be seen in all official and unofficial tourism. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        91 - Provide a B2C e-commerce Pattern with an emphasis on Sharing Economy
        Fazel Bazrafshan Jamshid Edalatian Shahriari Nosratollah Shadnoush
        10.61186/jstpi.33375.19.73.35
        Today, business to customer e-commerce systems are the most important business systems in providing services and goods to customers. Startups in these systems need methods to be able to expand their market to respond appropriately to customers. One of the recent innovat More
        Today, business to customer e-commerce systems are the most important business systems in providing services and goods to customers. Startups in these systems need methods to be able to expand their market to respond appropriately to customers. One of the recent innovations to develop services and goods in startups is the use of sharing economy. sharing economy in B2C startups make better use of facilities and resources and helps them to reduce transaction costs and improve productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present a B2C e-commerce model with an emphasis on sharing economy in startups, which was done in combination. The present research is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation based on the method. In the first step, effective factors were identified based on content analysis and interviews with 15 academic experts. The output of this stage was 14 components in 3 dimensions (technology, social and economic). Then, in the second step, the identified dimensions were graded by interpretive structural method and clustered by Mikmak analysis, which was analyzed using Excel software. Interpretive structural results showed that the components are in 10 levels, also Micmac analysis showed that the components (trust- collaboration- product- communication quality- economic factor) in the dependent cluster, components (website usability- availability- obligation- sharing information- information quality) in the link cluster and components (social value- security- infrastructure-customization) are also in the independent cluster. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        92 - An overview of avian tendon and ligament problems
        Nikta  Moqadasi Abbas Raisi Hassan Norouzian
        Tendon is a mechanical bridge that transmits muscle strength to the bones and joints. Musculoskeletal disorders damages millions of dollars in economic losses each year to companies in the animal husbandry industry that inflict food. The tendon is mainly composed of ten More
        Tendon is a mechanical bridge that transmits muscle strength to the bones and joints. Musculoskeletal disorders damages millions of dollars in economic losses each year to companies in the animal husbandry industry that inflict food. The tendon is mainly composed of tenocyte and tenoblast cells and is oriented and organized by collagen fibers. Viral arthritis / tenosynovitis in poultry is one of the pathological manifestations of avian reovirus infection. Viral arthritis can be diagnosed by clinical observations and serological examination and radiological findings. Studies show the effect of vaccines on the prevention of this disease. Tendon mineralization in poultry can be a part of the natural process or can be caused by aging or tendon damage. Mineral deposition in tendons makes it a hard structure with less flexibility. The morphological properties of tissue and mineralized tendon cells have been studied. Several studies on the effects of activity on avian Gastrocnemius tendon have been performed. One of the tendon injuries is related to the patagial tendon, which responds well to treatment after surgery. The tendon plays a vital role in function of birds and is damaged, which causes irreparable problems. Therefore, it is necessary to know its structure and precise function in preventing damage as well as their more effective treatment. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        93 - Pore structure and fractal characterization of Garau and Sargelu shales using low pressure nitrogen adsorption
        Seyed Ali Moallemi Mohammadebrahim Shabani Hormoz Ghalavand Ziba Zamani Pozveh
        The present paper tends to analyze the pore structure of Organic rich carbonaceous rock in 4 samples from Upper Jurassic Sargelu and 5 samples from Lower Cretaceous Garau formation using low pressure nitrogen adsorption. TOC content of Garau samples ranged between 0.64 More
        The present paper tends to analyze the pore structure of Organic rich carbonaceous rock in 4 samples from Upper Jurassic Sargelu and 5 samples from Lower Cretaceous Garau formation using low pressure nitrogen adsorption. TOC content of Garau samples ranged between 0.64 wt% and 5.21 wt% (mean 3.2 wt%).TOC varied between 0.12 and 10.94 for Sargelu samples. XRD results shows that carbonates are the dominant minerals, followed by quartz and clay minerals. The calculated total pore volume vary between 0.6 cm3/100g to 2.5 cm3/100g with the mean values of 1.4 cm3/100g. A positive linear correlation were found between TOC content of measured samples with pore structure parameters. Due to the larger variation of TOC content this relationship was more obvious for the Sargelu samples. The calculated fractal dimension ranged between 2.45 and 2.81 emphasizing the irregular pore surface of the measured samples. Based on the result of this study organic matter content is recognized as a controlling factor for pore structure and fractal characteristics of the Garau and Sargelu samples. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        94 - Tax exemptions; It’s Effects and Revenue Capacity in the General Government Budget
        Younes Teymouri
        The main consider in this study is the subject of tax exemptions. The purpose of this study is to identify exemptions, analyze the consequences and estimate their revenue capacity in the budget. Considering the structure and public policies of several representative cou More
        The main consider in this study is the subject of tax exemptions. The purpose of this study is to identify exemptions, analyze the consequences and estimate their revenue capacity in the budget. Considering the structure and public policies of several representative countries (USA, Britain, Sweden and Germany) along with Iran, It was concluded that the tax structure of countries derives from mechanisms formed within society such as institutional- political and social structure. Comparison of countries shows us that the tax structure of Iran is very similar to the structure of the United States, The most important feature of which is being particularistic and having high tax expenditures, including widespread exemptions. In addition, The fragmentation of tax decision- making among Iran’s tax policymakers is one of the reasons that without going into details of explaining the Benchmark Tax System, leads us to accept the fact that a large part of exemptions deviate from Benchmark Tax System and they are part of the tax expenditures of the government budget. Identifying tax exemptions shows that these exemptions are widespread, vague, particularistic, inefficient and discriminatory. Inefficiency and discrimination have penetrated even at the sectoral level, And in particular the manufacturing sector of the industry in comparison with services sector has suffered seriously. Also, estimating the amount of potential revenues by taking into account some important tax exemptions, shows that value of the tax capacity of these exemptions is about 80 thousand billion Tomans, which covers approximately 18 percents of the deficit budget in 1400 Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        95 - Investigation of catchments in the structure of technical buildings along the rural roads Case study: Boyer-Ahmad city
        Omid fathi ali aram
        Comprehensive study of catchments in terms of hydromophilology is an essential solution for ecosystem management that will lead to better protection of natural resources. Land use changes and climate change are among the factors that affect the natural water cycle in th More
        Comprehensive study of catchments in terms of hydromophilology is an essential solution for ecosystem management that will lead to better protection of natural resources. Land use changes and climate change are among the factors that affect the natural water cycle in the ecosystem. Slope of slopes and their classification, bed slope, vegetation, type and shape of land and type of crop planted in land, flow regimes or cortical regime, deep regime, permanent and seasonal regime, lithology and thickness of builders and type Constructive and runoff in a basin along with the shape of the basin are among the items that are studied in the structure of technical buildings along the rural roads. In this research, various maps of geology, topography, geomorphology, hydrology and field surveying tools such as cameras and camcorders, computer and GIS knowledge are necessary to prepare the required maps of basic information. According to research data, it can be concluded that transportation roads have an important role in the development of population centers located in the mountains of Boyer-Ahmad city. The main and secondary rural roads under study are among the roads that the residents of this city are also interested in repairing and improving, but it should be borne in mind that ignoring the subsequent effects can lead us to the same paradigm that through cutting. Forests or misplaced agricultural and livestock activities are affected. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        96 - Power Structure and Its Relation to Family Instability (National study in Iranian society)
