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Open Access Article
1 - Energy-efficient and Privacy preserving Data Aggreration in wireless sensor networks
zahra zareEnergy consumption is ranked among the major problems of research in wireless sensor networks(WSNs). The main reason for nodes failure is the discharge of batteries in sensor networks. Therefore, energy consumption plays an important role in wireless sensor networks. Da MoreEnergy consumption is ranked among the major problems of research in wireless sensor networks(WSNs). The main reason for nodes failure is the discharge of batteries in sensor networks. Therefore, energy consumption plays an important role in wireless sensor networks. Data aggregation can greatly help to reduce this consumption by eliminating redundant data, and using clustering methods for data aggregation helps to further reduce energy consumption. Sensor nodes are prone to node compromise attacks which cause an adversary to change the aggregation result and inject false data into the WSN, hence security issues such as data confidentiality and integrity are extremely important. Because both data aggregation and security are critical for wireless sensor networks, achieving secure data aggregation that protects integrity is a critical issue. In this paper, we present a secure data aggregation method called Energy-Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation using our clustering algorithm which is an improvement on LEACH protocol and Homomorphic Encryption technique. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Iran paradigm in the Vision 2050 global electricity industry
ali mighi mohsen masoumzadeToday's technology has been recognized as an important lever for economic growth in the global arena. Successful industries in the world have now realized the importance of this which Effective application of science and technology to increase efficiency and competitive MoreToday's technology has been recognized as an important lever for economic growth in the global arena. Successful industries in the world have now realized the importance of this which Effective application of science and technology to increase efficiency and competitiveness in global markets will. It will no doubt come from countries that develop technologies based on their specific strategies and policies identified And so with the necessary mechanisms to keep pace with future developments are ready. Facing the technological challenges facing the electric power industry in the world and what is it? The share of new and renewable energy future Basket power source What is the world? What is the future direction of Automation and Intelligent power grid? The processes of electric vehicles, increasing urbanization, emissions, etc., What impact will the technology industry in the coming years? This paper studies the power industry developed country like South Korea and prospects of development of the technology industry by 2050 That is the appropriate response to achieve. Data and evidence presented in this report suggest that the technological development of the electricity industry to align with the future of the power industry in the world, should be the subject of such an intelligent network,Reduce greenhouse gas emissions through development of renewable energy and improve the efficiency of existing plants, the optimal combination of product portfolio, Consumption and improve the efficiency of transportation management and development will focus on electricity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigating the Effect of Hardware Parameters Adjustments on Energy Consumption in Thin Matrix Multiplication Algorithm on GPUs
mina ashouri Farshad KhunjushMultiplication of thin algorithmic matrices is a simple but very important part of linear and scientific algebra programs in mathematics and physics, and due to its parallel nature, GPUs are one of the most suitable and important options. To select its executive platfor MoreMultiplication of thin algorithmic matrices is a simple but very important part of linear and scientific algebra programs in mathematics and physics, and due to its parallel nature, GPUs are one of the most suitable and important options. To select its executive platform. In recent years, due to the emphasis of researchers to consider energy consumption as one of the main design goals along with efficiency, very little effort has been made to improve the energy consumption of this algorithm on the GPU. In this article, this issue is addressed from the perspective of energy efficiency in efficiency obtained. Utilizing the configuration capability introduced in modern GPUs, by statistically examining the behavior of this algorithm when using different thin matrix storage formats and different hardware settings for more than 200 matrices Slim example, the best configuration settings for the thin matrix multiplication algorithm with different storage formats on the GPU are obtained. This configuration for each storage format is selected to give the best configuration in all samples tested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Use of macro-algae as biomass resource for renewable energy production
mehran parsa Maryam Pazoki hassan hoveidiEnergy consumption has significantly increased beside of urbanization growth. It may go up so fast that it results in environmental Issues and greater natural resource depletions. Therefore, the use of renewable and clean fuel is considered necessary. Currently, macro-a MoreEnergy consumption has significantly increased beside of urbanization growth. It may go up so fast that it results in environmental Issues and greater natural resource depletions. Therefore, the use of renewable and clean fuel is considered necessary. Currently, macro-algae are cultivated in various regions of the world for various industrial and food usages. Macro-algae are known as a specific resource of alternative for energy production due to their biochemical properties such as high level of carbohydrate, lipid and protein. Various biotechnology methods have been developed for energy producing from macro-algae which are divided into two categories: 1) biochemical processes (fermentation, digestion) and 2) thermochemical processes (incineration, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction). Depending on the type of methods, the product are categorized under different phases such as solid, liquid and gas. In this study, we will review the methods and studies on the energy production of different species of macroalgae. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Environmental effects of sustainable energies (Case Study: Solar, Wind and Hydroelectric Energy)
fatemeh ghanbari farham amin shareIncreasing air pollution and global warming due to the excessive use of fossil fuels attracted public attention to climate change. Accordingly, the expected increase in demand for other alternative energy sources especialy renewable energy is predictable. While some res MoreIncreasing air pollution and global warming due to the excessive use of fossil fuels attracted public attention to climate change. Accordingly, the expected increase in demand for other alternative energy sources especialy renewable energy is predictable. While some research on renewable energy shows that these kind of energy also have undesirable environmental effects. In this study solar energy systems, wind power and hydroelectric power systems wew investigated and their effects on air, soil, sound and effect on wildlife were studied. The results show that although these kind of energy are called clean energy, they have negative environmental effects. This research also suggests ways to prevent the effects of destructive renewable energy sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Increasing the value of collected data and reducing energy consumption by using network coding and mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks
ehsan kharatiThe wireless sensor network includes a number of fixed sensor nodes that move sink nodes to collect data between nodes. To reduce energy consumption and increase the value of collected data, it is necessary to determine the optimum route and residence location of mobile MoreThe wireless sensor network includes a number of fixed sensor nodes that move sink nodes to collect data between nodes. To reduce energy consumption and increase the value of collected data, it is necessary to determine the optimum route and residence location of mobile sinks, which increases the life of wireless sensor networks. Using network coding, this paper presents a Mixed Integer Linear Programming Model to determine the optimal multicast routing of source sensor nodes to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks, which determines the time and location of sinks to collect maximum coded data and reduces the delay in sink movement and energy consumption. Solving this problem in polynomial time is not possible due to the involvement of various parameters and the constrained resources of wireless sensor networks. Therefore, several exploratory and greedy and fully distributed algorithms are proposed to determine the movement of sinks and their residence location based on maximizing the value of coded data and the type of data dead time. By simulating, the optimal method and the use of coding and proposed algorithms, reduce the runtime and energy consumption and increase the value of collected data and network lifetime than non-coding methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Role of Solar Energy in Sustainable Development in Tehran (Case Study: Residential Building)
صابر شفائی گیگلو Bahlool Alijani Mohammad سلیقهSustainable urban development is about building a relatively ideal and ideal city in which contemporary citizens enjoy a fairly good life and the future generation's ability to meet their needs. Tehran, as the main city in Iran, which has about 20% of the country's popu MoreSustainable urban development is about building a relatively ideal and ideal city in which contemporary citizens enjoy a fairly good life and the future generation's ability to meet their needs. Tehran, as the main city in Iran, which has about 20% of the country's population and its changes are influenced extensively and directly throughout the country, should therefore be considered more than other cities in terms of urban development. This research is practical in terms of purpose and in terms of its type, descriptive-analytical and consists of four main stages. In the first phase of this research, in order to identify and assess the current status of produced and consumed energy, we study and compare energy consumption data from all fossil fuels, non-renewable and renewable energy sources. In the second stage, the solar energy potential in Tehran, was studied using the information obtained from the synoptic station Mehrabad. In the third step, the cost of generating energy (electric energy) with fossil fuels or photovoltaic systems was compared. In the final stage, the process of designing and analyzing the choice of photovoltaic systems with run on two sample systems was implemented. The results indicate that the domestic, commercial and public sectors and transportation have the highest energy consumption in Tehran in different parts of the country. And also these two parts form the main part of energy consumption in residential areas. as of 2014, the total supply of energy (including production, imports, ...) of non-renewable fossil fuels is 1.774.5 million barrels of crude oil. As of 2014, the total supply of energy (including production, imports, ...) of non-renewable fossil fuels is 1.774.5 million barrels of crude oil. By contrast, the total supply of renewable energy, especially solar energy, is only 24.9% (equivalent to crude oil barrels), which is only 0.013% of the total energy supply of the country. However, due to high capacities of different energy standards in Tehran, utility rate of solar energy this city is significant. And luckily, in recent years, there has been a downturn in the cost of photovoltaic systems. Therefore, at the end of the research, suggestions were made to enhance the role of solar energy in the sustainable development of Tehran, especially in the construction industry, contains: review and modification of urban planning rules for optimizing energy consumption of fossil fuels, by notification and coercion new guidelines for the use of solar energy in the residential areas of Tehran. Culture -building and development of incentive schemes for the prosperity of the production and use of solar energy by citizens, even in small quantities. Providing necessary infrastructure for utilizing solar energy in the household, public and commercial sectors of Tehran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The explanation of conflict between the Iran and America in the Caspian geopolitical region
hassan kamran محمدحسین دشتیThe Caspian Sea region is of high importance regarding energy related geopolitics, energy transporting lines and security within regional and international relation. After the fragmentation of USSR and the increase of number of the Caspian coastal countries from two to MoreThe Caspian Sea region is of high importance regarding energy related geopolitics, energy transporting lines and security within regional and international relation. After the fragmentation of USSR and the increase of number of the Caspian coastal countries from two to five, the issue of determining a legal resolution for the Caspian Sea became more complicated. Thus, the regional and trans-regional countries benefits and maximize their power within the international system in the region among which the encounter between America and Iran is the most salient. In this paper it has been tried to explain this problem in the region employing the analytical – descriptive technique based on theoretical approaches of energy – related geopolitics. In this direction, findings indicate that the conflicting policy of the two countries, America's attempt to eliminate the geopolitical situation of Iran from transportation of energy in the region, the effectiveness of America on debates relative to determining a legal resolution on the Caspian region by resorting to military and security solution and threatening Iran's interests and national security are among the most important reasons for this encounter. Finally the Islamic Republic of Iran can obtain its main interests within the legal resolution for Caspian Sea and find its place as the connecting chain among producers and consumers of energy, by a correct understanding of its geopolitical capabilities within foreign policy and active and smart diplomacy. In fact, it is the best way to achieve the economic development, as well as to tie the international economy to its national security and to minimize the relative threats. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Presenting an Improved Approach in order to Optimum Mother Wavelet Identification for Earth Sciences Data Processing
فرناز قریشی Behzad tokhmechi امین روشندل کاهو حسین احمدی نوبریMore information can be extracted from signals, using signal transform tools. Among other tools, “wavelet transform” has an increasing fortune because of its good properties. The main issue is that choosing “different mother wavelet functions” results in diverse conclus MoreMore information can be extracted from signals, using signal transform tools. Among other tools, “wavelet transform” has an increasing fortune because of its good properties. The main issue is that choosing “different mother wavelet functions” results in diverse conclusions. There are various algorithms to build a suitable mother wavelet for the analyzed signal. Along with those algorithms, there are procedures too for choosing the optimum mother wavelet among existing functions. From the latter group, the “energy matching” algorithm was used in the present paper to find the optimum mother wavelet. During the use of this algorithm, its deficiency in two aspects was revealed. To solve the problem, “zero mean transform” was chose as an extendable solution to prepare data for the used energy matching algorithm. Applying this simple transform helped us not only finding the optimum mother wavelet but also a unique one. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Shifting Mechanisms in I.R.Iran and Japan Relations
