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Open Access Article
1 - Comparison the changes of two Hinosan and Butachlor toxins in Groundwater resources from Guilan province
maryam panahandeh mehdi ashournia Mirmoslem Rahbar hashemi hadi ModabberiThe aim of this study was to compare the content of two commonly used poisons in Guilan province in order to increase the crops, especially rice, in water used by residents of Gilan in spring. For this purpose, 20 wells were selected in the villages of Guilan. The extra MoreThe aim of this study was to compare the content of two commonly used poisons in Guilan province in order to increase the crops, especially rice, in water used by residents of Gilan in spring. For this purpose, 20 wells were selected in the villages of Guilan. The extraction process was carried out using liquid and N-hexane-dichloromethane (1: 1) phases for analysis. The extraction product was injected into a gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for measurement. The sampling and measurement process was carried out. Quantitative measurements were carried out using external standard methods. The studies carried out confirmed that in the study chapter, the study of the content of Hinosan and Butachlor pesticides is not more than standard and more acceptable, but due to their toxicity and their long-term effects on creatures Consumers, especially humans, it be used continuous monitoring of their amount in water by residents. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Investigation of Using Ultrafiltration and Fenton Combined treatment method for pulp and paper wastewater Treatment
niloofar Abedinzade alireza pendashteh Fariba OstovarIn this study, the treatability of pulp and paper wastewater has been studied using a combined method (ultrafiltration and fenton) in a laboratory scale. First, the effect of membrane filtration on the removal of turbidity and COD, as well as membrane flux and membrane MoreIn this study, the treatability of pulp and paper wastewater has been studied using a combined method (ultrafiltration and fenton) in a laboratory scale. First, the effect of membrane filtration on the removal of turbidity and COD, as well as membrane flux and membrane fouling were investigated, and then the advanced oxidation method was used to supplement the treatment and increase the removal efficiency of the pollutants. At the end of the membrane filtration operation, the removal efficiency of turbidity was 99%. Based on the results, the average COD of the filtration process with 41.8% removal efficiency was 906 mg/ l. Under optimal pressure conditions bar-1, the amount of membrane flux in the first backwash was equal to 1/99 L.m-2.h-1 which this amount reached to 1/26 L.m-2.h-1after the fourth backwash. the Fenton process removed 862/5 mg /L COD from the pretreated wastewater by UF membrane with an optimal dose of 1.5 mM for Fe +2 and 6 mM for a hydrogen peroxide at an initial pH of 3 and at a 17minute reaction time .In these conditions, the removal efficiency of COD, BOD5 and color was 95%, 90.3% and 92.1% respectively, These results shows high efficiency of the advanced oxidation process to remove contaminants in pulp and paper wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Coagulant recovery from waterworks sludge by acid digestion method
S Elaheh Mahdavian Ahagh Fariba OstovarCoagulation is a process that increases the tendency of small particles in an aqueous suspension to attach to one another and to surfaces such as the media in a filter bed and is applied through mixing coagulants such as aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride and poly MoreCoagulation is a process that increases the tendency of small particles in an aqueous suspension to attach to one another and to surfaces such as the media in a filter bed and is applied through mixing coagulants such as aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride and polyaluminum chloride with raw water. Sludge containing coagulant is formed after coagulation and through sedimentation of natural turbidity. Presence of high amounts of coagulant in waterworks sludge, increases environmental risks and disposal costs. Coagulants in sludge have high economic value. Therefore, if these coagulants recover, not only sludge disposal risks but also expenses related to supply of fresh coagulant in water or wastewater treatment plant may decrease. In this paper, researches conducted by acid digestion method for coagulant recovery from waterworks sludge are investigated. Amounts of coagulant recovery, advantages and disadvantages and economic aspects of this method are studied. Results of the investigation showed that using sulfuric acid is the best option for conducting acid digestion process because it is cheap and available. Moreover, if the purpose of recovering process is to achieve a recovered coagulant with a similar quality to the commercial ones, acid digestion method will not satisfy related standards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation of natural adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment
Mohadeseh TavakoliWith increasing industrial activities and discharging untreated wastewater which contains various environmental pollutants to aquatic environments, problems such as reducing the penetration of light, anaerobic conditions and complications such as allergies and cancer fo MoreWith increasing industrial activities and discharging untreated wastewater which contains various environmental pollutants to aquatic environments, problems such as reducing the penetration of light, anaerobic conditions and complications such as allergies and cancer for humans and other living organisms will occur. Surface absorption is one of the most effective and efficient methods for the removal of environmental pollutants and among the common methods for treatment of wastewater, applying natural adsorbents are more efficient than the other methods and is more economic. Since there are many natural adsorbents in nature, they are very inexpensive, they are even free in some cases; adsorption of contaminants by these materials can be a suitable way to remove the toxic substances of contaminated water and industrial wastewater. In this paper, we study some of bioactive adsorbents in order to remove contamination from industrial wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigation of forest land use degradation due to dam construction using satellite images processing
mandana azizi Mohammad panahandehIdentify land uses and land use changes to investigate and monitor sensitive areas is essential for sustainable land planning and management. The main objective of this study is to investigate the land use changes caused by the construction of Shafarood Dam in the Hyrca MoreIdentify land uses and land use changes to investigate and monitor sensitive areas is essential for sustainable land planning and management. The main objective of this study is to investigate the land use changes caused by the construction of Shafarood Dam in the Hyrcanian forests in the north of Iran during a 17-year period using Landsat satellite imagery. To do this, three satellite imagery of the years 2000, 2013 and 2017 were used, and the corrections (geometric and atmospheric) were applied on the images and the map of the land use for each section in the region was prepared using the classification method of the maximum likelihood that the produced map have Kappa coefficient more than 86% and usage accuracy of 0.83. After classification, the comparison method was used to monitor the land use changes. The results revealed that in every three years, the most land cover of Shafarood watershed belongs to the forest class and in the next rank belongs to the rangeland class. As a result, the continuous decline of the forest class accured from 63.05 percent to 57.27 and 57.22 percent in the first section for the years 2013 and 2017 respectively. The continuous increase of the rock class (8.15-9.10-10.45) and bare lands (3.5- 4.47-5.08%) confirms it in the study area. Environmental challenges of constructing the Shafaroud dam is another emphasis on the importance of conducting advanced and specialized studies based on ecological methodologies and also increasing the decision makers awareness of Hyrcanian forests complexity which has formed in a very long-time period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Determination of the Relationship between Water Turbidity (NTU) and Total Suspended solids (TSS) in drip irrigation
farhad mirzaei zeynab sojoodiSand filters are composed of sand-filled containers with determined granulation and specified thicknesses of pressurized sand layers that work under pressure and they are placed in the center control system after the cyclone and before the grid or disk filter. The aim o MoreSand filters are composed of sand-filled containers with determined granulation and specified thicknesses of pressurized sand layers that work under pressure and they are placed in the center control system after the cyclone and before the grid or disk filter. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between water turbidity and Total suspended solids (TSS). To determine the samples turbidity, they were tested using a spectrophotometer and the percentage of light passing was obtained through each sample separately. The test of determining total suspended solids was also performed. The results of this experiment showed that there is a quadratic equation between the percentage of light passing and total suspended solids, which is presented as the main equation from figure 3, that is more correlated with the data. As can be seen, at 450 nm, there is a higher correlation between the turbidity and the light transmittance and less error. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Spatial Variability of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) in the Industrial Shahr-e-Rey Aquifer (South Tehran)