        forozandeh jafarzadehpour
        The structure of power in the family is an important issue that affects the stability of the family. In recent decades, various changes have taken place at different national levels and also within the Iranian family, which has left an impact on family stability. The ma More
        The structure of power in the family is an important issue that affects the stability of the family. In recent decades, various changes have taken place at different national levels and also within the Iranian family, which has left an impact on family stability. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between power structure and its relationship with family instability in Iran. This study has investigated the relationship between two variables using the secondary analysis method of 3819 married people in the National Family Survey data. The structure of power in three indicators of power construction, freedom of action and exercise of power, the method of exercising power with relevant sub-indicators and family instability in three indicators at the levels of action (marital conflict, and violence) and attitude (attitude to divorce) were studied under sub-indicators. Findings show that while the overall power structure in the Iranian family is significantly symmetrical, some indicators of power such as freedom of action and the exercise of power and methods of exercising power have significant effects on marital conflict, violence and divorce attitudes and increase family instability. In order to reduce divorce and increase family stability, it is necessary to allocate various programs and services, including counseling, etc., to families with more marital conflicts and families where more violence is reported. Men and women also have different attitudes toward the power structure and attitudes toward the consequences of divorce, and women are more tolerant of the consequences of divorce. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        97 - A query in Quran’s description of creation of embryo; investigating the first stage of the growth and development of embryo
        غلامرضا  نورمحمدی
        Objective (s): From a single cell to a few-months old embryo we can witness an extremely precise and subtle process displaying an interesting phenomenon with stunning intricacies. The study of this Phenomenon is called “embryology”. Through the advancement of science, m More
        Objective (s): From a single cell to a few-months old embryo we can witness an extremely precise and subtle process displaying an interesting phenomenon with stunning intricacies. The study of this Phenomenon is called “embryology”. Through the advancement of science, man has managed to uncover some of the mysteries of creation of embryo and understand some parts of the process. However, many aspects of creation of embryo are still mysterious and unknown to man. It can be assured that embryo is a being with various mysteries and enigmas and that discovering the remarkable interrelationships between the limbs and systems in embryo can demonstrate the greatness of God’s creation. When one meticulously examines the complex and intricate phases of creation of embryo, which begins from a single and seemingly insignificant cell and following its phases of development turns into the feat of creation, he will definitely bow humbly before God’s Throne of Grace and acknowledge the greatness of creation and the power of the Almighty. Method: The method used for this research is descriptive – analytical. Conclusion: 1. The Quran has classified the stages of embryo’s development with a unique and simple language in a way that it was understood at the time of revelation, and its accuracy can be verified now and in the future. 2. The Quran with special subtlety describes the complex system of creation, development and evolution of embryo in a way that can be defended by today’s science. 3. The Holy Book’s referring to sperm as the first stage of embryo’s creation is com partible with man’s findings in embryology today. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        98 - A New Structure for UN Security Council; The Need of Hegemony of Power
        Siamak Soltani Saleh  Rezaie Pishrobat
        Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, More
        Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, and the World found a new approach. But over time, the emergence of new powers followed by weakness of old ones and reaching most countries to the maturity of the collective life, resolves the global need for a leadership and the international community which still retains its old structure, dropped in another type of silliness which necessarily do not resolved by discussion. It is necessary to avoid another disastrous war, contribute all the international powers to the bureau of the international community in the Security Council and gave all of them clear shared responsibility to run the game of the world. (Such shared responsibilities may be Spiritual indices come every state and over the number of votes and the votes of every state in the decision making processes). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        99 - The place of UN Security Council sanctions resolutions in the US sanctions strategy (2018-2020)
        Mahdi Pakzat Saeed Daghineh
        Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating More
        Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating UN security council resolutions. However, following US withdrawal from JCPOA and re-imposing unilateral sanctions in 2018, it became evident that the government’s perception wasn’t accurate. Thus, an important question rises up that what was the main goal in US efforts for making consensus against Iran in UN security council? In this article it is presumed that US efforts mainly made in order to fortify its regime of unilateral sanctions through UN security council resolutions. Therefore, this article in context of Wendt’s Constructivism and through document analysis aims to review sanction resolutions against Iran, deriving how these resolutions help US sanctions strategy on Iran. Accurate perception on UN security council resolutions’s role in US sanctions strategy could significantly help accuratley planning for better confronting economic and sanction pressure. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        100 - The place of UN Security Council sanctions resolutions in the US sanctions strategy (2018-2020)
        Mahdi Pakzat Saeed Daghineh
        Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating More
        Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating UN security council resolutions. However, following US withdrawal from JCPOA and re-imposing unilateral sanctions in 2018, it became evident that the government’s perception wasn’t accurate. Thus, an important question rises up that what was the main goal in US efforts for making consensus against Iran in UN security council? In this article it is presumed that US efforts mainly made in order to fortify its regime of unilateral sanctions through UN security council resolutions. Therefore, this article in context of Wendt’s Constructivism and through document analysis aims to review sanction resolutions against Iran, deriving how these resolutions help US sanctions strategy on Iran. Accurate perception on UN security council resolutions’s role in US sanctions strategy could significantly help accuratley planning for better confronting economic and sanction pressure. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        101 - A New Structure for UN Security Council; The Need of Hegemony of Power
        Siamak Soltani Saleh  Rezaie Pishrobat
        Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, More
        Wisdom of League of Nations has failed because of inability to set a leadership for world order and award appropriate monetary to that day’s powers and bring again the disaster of war. These shortcomings with wisdom resolved with implementation of Veto in the UN system, and the World found a new approach. But over time, the emergence of new powers followed by weakness of old ones and reaching most countries to the maturity of the collective life, resolves the global need for a leadership and the international community which still retains its old structure, dropped in another type of silliness which necessarily do not resolved by discussion. It is necessary to avoid another disastrous war, contribute all the international powers to the bureau of the international community in the Security Council and gave all of them clear shared responsibility to run the game of the world. (Such shared responsibilities may be Spiritual indices come every state and over the number of votes and the votes of every state in the decision making processes). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        102 - Theory of Revolution in the Prism of Historical Sociology of International Relations (HSIR)