الهه كولايي ماندانا تيشهيارEssential principle of Japan’s foreign relations with all countries used to be separation of political issues from economic considerations. The shift in the nature and structure of power within international system led this country to revise its outlook and base its ec MoreEssential principle of Japan’s foreign relations with all countries used to be separation of political issues from economic considerations. The shift in the nature and structure of power within international system led this country to revise its outlook and base its economic relations on political relations with different countries. To serve their own long-term interests, today Japanese find it an undeniable necessity to accord with the global process of supporting western globalized models and values. Fearing that its strategic relations with the US be disturbed, could be considered one of the factors in changing Japan’s attitude towards Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Coverage Improving with Energy Efficient in Wireless Sensor Networks
Amir Pakmehr Ali GhaffariWireless sensor networks (WSNs) are formed by numerous sensors nodes that are able to sense different environmental phenomena and to transfer the collected data to the sink. The coverage of a network is one of the main discussion and one of the parameters of service qua MoreWireless sensor networks (WSNs) are formed by numerous sensors nodes that are able to sense different environmental phenomena and to transfer the collected data to the sink. The coverage of a network is one of the main discussion and one of the parameters of service quality in WSNs. In most of the applications, the sensor nodes are scattered in the environment randomly that causes the density of the nodes to be high in some regions and low in some other regions. In this case, some regions are not covered with any nodes of the network that are called covering holes. Moreover, creating some regions with high density causes extra overlapping and consequently the consumption of energy increases in the network and life of the network decreases. The proposed approach causes an increase in life of the network and an increase in it through careful selection of the most appropriate approach as cluster head node and form clusters with a maximum length of two steps and selecting some nodes as redundancy nodes in order to cover the created holes in the network. The proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB software. The function of the suggested approach will be compared with Learning Automata based Energy Efficient Coverage protocol (LAEEC) approach either. Simulation results shows that the function of the suggested approach is better than LAEEC considering the parameters such as average of the active nodes, average remaining energy in nodes, percent of network coverage and number of control packets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Clustering for Reduction of Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks by AHP Method
Mohammad Reza Taghva Robab Hamlbarani Haghi Aziz Hanifi Kamran feiziDue to the type of applications, wireless sensor nodes must always be energy efficient and small. Hence, some studies have been done in order to the reduction in energy consumption. Data collection in wireless sensor networks is one of the most important operations of t MoreDue to the type of applications, wireless sensor nodes must always be energy efficient and small. Hence, some studies have been done in order to the reduction in energy consumption. Data collection in wireless sensor networks is one of the most important operations of these networks. Due to the energy limitation of nodes, energy efficiency is considered as a key objective in the design of sensor networks. In this paper, we present a method in which, in the first phase, nodes obtain their position by using the position of the base station and two other two nodes informed geographic position and are out of covered environment. In the second phase, the optimal location of the base station is determined. In the third phase, we determine the cluster heads based on the criteria such as the remaining energy, the distance (the distance from the cluster head and the distance from the base station), the number of neighbors (the one-step neighbors and the two-step neighbors) and the centrality. Using the multi-as criteria to select optimally cluster heads by decision making method. We implement the proposed method in the NS2 environment and evaluate its effect and compare it with the NEECP E-LEACH protocols. Simulation results show that by reducing energy consumption, the proposed method enhances the network life time expectancy. In addition it improves average packet delivery and the average delay. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Embedding Virtual Machines in Cloud Computing Based on Big Bang–Big Crunch Algorithm
Ali Ghaffari Afshin MahdaviCloud computing is becoming an important and adoptable technology for many of the organization which requires a large amount of physical tools. In this technology, services are provided and presented according to users’ requests. Due to the presence of a large number of MoreCloud computing is becoming an important and adoptable technology for many of the organization which requires a large amount of physical tools. In this technology, services are provided and presented according to users’ requests. Due to the presence of a large number of data centers in cloud computing, power consumption has recently become an important issue. However, data centers hosting Cloud applications consume huge amounts of electrical energy and contributing to high operational costs to the environment. Therefore, we need Green Cloud computing solutions that can not only minimize operational costs but also reduce the environmental impact. Live migration of virtual machines and their scheduling and embedding lead to enhanced efficiency of dynamic resources. The guarantee of service quality and service reliability is an indispensable and irrevocable requirement with respect to service level agreement. Hence, providing a method for reducing costs of power consumption, data transmission, bandwidth and, also, for enhancing quality of service (QoS) in cloud computing is critical. In this paper, a Big Bang–Big Crunch (BB-BC) based algorithm for embedding virtual machines in cloud computing was proposed. We have validated our approach by conducting a performance evaluation study using the CloudSim toolkit. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method not only enhances service quality, thanks to the reduction of agreement violation, but also reduces power consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Reallocation of Virtual Machines to Cloud Data Centers to Reduce Service Level Agreement Violation and Energy Consumption Using the FMT Method
Hojjat Farrahi Farimani Davoud Bahrepour Seyed Reza Kamel Tabbakh reza GhaemiDue to the increased use of cloud computing services, cloud data centers are in search of solutions in order to better provide the services demanded by their users. Virtual machine consolidation is an appropriate solution to the trade-off between power consumption and s MoreDue to the increased use of cloud computing services, cloud data centers are in search of solutions in order to better provide the services demanded by their users. Virtual machine consolidation is an appropriate solution to the trade-off between power consumption and service level agreement violation. The present study aimed to identify low, medium, and high load identification techniques, as well as the energy consumption and SLAv to minimize. In addition to the reduced costs of cloud providers, these techniques enhance the quality of the services demanded by the users. To this end, reallocation of resources to physical hosts was performed at the medium load level using a centralized method to classify the physical hosts. In addition, quartile was applied in each medium to reduce the energy consumption parameters and violation level. The three introduced SMT - NMT and FMT methods for reallocation of resources were tested and the best results were compared with previous methods.The proposed method was evaluated using the Cloudsim software with real Planet Lab data and five times run, the simulation results confirmed the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, which tradeoff between decreased the energy consumption and service level of agreement violation (SLAv) properly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Energy Efficient Cross Layer MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Remote Area Monitoring Applications
R Rathna L Mary Gladence J Sybi Cynthia V Maria AnuSensor nodes are typically less mobile, much limited in capabilities, and more densely deployed than the traditional wired networks as well as mobile ad-hoc networks. General Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are designed with electro-mechanical sensors through wireless d MoreSensor nodes are typically less mobile, much limited in capabilities, and more densely deployed than the traditional wired networks as well as mobile ad-hoc networks. General Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are designed with electro-mechanical sensors through wireless data communication. Nowadays the WSN has become ubiquitous. WSN is used in combination with Internet of Things and in many Big Data applications, it is used in the lower layer for data collection. It is deployed in combination with several high end networks. All the higher layer networks and application layer services depend on the low level WSN in the deployment site. So to achieve energy efficiency in the overall network some simplification strategies have to be carried out not only in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer but also in the network and transport layers. An energy efficient algorithm for scheduling and clustering is proposed and described in detail. The proposed methodology clusters the nodes using a traditional yet simplified approach of hierarchically sorting the sensor nodes. Few important works on cross layer protocols for WSNs are reviewed and an attempt to modify their pattern has also been presented in this paper with results. Comparison with few prominent protocols in this domain has also been made. As a result of the comparison one would get a basic idea of using which type of scheduling algorithm for which type of monitoring applications. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Optimal Clustering-based Routing Protocol Using Self-Adaptive Multi-Objective TLBO For Wireless Sensor Network
Ali Sedighimanesh Hessam Zandhessami Mahmood Alborzi Mohammadsadegh KhayyatianWireless sensor networks consist of many fixed or mobile, non-rechargeable, low-cost, and low-consumption nodes. Energy consumption is one of the most important challenges due to the non-rechargeability or high cost of sensor nodes. Hence, it is of great importance to a MoreWireless sensor networks consist of many fixed or mobile, non-rechargeable, low-cost, and low-consumption nodes. Energy consumption is one of the most important challenges due to the non-rechargeability or high cost of sensor nodes. Hence, it is of great importance to apply some methods to reduce the energy consumption of sensors. The use of clustering-based routing is a method that reduces the energy consumption of sensors. In the present article, the Self-Adaptive Multi-objective TLBO (SAMTLBO) algorithm is applied to select the optimal cluster headers. After this process, the sensors become the closest components to cluster headers and send the data to their cluster headers. Cluster headers receive, aggregate, and send data to the sink in multiple steps using the TLBO-TS hybrid algorithm that reduces the energy consumption of the cluster heads when sending data to the sink and, ultimately, an increase in the wireless sensor network’s lifetime. The simulation results indicate that our proposed protocol (OCRP) show better performance by 35%, 17%, and 12% compared to ALSPR, CRPD, and COARP algorithms, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the limited energy of sensors, the use of meta-heuristic methods in clustering and routing improves network performance and increases the wireless sensor network's lifetime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Investigating the Information and Communication Technology Deployment Impact on Energy Expenditures of Iranian households (A Provincial Approach)
Elham Hosseinzadeh َAmir Hossein MozayaniNowadays, investing in information and communication technology (ICT) is inevitable, because it affects various aspects of human life, including the economy. Due to the rapid growth of population, increasing energy demand, and limited energy resources, one of the bas MoreNowadays, investing in information and communication technology (ICT) is inevitable, because it affects various aspects of human life, including the economy. Due to the rapid growth of population, increasing energy demand, and limited energy resources, one of the basic measures to achieve sustainable development in countries, is optimization and reform of energy consumption structures. Given that the home sector is one of the main sectors of energy consumption, one of the effective approaches in reducing and managing household energy expenditures is to use ICT capabilities. In this regard, in this study, the effect of ICT expansion on energy consumption of urban households in Iran using the Panel Data method and GLS model during the period 2008-2015 and in the form of provincial data has been analyzed. The results indicate that in some models, a significant reducing effect of ICT on energy expenditure was observed. However, in most of the estimated models, there is no significant reducing effect of ICT on household energy expenditure. It seems that the main reasons for this are the subsidy structure governing energy prices, the low share of energy in total household consumption expenditures, the lack of proper consumption culture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Dynamic Tree- Based Routing: Applied in Wireless Sensor Network and IOT
Mehdi KhazaeiThe Internet of Things (IOT) has advanced in parallel with the wireless sensor network (WSN) and the WSN is an IOT empowerment. The IOT, through the internet provides the connection between the defined objects in apprehending and supervising the environment. In some app MoreThe Internet of Things (IOT) has advanced in parallel with the wireless sensor network (WSN) and the WSN is an IOT empowerment. The IOT, through the internet provides the connection between the defined objects in apprehending and supervising the environment. In some applications, the IOT is converted into WSN with the same descriptions and limitations. Working with WSN is limited to energy, memory and computational ability of the sensor nodes. This makes the energy consumption to be wise if protection of network reliability is sought. The newly developed and effective hierarchical and clustering techniques are to overcome these limitations. The method proposed in this article, regarding energy consumption reduction is tree-based hierarchical technique, used clustering based on dynamic structure. In this method, the location-based and time-based properties of the sensor nodes are applied leading to provision of a greedy method as to form the subtree leaves. The rest of the tree structure up to the root, would be formed by applying the centrality concept in the network theory by the base station. The simulation reveals that the scalability and fairness parameter in energy consumption compare to the similar method has improved, thus, prolonged network lifetime and reliability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Investigating the structure and evolution of the innovation network of catching-up countries in the field of solar energy using patent citations analysis
Mahboubeh Nourizadeh Tahereh Saheb Shaghayegh Sahraee Ali MalekiOver the past three decades, research has focused on how and under what conditions latecomers have been able to become major producers of new technologies, such as renewable energy, and make technological catch-up in this area. This is emphasized for developing countrie MoreOver the past three decades, research has focused on how and under what conditions latecomers have been able to become major producers of new technologies, such as renewable energy, and make technological catch-up in this area. This is emphasized for developing countries because, on the one hand, the greatest growth in energy demand in the coming years will be in these countries, and on the other hand, it is a green window of opportunity for other developing countries to learn and work towards catching-up in these areas. In this research, from the perspective of global innovation networks, the technological approach was investigated by analyzing the structure and evolution of the solar energy innovation network using patent citation analysis. For this purpose, patents in this field were extracted and cleared from the Derwent Innovation over a period 1980-2017. Then, a citation network was formed and the topological structure and country-level indicator were examined using social network analysis methods. The results showed that countries that were able to gradually increase their absorption capacity by joining the global innovation network and moving in the path of technology of leading countries by increasing citations to their patents, could able to be producers of knowledge and granted high quality patents which have been increasingly cited by other countries. These countries found a special place in the network as intermediaries for the diffusion of technology and succeeded in technological catch-up. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Applying the Entrepreneurial Approach to Create Business Model for Energy Supplying Businesses Case study; International Gas Market