In the study area, Shahr-e-Ray industrial zone, south of Tehran, petroleum activities have led to aquifer pollution, so that in some parts the thickness of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) on the surface of the groundwater reaches to more than 20 meters. In t MoreIn the study area, Shahr-e-Ray industrial zone, south of Tehran, petroleum activities have led to aquifer pollution, so that in some parts the thickness of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) on the surface of the groundwater reaches to more than 20 meters. In this regard, estimation of thickness, density and viscosity of LNAPL, is of great importance to understand the quality of petroleum products of aquifer. Regarding the results of measurement, the range of LNAPL thickness in the aquifer vary between 2.73 to 14.305 m and the range of relative density (LNAPL to water) vary 0.78 to 0.83 and the range of viscosity vary 0.60 to 1.91 cst. According to the result in 10 wells the highest thickness of LNAPL is in the eastern and northeastern regions of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Water Governance and Regional Development The Case of Karkheh Irrigation Area (Khuzestan, Iran)
ِAbaas Saidi Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli Javad Etaat Kaveh MasoumiWater and its ancient exploitation methods in Iran, which a large part of its territory is characterized as arid and semi-arid, has continuously played a determinant role in establishment of cultural landscapes and as a whole, in its socio-economic developments. With MoreWater and its ancient exploitation methods in Iran, which a large part of its territory is characterized as arid and semi-arid, has continuously played a determinant role in establishment of cultural landscapes and as a whole, in its socio-economic developments. With the beginning of modernization and turning to new planning methods, with introducing interim development plans (from 1948 onwards), along with the implementation of Land Reform Act (1962), and perhaps most importantly, the change in the state's basic incomes from taxes and duties (shareholdings) to oil, with growth of urbanization and expansion of industrial activities, the country witnessed unprecedented changes in large scale water management, with focusing a completely centralized framework and dominant role of state. . After the Islamic Revolution (1979), the process of increasing the country's capacity to exploit the water resources was expanding unprecedentedly. During the period, regional development programs, with emphasis on water resources, in new land areas, with comparative advantage, gave way to implementation of development plans throughout the country. Thus, the attitude toward water resource management and its governance has received somewhat new features. This article tries to study these processes and approaches to water governance and their role in balanced and sustainable development, and, as well as, their spatial implications as a case, in the Karkheh irrigation zone(Khuzestan). The study was conducted on the basis of a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) method, using structured questionnaires and interviews, group focused discussion sessions and non-cooperative observation and discussion. Efforts have been made to review the Karkheh Irrigation Development Plan, based on the points of views of all stakeholders at various national, regional and local levels (including managers and experts from different fields, such as university professors, experts in water, agriculture, environment, development planning, local community representatives and common beneficiaries of the project), by using the methods of individual and group interviews. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effects of Karoun Pipeline Transfer Projects on Creation or Expansion of Khouzestan Riverside Centers Using GIS & RS Technologies
Atefeh Bosak Hourie Aarabi Moghaddam zahra hejazizadeh meysam toulabi nejadThis study was carried out to investigate the impacts of Karoun water branches transference projects on creation or intensification of Khuzestan dust points. For this purpose, daily climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation, horizontal view, moist and wind) and re MoreThis study was carried out to investigate the impacts of Karoun water branches transference projects on creation or intensification of Khuzestan dust points. For this purpose, daily climatic parameters (temperature, precipitation, horizontal view, moist and wind) and required water debit for 9 synoptic and hydrometric stations within a 30-year statistical period were collected. Missing data were recovered and sorted by using Matlab,Minitab and Excel software. Also satellite data and images were used to study vegetation, soil moist and dust particles conditions in the specific area. According to the greenhouse gas procedures during 1985 to 2015, the studied period was broken into two periods, one before global warming (1985-1995) and the other after intensification of global warming (1996-2015). Then by using statistical methods and remote sensing the mentioned periods were investigated. The results from investigating long term debit of Karoun river showed that there is 171 m3/s decrease in second statistical period than the first one. During the second period, local dust has increased in comparison with the first period but vegetation index (NVDI) has 13% decrease. Also the vastness and value of soil moist in east of basin have increasing trend and the role of dam construction is evidently influential. This trend has been decreasing around Shadegan wetland in west of basin, as the result, with passing flows over this area, because of adherence reduction, soil particles disserve from the ground and cause most of the dust in Khuzestan and Karoun riverbasin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Rural migration impact on food security with emphasis on water resources (Case study: villages of Khansar city in Isfahan province)