        Mehdi Zibaei Shahla Najafi
        The literature on revolution has gone through four theoretical waves in explaining diverse revolutions. Although these waves belong to different terms, all of them have essentialist ontology and they are seeking to find impressive attributes in breaking out and prosperi More
        The literature on revolution has gone through four theoretical waves in explaining diverse revolutions. Although these waves belong to different terms, all of them have essentialist ontology and they are seeking to find impressive attributes in breaking out and prospering incidents. The precedent for bringing revolutions into focus in Historical Sociology (HS) turns to Brinton Moor, Charles Tilly, and ThedaSkocpol endeavors that by concentrating on structure and interior causation paid less attention to exterior conditions; but their works broke the closed-loop and made a weak relation between revolutions and international. However their manners in methodological point of view were closely connected with previous theoretical waves; since from HS perspective, the revolutions are stemmed from accumulated incidents which are made from social relations within a supranational context. The object of the current work is to examine the evolution of the international factor in revolution theories in the light of historical sociology theorists. According to the findings, the international factor has gone through three major evolutions in the insight of historical sociology theorists. First, in the 70s, from a structural point of view, it refers to the influence of the international system on revolutions. Second, the international factor enters the text from the margins of the relevant literature, and the inter-state perspective is highlighted; in the transition to the third step, not only inter-state communication is considered, but the inter-social attitude and the relations between the people and the network. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        103 - Designing a Model of Women's Social Participation with an Interpretive Structural Approach
        Marjan  Nory reza ali mohseni gholamreza khoshfar
        Participation is a right that must be provided for all and is one of the important foundations of social relations, and women, as half of the population, can play an important role in the development of societies through social participation. Therefore, the aim of this More
        Participation is a right that must be provided for all and is one of the important foundations of social relations, and women, as half of the population, can play an important role in the development of societies through social participation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a model of women's social participation with an interpretive structural approach. The present research is applied and based on the method, descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included 10 university experts in Golestan province in the field of sociology. In the first step, interviews with experts were used to identify the components of social participation, and in the second step, interpretive structural modeling with Excel software was used to design the model. The results showed that the model of social participation has two levels, which are components (social cohesion, social status, hope for the future, social status, social security, populism, social awareness, self-confidence, lifestyle, social class, use of mass media, Job status, democratic family structure, income level, education and marriage) were in the first level and the component (age) was in the second level and all components were in the link cluster. Finally, it can be said that the basis of women's social participation in Golestan province is the age component Participation is a right that must be provided for all and is one of the important foundations of social relations, and women, as half of the population, can play an important role in the development of societies through social participation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a model of women's social participation with an interpretive structural approach. The present research is applied and based on the method, descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included 10 university experts in Golestan province in the field of sociology. In the first step, interviews with experts were used to identify the components of social participation, and in the second step, interpretive structural modeling with Excel software was used to design the model. The results showed that the model of social participation has two levels, which are components (social cohesion, social status, hope for the future, social status, social security, populism, social awareness, self-confidence, lifestyle, social class, use of mass media, Job status, democratic family structure, income level, education and marriage) were in the first level and the component (age) was in the second level and all components were in the link cluster. Finally, it can be said that the basis of women's social participation in Golestan province is the age component.. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        104 - Provide a Model for the Development of Sports Tourism with an Emphasis on Entrepreneurial Marketing
        Mohammad mahdi Gorzin parviz saeidi سید محمدرضا حسینی zeinolabedin fallah
        Today, many development policy makers refer to tourism as the main pillar of the economic development of societies. The development of tourism as a type of invisible export will increase tax revenues, exports and economic growth of countries. Sports tourism is one of th More
        Today, many development policy makers refer to tourism as the main pillar of the economic development of societies. The development of tourism as a type of invisible export will increase tax revenues, exports and economic growth of countries. Sports tourism is one of the fastest developing sectors in the tourism industry. The purpose of the current research was to provide a model of sports tourism development with an emphasis on entrepreneurial marketing in the northern provinces of Iran. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation based on the method. In the first step, the factors affecting the development of sports tourism were identified with an emphasis on entrepreneurial marketing through interviews with 11 academic experts. The output of this step was 31 components in 7 dimensions format. Then, in the second step, the identified dimensions were leveled with interpretive structural modeling method and clustered with Micmac analysis, which was analyzed using Excel software. The results showed that the dimension of value creation is at the first level and the dimensions (progressiveness, focus on innovation, opportunity-oriented, customer orientation, leveraging resources) are at the second level, and the dimension of risk management is at the third level, and the dimension of value creation is in the dependent cluster, dimensions ( Being a leader, focusing on innovation, opportunity-oriented, customer orientation, leveraging resources) are placed in the connected cluster and risk management dimension in the independent cluster. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        105 - Exploratory Investigation of The Causes of Administrative Corruption in Tehran Municipality
        behzad hemati alireza karimi fariba hemati
        The phenomenon of administrative corruption in today's world, especially in developing countries, has been raised as one of the most important obstacles to the progress of society. This phenomenon has caused irreparable damage to the speed of the development wheel in so More
        The phenomenon of administrative corruption in today's world, especially in developing countries, has been raised as one of the most important obstacles to the progress of society. This phenomenon has caused irreparable damage to the speed of the development wheel in society, weakens trust and social capital in society, and keeps social institutions away from fulfilling their specific missions and duties. Therefore, in this research, an attempt was made to explore the issue of administrative corruption, underlying factors and mechanisms of the occurrence of corruption in Tehran municipality, and the interaction of the effective factors in the occurrence of administrative corruption and its persistence. The methodological strategy applied was mix method, so that the first part was based on the qualitative method of grounded theory with an inductive-exploratory strategy. The results obtained from grounded theory were evaluated through the questionnaire tool and survey method. According to the findings, the incidence of administrative corruption in Tehran municipality is caused by eleven main factors. In the "To what extent is it in the municipality" section, the highest level of corruption was related to bribery in the stages of planning and issuing the completion of work with an average of 0.4. In the section "To what extent have you or your colleagues encountered this phenomenon", the highest exposure was related to the factor of procrastination and lack of supervision with an average of 2.95. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        106 - Designing a Model of Women's Social Participation with an Interpretive Structural Approach