amirhooshang karami Seyed Mojtaba Sajjadi Seyyed Reza Hejazi asgar khademvataniSustainability of energy supplying in the world depends on the quality of its utilization, optimal planning and usage strategies. One of the most important sources of clean, inexpensive and affordable energy is Natural Gas. While production of this source by producer co MoreSustainability of energy supplying in the world depends on the quality of its utilization, optimal planning and usage strategies. One of the most important sources of clean, inexpensive and affordable energy is Natural Gas. While production of this source by producer countries, such as Iran, is constantly increasing (about 4 percent annually) and more than 30 million tons per year, but the "Energy Deprived Population" is an undeniable fact that has hit billions of inhabitants the planet does not have access to safe and clean energy. Precisely, about 3 billion people in the world do not have access to clean and sustainable energy. From the economic point of view, in case of proper planning and applying the appropriate Business Models, gas supply and demand, while achieving the optimal balance point, will have a more stable status in the long run, despite better cash flow and turnover. On the other hand, a large part of the social, economic and environmental problems which are caused by the abuse of natural resources of energy in various societies; enforces the Gas exporting countries to think and find innovative Business Models to overcome such issues. Undoubtedly, one effective approach that effectively affects the energy exporters on target markets and will able them to develop the market is Entrepreneurial Marketing and its application in new Business Models. In this research, has been attempted based on entrepreneurial approach, innovative and critical attitude at classical marketing (such as 4Ps) for the Gas market, thru applied methods from case studies, online resources, and companies website, by content and cross-sectional analysis have grasped the similarities and differences between selected Business Models. Then based on the overall findings and their comparison, the key features for the Business Models of energy market were presented. Analyzing of the above data has led to introduce the foundations for creating a Business Model to meet the basic needs of a deprived energy community, which will bring prosperity for the target population and open a large and untapped socioeconomic market for the energy exporters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Explaining productive organizational energy using force field analysis
علیرضا حسین بیگی Saiedeh Nosratabadi Abbas Shoul Hossein ArmanOrganizational energy is a renewable resource that is the basis for measuring organizational performance whose its level and intensity can influence on employee performance. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that inhibits and forces the productive o MoreOrganizational energy is a renewable resource that is the basis for measuring organizational performance whose its level and intensity can influence on employee performance. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that inhibits and forces the productive organizational energy in the form of force field analysis. In this study, 17 experts of the office of Melli Bank branch affaires were used by qualitative content analysis method. The results of this exploratory study showed that the main factors of driving productive organizational energy included recognition, management support, reward, and trust. The main barriers to productive organizational energy were also cumbersome laws, disorder, lack of resources, and work / life imbalances. The implications of these findings are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - (Identify the Factors Which Are Affecting to Exploit the International Entrepereuniral Opportunities in Energy Supply Businesses (Case of Study: National Iranian Gas Company
amirhooshang karami Seyed Mojtaba Sajjadi Seyedreza Hejazi asgar khademvataniInternational situation of Iran for providing energy sources to other countries, particularly Gas, it requires to pay serious attention for promoting the export supply efficiency of Gas products, and identifying factors which are affecting to exploit the international o MoreInternational situation of Iran for providing energy sources to other countries, particularly Gas, it requires to pay serious attention for promoting the export supply efficiency of Gas products, and identifying factors which are affecting to exploit the international opportunities for such companies regarding entrepreneurial approach. In this research, we try to find out these factors thru experiences and knowledge of the experts in the international Gas market. This research is qualitative and has been developed by using content analysis technique. The data was collected through open and semi-structured interviews by 15 business owners, top managers and experts of Iranian Liquefied Petroleum (LPG) export companies, which were selected by Snowball sampling method, and analyzed by content analysis encoding. According to results, the effective factors of international entrepreneurial opportunities can be categorized in four main directions: international entrepreneurial attitude, international entrepreneurial innovation and creativity, international entrepreneurial competitive distinction, and international entrepreneurial networking. Each of these four classified factors includes their own categories and subcategories which are addressed in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Wideband Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks by Using Improved Energy Detector
Y. Eghbali M. Ahmadian Attari H. HassaniIn cognitive radio networks, spectrum sensing is of a great importance in determining spectrum holes. In this paper, the impact of improved energy detector on the wideband spectrum sensing is considered for accurate detection of spectrum holes. For this end, wideband sp MoreIn cognitive radio networks, spectrum sensing is of a great importance in determining spectrum holes. In this paper, the impact of improved energy detector on the wideband spectrum sensing is considered for accurate detection of spectrum holes. For this end, wideband spectrum is sub channelized into equal non-overlapping sub-bands. Our main concern is to find the thresholds of the individual sub-bands simultaneously. By formulating the spectrum sensing problem, in terms of convex optimization one, we seek for maximizing the opportunistic aggregate throughput of cognitive users. In numerical simulation section, it is illustrated that using improved energy detector, the opportunistic aggregate throughput is improved significantly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Transmission Switching Considering Ddynamic Constraints in Joint Energy and Spinning Reserve Market
رحمت اعظمیIn this paper a joint energy and reserve market with transmission switching considering dynamic constraints has been proposed to minimize the cost of supplying load, reliability expenses and avoidance of transient instability in line switching. Transmission switching i MoreIn this paper a joint energy and reserve market with transmission switching considering dynamic constraints has been proposed to minimize the cost of supplying load, reliability expenses and avoidance of transient instability in line switching. Transmission switching is used during contingencies and steady state to determine optimal required energy and reserve values. To investigate the efficiency of the proposed strategy IEEE 14 bus test is studied. According to the obtained results, this strategy decreases energy and reserve marginal prices, as well as reliability cost. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Distributed Energy Resource Expansion Planning Considering Supporting Policies
A. Sheikhi Fini M. Parsa-Moghaddam Mohammad Kazem Sheikh El EslamiThis paper proposes a comprehensive framework for distributed energy resource (DER) expansion planning from investors’ viewpoint based on a combination of dynamic programming algorithm and game theory. In this framework, different aspects of DER planning i.e. their unce MoreThis paper proposes a comprehensive framework for distributed energy resource (DER) expansion planning from investors’ viewpoint based on a combination of dynamic programming algorithm and game theory. In this framework, different aspects of DER planning i.e. their uncertainties, risks, pollution, etc. are included. Wind turbines, gas engines and demand response (DR) programs are considered as DERs in this study. The intermittent nature and uncertainty of wind power generation and also uncertainty of demand response programs will cause the investors to consider risk in their investment decisions. In order to overcome this problem, a modified model has been derived to study the regulatory intervention impacts on wind expansion planning and implementing DR programs. Dynamic programming method is utilized for this problem solving and in each step, the Nash equilibrium point is calculated using Cournot model. A model based on intermittent nature of wind power generation and uncertainties of DR programs is developed which can calculate the optimal investment strategies. The effectiveness of the proposed model is proved through implementing on a test system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Wind Farm Layout Optimization with Emphasis on the Wake Effect
A. Farajipoor F. Faghihi R. SharifiConstruction of wind farms rise for wind energy capture as a renewable energy around the world. The purpose of wind farm layout optimization, absorb maximum energy from wind farms. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm is presented to maximize the expected energy output MoreConstruction of wind farms rise for wind energy capture as a renewable energy around the world. The purpose of wind farm layout optimization, absorb maximum energy from wind farms. In this paper, a new hybrid algorithm is presented to maximize the expected energy output. Considerations of algorithm wake loss, which is based on wind turbine location and wind direction. The proposed model is illustrated with a scenario of the wind speed and its direction distribution of windy sites and is compared with ant colony algorithm and evolutionary strategy algorithm in six steps layout. The results show that the combination of ant colony algorithm and genetic algorithm performs better than existing strategies based on maximum values of the expected energy output and wake loss. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - An Investigation on the Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources in the Generation Expansion Planning Framework from Social Welfare Perspective
H. Sadeghi M. Rashidinejad A. AbdollahiNowadays, it is clear to everyone that climate change has posed a huge threat to human welfare. Hence, the growth of demand for electricity as well as the dependence of power sector to the fossil fuel sources has converted the electrical energy sector into one of the mo MoreNowadays, it is clear to everyone that climate change has posed a huge threat to human welfare. Hence, the growth of demand for electricity as well as the dependence of power sector to the fossil fuel sources has converted the electrical energy sector into one of the most important areas suitable for applying the restrictions and implementation of the solutions provided to mitigate greenhouse gases. Enacting different incentive-based support schemes pursuing the promotion of renewable energy sources along with emission reduction in power generation sector is treated as one the main provided solutions. In this paper, from various points of view, such as environmental issues, power sector investors’ profit and the surplus of electricity consumers, the effect of renewable penetration rate growth under implementation of incentive-based policies is evaluated in a long-term generation expansion planning framework by employing the concept of Bergson-Samuelson social welfare function. To achieve this aim, first, a comprehensive generation expansion planning model, faced by a generation company, is proposed, as the effect of one on the most popular policies, namely emission trading system, is incorporated into the model. As a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, the model is solved through two different scenarios using the GMAS optimization package. Then, regarding the obtained optimized expansion strategies, aforementioned viewpoints are assessed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Multi-Human Face Detection Using Gabor Filters and Neural Networks in Internet Images
R. Mohammadian M. MahloujiThis paper presents a new method for multi human face detection from frontal view in internet images with complex background. The main goal is to reduce false acceptance error rate using feed forward back propagation multilayer perceptron neural network and Gabor energy MoreThis paper presents a new method for multi human face detection from frontal view in internet images with complex background. The main goal is to reduce false acceptance error rate using feed forward back propagation multilayer perceptron neural network and Gabor energy feature in the frequency domain. In the proposed method, the false acceptance error extremely decreased using a combination of three operations; introducing a new preprocessing algorithm to increase the quality of Gabor energy feature, performing two step monitoring on the input and output images, and utilizing three indexes of facial components recognition in Gabor energy output. In this paper, a new image database namely RFD is collected from internet images including 583 non repetitive face images and 9961 non face images with size of 192×168. The face detection accuracy of the proposed method on RFD images is 88.16% with false acceptance rate of 0.48% or 48 false acceptances only, while Viola-Jones algorithm has 124 false acceptances. Therefore, the false acceptance error of the proposed method has reduced by 2.5 times compared to that of Viola-Jones algorithm. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Sentiment Analysis of Persian Documents using Optimal Transform Domain
A. Pourmasoumi H. Sadoghi Yazdi H. Ghaemi Z. DelkhastehWith development of web-based interactions such as social networks, personal blogs, surveys and user comments, sentiment analysis and opinion mining has become an important research domain in computer science. Up to now, many approaches have been proposed for analysis o MoreWith development of web-based interactions such as social networks, personal blogs, surveys and user comments, sentiment analysis and opinion mining has become an important research domain in computer science. Up to now, many approaches have been proposed for analysis of sense using machine learning and natural language processing techniques. In this paper, we used the distribution of words in the collection of documents as new criteria for analyzing sentiment. In proposed approach, we model an optimal transform domain over words distribution with two goals: maximizing spectral energy of class at low frequencies and maximizing spectral energy of at high frequencies. Using optimal transform domain, we can map data from frequency domain into Fourier domain and easily distinguish optimism and pessimism patterns. For this purpose, we use samples’ profiles of class which have low-frequency components. Assuming the contrast of the spectrum of two classes and, maximizing the spectral energy of class will be satisfied. We have performed this approach for English and Persian documents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Control Strategy Presentation for DG Resources Power Injection in Order to Reduce Harmonic Distortion and Unbalanced Current Simultaneously Based on EMO-RLS Algorithm