hamidehsadat aghamiriThe present study was conducted to investigate the impact of water crisis on rural migration and food security in rural place in Khansar. Statistics show that in recent years, the decline in rural water resources has led to an increase in immigration in the area, red MoreThe present study was conducted to investigate the impact of water crisis on rural migration and food security in rural place in Khansar. Statistics show that in recent years, the decline in rural water resources has led to an increase in immigration in the area, reducing the rural farmer's population and affecting the level of production and food security. Accordingly, the main question of this research is whether rural immigration from water resources is a threat to global food security? To answer this question, considering the regional attitude of the research, firstly, the status of rural water resources in these areas and the province was investigated and further the various definitions of food security were evaluated. According to theories and research indicators, 5 villages from 3 districts of central Khansar were randomly selected. Immigration index along with food security has been investigated and due to the close relationship between food security and agriculture, the social and economic conditions of villagers in this section have been considered. This indicator includes the goals and age of immigration, the environmental, economic and social conditions of rural migrants. The results of the study showed that more than 60% of immigration is migratory to rural areas where young people are at the top. Therefore, the decline in workforce in rural society and gender differences due to the high percentage of men migrating to women was the main outcome of the status of water dependent migration in rural areas. According to the results, despite the close relationship between agriculture and food security, the increase in rural migration due to water has reduced the production capacity of the villages and poses a serious threat to food security. This research is a reminder that has been done using descriptive-analytic method and considering the impact of this migration on economic conditions, the study of economic theory in this section is at the forefront. The conclusion of this study is based on the correlation coefficient of Kendall. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Evaluation of Land Use Change Using Remote Sensing Data (Case study: Nukabad watershed, Khash city)
Hossein Piri Sahragard Mohammad reza dahmardeh Mansour RigiIdentifying and reviewing land use change can help managers and planners to identify the factors affecting the change of user and the adoption of appropriate management decisions at different levels. The present study was carried out with the aim of studying land use ch MoreIdentifying and reviewing land use change can help managers and planners to identify the factors affecting the change of user and the adoption of appropriate management decisions at different levels. The present study was carried out with the aim of studying land use change and land use classes using remote sensing method in Noukabad watershed in Khash city, Sistan and Baluchestan province. For this purpose, after determining the boundary of the study area, using maps 1:50000, associated temporal data were obtained from the Landsat Satellite of the American Geological Survey. After geometric, radiometric and atmospheric correction, land use classification based on satellite images for study periods (1994-2000-2005-2010-2016 years) were determined. The accuracy of the production maps was determined using the general accuracy and kappa coefficient. After the application of the land use map in the ArcGIS software environment, the comparison of land use changes between the studied periods (each statistical period with the previous statistical period) was performed. Based on the results, overall classification accuracy of user-generated maps for the years 1994 (97.45%), 2000 (97.21%), 2005 (98.04%), 2010 (97.09%) and 2016 (97.06%) were rated as relatively good. The results of land use change trend showed that the most changes were in mountainous rangelands and the least changes were related to rivers, and in the meanwhile, agricultural lands and residential areas had moderate changes, which the main reason of these changes can be considered climate change and human intervention. These results indicate that the correct recognition of land use changes is caused, Managers identify the strengths and weaknesses of their executive plans and take steps to resolve them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - A Clarification of Sociopolitical Water-Related Tensions in South Khorasan Studied case: Districts of Esfeden and Affin