        رضاعلی  محسنی Gholamreza Khoshfar مرجان   نوری
        Marjan Nory Rezaali Mohseni Gholamreza Khoshfar Abstract Participation is a right that must be provided for all and is one of the important foundations of social relations, and women, as half of the population, can play an important role in the development of More
        Marjan Nory Rezaali Mohseni Gholamreza Khoshfar Abstract Participation is a right that must be provided for all and is one of the important foundations of social relations, and women, as half of the population, can play an important role in the development of societies through social participation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a model of women's social participation with an interpretive structural approach. The present research is applied and based on the method, descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included 10 university experts in Golestan province in the field of sociology. In the first step, interviews with experts were used to identify the components of social participation, and in the second step, interpretive structural modeling with Excel software was used to design the model. The results showed that the model of social participation has two levels, which are components (social cohesion, social status, hope for the future, social status, social security, populism, social awareness, self-confidence, lifestyle, social class, use of mass media, Job status, democratic family structure, income level, education and marriage) were in the first level and the component (age) was in the second level and all components were in the link cluster. Finally, it can be said that the basis of women's social participation in Golestan province is the age component. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        107 - Provide a Model for the Development of Sports Tourism with an Emphasis on Entrepreneurial Marketing
        Mohammad mahdi Gorzin پرویز  سعیدی   zeinolabedin fallah
        M.M.Gorzin P.Saeedi S.M.R.Hosseini Z.Fallah Abstract Today, many development policy makers refer to tourism as the main pillar of the economic development of societies. The development of tourism as a type of invisible export will increase tax revenues, e More
        M.M.Gorzin P.Saeedi S.M.R.Hosseini Z.Fallah Abstract Today, many development policy makers refer to tourism as the main pillar of the economic development of societies. The development of tourism as a type of invisible export will increase tax revenues, exports and economic growth of countries. Sports tourism is one of the fastest developing sectors in the tourism industry. The purpose of the current research was to provide a model of sports tourism development with an emphasis on entrepreneurial marketing in the northern provinces of Iran. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation based on the method. In the first step, the factors affecting the development of sports tourism were identified with an emphasis on entrepreneurial marketing through interviews with 11 academic experts. The output of this step was 31 components in 7 dimensions format. Then, in the second step, the identified dimensions were leveled with interpretive structural modeling method and clustered with Micmac analysis, which was analyzed using Excel software. The results showed that the dimension of value creation is at the first level and the dimensions (progressiveness, focus on innovation, opportunity-oriented, customer orientation, leveraging resources) are at the second level, and the dimension of risk management is at the third level, and the dimension of value creation is in the dependent cluster, dimensions ( Being a leader, focusing on innovation, opportunity-oriented, customer orientation, leveraging resources) are placed in the connected cluster and risk management dimension in the independent cluster. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        108 - Tax exemptions; It’s Effects and Revenue Capacity in the General Government Budget
        Younes Teymouri محمدجواد  محسنی‌نیا
        Younes Teymouri Mohammad Javad Mohseninia Abstract The main consider in this study is the subject of tax exemptions. Exemptions in the economic literature are considered as part of tax expenditures in the government budget. The purpose of this study is to ide More
        Younes Teymouri Mohammad Javad Mohseninia Abstract The main consider in this study is the subject of tax exemptions. Exemptions in the economic literature are considered as part of tax expenditures in the government budget. The purpose of this study is to identify exemptions, analyze the consequences and estimate their revenue capacity in the budget. What is referenced in identifying exemptions is the Benchmark Tax System, which is based on public tax policies in society. Considering the structure and public policies of several representative countries (USA, Britain, Sweden and Germany) along with Iran, It was concluded that the tax structure of countries derives from mechanisms formed within society such as institutional- political and social structure. Comparison of countries shows us that the tax structure of Iran is very similar to the structure of the United States, The most important feature of which is being particularistic and having high tax expenditures, including widespread exemptions. In addition, The fragmentation of tax decision- making among Iran’s tax policymakers is one of the reasons that without going into details of explaining the Benchmark Tax System, leads us to accept the fact that a large part of exemptions deviate from Benchmark Tax System and they are part of the tax expenditures of the government budget. Identifying and classifying tax exemptions-that now viewed as tax expenditures- based on economic sectors, shows that these exemptions are widespread, vague, particularistic, inefficient and discriminatory. Such unfavorable characteristics have negative and profound consequences in both macro and sectoral levels for the country’s economy. Inefficiency and discrimination have penetrated even at the sectoral level, And in particular the manufacturing sector of the industry in comparison with services sector has suffered seriously. Losing of part of financing resources in government budget as a result of granting exemptions is another part of the damage of privileges. Estimating the amount of potential revenues by taking into account some important tax exemptions, shows that value of the tax capacity of these exemptions is about 80 thousand billion Tomans, which covers approximately 18 percents of the deficit in the operational balance of the government approved budget in 1400. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        109 - Designing the pattern of alignment of organizational elements with the strategies of the organization and its relationship with performance
        faride defaei Seyed Mohammad Aarabi saheb1 badrei
        The main goal of the current research is to design a model of alignment of human resources strategies, organizational structure and culture with organizational strategies and its effect on the performance of schools covered by Allameh Tabatabai educational and cultural More
        The main goal of the current research is to design a model of alignment of human resources strategies, organizational structure and culture with organizational strategies and its effect on the performance of schools covered by Allameh Tabatabai educational and cultural complex. Based on the theory of strategic reference points, this research presents a model for coordination between the organization's strategy and the level strategy of human resources and the elements of the organization. Two reference points of low or intense control and internal or external attention were considered as reference points. Based on the strategic reference points (SRP), human resource strategies, structure, culture and organizational strategies were determined and then the relationship between the various types of these strategies and organizational elements was investigated. To measure the performance of the schools covered by the Allameh Tabatabai complex 4 organizational performance criteria of balanced scorecard model (BSC) was used. The statistical population in this research includes managers, employees and teachers of Allameh Tabatabai complex, which are about 400 people. The type is correlation and the unit of analysis is the school. The field data collection method of this research is a questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed with spss and PLS software. The obtained data and their interpretation show that in Allameh complex Tabatabai, the dominant type of competitive organization strategy, the dominant type of human resource strategy, the secondary strategy, the dominant type of mechanical organizational structure, and the dominant type of organizational culture is mission culture. There is an alignment between the organization's strategies and other studied elements. The performance of those schools that are between Organization strategies and organizational elements are more aligned, their performance is also higher. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        110 - Economic review of cement industry in Iran and the world