F. Faghihi soodabeh Soleymani M. Mollazadeh ShahroudiIn this paper a control technique for renewable energy resources–grid interface is proposed based on extended multi output-recursive least square (EMO-RLS) algorithm considering active power management and harmonic, unbalanced and reactive current components elimination MoreIn this paper a control technique for renewable energy resources–grid interface is proposed based on extended multi output-recursive least square (EMO-RLS) algorithm considering active power management and harmonic, unbalanced and reactive current components elimination. The proposed method is evaluated via MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Firstly, an artificial three-phase unbalanced harmonic signal is generated. It will be transmitted to different estimators for their outputs comparison. The results indicate proper performance of the suggested structure for active harmonic symmetrical components analysis in comparison with the other traditional methods. Also, its dynamic operation in tracking of load current variations is evaluated employing EMO–RLS algorithm for control system of a DG source interface. It illustrates the active power injection to the grid is managed, as well as the harmonic, unbalance and reactive current components, are decreased simultaneously. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Optimal Economic Scheduling of Islanding Microgrid Considering Renewable Energy Sources (Wind Turbine and Photovoltaic System), Battery and Hydrogen Storage System in the Presence of the Demand Response Program
A. Mehdizadeh N. TaghizadeganMicrogrid (MG) supplied its local load with distributed energy resources at the low voltage system in distribution networks. Microgrid can be used in parts that are not allowed access to the electricity network with low investment cost. The used islanding MG in this res MoreMicrogrid (MG) supplied its local load with distributed energy resources at the low voltage system in distribution networks. Microgrid can be used in parts that are not allowed access to the electricity network with low investment cost. The used islanding MG in this research includes wind turbine and photovoltaic systems as renewable energy sources and hydrogen storage system (HSS). This paper proposes a new energy management strategy (EMS) for MG in the presence of the HSS considering the power uncertainties of renewable energy sources. The objective of proposed EMS is to minimize the operating costs of batteries, HSS and the costs associated with excess and undelivered energy considering the supplied load constraints. The considered technical constraints in this paper contain renewable energy sources limits and battery and HSS constraints. HSS includes electrolyzer (EL), hydrogen tanks and fuel cell (FC). Demand response program (DRP) is used to flat the load curve and optimal operation of MG. The proposed model on a MG is been implemented in GAMS software. The simulation results show that the operation cost of MG reduced by using of HSS and DRP. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Optimal Sitting and Sizing of Renewable Energy Sources and Charging Stations Simultaneously Based on Improved GA-PSO Algorithm
M. Rezaei Mozafar M. Rezaei MozafarDue to the stochastic nature of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EV) load demand, large scale penetration of these resources in the power systems can stress the reliable network performance, such as reducing power quality, increasing power losses, a MoreDue to the stochastic nature of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EV) load demand, large scale penetration of these resources in the power systems can stress the reliable network performance, such as reducing power quality, increasing power losses, and voltage deviations. These challenges must be minimized by optimal planning based on the variable output from RES to meet the additional demand caused by EV charging. In this paper, a novel method for optimal locating and sizing of RES and EV charging stations simultaneously and managing vehicle charging process is provided. A multi-objective optimization problem is formulated to obtain objective variables in order to reduce power losses, voltage fluctuations, charging and demand supplying costs, and EV battery cost. In this optimization problem, the location and capacity of RES and EV charging stations are the objective variables. Coefficients which are dependent on wind speed, solar radiation, and hourly peak demand ratio for the management of the EV charging pattern in low load hours are introduced. GA-PSO hybrid improved optimization algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem in five different scenarios. The performance of the proposed method on IEEE 33-bus system has been investigated to validate the effectiveness of the novel GA-PSO method to optimal sitting and sizing of RES and EV charging stations simultaneously Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Next Hop Selection to Configuring the Route in LEAP Protocol Based on Fuzzy Logic in WSNs
Vahid Sattari-Naeini F. MovahhediSince in wireless sensor networks, selection of next hop is critical in attack avoidance and lowering the power consumption, a method based on fuzzy logic is proposed in this paper considering status and report transmission of the nodes. In this method, the next hop is MoreSince in wireless sensor networks, selection of next hop is critical in attack avoidance and lowering the power consumption, a method based on fuzzy logic is proposed in this paper considering status and report transmission of the nodes. In this method, the next hop is selected considering four factors, based on fuzzy logic system. These factors, indicating four optimized parameters; i.e., degree of node proximity to the shortest path, degree of node proximity to the sink, residual energy ratio of each node, and the number of false filtered messages. This method leads to an increase in energy level as well as maintaining security level in comparison with LEAP protocol. Meanwhile, it is possible to identify safe paths. Comparing with other related methods, it is shown that this method leads to significant reduction in energy consumption level and consequently the life-time of the network is increased. Meanwhile with selecting the appropriate next hop, packet drops are reduced as well. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Optimal Operation of AC Microgrid in the Presence of Plug-in Electric Vehicles under Demand Side Managemen
A. Mehdizadeh N. Taghizadegan J. SalehiIn the recent years, integrations of renewable energy sources as well as plug-in electric vehicles are increased in the AC microgrid. Also, demand side management can be used to manage peak load in order to improve optimal performance of AC microgrid. Therefore, this pa MoreIn the recent years, integrations of renewable energy sources as well as plug-in electric vehicles are increased in the AC microgrid. Also, demand side management can be used to manage peak load in order to improve optimal performance of AC microgrid. Therefore, this paper proposes optimal operation of AC microgrid in the presence of plug-in electric vehicles under demand side management. The proposed model describes optimal operation of microgrid including the exchange power with the upstream grid, the production of DG units including wind turbines, battery storage, diesel generators, charging and discharging of electric vehicles and the manner of participation of large industrial consumers and aggregators of small consumers in demand side management that minimize the operation cost of microgrid. The proposed formulation is considered the mathematical model of various energy sources in a microgrid and the AC load flow constraints and the bus voltage and feeder current limitations has been considered.In the proposed model, charge and discharge management of plug-in electric vehicles and demand side management are simultaneously proposed to reduce operation cost of AC microgrid subject to technical and economic constraints. A 33-bus microgrid is used as test system in order to investigate effects of plug-in electric vehicles and demand side management on optimal operation of AC microgrid. The proposed model is formulated via mixed-integer non-linear programming which is solved using CPLEX solver under GAMS optimization software. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Priority-Based Task Scheduling Using Fuzzy System in Mobile Edge Computing
Entesar Hosseini Mohsen Nickray SH. GH.Mobile edge computing (MEC) are new issues to improve latency, capacity and available resources in Mobile cloud computing (MCC). Mobile resources, including battery and CPU, have limited capacity. So enabling computation-intensive and latency-critical applications are i MoreMobile edge computing (MEC) are new issues to improve latency, capacity and available resources in Mobile cloud computing (MCC). Mobile resources, including battery and CPU, have limited capacity. So enabling computation-intensive and latency-critical applications are important issue in MEC. In this paper, we use a standard three-level system model of mobile devices, edge and cloud, and propose two offloading and scheduling algorithms. A decision-making algorithm for offloading tasks is based on the greedy Knapsack offloading algorithm (GKOA) on the mobile device side, which selects tasks with high power consumption for offloading and it saves energy consumption of the device. On the MEC side, we also present a dynamic scheduling algorithm with fuzzy-based priority task scheduling (FPTS) for prioritizing and scheduling tasks based on two criteria. Numerical results show that our proposed work compared to other methods and reduces the waiting time, latency and system overhead. Also, provides the balance of the system with the least number of resources. And the proposed system reduces battery consumption in the smart device by up to 90%. The results show that more than 92% of tasks are executed successfully in the edge environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - A New Multiport DC-DC Converter Based on T-Source for PV-Battery Applications
saber zare A. Rajaei M. R. Kheyrati Mohammad MardanehA new structure of multi-port DC-DC converter is proposed which is based on T-Source converter. It can be used for hybrid renewable energy applications. Two input ports includes a solar panel and battery. The main advantages of the converter are including; high voltag MoreA new structure of multi-port DC-DC converter is proposed which is based on T-Source converter. It can be used for hybrid renewable energy applications. Two input ports includes a solar panel and battery. The main advantages of the converter are including; high voltage gain, continuous input current, independent mode operation of input ports, and high efficiency. Different switching modes are discussed in the relations for steady state operation of the converter are derived. A prototype of the converter is provided and several tests are performed which validates the simulations and theoretical predictions of the converter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Investigation and Analysis of a Soft Switching Multi-Input Converter for Renewable Energy Sources
B. Mazaheri Tehrani M. Khorram Dashti B. Raeisi احسان اديبRenewable energy sources cannot provide load power continuously which is an important challenge in applying these sources. Therefore, usually several renewable sources; such as, solar cells and fuel cells are applied simultaneously. A converter can be applied for each s MoreRenewable energy sources cannot provide load power continuously which is an important challenge in applying these sources. Therefore, usually several renewable sources; such as, solar cells and fuel cells are applied simultaneously. A converter can be applied for each source which results in high implementation cost. Therefore, multi input converters are used to reduce cost and volume of the system. In this paper, a new soft switching multi input converter is proposed. In this converter by applying one additional switch, soft switching is achieved for all main switches. The proposed converter is analyzed and design considerations are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Wireless Powered Communication System Design with Nonlinear Energy Harvester
مهرنوش میرحاج مریم مسجدی محمدفرزان صباحیIn this paper, a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) is considered, in which the hybrid access point (HAP) and the users are equipped with multiple antennas.In the downlink phase, an energy HAP transfers the energy signal to the users and in the uplink phase, MoreIn this paper, a wireless powered communication network (WPCN) is considered, in which the hybrid access point (HAP) and the users are equipped with multiple antennas.In the downlink phase, an energy HAP transfers the energy signal to the users and in the uplink phase, users apply the harvested energy to transfer their information to the HAP using spatial division multiple access (SDMA) technology. By considering the nonlinear behavior of energy harvester in system design and aiming to maximize the sum of the rates, we propose an optimal method for designing energy pre-coding matrices, user information pre-coding matrices, and time devoted to the downlink and uplink phases. For this purpose, we rewrite the problem as a convex optimization problem by appropriate change of variables and propose a method to solve it. The simulation results show that in practical scenarios, employing the nonlinear energy harvesting model in the system design could reduce the transmitted energy, increase and the sum rate of the users. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - An Efficient Approach to Reduce Energy Consumption in Internet of Things Routing
M. Asgari M. Fathy Mohammad Shahverdy M. Soheili NayerThe Internet of Things (IOT) is a new concept in the area of monitoring information transmission and remote control of things, existents and equipment that has been able to adapt itself with different industries and substructures easily. The information transmission wit MoreThe Internet of Things (IOT) is a new concept in the area of monitoring information transmission and remote control of things, existents and equipment that has been able to adapt itself with different industries and substructures easily. The information transmission with regard to the non-homogenous environment of internet of things has been a challengeable topic and use of routing methods by considering the limitations of processing, calculating, saving and communicating has been known as a necessary issue. Various algorithms with special applications have been already introduced in the domain of internet of things and wireless sensor networks that each one somehow has been successful in achieving the routing goals. Some proposed protocols in this field have used a tree structure for gathering the network information. These methods in selecting the parent or children of graph are affected by important challenges depending on the type of application. In this paper, at first, a general classification of advantages and defects of recent methods has been done in the domain of routing the internet of things and then a routing method service quality awareness in routing based on fuzzy system has been suggested. The results of simulations and assessment express that the suggested method in the tests of energy productivity, delay ratio and data delivery ratio have better performance than the recent methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Optimal Allocation of Battery Energy Storage in Distribution Network for Maximum Profitability
mohammad rasol jannesar mohsen kalantar A. R. SedighiIn this paper, the optimal allocation of battery energy storage in the distribution network is performed for peak shaving and maximizing profitability. To this end, indicator shave been introduced using hourly load information, feeder upgrade cost and electricity sales MoreIn this paper, the optimal allocation of battery energy storage in the distribution network is performed for peak shaving and maximizing profitability. To this end, indicator shave been introduced using hourly load information, feeder upgrade cost and electricity sales price to various tariffs. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the indicators are weighted and a suitable feeder is indicated for installing energy storage. Then, to achieve the maximum possible peak shaving and maximize profit, an economic objective function is defined to determine the optimal sizing and charge-discharge of the energy storage. The objective function includes the investment and operating cost of battery energy storage and the profits of energy arbitrage, deferring facility investment, environmental issues, and reducing the upstream access cost. Appropriate constraints are considered according to the peak shaving, range of battery power and energy capacity as well as balance in the amount of charge and discharge. Due to the nonlinearity of the objective function, the components involved in the nonlinearity of the objective function are determined according to the heuristic algorithms (Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Tabu Search (TS)) and then the objective function is solved by the Interior-point linear programming. The results provide the most suitable battery type and optimization method among the introduced batteries and methods while fulfilling the objectives. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Proposing a Novel Write Circuit to Reduce Energy and Delay of Writing Operations in STT-MRAM Memories Using the Temperature Method