Water is considered a major, developmental substructure in different social and economical sectors of countries. Currently, problems regarding this vital substance are among the most important issues in the world. Water scarcity, caused by population growth and water re MoreWater is considered a major, developmental substructure in different social and economical sectors of countries. Currently, problems regarding this vital substance are among the most important issues in the world. Water scarcity, caused by population growth and water requirement to produce food, inherent limitation of water resources particularly in arid and semi-arid areas, excessive withdrawal from resources and poor water management has over time inflicted tensions and challenges on the national and international levels, hence threatening peace and security around the globe. It has also made some problems inevitable, such as evacuation of villages, irregular emigration of villagers to cities, social conflicts among dwellings, and growing political tensions. We can refer , as an instance, to the growing tensions among people from Esfeden City and Affin Village in South Khorasan Province over the past years. Considering the issues above, the main question of the study is, “what contributes to creating and aggravating of conflicts and tensions among these two neighboring regions?” The hypothesis stated is: various factors such as population growth, increasing the land under cultivation, as well as recent droughts have led to development of tensions. Methodology This is, methodologically, a case study within a geographical study framework, and it was primarily conducted with a descriptive-analytic approach. The information and data were gathered from electronic and library sources, and relevant documents, and through interviews with experts, officials and locals. The studied region is located within two counties in the northern part of South Khorasn Province. According to the latest state division map, Esfeden is a city of central Qayenat County, and Affin is a village of Zohan in Zirkouh County. Data & results The Affin River, which supplies part of the irrigating water of the area, originates from Dogerd Heights and Shirkab Heights, 67 km southeast to Birjand, and runs by villages Shirg, Sarjin, Kalat-e-mazar, Baimorgh, Baghestan, Payhan, and Fathabad, down to Affin. The water, which reaches the riverbed south of Affin, runs for 5km before it arrives at a point called division chamber, where it is divided into six equal parts, one part belonging to Affin fields and five other parts belonging to Esfeden fields and plantations. Affin’s share of water goes to Affin fields, while Esfeden’s share of water runs along The Affin River, and at some distance down the village it joins The Shour (salt) River and together they make up the Esfeden Creek. Over the past years, considering water shares and due to the rise of barberry price, the area of cultivated land for annual crops has declined, whereas the allocated land to the barberry gardens has developed. The entire area of aridable land was 227 hectares, which consisted of 138 hectares of gardens and plant nurseries and 89 hectares of fields. Currently, most of the fields have gone under cultivation of barberry trees and the entire land area of gardens has doubled ( up to 260 hectares). About 90 hectares of the gardens is irrigated with water from the river and 170 hectares with water from the qanats. Considering the population growth and increased area of cultivated land in Affin, and in spite of the fact that people of Affin are well attendant of their share of water, however, they assume excess withdrawal of water from the river an unnegotiable right of their own. Particularly in hot seasons and when irrigation is most required, they withdraw water from the river above their allocated share. In addition, because the river bed before the division chamber has been destroyed and subsequently, there is a difference up to about two meters in height, water is not properly directed to the division chamber and, as a result, there is not a proportionate division. This causes less accessable water to reach Esfeden, and inflicts a lot of damage to farmers in Esfeden. According to the experts in the Department of Agriculture, considering the vast area of cultivated land, and high costs of developing gardens, and also the long time prior to the harvest, the estimated damage due to water reduction during flowering seasons, harvest, and at the peak of collecting crops is varied. However, typically, a decline of 5 seconds in 30 liters leads to 10 to 15 percent loss of crops. Conclusion Finally, it was concluded that because of increased demand for water due to the development of cultivated gardens in the region, population growth, and dividing the irrigating water in accordance with inheritance law, the share of the limited water available per person has diminished, and disputes and tensions over possession of water in the districts of Affin and Esfeden has risen. Reduced amount of precipitation and the recent droughts has led to aggravation of water crisis, reduced quota of sustainable water per capita in the region, and rising demands for irrigation. Disagreements and disputes over water in years have inflicted financial damage to farmers, contributing to coldness of relations among people, reducing the farmers’ collaboration to clear the conveying ducts, and maintaining conveying ducts especially after floods. All these issues play a significant role in the reduction of accessible water. Implementing the plan of the concrete wall before the division chamber, directing water to division chamber, and conveying it through pipes from the division chamber to the piped route can help reduce some of the local issues and disputes Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Environmental security and national security in the context of cross-border hydropolitics developments (Case Study: Harirud)