        atefeh ahmadi Ahmad Salahmanesh hasan farazmand Ebrahim Anvari
        The cement industry is considered one of the most important, fast-moving and influential industries in the industrial development and growth of any country. In the current research, by analytical and computational methods, the economic situation of cement in various fie More
        The cement industry is considered one of the most important, fast-moving and influential industries in the industrial development and growth of any country. In the current research, by analytical and computational methods, the economic situation of cement in various fields including its market structure in Iran and the world in the period of 2012-2018 has been investigated. The results obtained in Iran have shown that the cement production capacity has a growing trend and an excess of supply compared to demand. The countries of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait have been the most important target markets for Iran's cement exports so far. Determining the price of cement through the commodity exchange has removed the existing challenges. The cement industry is one of the energy-intensive industries, which has the largest consumption of fuel oil (furnace oil) among the different energies compared to all industries. the production companies in order to manage costs are mainly located in the border points and close to the production raw materials and they export their products to the nearest target market. The results of Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index calculations, by information of 36 active companies and members of the stock exchange in Iran, showed that this industry has a monopolistic competition structure regardless of the ownership effect, and a multilateral monopoly structure in terms of the ownership effect. The structure of the export and import side of this industry in global markets also has a structure of monopolistic competition. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        111 - Renewal of Spatial structure of the quarters based on the Cultural- led regeneration approach in Historical fabrics (Case Study: Arg quarter, Mashhad)
        Farid Ganjeali Iman Ghalandarian
        The spatial structure of quarters plays a fundamental role in revitalizing and improving their quality. Emphasizing the reconstruction of cultural heritage, this approach can serve as a suitable catalyst for strengthening related issues or the spatial structure of histo More
        The spatial structure of quarters plays a fundamental role in revitalizing and improving their quality. Emphasizing the reconstruction of cultural heritage, this approach can serve as a suitable catalyst for strengthening related issues or the spatial structure of historical quarters. This research aims to reconstruct the spatial structure of the Arg quarter in Mashhad. The methodology employed is mixed (quantitative and qualitative), where initially, by defining the criteria for cultural reconstruction in both soft and hard environments and categorizing them into seven dimensions of the urban environment, the cultural criteria in the components of spatial structure were elucidated. In the second step, quarter issues in the Arg quarter were extracted through the perspectives of authors, experts, and residents using observation and interviews, then the issue network was drawn and analyzed using qualitative research analysis tools (Gephi software). The results of the research indicate that the most important issues of the spatial structure of the Arg quarter include the lack of day and night activities, neglect of social values, functional disturbances in space and activities, inappropriate environmental qualities, and the loss of a sense of place, which can be addressed by proposing suggestions for improvement based on the identified issues. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        112 - A Prospective Analysis of the Discourse of War in the Novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine": Reader-Response Criticism
        Ali Taghizadeh Mahmoud Kamali
        <p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> More
        <p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">In recent periods, reader-response criticism has challenged traditional and author-centered criticism, and by giving importance to the reader's position, it has changed its absolutist approach to a relativistic one.Wolfgang Iser believes that each reader obtains a new meaning from the text, which indicates the relative nature of meaning.He turns reading fiction into an activity that results in the formation of "literary text" as a phenomenological structure in the reader's mind.In contemporary Iran and under the influence of the imposed war, many texts have addressed the issue of war; among them, the widely read novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh, with its new and different approach and perspective, has managed to gain a good position in this field.The present study examines the relativism of war discourse in this novel based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-response criticism and shows that the discourse of the novel, which is the result of the interaction between the text and the reader, is interactive and relativistic.The findings of this research show that although one side of this novel presents a jihad-oriented discourse, the other side cultivates a revisionist discourse that wants the reader to look at the war from a new perspective.In addition, the novel succeeds in attracting the reader and interacting with him, and the reader can fill in the empty spaces of the text, which are often hidden, by reasoning and inferring.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Introduction</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Relativism in literary criticism came out of Husserl's phenomenology, and of course, it was Hans Robert Jauss</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">and Wolfgang Iser who expanded this concept.Following this type of view, Jauss proposes the concept of "reader's expectation horizon", which means that the reader's expectation from the text changes in different periods according to the specific conditions of the reader.Like Jauss, Wolfgang Iser is one of the new hermeneutic thinkers and supporters of the theory that he explained in his book &ldquo;Act of Reading ".The novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh is one of the works that narrate the events of the war with its special perspective.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Research Background</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Yahya Talebian and Mona Sadat al-Sayed (2021) in an article entitled "Critical Examination of the Novel Chess with Doomsday Machine based on Theodore Adorno's Theory" conclude that the critical analysis of the text shows the reflection of the society's situation in the narrative and the submission of the text to socially imposed correlations, and makes the tension between dualities a place for reflection.Mohammadreza Yousefi and Tahereh Ahmadi Varzaneh (2019) in a research study of the female characters in four novels including Chess with Doomsday Machine conclude that Ahmadzadeh has been completely successful in characterization based on behavior, dialogue, description of appearance, and environment.Mohammad Alijani (2018) in the article "The Quality of Reflecting Myths in the Doomsday Chess Novel", believes that the author of the novel focuses on the Iran-Iraq war and recreates the mythological narratives of the conflict between God and Satan, creation, and The fall of Adam, the legend of the fight between the dragon and the hero of the Last Supper, Jesus raised some archetypal human concerns such as the suffering and death of humans and whether they are free or forced in the context of destiny and the conflict between good and evil.Sahar Ghaffari (2015) in research entitled "The effect of paratexts on the formation or distortion of the text (an examination of the duality of the novel Chess with Doomsday Machine through the lens of paratexts)" observes a kind of "duality" in Ahmadzadeh's novel, which this work is based on on the one hand It is included in the category of sustainable literature, but on the other hand, it is "in the ranks of nihilistic and predestination works" that considers man to be forced and captured by fate and consider war as a historical force and a product of the rule of fate, an ominous and reprehensible phenomenon.Sahar Ghaffari and Soheila Saeedi (2014) in "Carnivalism in Chess with the Doomsday Machine" include this novel among the works that match Bakhtin's definition of carnivalism in polyphonic novels.It matches and is the center of multilingual performance that emerges from the interaction of different sounds.Hijazi (2013) in research entitled "Analysis of the Polyphonic Novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" discussed the functions of the language of the novel and different voices based on Milan Kundera's opinion.From Hijazi's point of view, this work is a philosophical realist novel whose wise philosophical dialogues between the characters arouse the audience's curiosity to receive and understand the answers to the questions that are his mental conflict.Razi and Abdulahian (2011) in "Analysis of story elements in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" examine things such as scene design, character design, plot, style, and language of the novel believe that the skill of using story elements in this novel, It has made it a valuable work.In research entitled "Criticism: Chess with a Warrior Who Wanted to Checkmate / Criticism of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Zanouzi-e Jalali (2006) considers the remarkable score of the novel to be the appropriate point of view of the author and the honesty of the narrator.