امیرمحمد حاجی صادقی حمیدرضا زرندی Sh. JalilianWith the advancement of technology and the shrinking dimensions of transistors in CMOS technology, several challenges have arisen. One of the main concerns in using CMOS-based memory is the high power consumption of this type of memory. Therefore, new and non-volatile m MoreWith the advancement of technology and the shrinking dimensions of transistors in CMOS technology, several challenges have arisen. One of the main concerns in using CMOS-based memory is the high power consumption of this type of memory. Therefore, new and non-volatile memories were introduced to address the shortcomings of conventional volatile memory. One of the emerging non-volatile technologies is STT-MRAM memory, an effective and efficient alternative to conventional memory such as SRAMs due to low leakage power, high density, and short access time. The positive features of STT-MRAMs make it possible to use them at different memory hierarchy levels, especially the cache level. However, STT-MRAMs suffer from high write energy. In this paper, we present a new write circuit using the temperature method; in addition to improving the high write energy, write delay is also improved. The proposed circuit lead to 22.5% and 18.62% improvement in energy and writing delay, respectively, compared to the existing methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Non-Isolated DC / DC Converter with High Voltage Gain and Appropriate Efficiency in High Transfer Power with New Soft Switching Structure
Omid sharifiyana majid dehghani Ghazanfar Shahgholian S.M. Mehdi Mirtalaei Masoud JabbariOne of the main limitations of using renewable energies for electricity generation is the low output voltage of power plants with renewable energies. Therefore, the design of a converter with higher gain voltage and higher efficiency is important in the use of renewable MoreOne of the main limitations of using renewable energies for electricity generation is the low output voltage of power plants with renewable energies. Therefore, the design of a converter with higher gain voltage and higher efficiency is important in the use of renewable energies. In this paper, a new topology that simultaneously has the structure of a boost converter can minimize switching losses by conventional soft switching methods and is also able to reduce voltage stress on diodes and switches Keep to an acceptable level. A simple boost converter can Increase the output voltage significantly by adding a parallel branch by generating a series resonance and enables zero voltage switching at the same time. Suggested converter without adding active element to converter with simple non-isolated structure at 500 watts and 385 volts it has a voltage gain factor of about 10.8 and efficiency of over 93%. The results show the performance simulation of the proposed converter for different performance modes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Assessment of Demand Side Resources Potential in Presence of Cooling and Heating Equipment Using Data Mining Method Based Upon K-Means Clustering Algorithm
fatemeh sheibani M. Mollahassani-pour هنگامه کشاورزUnder the smart power systems, determining the amount of Demand Response Resources(DRRs) potential is considered as a crucial issue due to affecting in all energy policy decisions. In this paper, the potential of DRRs in presence of cooling and heating equipment are ide MoreUnder the smart power systems, determining the amount of Demand Response Resources(DRRs) potential is considered as a crucial issue due to affecting in all energy policy decisions. In this paper, the potential of DRRs in presence of cooling and heating equipment are identified using k-means clustering algorithm as a data mining technique. In this regard, the energy consumption dataset are categorized in different clusters by k-means algorithm based upon variations of energy price and ambient temperature during peak hours of hot (Spring and Summer) and cold (Autumn and Winter) periods. Then, the clusters with the possibility of cooling and heating equipment’s commitment are selected. After that, the confidence interval diagram of energy consumption in elected clusters is provided based upon energy price variations. The nominal potential of DRRs, i.e. flexible load, will be obtained regarding the maximum and minimum differences between the average of energy consumption in upper and middle thresholds of the confidence interval diagram. The energy consumption, ambient temperature and energy price related to BOSTON electricity network over a six-year horizon time is utilized to evaluate the proposed model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - A Semi-Central Method to Improve Energy Saving in Real Wireless Sensor Networks Using Clustering and Mobile Sinks
Fatemeh Sadeghi Sepideh Adabi Sahar AdabiApplying a hierarchical routing approach based on clustering technique and mobile sink has a great impact on reducing energy consumption in WSN. Two important issues in designing such an approach are cluster head selection and optimal allocation of mobile sinks to criti MoreApplying a hierarchical routing approach based on clustering technique and mobile sink has a great impact on reducing energy consumption in WSN. Two important issues in designing such an approach are cluster head selection and optimal allocation of mobile sinks to critical regions (i.e., regions those have low remaining energy and thus, high risk of energy hole problem). The limited number of mobile sinks should be utilized due to a high cost. Therefore, allocating the limited number of mobile sinks to the high amount of requests received from the critical regions is categorized as a NP-hard problem. Most of the previous studies address this problem by using heuristic methods which are carried out by sensor nodes. However, this type of solutions cannot be implemented in real WSN due to the sensors’ current technology and their limited processing capability. In other words, these are just theoretical solutions. Consequently, a semi-central genetic algorithm based method using mobile sink and clustering technique is proposed in order to find a trade-off between reduction of computation load on the sensors and increasing accuracy. In our method, lightweight computations are separated from heavyweight computations. While, the former computations are carried out by sensors, the latter are carried out by base station. Following activities are done by the authors: 1) cluster head selection by using effective environmental parameters and defining cost function of cluster membership, 2) mathematical modeling of a region’s chance to achieve mobile sink, and 3) designing a fitness function to evaluate the fitness of each allocation of mobile sinks to the critical regions in genetic algorithm. Furthermore, in our activities minimizing the number and length of messages are focused. In summary, the main distinguishing feature of the proposed method is that it can be implemented in real WSN (due to separation of lightweight computations from heavyweight computations) with respect to early mentioned objectives. The simulation results show the better performance of the proposed method compared to comparison bases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Design and Simulation of a New Micro-Displacement Sensor Based on Negative Refraction Photonic Crystal
K. FasihiIn this paper, design and simulation of a new micro-displacement sensor based on photonic crystal fixed and movable segments is presented. It has been shown that using negative refraction photonic crystal in the fixed segment, the transmitted power is concentrated on th MoreIn this paper, design and simulation of a new micro-displacement sensor based on photonic crystal fixed and movable segments is presented. It has been shown that using negative refraction photonic crystal in the fixed segment, the transmitted power is concentrated on the entrance of the movable segment, and the sensor specifications are improved. Based on the FDTD simulation results, the sensitivity, the operational displacement range and the regression coefficient of the proposed sensor are 1.1 (a-1), 0.35a and 0.99848, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed sensor has a good performance and could well be used in micro-displacement measuring systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Reliable and Energy Efficient Deployment Optimization of Internet of Things Applications in Cloud and Fog Infrastructure by Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm
Yaser Ramzanpoor میرسعید حسینی شیروانیDeployment applications of internet of things (IoT) in fog infrastructure as cloud complementary leads effectively computing resource saving in cloud infrastructure. Recent research efforts are investigating on how to better exploit fog capabilities for execution and su MoreDeployment applications of internet of things (IoT) in fog infrastructure as cloud complementary leads effectively computing resource saving in cloud infrastructure. Recent research efforts are investigating on how to better exploit fog capabilities for execution and supporting IoT applications. Also, the distribution of an application’s components on the possible minimum number of fog nodes for the sake of reduction in power consumption leads degradation of the service reliability level. In this paper, a hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm based on cuckoo search algorithm is presented for static deployment the components of IoT applications on fog infrastructure in the aim of trade-off between efficient power usage, reduction in the effect of one point of failure and boosting the application reliability against failure. The results of simulations show that the proposed approach in this paper reduces the power consumption of fog network and meets the quality of service requirement of IoT application with the high reliability level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Provide an Energy-aware Markov Based Model for Dynamic Placement of Virtual Machines in Cloud Data Centers
mehdi rajabzadeh Abolfazl Toroghi Haghighat Amir Masoud RahmaniThe use of energy-conscious solutions is one of the important research topics in the field of cloud computing. By effectively using virtual machine placement and aggregation algorithms, cloud suppliers will be able to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, a new mode MoreThe use of energy-conscious solutions is one of the important research topics in the field of cloud computing. By effectively using virtual machine placement and aggregation algorithms, cloud suppliers will be able to reduce energy consumption. In this paper, a new model is presented that seeks to achieve the desired results by improving the algorithms and providing appropriate methods. Periodic monitoring of resource status, proper analysis of the data obtained, and prediction of the critical state of the servers using the proposed Markov model have reduced the number of unnecessary migrations as much as possible. The combination of genetic algorithm and simulated annealing in the replacement section along with the definition of the adsorbent Markov chain has resulted in better and faster performance of the proposed algorithm. Simulations performed in different scenarios in CloudSim show that compared to the best algorithm compared, at low, medium and high load, energy consumption has decreased significantly. Violations of service level agreements also fell by an average of 17 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - A Two-Step Stochastic Linear Programming Approach for Microgrid Resources and Energy Storage Management with Real-Time Pricing Program Using Salp Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Mohsen Sarami مجيد معظمي غضنفر شاهقلیانIntegrating renewable resources to provide local load has created a concept called microgrid. With the widespread introduction of microgrids, energy management and system utilization and resources in the electricity market are important tasks of microgrid management. In MoreIntegrating renewable resources to provide local load has created a concept called microgrid. With the widespread introduction of microgrids, energy management and system utilization and resources in the electricity market are important tasks of microgrid management. In this paper, the problem of microgrid utilization is modeled taking into account economic, technical and uncertainties related to power consumption, wind speed and solar radiation in electricity market conditions. One of the most important issues in the electricity market is the discussion of the participation of units in real price conditions. In this paper, a framework for the exploitation of electricity and the consumption of controllable loads through integrated utilization of distributed energy sources of uncertainty is presented from a consumer perspective. The optimization problem is a two-step stochastic linear programming that minimized the cost of microgrid operation and expected cost of consumers considering the consumer’s requirement for controllable loads in the desire time interval and distribution company constraints that solved by using Salp swarm optimization algorithm. RBT and IBR tariffs are employed for modeling retail power market for better reflection of wholesale price volatility and avoid of the concurrent use of consumers. In this method price announced to the consumers by retailers only is limited specific later hours instead of the entire operation period. In this condition any timing of controllable loads need to price forecasting, while this forecasting have some uncertainties. These uncertainties are modeled using Monte Carlo method for stochastic price variable scenario generation. MATLAB software is employed for simulation and verification of the proposed method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Finding the Cause of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters' Failures in Mountainous Areas of Khuzestan Province; Engineering Experiences of Analyzing Field Results in a Very Large 33 kV Network
Elaheh Mashhour Seyed Hamidreza AlemohammadThis paper presents the findings of a practical study to detect the degradation factors of metal-oxide surge arresters in a distribution network in the mountainous region of Izeh, which experiences two warm and temperate climates annually. The surge arresters have defec MoreThis paper presents the findings of a practical study to detect the degradation factors of metal-oxide surge arresters in a distribution network in the mountainous region of Izeh, which experiences two warm and temperate climates annually. The surge arresters have defected in both periods when the network operating conditions and weather conditions are completely different. However, the appearance of the defected surge arresters in these periods is different. In this paper, by simulating the network, its permanent and transient state behaviors are analyzed. Based on the results and environmental conditions, the appropriate arresters' specifications for the network are obtained and compared with existing arresters. By considering different scenarios for ground resistance of arresters, the changes in energy absorbed by arresters are evaluated and the results are compared with those obtained in the practical reduction of ground resistance of some of arresters. By adding several arresters to the network, changes in the absorbed energy of arresters are investigated. Based on the research findings, the causes of arresters' failures in both warm and temperate periods are investigated. Finally, the findings of this research are validated by comparing the simulation results with field events, and some solutions are presented to overcome the problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - A Diagnostic Approach to Organizational Training: Using a Trichotomy Model