hassan kamranConsidered the most important environmental issues of our time, the water crisis and security challenges arising from it. Water is the source of production, effort and civilization, and life and death and not to be dependent on it. In situations where conflicts over wat MoreConsidered the most important environmental issues of our time, the water crisis and security challenges arising from it. Water is the source of production, effort and civilization, and life and death and not to be dependent on it. In situations where conflicts over water resources are increasingly caused tension in the relations between states, increasing attention to issues of rivers, the importance of finding increasingly, we are seeing increased emphasis and hydro disputes among nations. Iran, through common border rivers is no exception. The river Harirud common rivers including Iran, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan lie that originates from Afghanistan. This is the most important source of water utility is the North East of Iran. This article is a descriptive study, with an emphasis on geographical and political issues, seeks to answer the question whether hydro-border development and utilization of Salma dam in Afghanistan can be a challenge for security, environmental and national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is? And in case of challenges, approaches and Proper management what is it? Findings from the study indicate that according to Salma dam upstream position with respect to the seasonality factor Harirud water, can be the subject of environmental security, and from the perspective of national security, given the prospect of big cities northeastern dependence on water resources and the high risk of water security of the country, can be challenging. The challenges to Proper management, to look at the system, in the form of legal approaches, economic and political, are essential. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Estimation height of Runoff Using Curve Number Method and Tools Arc CN-Runoff (Case study: KESHAR Watershed, Tehran)
mohammad mahdi hosseinzadehDue to the global water crisis, having the right information for managing the planning and optimization in different locations is essential. The conventional methods of measuring are very costly, time-consuming and difficult. In recent years in order to reduce this prob MoreDue to the global water crisis, having the right information for managing the planning and optimization in different locations is essential. The conventional methods of measuring are very costly, time-consuming and difficult. In recent years in order to reduce this problem and estimate runoff the watershed, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used. In this study, by using daily rainfall data in the SMADA software,return period of 2and 50 years was obtained.ArcCN-Runoff tool with respect to the accuracy and precision in numerous research studies have been made to creat maps and volume of runoff curve number and height were used in the watershed KESHAR. KESHAR area into three groups hydrological B -C-D and was divided into seven land use. The results showed that land use and vegetation and importance of the area in the basin is the most important parameter determines the loss of significant influence and impact on runoff .Curve Number Basin KESHAR shows , rocky outcrops small surface area occupied by the greatest CN (91), The highest volume and highest runoff in the user's area Hydro Group C with 08/56 percent, With low permeability and high potential of runoff is derived, Which puts the area at risk of flooding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Investigating the Effect of Surface Water in Sacred Defense Operations on the South Front
usef hemati علی امیری hamed abaciOne of the wars that have occurred in Iranian history is the extensive attack of the neighboring country, Iraq, which lasted from 1980 to 1987. In this period, which is mentioned in Iranian sources under the title of the Holy defense, there are offensive and defensive o MoreOne of the wars that have occurred in Iranian history is the extensive attack of the neighboring country, Iraq, which lasted from 1980 to 1987. In this period, which is mentioned in Iranian sources under the title of the Holy defense, there are offensive and defensive operations in the western border of Iran that can be divided into three Northern, Middle and South fronts. The most important and decisive operations of the war parties took place on the southern front, which is extended from the south of Mehran to Abadan and Ras al-Bisheh. Since the hydrological and geomorphological conditions of this front are such that it is possible to use water tactics or hydraulic warfare, this research has been developed to study the effect of surface water on the operations carried out there. How to collect information this research is based on its nature. That is, according to its historical nature, it has been compiled with library and documentary methods. The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. The results showed that surface waters such as rivers, Hores and canals of water and dams in all phases of offensive operations, including designing, implementation and support, and especially defensive operations have had influential role and in each operation, have influenced several principles of nine principles of war. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Remote communication link patterns on the water cycle in the atmosphere in Iran