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Theoretical Framework</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">The present study examines the discourse of war in Ahmadzadeh's story.This story avoids dogmatism and one-sidedness and moves towards discursive relativism, which will be analyzed based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-centered criticism.Therefore, the main approach of this review is reader-response and interactive.Although it discusses the semiotics of the story to some extent, however, semiotics will be a secondary discussion in this review.Despite this, because in the relativistic discourse of Ahmadzadeh's novel, the possibilities of Iser's aesthetic criticism are well provided, the present review of some of the categories and methods proposed in Iser's theory, including "reading experience", the action of the text and the reader will trace and examine the phenomenological text (virtual text) and the designed process in this novel.Therefore, in this research, "accurate reading" of the main source and other sources is very important, and an effort is made to make the research discussion textual and objective by bringing several examples of novels and some theoretical works of Iser</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Data Analysis</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Although the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" is in the genre of "Resistance literature", it has fundamental differences from other works of this genre; Because with the issue of war, he prepares a discourse that avoids dogmatism and absolutism and turns to relativism; Because wants the reader make a cultural and discursive review of the war.The text rejects the traditional and predestined views of war and considers it the will of those who want war, and therefore considers it the duty of man to refrain from war to enjoy the blessings of peace.Therefore, it fosters the discourse that contemporary man has the responsibility to control and refuse this phenomenon through understanding in reasoning and interaction in the discourse, which implies a kind of cultural behavior with war.In Chess with the Doomsday Machine, the "reading experience" is an interpretive and productive thing that causes the interaction between the text and the reader.In the article "Reading Process: Phenomenological Approach", Iser argues that the formation of new experiences in the text is the result of the interaction of the sides of this discourse triangle; Although the literary text does not refer the reader to the external reality, its sentences, and other linguistic factors are productive units whose correlation and interaction create a series of claims, statements, and observations in the text; This means that they determine the direction and nature of reading.In this way, reading and understanding are the result of the interaction of factors such as linguistic structures and their effect on the reader's mentality, fictional characters, lanterns that the characters carry with them, shadows on the wall, and even the circulation of the narrator's memory in the ceremony of lamenting by his friends.Now, if the narrator is the representative of the author, and if Mahtab and his mother are the objects of the reader, the giant shadows on the wall are the embodiment of the literary text, and like this type of text, they are borrowed and phenomenological.Icons such as jinn and shadow are intermediate and although they are non-existent, they are considered phenomena; because their existence depends on being presented to our minds, just as the text is the result of the interaction of linguistic structures and the reasoning mentality of the reader and is formed during reading.Discourse relativism is formed in a way that in this work, a three-day section of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran is designed in such a way that its narrative is a space for the interaction of the text and the reader.This process only happens in reading.Its purpose is to achieve tolerance and discourse interaction to avoid dogmatism in the approach of war, and it cultivates a discourse that is not necessarily the same as the discourses of the author, the text, and the reader but is the result of their communication and interaction.Therefore, the story of chess is the literature of discursive relativity of war, which is built in a critical and debated atmosphere.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Conclusion</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">The novel "Chess with the Doomsday Machine" has a two-sided and incongruous structure, one side of which creates an ideological and jihad-oriented discourse.In contrast, the other side presents a doubt-oriented and revisionist discourse.This novel, in the revisionist direction, refuses to adopt a definite and emphatic position about the war; because its dual discourse includes a space that does not put concepts such as good/evil and light/darkness in conflict with each other, but even prepares the desire for solidarity and compromise between them.Therefore, the dominant discourse of this story, while refraining from dogma, moves towards relativity and tolerance.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Keywords: </span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Chess with the Doomsday Machine, Reader-Response criticism, Discourse relativism, Wolfgang Iser, Response-seeking structure</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;">References</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Alijani, Mohammad (2017) "The quality of the reflection of myths in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Narratology Journal, Year 2, Number 4, pp.115-145.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Abjadian, Amrullah (2012) History of English literature, ninth volume, poetry and literary criticism of the 20th century.Second edition.Shiraz: Shiraz University Publishing Center.(First edition: 1387).</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Ahmadzadeh, Habib (2008) Chess with the doomsday machine.Tehran: Surah Mehr Publications.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Arvin, Shokofeh, Abulqasem Dadvar and Maryam Hoseini (2019) "The novel of war in Iran from the perspective of the presence of the "other" based on Bakhtin's views".Literary Text Research, No.79, 31-53.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Barthes, Roland (1998) Criticism and truth.Translated by Shirin Dokht Daqiqiyan.First edition.Tehran: Nashre Markaz.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Bennett, Andrew (2013) Readers and Reading, London, and Newyork: Routledge.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Eliot, T.S. (1919) &ldquo;Tradition and the Individual Talent.&rdquo; The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism.Edited by Vincent B.Leitch.New York: W.W.Norton and Company.pp.1092-1098.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Fluck, Winfried (2000) The Search for Distance: Negation and Negativity in Wolfgang Iser's Literary Theory, New Literary History, Vol.31, No.1, pp.175-210.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Ghasemi Esfahani, Niko and Elmira Dadvar (2023) "The application of reception theory to the analysis of the concept of war in the novel "Pruning".Persian Language and Literature Research, No.68, 127-151.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Ghafari, Sahar (2015) "The influence of paratexts on the formation or distortion of the meaning of the text: examining the duality of the chess novel with the doomsday machine through the lens of paratexts".Literary criticism No.32.85-104.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Ghaffari, Sahar, and Soheila Saidi (2014) "Carnivalism in Chess with the Doomsday Machine".Literary criticism No.25.100-119.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Habib, M.A.R. (2011) Literary Criticism from Plato to the Present: An Introduction. West Sussex: Wiley- Blackwell Publication.PDF.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Harkin, Patricia (2005) &ldquo;The Reception of Reader-Response Theory.&rdquo; College Composition and Communication, Vol.56, No.3, pp.410-425.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Hijazi, Behjat al-Sadat.