علی اصغر محمودی کوچکسرایی مهدی فراهانی آرش رستهمقدمThe influential factors of organizational training in a holding company affiliated to the ministry of energy examined by a diagnostic trichotomy model. Using a descriptive research inquiry a content analysis of organizational characteristics was applied. The sample was MoreThe influential factors of organizational training in a holding company affiliated to the ministry of energy examined by a diagnostic trichotomy model. Using a descriptive research inquiry a content analysis of organizational characteristics was applied. The sample was included all managers and experts that worked at the training and development department of all 90 affiliated companies which are under the holding company's directions. The means of gathering data was a series of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured/open questions and interviews. In order to content analysis, after extracting relevant concepts, themes, and contents, each items classified into one of the three (structural, behavioral, environmental/context) dimensions of the model. The results show that structural component has a more influential effect on explanation of strength and weakness of training and development activities than the other two components. In this regard, the article concluded that structural/process aspect of organizational training met with more difficulties than behavioral and context so need to pay more attention. Finally, it seems that the trichotomy model of analysis is a useful diagnostic approach to the organizational pathology and could lead to appropriate applied results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Regional Power-Aware Routing for Partially-Connected 3D Network-on-Chip
Mitra Moalemnia HadiShahriar ShahhoseiniNetwork-on-chip provides an efficient communication platform for Systems-on-chip. The static power consumption is an important issue in these networks. Switching the power supply on virtual channels during idle time is a common method for reducing the network power cons MoreNetwork-on-chip provides an efficient communication platform for Systems-on-chip. The static power consumption is an important issue in these networks. Switching the power supply on virtual channels during idle time is a common method for reducing the network power consumption. The traffic load at the network level and non-continuous idle period of virtual channel have caused the sources to be switched on and off continuously, which leads to increase in power consumption and other overheads. This will be more important, in partially connected 3D chip networks in which a limited number of vertical connections has been used. In this paper, a routing algorithm is proposed who employs an appropriate policy for packet distribution, and reduces the load distribution in the network and creates a continuous idle time for the resources, result in suitable power management in the network. In this routing scheme the network is divided to north and south region and some restriction applied in usage of elevators in each region and try to increase the utilization of the used resources as well as the ideal time of low traffic paths. The simulation results, derived by BookSim, show the proposed method improve the network power consumption by 18% to 30% comparing previous algorithms, and the network delay has been reduced by 32%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - Energy Management of Micro-Grids and Their Harmonic Compensation Through Shunt Active Filter Based on Multi-Agent Systems
Mohammad-Reza Salehi Rad Mohammad Mollaie EmamzadehIn this paper, a new energy management strategy is presented by using shunt active power filter (SAPF) in a multi-agent structure. This strategy is applied to a micro-grid connected to the grid and includes the problem of harmonic compensation. By examining the advantag MoreIn this paper, a new energy management strategy is presented by using shunt active power filter (SAPF) in a multi-agent structure. This strategy is applied to a micro-grid connected to the grid and includes the problem of harmonic compensation. By examining the advantages and disadvantages of shunt active power filters and passive filters, as well as their efficiency in the multi-agent structure for power micro-grids, the reason for using shunt active power filters in the proposed method has been determined. Also, the performance of these filters for compensating current harmonics has been compared by examining the FFT results. In the used micro-grid, wind turbine generator and solar cell generator are used as renewable energy sources (RES) and two fuel cells are used to compensate for sudden and unplanned changes in the production power of these two generators. The energy management unit manages the active and inactive state of the two fuel cells according to the production power and consumption power of the micro-grid in such a way that the power exchanged between the micro-grid and the main grid is limited within an acceptable range. The simulation results show that the proposed method using local continuous controllers (in each agent) and central discrete controller (energy management system) has been able to perform well and while providing the required power of the micro-grid, at the same time, it performs the current harmonics compensation issue correctly. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - در این مقاله به بحث وبررسی تکنولوزی حفاری با لیزر که اساسی ترین جایگزین برای حفاری دورانی می باشد ،پرداخته می شود ما ابتدا با تاریخچه کوتاهی از آزمایشاتی که قبلا در موسسات دیگر انجام شده است می پردازیم .در ادامه با ذکر پارامتر های موثر بر روی کاهش مقدار انرزی مخصوص سنگ ودر نتیجه افزایش مقدار سرعت حفاری ف به بررسی این موارد خواهیم پرداخت .موضوع دیگری که در این آزمایش به آن اشاره خواهد شد ،تاثیرات لیزر بر روی سرعت حفاری ،هزینه های حفاری وهم چنین محیط زیست می باشد .ودر آخر با داده هایی که از آزمایشات مختلفی که در طی این تحقیق بدست آمده است اثبات خواهد شد که این نوع حفاری نوین می تواند جایگزین مناسب ومقرون به صرفه ای به جای حفاری دورانی باشد .حفاری با لیزر یکی از راه کار های موثر ومناسب جهت حفاری وعملیات مشبک کاری سازند های سخت ومتراکم با عمق زیاد می باشد .یکی از مزایای استفاده از لیزر جهت حفاری چاه های نفت وگاز ،توانائئ کاهش مدت زمان حفاری می باشد .در حفاری با لیزر به جهت تماس نداشتن با سطح سنگ در حین حفاری وجلو گیری از توقف حفاری برای تعویض مته ، در مدت زمان حفاری صرفه جوئی عمده ای صورت خواهد گرفت .
مهدی بیدار بخت محسن قربانخانی محمد رضا کاظمی اسفه مهدی علی محمدیThe paper is an update to the current status of laser drilling technique – the first fundamental change to rotary drilling. We begin with a brief history of already experiment which performed by another institutes. Next, we will discuss about effective parameters on red MoreThe paper is an update to the current status of laser drilling technique – the first fundamental change to rotary drilling. We begin with a brief history of already experiment which performed by another institutes. Next, we will discuss about effective parameters on reduce specific energy thereupon increase rate of penetration. Stress has been put on the effect of laser drilling on rate of penetration, drilling costs, and waste management that we discuss about these things in this research. Finally, experiments show that this advanced laser drilling technique can be efficient and economically for exchange with current rotary drilling. Laser drilling is found to be more efficient way to drill and perforate wells through hard rock formations encountered at greater depth. One of the major advantages of laser drilling is its potential to reduce drilling time. Laser cut drilling time reduced by not contacting the rock, eliminating the need to stop and replace a bit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Joint Cooperative Spectrum Sensing and Resource Allocation in Dynamic Wireless Energy Harvesting Enabled Cognitive Sensor Networks
maryam NajimiDue to the limitations of the natural frequency spectrum, dynamic frequency allocation is required for wireless networks. Spectrum sensing of a radio channel is a technique to identify the spectrum holes. In this paper, we investigate a dynamic cognitive sensor networ MoreDue to the limitations of the natural frequency spectrum, dynamic frequency allocation is required for wireless networks. Spectrum sensing of a radio channel is a technique to identify the spectrum holes. In this paper, we investigate a dynamic cognitive sensor network, in which the cognitive sensor transmitter has the capability of the energy harvesting. In the first slot, the cognitive sensor transmitter participates in spectrum sensing and in the existence of the primary user, it harvests the energy from the primary signal, otherwise the sensor transmitter sends its signal to the corresponding receiver while in the second slot, using the decode-and-forward (DF) protocol, a part of the bandwidth is used to forward the signal of the primary user and the remained bandwidth is used for transmission of the cognitive sensor. Therefore, our purposed algorithm is to maximize the cognitive network transmission rate by selection of the suitable cognitive sensor transmitters subject to the rate of the primary transmission and energy consumption of the cognitive sensors according to the mobility model of the cognitive sensors in the dynamic network. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in performance improvement of the network as well as reducing the energy consumption. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - The place of ethics in non-proliferation
goudarz beyrami Atefeh Amininia soudeh shamlouEnsuring peace requires changing the way people view themselves and others. Based on this, we can assume that a world without nuclear weapons is exactly like the world in which man aspires to live. Many of us are convinced that the use of nuclear bombs. In Hiroshima and MoreEnsuring peace requires changing the way people view themselves and others. Based on this, we can assume that a world without nuclear weapons is exactly like the world in which man aspires to live. Many of us are convinced that the use of nuclear bombs. In Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, there was a human catastrophe that will not be erased from the memory of history. The world today is a world of free nuclear weapons. In fact, the whole world has become a huge laboratory, and we have forgotten that we belong to a common human family, and how is it that despite the fact that 90% of the world's population is in favor of the complete elimination of weapons? There are still 13 nuclear weapons industries still operating. This article seeks to answer this question with a descriptive-analytical method. Does ethics have an effect on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons or not? The results of this study show that ethics along with contractual obligations can play an effective role in controlling nuclear disarmament. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - Obstacles to achieving inclusive growth due to the inefficiency of the technical-executive system of the country
abolfazl mirghasemiThe purpose of the technical and executive system of the country is to establish an integrated military, to create investment plans and projects, within the framework of the economic, social and cultural development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, taking into acc MoreThe purpose of the technical and executive system of the country is to establish an integrated military, to create investment plans and projects, within the framework of the economic, social and cultural development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, taking into account the increase of efficiency and effectiveness of plans and projects. Investment with a result-oriented approach, with the ability to follow and evaluate and based on the quality management system, is appropriate to the economic, social, climatic and environmental conditions of the country. Inclusive growth seeks to achieve goals and aspirations that bring about justice, equal opportunities for all, the preservation of the environment, and greater attention to the poor and disadvantaged in society. In other words, in the shadow of good governance, a principled and stable relationship between the economic, social and environmental conditions of each society should be provided. At the same time, the exploitation of natural resources and the environment should not lead to the destruction of resources or the unfair distribution of wealth. Although the principles and foundations of the technical-executive system approved in 2006 are based on a progressive approach and compatible with world literature and sustainable development, but unfortunately in practice and implementation, it has distanced itself from the ideal goals and problems in the areas of employer, consulting, There are supervisors and contractors described in this article. It is hoped that by reviewing the bylaws and instructions, as well as preparing and implementing an appropriate action plan to implement the technical-executive system, formulate and complete the required technical criteria and standards, as well as modify methods and workflow, these problems have been resolved and efficiency and effectiveness Increase the system to provide the basis for achieving inclusive growth, achieving greater social justice, reducing discrimination and abuse, preventing rent-seeking, providing opportunities for all, and paying special attention to the poor and deprived. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Iran's Energy Geopolitics and EU’s Approach
سیدشمسالدین صادقیSince the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue MoreSince the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue increasing consumption of energy. However, the rising energy price, especially with regard to natural gas, has led to questions about future situation of energy supply security for the EU members. Therefore, this paper first focuses on the rising demand for gas and the risks of overdependence of the EU members on gas supply from Russian Gazprom Company, which may lead to repetition of Ukraine experience and the international gas crisis in 2006 and 2009. It then analyzes geopolitical and international aspects of future energy supply security for the EU and strategic plans developed by its members to handle these challenges. In conclusion, the paper introduces Iran as a good alternative source for ensuring energy security of the EU due to its geoeconomic conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Iran's Energy Geopolitics and EU’s Approach
آرمین امینی الهام حسینخانیSince the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue MoreSince the common denominator among EU members is increasing dependence on imported oil and gas, security of energy supply is a major concern for the European Union. When assured about security and effectiveness of energy market, those countries will be able to continue increasing consumption of energy. However, the rising energy price, especially with regard to natural gas, has led to questions about future situation of energy supply security for the EU members. Therefore, this paper first focuses on the rising demand for gas and the risks of overdependence of the EU members on gas supply from Russian Gazprom Company, which may lead to repetition of Ukraine experience and the international gas crisis in 2006 and 2009. It then analyzes geopolitical and international aspects of future energy supply security for the EU and strategic plans developed by its members to handle these challenges. In conclusion, the paper introduces Iran as a good alternative source for ensuring energy security of the EU due to its geoeconomic conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Investigating the effect of energy transfer on the environment and humans
Hossein Almipour Seyed Majid KeshavarzThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of energy transfer on the environment and humans, and given that today energy and its use is an integral part of life, so that even a minute of energy interruption will cause billions in losses. If energy transmissi MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of energy transfer on the environment and humans, and given that today energy and its use is an integral part of life, so that even a minute of energy interruption will cause billions in losses. If energy transmission lines had not yet been discovered and invented, perhaps mankind would never have reached such a level of well-being and would still have to use carts and horses. This study investigates the characteristics of urban environments and the effects of energy transmission lines on the environment and humans. In addition to all the benefits that energy has, it will naturally have detrimental effects on humans and the environment, and therefore people who are exposed to the currents of energy transmission lines are more likely than others to suffer from all kinds of damage. According to human progress, solutions can be found to deal with it. For example, energy transmission lines can be crossed from the basement, which have less destructive effects on both physical health and environmental appearance than airborne transmission lines. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - Is Iran's ballistic missile test a Violation of Barjam?