This research is trying to assess the hydrological cycle and its trend in Iran. It is also tried to study the effect of NAO, AISMR and ONI Tele-connection pattern on the spatial variability of precipitation in Iran. For this purpose, the precipitation and precipitable w MoreThis research is trying to assess the hydrological cycle and its trend in Iran. It is also tried to study the effect of NAO, AISMR and ONI Tele-connection pattern on the spatial variability of precipitation in Iran. For this purpose, the precipitation and precipitable water data during the 1979 - 2014 were extracted and analyzed from NCEP / NCAR. Then the hydrologic cycle was calculated on the basis of reproducibility time formula. The maps of this cycle across Iran were drawn. The analysis shows some region like Southwest Caspian Sea, Kermanshah, Lorestan have had the short hydrological cycles (5.5 to 11.5 years) due to the topographic and neighborhood effect. The longest hydrological cycle (98.30 to 141.17-year) have happened in the East and South of Sistan and Baluchestan. In the South East of Iran, AISMR has negative correlation (sig< 0.01) with the hydrologic cycle. The negative phase of the NAO in the middle of the Iran caused shortening the hydrological cycle. Spring ONI has negative correlation (sig< 0.05) with the hydrologic cycle in the North-East and South-East and hydrological cycle in the West has negative correlation (sig< 0.05) with autumn and spring ONI. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Spatial Variability of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) in the Industrial Shahr-e-Rey Aquifer (South Tehran)
In the study area, Shahr-e-Ray industrial zone, south of Tehran, petroleum activities have led to aquifer pollution, so that in some parts the thickness of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) on the surface of the groundwater reaches to more than 20 meters. In this MoreIn the study area, Shahr-e-Ray industrial zone, south of Tehran, petroleum activities have led to aquifer pollution, so that in some parts the thickness of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) on the surface of the groundwater reaches to more than 20 meters. In this regard, estimation of thickness, density and viscosity of LNAPL, is of great importance to understand the quality of petroleum products of aquifer. Regarding the results of measurement, the range of LNAPL thickness in the aquifer vary between 2.73 to 14.305 m and the range of relative density (LNAPL to water) vary 0.78 to 0.83 and the range of viscosity vary 0.60 to 1.91 cst. According to the result in 10 wells the highest thickness of LNAPL is in the eastern and northeastern regions of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Assessment of socio-economic resilience of Saman watershed villages in water fluctuations in recent years in Markazi province.
gity salahiesfahaniWater fluctuations in recent years have caused great damage to agriculture and rural communities.In the last decade, the approach to dealing with natural disasters has given way to coping with them.In fact, resilience has given way to vulnerability.The purpose of this s MoreWater fluctuations in recent years have caused great damage to agriculture and rural communities.In the last decade, the approach to dealing with natural disasters has given way to coping with them.In fact, resilience has given way to vulnerability.The purpose of this study is to evaluate the socio-economic resilience of villages in Saman watershed (Markazi province) in water fluctuations in recent years (2016-2006). The type of research is applied and in terms of descriptive-survey nature. The statistical population is households living in 6 villages of Saman watershed.Using Cochran's formula, the required number of samples to complete the questionnaire of 110 households was obtained.Validity and reliability were calculated as 0.84.In order to measure socio-economic resilience, heads of households were evaluated.Compilation of indicators for measuring the social and economic components of human settlements against water fluctuations was developed based on the concept of resilience.After collecting the data in the form of a field questionnaire and using spatial analysis tools and capabilities of statistical software and GIS was assessed. Findings indicate that the resilience of villages is not in an acceptable stateAmong the two dimensions of resilience, economic dimension factors with the lowest average and social dimension factors with the average had the most impact on rural resilience.According to the real mean t-test, the general opinion of the respondents is less than 3 and down to the average.Saman and Yaryabad villages have been more resilient in the economic dimension of water fluctuations.In the social sector, the averages were approximately close to each other and the highest social resilience was in the villages of Chaharhad, Yaryabad and VarkbarOlya. which received above average 3.In total, the two socio-economic resilience indices of the villages did not achieve an average of 3, which indicates the low resilience of the range. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Hydrogeological assessment of Aghajari Formation springs in Masjed Soleyman and Lali area, north-east of Khuzestan Province