(2013) "Analysis of the multi-phonetic novel Chess with the Machine of Resurrection". Persian language and literature research.No.29.145-172.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Holland, Norman N. (1976) &ldquo;The New Paradigm: Subjective or Transactive?&rdquo; New Literary History, Vol.7, No.2, pp.335-346.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">------------------------- (1989) The Dynamics of Literary Response.New York: Columbia UP.PDF.First Published in 1968.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Iser, Wolfgang (1972) &ldquo;The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach&rdquo;, New Literary History, Vol.3, No.2, pp.279-299.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">------------------ (1978) the Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response, London, Routledge &amp; Kegan Paul.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">---------------- (1980) The Implied Reader; Patterns of</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Communication in Prose Fiction from Bunyan to Beckett, Baltimore, and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">---------------- (1984) &ldquo;The Interplay between Creation and Interpretation&rdquo;.New Literary History, Vol.15, No.2, pp.287-395.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Iser, Wolfgang, &amp; Michel Meyer (1987) &ldquo;On Reading and Meaning: An Exchange&rdquo;.Revue Internationale de Philosophie.Vol.41, No.162, pp.414-419.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Jauss, Hans Robert (1982) Toward an Aesthetic of Reception, Translation from German by Timothy Bahti, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Meqdadi, Bahram.(1999) Glossary of Literary Criticism Terms: From Plato to the Present Age.Tehran: Fekr Rooz Publications.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Milner, Andrew, and Jeff Bravitt (2006) an introduction to contemporary cultural theory.Translated by Jamal Mohammadi.Tehran: Qoqnus Publications.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Payandeh, Hossein.(2008) "Relativism in new literary criticism".Literary Review, No.1.73-90.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Razi, Ahmad, and Faiqa Abdullahian.(2011) "Analysis of story elements in the novel Chess with Doomsday Machine".Sustainability literature.No.4.203-231.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Rosenblatt, Louise M.(1994) The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of the Literary Work.Carbondale: Suthern Illinois University Press.PDF.First Published in 1978.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Selden, Raman et al. (2005) A Reader&rsquo;s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory.Fifth Edition.London: Pearson Education Limited.PDF.First Published in 1985.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Selden, Raman (1989) Practicing Theory and Reading Literature: An Introduction.New York: Prentice Hall.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Shi, Yanling (2013) Review of Wolfgang Iser and His Reception Theory, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol.3, No.6, pp.982-986.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Talebian, Yahya &amp; Mona Sadat al-Sayed (2021) "Critical examination of the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" based on Theodore Adorno's theory".Contemporary Persian literature, 11th year, number 2, 215-237.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Yousefi, Mohammad Reza and Tahira Ahmadi Varzaneh.(2018) "The characterization of women in the novel Defense of the Holy One based on four novels (winter 62, Night of the Locust, Journey to 270 Degrees, and Chess with the Doomsday Machine)", Journal of Islamic Humanities Studies, No.17, PP. 105-122.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Zanoozi Jalali, Firooz (2006) "Criticism: Chess with a warrior who wanted to checkmate/ Criticism of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine".Fiction literature, No.103, PP. 32-41.</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        113 - Shape memory polymers: Structure, mechanism, functionality, and applications
        Hamidreza Haydari Marziyeh Hosseini
        In the last three decades, many researches have been conducted in the field of shape memory polymers, and in the past few years, the interest in research in this field has received a lot of attention. In this study, a comprehensive and complete review of the structure, More
        In the last three decades, many researches have been conducted in the field of shape memory polymers, and in the past few years, the interest in research in this field has received a lot of attention. In this study, a comprehensive and complete review of the structure, mechanism, model and applications of this category of polymers has been done. In general, the mechanisms of shape memory polymers are divided into three groups: direct thermal induction, indirect thermal induction, and optical induction, and each has its own switch unit that controls the shape structure. These switches have amorphous and semi-crystalline phase, which are defined in two phase and molecular levels. Also, increasing the mechanical properties, including the strength and toughness of shape memory polymers, is of great importance, which can increase their efficiency. Shape memory polymers can be used in medical, aerospace, textile and other industries. In the textile industry, the electrospinning process is used as a simple and efficient method for the preparation of shape memory polymer fibers and the development of their structure, and the mechanism and method of preparation of these fibers will be investigated. In the last three decades, many researches have been conducted in the field of shape memory polymers, and in the past few years, the interest in research in this field has received a lot of attention. In this study, a comprehensive and complete review of the structure, mechanism, model and applications of this category of polymers has been done. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        114 - Economic review of cement industry in Iran and the world
        atefeh ahmadi Ahmad  Salahmanesh hasan farazmand Ebrahim Anvari
        The cement industry is considered one of the most important, fast-moving and influential industries in the industrial development and growth of any country. In the current research, the aim of more precisely knowing the cement market of Iran in order to achieve the goal More
        The cement industry is considered one of the most important, fast-moving and influential industries in the industrial development and growth of any country. In the current research, the aim of more precisely knowing the cement market of Iran in order to achieve the goals of principle 44 of the constitution of Iran using analytical and quantitative methods, the economic situation of cement in various fields including its market structure in Iran and the world in the period of 2012-2018 has been investigated. The results obtained in Iran have shown that the cement production capacity has a growing trend and an excess of supply compared to demand. The countries of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kuwait have been the most important target markets for Iran's cement exports so far. Determining the price of cement through the commodity exchange has removed the existing challenges. The cement industry is one of the energy-intensive industries, which has the largest consumption of fuel oil (furnace oil) among the different energies compared to all industries. the production companies in order to manage costs are mainly located in the border points and close to the production raw materials and they export their products to the nearest target market. The results of Herfindahl-Hirschman concentration index calculations, by information of 36 active companies and members of the stock exchange in Iran, showed that this industry has a monopolistic competition structure regardless of the ownership effect, and a multilateral monopoly structure in terms of the ownership effect. The structure of the export and import side of this industry in global markets also has a structure of monopolistic competition. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        115 - Etiology of Divorce Based on the Lived Experience of Divorced Couples (Case Study: Khorramabad City)
        karamollah javanmard
        <p><!-- [if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> More