ali malekiAbstract: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action an agreement was reached on Iran's nuclear program with the P5 + 1 on July 14, 2015. And its goals are to ensure that the nuclear program is peaceful and that Iran's right to enrich itself is recognized and that Iran does n MoreAbstract: Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action an agreement was reached on Iran's nuclear program with the P5 + 1 on July 14, 2015. And its goals are to ensure that the nuclear program is peaceful and that Iran's right to enrich itself is recognized and that Iran does not acquire nuclear weapons; abolish outrageous sanctions; In this article we review the literature on the subject by studying library and Internet resources. To illustrate, Security Council resolutions include sanctions on ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads and restrictions on conventional arms sales. But Iran's missiles are not equipped to carry nuclear weapons and are designed solely to defend the country's territorial integrity. Therefore, from the legal point of view, missile tests do not violate any of the provisions of the Security Council Resolution. And these hostile, politically motivated positions indicate that the West is monitoring Iran's defensive behavior and, if necessary, failing to fulfill its obligations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Photo-transformation of hydrogen sulfide environmental pollutant to hydrogen fuel using a carbon-based magnetic nanocomposite catalyst
Majid Ghanimati Mohsen Lashgari Mahchehreh SabetiHydrogen sulfide is a dangerous, corrosive and flammable environmental pollutant that is generated at large scale in sour oil and gas industries. One of the sustainable strategies to remove this environmental pollutant and convert it into hydrogen clean fuel is the use MoreHydrogen sulfide is a dangerous, corrosive and flammable environmental pollutant that is generated at large scale in sour oil and gas industries. One of the sustainable strategies to remove this environmental pollutant and convert it into hydrogen clean fuel is the use of a renewable energy source (photon) and synthesis of semiconducting nanoenergy materials. To this end, in the present project, a nanostructured magnetic semiconducting MgFe2O4 compound was synthesized and applied for the production of hydrogen fuel through photocatalytic splitting of an alkaline H2S solution. The empirical evidence revealed that the synthesized material has an appropriate potency to reduce proton and produce hydrogen. Furthermore, by the synthesis of CNT/MgFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposite, the boosting effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) on the activity of the aforementioned photocatalyst was examined. A significant promotion in hydrogen production was observed in the presence of CNT and justified in terms of increasing the photocatalyst surface area, retarding the electron-hole recombination process and enhancing the photon absorption. The rate of hydrogen evolution was 1284 µmole/h per 0.2 g photocatalyst, indicating that the synthesized nanocomposite material has a high ability to remove the pollutant and produce hydrogen fuel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Optimum orientation of the building with the aim of optimal shading and reducing energy consumption (Case Study: Tehran Music Hall)
Tiam Aram Javad EirajiThe increasing trend of population growth, the energy crisis, and the depletion of energy resources on the planet are all warnings for all sciences and in all fields and professions in order to help sustain the existing situation. Since a large amount of energy consumpt MoreThe increasing trend of population growth, the energy crisis, and the depletion of energy resources on the planet are all warnings for all sciences and in all fields and professions in order to help sustain the existing situation. Since a large amount of energy consumption in the world is spent on construction purposes, specifically on cooling and heating loads and creating thermal comfort in the building, a study in this field is significantly important. In this research, by choosing a building as a case study, the amount of sunlight received by vertical surfaces has been investigated. Then, using the simulation method and related software, different angles between zero and 180 degrees of rotation are considered for the building to optimize the orientation angle of the building. The optimal angle means that the minimum amount of solar energy is received on vertical surfaces and the maximum amount of shading. Numerous research has been conducted in the past years about the amount of sunlight received in the building and the optimal angle. However, the used software and the measurement on vertical surfaces in Tehran in this research are considered research innovations. The optimal angle results from building energy analysis charts are displayed in this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - The prespective investigation of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions using the LEAP model (Case Study: Gorgan)
Maryam Ghaderian Abdolrasool Salman Mahini hamidreza kamyabThis study evaluated and analyzed energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in Gorgan. For this purpose, the demand and supply model of Gorgan was developed based on the baseline scenario and scenarios of improving energy consumption using the LEAP model until 141 MoreThis study evaluated and analyzed energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in Gorgan. For this purpose, the demand and supply model of Gorgan was developed based on the baseline scenario and scenarios of improving energy consumption using the LEAP model until 1414 (2035). In recent years, various strategies have been proposed to optimize energy consumption, which is among the most important strategies to reduce energy consumption and environmental emissions on an urban scale. These strategies generally include 1- Gradual increase of energy carrier prices according to the law of targeted subsidies, 2- Management of energy in the direction of the energy demand of the city, 3- Development of renewable energy technologies in the direction of demand and, 4- Increase of CNG share in the urban transport sector. First, each of these solutions was evaluated in the form of a scenario in the model environment and then their impact on energy consumption and environmental emissions was investigated. Finally, a new scenario was defined as the energy policy of Gorgan, which is the result of a combination of the four scenarios mentioned and indicates the simultaneous implementation of all strategies to improve energy and environmental emissions in Gorgan. At the end of the research, suggestions on energy consumption optimization based on the energy policy scenario of Gorgan are presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Investigating and analyzing the effects of the consequences of wind turbines on the environment
Farid Manouchehri Sarbasi Seyed Majid KeshavarzThe reduction of fossil fuel resources, which are considered a huge part of energy production resources, as well as the effects of the consumption of such energy resources, cause environmental pollution issues such as the phenomenon of global warming of the earth's temp MoreThe reduction of fossil fuel resources, which are considered a huge part of energy production resources, as well as the effects of the consumption of such energy resources, cause environmental pollution issues such as the phenomenon of global warming of the earth's temperature, the reduction of the thickness of the ozone layer, and the destruction of natural resources such as forests, pastures and The seas have been In this regard, the use of renewable energy such as wind energy is booming; By examining the weather conditions of each region, the ability to extract wind energy from that environment can be extracted. The increasing growth of the wind turbine industry in the world has made this industry one of the leading industries in the field of new energy, and it is expected that this growth will increase significantly in the coming years. Although wind power plants have less destructive effects on the environment compared to traditional power plants, the environmental impact of wind turbine blades will become a big challenge. Disposal and recycling of vanes, noise created by vanes, visual effects, killing of birds and insects by vanes, atmospheric disturbances and pollution during construction, transportation and installation of vanes are among these problems. Many of these problems have been reduced with the advancement of technology or with the correct installation of the power plant. The purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the effects of wind turbines on humans and the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - The effects of solar power plant on the environment in Iran
Mustafa Esmaili Nasb Seyed Majid KeshavarzSolar energy is one of the most important types of new and renewable energy that, if it replaces fossil fuels, can end existing concerns about the end of life as well as environmental pollution caused by fossil energy carriers and price fluctuations and energy crises. C MoreSolar energy is one of the most important types of new and renewable energy that, if it replaces fossil fuels, can end existing concerns about the end of life as well as environmental pollution caused by fossil energy carriers and price fluctuations and energy crises. Considering the high potential of solar energy in large areas of Iran, among energy sources, solar energy is more attractive for researchers. Today, many countries use solar power plants in grid-connected and grid-independent formats. The use of renewable energies is due to the reduction of dependence on oil and gas, sources that are less harmful to the environment, being cheap, permanent, clean, reducing fossil fuel consumption and reducing greenhouse gases, the ability to be used at home and on a large scale, and easy maintenance are some of the advantages of using renewable energy. They are from solar and wind energy, which have turned these features of renewable energy into the best and cleanest energies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - Outage and Throughput Analysis of Bidirectional Cognitive Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Networks with Wireless Power Transfer
Ehsan Soleimani NasabCognitive radio is a promising technology which aims to achieve better frequency spectrum utilization. On the other hand, wireless energy harvesting can provide extra energy requirement at the nodes. Two scenarios in a two-way network are assumed where in the first scen MoreCognitive radio is a promising technology which aims to achieve better frequency spectrum utilization. On the other hand, wireless energy harvesting can provide extra energy requirement at the nodes. Two scenarios in a two-way network are assumed where in the first scenario, relay harvests its required energy from end-sources of secondary network in presence of cognitive radio network and in the second scenario, both end-sources harvest energy from relay in secondary network. Both the Nakagami-m fading caused by signal propagation and the interference at relay caused by primary users in a cognitive radio network are considered. Closed-form expressions for outage probability and throughput of bidirectional cognitive radio amplify-and-forward relaying network using energy harvesting and wireless power transfer techniques over independent and non-identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) Nakagami-m fading channels are proposed. The analytical derivations are validated employing Monte Carlo simulations, where it is demonstrated that the first scenario always outperforms the second one, while both scenarios perform better than no energy harvesting case. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Comparing the two materials, brick (traditional material) and Heblex Block (new material), in relation to energy consumption and economy
samaneh foroughian hasan zolfagharzadehSaving fossil fuels and using clean energy sources leads to utilization costs reduction and the environment & human well-being protection. Building walls and used materials are considered the main sources of energy waste. Brick is a building material that backs to ancie MoreSaving fossil fuels and using clean energy sources leads to utilization costs reduction and the environment & human well-being protection. Building walls and used materials are considered the main sources of energy waste. Brick is a building material that backs to ancient history; the reason for using it is its stability, cheapness, and high manufacturing speed. Now, its use is less considered for some reasons, such as increasing population density, the construction of multi-story buildings, overweight, the requirement of higher labor, and the lack of insulation. Likewise, Heblex blocks have become more widely used as they eliminated many defects of bricks, although brick is still being used. Considering the importance of energy in recent decades and the emphasis of national building regulations on the insulation of buildings and less energy consumption, this study focuses on comparing two materials, bricks and Heblex blocks, with each other in terms of energy cooling and heating consumption, and the building gas and electricity fuel consumption, as well as the amount of financial saving in electricity and gas consumption. This research was conducted by Design Builder software, and the studied model was selected as a cube with dimensions of 4 * 10 * 10 in the Mashhad climate. The investigated model has been modeled in the software. Then, the amount of cooling, heating, and the total load of the building in two cases, brick walls and Hablex materials, have been extracted, and the results have been stated as a percentage. The obtained results show that replacing bricks wall with Heblex blocks will save the energy consumption of the building up to 55.12%. In the next step, the electricity and gas price for both models has been estimated. And it was found that replacing the brick with Heblx Blocks could assist the household economy by almost 55.5% by saving from paying electricity and gas bills. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Reactive Power management in Distribution Network Considering uncertainties in the Presence of Discrete and Continuous Reactive Power Compensator Equipment
mahboobeh etemadizadeh maryam Ramezani H. FalaghiThe increasing rate of distributed generation resources expansion into power systems and the random nature of these resources have altered the operation and design of these networks, and reactive power management in distribution networks belongs to this category. The us MoreThe increasing rate of distributed generation resources expansion into power systems and the random nature of these resources have altered the operation and design of these networks, and reactive power management in distribution networks belongs to this category. The use of these resources in distribution networks is not without challenges and the lack of optimal management of reactive power may not bring economic efficiency for the network. Energy storage systems have the potential to solve this problem. Therefore, in this article, reactive power management in a microgrid connected to the main grid, taking into account distributed generation sources, energy storage systems and discrete reactive power compensating equipment, including capacitor banks, taking into account uncertainty in network load and Wind and solar power generation has been done. Finally, the efficiency of the method is demonstrated by numerical examinations on the distribution networks of 33 and 69 IEEE buses and in the GAMS optimization software. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - Multi-Objective Economic-Environment Scheduling of Microgrids in the Presence of Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Demand Response to Smooth the Distribution Nodal Prices