        <p><!-- [if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" QFormat="true" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" QFormat="true" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="page number"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm 26.95pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="center"><strong><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Etiology of Divorce Based on the Lived Experience of Divorced Couples</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm 26.95pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(Case Study: Khorramabad City)</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; margin: 0cm 26.95pt .0001pt 25.25pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">&nbsp;</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><span class="rynqvb"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Karamollah Javanmard</span></span><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">*</span></span></a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">&nbsp;</span></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">The family, as a pivotal institution in human social history, has grappled with various serious issues, with divorce being a prominent example. Divorce is clearly defined as a social problem and one of the five major societal harms of the country. The aim of this study was to qualitatively examine the experiences of men and women undergoing divorce in Khorramabad city, using qualitative methodology and grounded theory. The central questions of this research are: What is the process of divorce formation in Khorramabad city, and what are the experiences of the couples involved? What motives lead individuals to choose divorce? What are their experiences and perceptions of the divorce process in Khorramabad city? How do people cope with this experience, and how can a proper analysis of different types of divorce in Khorramabad city be presented based on their representations?</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong><span style="background: white;">Methodology</span></strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">This study aimed to understand and interpret divorce among couples in Khorramabad in 1402, using an interpretive paradigm and grounded theory for data analysis. This approach is used to explore how individuals interpret their experiences, construct their worlds, and perceive their situations (Afrasiabi et al., 2019: 5). The participants included 30 divorced individuals selected through purposeful sampling with the snowball method. Of these, 12 were men and 18 were women. Data collection continued until saturation was achieved. Selection criteria included having experienced divorce, being at least one year past their legal divorce, and willingness to participate in the study. Five main categories emerged from the coded data. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were used to gather information from participants. Each interview, lasting between 45 to 90 minutes, was recorded with a cell phone after obtaining consent. The interviewer explained the research objectives and ensured confidentiality. Interviews were conducted with the assurance that recordings would be erased after the data was transcribed. Open coding, axial coding, and selective coding were used for data analysis.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong>Findings</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">Among the significant consequences of divorce are economic impacts, especially for women, as well as psychological and spiritual effects, which particularly affect women. Social and cultural consequences are widespread and impact individuals broadly. Divorce, as a solution, holds multiple meanings for the interviewees, reflecting their diverse viewpoints. Two primary perspectives emerged among the divorced individuals: a negative view and a positive view.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;">Divorce has become a prominent social issue with significant implications for policymakers. The complexity of divorce, its various types, and its multifaceted consequences challenge uniform analysis and understanding. This research reveals how divorce impacts individuals differently across social fields and habits. Key findings include: Economic consequences are significant, including lack of financial income, unemployment, responsibility for child custody, lack of independent living space, and economic stagnation. Among these, economic dynamism and progress were commonly reported by all interviewees. Social consequences, such as stigmatization, sexual objectification, and role changes, were also prevalent. Stigmatization, in particular, aligns with Goffman&rsquo;s theory of stigma, which affects personal identity and social perceptions. Divorce experiences varied based on individuals' coping strategies, with some experiencing less social fallout due to their rational approach to separation and divorce.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1"><sup><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">*</span></sup></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Hazrat Ayatollah </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Aozama Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd,</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';"> Iran</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%;"><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin';">k.javanmard@abru.ac.ir</span></p> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL"><span dir="LTR">&nbsp;</span></p> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        116 - Presenting a model for changing the structure of audit institutions with an approach to professional ethics
        Hasan Saberi Mansoor Garkaz Ali Khozein alireza matoufi
        Although auditors may adhere to professional behavior to a certain extent, clear and continuous monitoring of auditors' behavior on the one hand and the existence of changes in the structures of auditing institutions on the other hand is important to maintain profession More
        Although auditors may adhere to professional behavior to a certain extent, clear and continuous monitoring of auditors' behavior on the one hand and the existence of changes in the structures of auditing institutions on the other hand is important to maintain professional ethics in order to control the quality of accounting work. It seems In this regard, the aim of the present study is to develop a model for changing the structure of audit institutions, focusing on the approach of professional ethics and quality control of audit work. The present study method is foundational data. The statistical population includes certified accountants, 11 of whom were selected as a statistical sample using the snowball method. Coding was done in three sections: open, central and selective coding. The results of the coding were categorized into six main categories, causal conditions, intervenors, strategy of actions, context and consequences. The requirements of environmental laws and organizational and individual barriers of institutions were placed in the category of background and context, and technical and developmental developments and the appointment and rewards of auditors in the category of intervening conditions, as well as the standardization of the structure of audit institutions and single organizational structures in the category of causal conditions. , operational policies of auditing institutions, skills and expertise of auditing institutions' members, and the needs and demands of auditing institutions' structures were placed in the category of actions and credibility of services in new structures, and adaptation to changes in new structures were placed in the category of consequences. It is hoped that the results of this study will be of great help to accounting institutions and people working in auditing institutions. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        117 - Presenting a Model of the Position of Women in the Governance of the Islamic Republic of Iran
        Mohsen Afrugh Saeed Baghestani
        <p>The Islamic Revolution disrupted the bipolar world system and introduced a new idea of a new sovereignty that considers sovereignty to be God's. This system bases its principles and frameworks on Islamic ideology, upon which ideals, goals, programs, and policies are More
        <p>The Islamic Revolution disrupted the bipolar world system and introduced a new idea of a new sovereignty that considers sovereignty to be God's. This system bases its principles and frameworks on Islamic ideology, upon which ideals, goals, programs, and policies are designed and implemented. Good governance is one of the supreme goals of the Islamic system. To achieve high governance and global civilization, Islamic society needs to provide a plan for all its actors and participants. Therefore, since more than half of the population is made up of "women", the Islamic government is required to set an example for them in its governance. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explain Islamic sovereignty and raised requirements. The result of this study is the Islamic governance pattern in the field of women, with an explanation of related indicators. The research findings should be followed in a systematic and interconnected manner across three systems: epistemology-philosophical, value-motivating, and structural. In fact, to achieve the model of women's governance, the three systems must operate in a specific geometry, resulting in the example of the "third model of women."</p> Manuscript profile

Rimag

Rimag is an integrated platform to accomplish all scientific journal requirements such as submission, evaluation, reviewing, editing, DOI assignment and publishing in the web.

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2017-2024

Home| Login| About Rimag| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]