ali mirzaei NAVID TAGHIZADEGAN KALANTARI Sajad Najafi RavadaneghToday, with the growing demand for hybrid electric vehicles in microgrids, electricity supply, environmental issues, and rescheduling are among the challenges of microgrids that must be solved and suitable solutions provided. To overcome these challenges, this paper int MoreToday, with the growing demand for hybrid electric vehicles in microgrids, electricity supply, environmental issues, and rescheduling are among the challenges of microgrids that must be solved and suitable solutions provided. To overcome these challenges, this paper introduces a new multi-objective optimization model, which in the first objective, minimizes the total operation cost of the microgrid, and in the second objective, improves the reliability index by reducing the amount of energy not supplied. Due to these two objectives, a multi-objective evolutionary seagull optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal global solutions. In this regard, hybrid electric vehicles and demand response programs are used to smooth out distribution nodal prices and reduce CO2 emissions. The 69-bus distribution network has been used to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Investigating the effects of intelligent architecture in the interior design of the house on energy saving
Seyedeh Maryam Mojtabavi Behnaz Bananezhad MashhadiToday, with the advancement of technology, it is possible to update building components to increase the level of human-technology interaction, provide more comfort, achieve security, safety, comfort and better control in the residential space. Also, the energy shortage MoreToday, with the advancement of technology, it is possible to update building components to increase the level of human-technology interaction, provide more comfort, achieve security, safety, comfort and better control in the residential space. Also, the energy shortage crisis around the world has become one of the most serious human problems, and smart architecture can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce electricity and gas consumption, reduce greenhouse gas production, and reduce harmful environmental effects, for this reason it is necessary to Intelligence should be used in interior architecture. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of using technology in the building and the impact of smart elements on the lives of residents, especially in optimizing energy consumption. The present research method is qualitative in nature and practical in terms of purpose. In the first step, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and research background in the field of intelligentization and energy optimization, information was collected through library-documentary studies, analyzed through content analysis, then the elements of intelligentization were extracted in the form of a conceptual model. In the second step, the effects of intelligentization on improving the quality of residents were investigated, and in the last step, the performance of indicators of intelligentization that reduce energy consumption was analyzed. The findings showed that one of the effects of technology on building construction is intelligentization, which through "smart materials and materials", "sensors", "security and safety control system and monitoring" and "service equipment" can improve economic, psychological and physical components. and the environment to improve the quality of life of the residents and it can be implemented by two methods, wired and wireless. One of the most important effects of intelligentization is the reduction of energy consumption from the environmental component, the performance of each of the elements is presented in a diagram. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Reviewing the Design Parameters of the Building -Envelope in Order to Reduce Energy Consumption (Case Study: Contemporary Residential Buildings in District 15)
Reza Salimi Gargari seyed majid mofidi Haniyeh SanaieianThe quality of the internal spaces and the impacts it has on the building's energy consumption depend critically on the right and optimal design of the building facade, which plays a significant function as the structure's envelope.Taking into account the facade's cruci MoreThe quality of the internal spaces and the impacts it has on the building's energy consumption depend critically on the right and optimal design of the building facade, which plays a significant function as the structure's envelope.Taking into account the facade's crucial function as the building's outer shell on On the other hand, new evaluation methods that designers and architects can utilize in the early stages of design must be replaced due to the time-consuming and challenging existing methods of optimization. The building's exterior envelope has an impact on both the outside environment and the urban environment in addition to shielding the inside environment from outside environmental conditions. Walls, ceilings, windows, doors, and other building elements are among its many parts. The goal of the current study is to create a thorough taxonomy of local structures while also examining the impact of building facade factors on their thermal behavior and energy usage. For this reason, the anatomical parameters of the façade are thoroughly studied in the first step by methodically studying sources and comparable research, and then the various types of facades in area 15 are examined. It should be noted that this article is only the first of a thorough investigation into facade design alternatives for energy consumption reduction. Following the completion of the investigations, the area's GIS map was extensively analyzed, and various and typical types were extracted using a field approach. According to the results of the field research and the components of the facade covering, the average area, orientation, length-to-width ratio, and frequency of parts are examined. The final types are extracted in the second stage after the buildings with the same length of view are classified in accordance with the map and the locations of the spaces in the main view. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - The impact of electric cars on the environment
Syed Mani Hashemi Seyed Majid KeshavarzAbstract Like many other human activities, the construction and operation of electric machines, in addition to its benefits, has a negative impact on the environment, especially pollution. According to these cases, it is possible to discuss about the moment of pollut MoreAbstract Like many other human activities, the construction and operation of electric machines, in addition to its benefits, has a negative impact on the environment, especially pollution. According to these cases, it is possible to discuss about the moment of pollution, if the amount of pollution depends on the size of the device, which of the stages of the existence of the device has more pollution than the other stages (construction, operation and dismantling). And how to reduce the environmental impact. In the construction of electric machines, a series of materials are used to make the electrical system (winding), the magnetic system and also. Necessary materials for making the mechanical structure and car insulation. All these materials are the result of complex processes, energy consumption and more or less pollution. Once obtained, these materials are subjected to mechanical processing and produce various pollutants along with the resulting components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - WSTMOS: A Method For Optimizing Throughput, Energy, And Latency In Cloud Workflow Scheduling
Arash Ghorbannia Delavar Reza Akraminejad sahar mozafariApplication of cloud computing in different datacenters around the world has led to generation of more co2 gas. In addition, energy and throughput are the two most important issues in this field. This paper has presented an energy and throughput-aware algorithm for sche MoreApplication of cloud computing in different datacenters around the world has led to generation of more co2 gas. In addition, energy and throughput are the two most important issues in this field. This paper has presented an energy and throughput-aware algorithm for scheduling of compressed-instance workflows in things-internet by cluster processing in cloud. A method is presented for scheduling cloud workflows with aim of optimizing energy, throughput, and latency. In the proposed method, time and energy consumption has been improved in comparison to previous methods by creating distance parameters, clustering inputs, and considering real execution time. In WSTMOS method by considering special parameters and real execution time, we managed to reach the optimized objective function. Moreover, in the proposed method parameter of time distance of tasks to virtual machines for reduction of number of migration in virtual machines was applied. In WSTMOS method by organizing the workflow inputs to low, medium and heavy groups and also by distributing appropriate load on more suitable servers for processors threshold, we accomplished to optimize energy and cost. Energy consumption was reduced by 4.8 percent while the cost was cut down by 4.4 percent using this method in comparison to studied method. Finally, average delay time, power and workload are optimized in comparison to previous methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Energy procurement of a cellular base station in independent microgrids with electric vehicles and renewable energy sources: Mixed-integer nonlinear programming model
Reza Bahri saeed zeynaliThe cellular base stations are communication devices that ensure the connection in the world. Nevertheless, they are usually installed in remote places. This paper, studied the energy procurement of a cellular base stations in an independent microgrid with a hydrogen-ba MoreThe cellular base stations are communication devices that ensure the connection in the world. Nevertheless, they are usually installed in remote places. This paper, studied the energy procurement of a cellular base stations in an independent microgrid with a hydrogen-based energy storage system, photovoltaic (PV) system, electric vehicles and a diesel generator. A new mixed-integer nonlinear programming model was used to deal with nonlinearities of the system components. The paper studied different uncertainties, such as the connection rate in cellular base stations, the driver of the electric vehicle, and PV generation, using stochastic programming method. The potency of the proposed method was studied in different case studies. The results prove that smart electric vehicle chargers reduce the risks and also cost/emission objective functions. The usage of this model can reduce the emissions as much as 18.60%. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Solar panels for residential needs
Sinai Salehi Seyed Majid Keshavarz fardin YazdanpanahThe practical efficiency of commercial m-Si and CIS PV modules measured in reality by our group was less than 15% due to the higher temperature of the PV modules, and the rest is more than 85% of the exhaust solar energy. Environmental Heating It was previously reporte MoreThe practical efficiency of commercial m-Si and CIS PV modules measured in reality by our group was less than 15% due to the higher temperature of the PV modules, and the rest is more than 85% of the exhaust solar energy. Environmental Heating It was previously reported in 2020 that the principle of an environmentally friendly PV/T (photovoltaic/thermal) solar panel using m-Si PV module to use 71.3% of solar energy for electricity and 40°C water This panel was designed to confirm the principle, that is, it was an experimental PV/T solar panel. In this paper, a new environmentally friendly PV/T solar panel for use in BIPVT (photovoltaic) systems is presented. /integrated heating in the building) is proposed. The new panel uses a CIS PV module and all functions, including the heat exchanger using aluminum flat tubes, are housed in a panel box that is approximately the size of a simple CIS PV panel. PV/T Solar Panel Proposed 73.5 % of solar energy with 13.0% power generation efficiency and 60.5% heat collection efficiency in a 40°C hot water source in Yokohama, Japan. The efficiency is higher than the previous test panel. The proposed panel can also suppress heat radiation around 50°C even in the case of hot water of 60°C. The proposed PV/T solar panel can meet all residential thermal needs such as domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating or cooling using solar heat with less environmental heat load. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - The effect of renewable energy and financial development on carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran
seyed jalal tabatabaeiThe current research has investigated the effect of financial development and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran by controlling the variables of economic growth and electricity consumption in the period from 1990 to 2021. After MoreThe current research has investigated the effect of financial development and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran by controlling the variables of economic growth and electricity consumption in the period from 1990 to 2021. After examining the Manai test of the research variables using modified Dickey-Fuller and Ziot-Andrews tests, Bayer and Hank's cointegration test was performed to check the existence of collinearity between the research variables. Then, autoregressive distributed lag estimators, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and gradual shift causality test were used to investigate the long-term relationship of variables and their causal relationship. The results clearly show that financial development and renewable energy consumption reduce carbon emissions based on consumption in Iran, and economic development and financial development increase carbon emissions based on consumption. The results of the test of gradual causal changes have confirmed the main results of the estimation methods used. Therefore, policymakers in Iran should encourage research and development in low-carbon technologies and also target investments in renewable energy and reduce the level of non-renewable energy imports and avoid investing in high energy consumption sectors that lead to an increase Avoid carbon emissions based on consumption. Manuscript profile
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