مهدی نخستین مرتضوی Mojtaba Tavakoli KamkarRohani Bijan MalekiThe study area with considerable sandstone outcrop is located north-east of Khuzestan province. The aim of this study was to investigate hydrogeological status to find out factors affecting the springs discharge rate. To reach the goal, the stratigraghy, lithology and s MoreThe study area with considerable sandstone outcrop is located north-east of Khuzestan province. The aim of this study was to investigate hydrogeological status to find out factors affecting the springs discharge rate. To reach the goal, the stratigraghy, lithology and structural assessments were undertaken in the area, and also water sample collection was carried out. The results indicated that there is a positive correlation between springs occurrence and fracture density. The data also revealed that in areas where sandstone thickness is remarkable and fractures well developed, aquifer reservoir as well as spring discharge is promising. The hydrochemical data showed that water quality is controlled by stratigraphy. Correlation between sulfate and calcium ions (R=%90) proves that gypsum and anhydrite dissolution process, caused sulfate water type in the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Design and construction of minipiezometers to determine surface water-groundwater interactions
Behzad Hammamipour BaranjiUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine MoreUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine ground water and surface water exchanges. Minipiezometers are simple instruments that measure flow direction and hydraulic gradients between ground water and surface water. Often temporarily installed, minipiezometers are essentially small-scaled versions of piezometers, which are commonly used to make groundwater level measurements. By combining water table data with surface water level measurements, flow direction can be determined. Minipiezometers are typically used in the areas where many measurements are required. Commercial minipiezometers are available, but they are very expensive. The purpose of this paper is to design and construc a low-cost minipiezometer for measuring ground water and surface water exchanges. In this study, a minipiezometer was made by simple and available materials such as steel pipe, steel 3NPSoft rob, clear plastic hose, gas valves, hand vacuum pump, hammer, U-shape clear tubing, graduated manometer board, and graduated transparent plastic cylinder and was successfully tested in the Soleghan River in the west of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Assessing the risk of erosion and sedimentation potential of watershed of Shahriar Dam in Mianeh Using GIS techniques and EPM Model
mohammad hosein goudarziSoil erosion and sedimentation are among the major limitations in applying water and soil resources. Thus, the assessment processes that govern their behavior in order to better understand watershed systems and explain proper management practices are essential. This stu MoreSoil erosion and sedimentation are among the major limitations in applying water and soil resources. Thus, the assessment processes that govern their behavior in order to better understand watershed systems and explain proper management practices are essential. This study is therefore aimed at studying erosion in the watershed of Shahriar Dam in Mianeh, East Azerbaijan Province. In view of the recent conditions of formations, a sedimentation rate is very high in this dam. Evidently, these sediments fill the dam reservoir and lead to a reduction of the dam life time. As a result, studying erosion and estimating upstream erosion and sedimentation are necessary. Consequently, one of the principal goals of this survey is determining the level of sensitivity of formations to erosion and their roles in formation of new sediments. To achieve this aim, the border of Shahriar Dam’s watershed was determined by using 1:50000 topographic maps of Zanjan, Mianeh and Hashtrood. This region was carefully implemented on 1:250000 geological maps of Zanjan, Mianeh and Hashtrood. Maps of channels, geology, vegetative cover, faults, amount of rainfall, and regional topography were digitalized. Next, the erosion intensity was examined in the above-mentioned basin using GIS and marking and layer integration methods. On the other hand, in order to estimate the rate of erosion of present formations in the watershed basin, EPM method was used. It was revealed in this study that erosion-sensitive units were largely located in the northern and southern areas of the basin; however, there are erosion-prone rocks in the western part too. Based on the existing indices of GIS, total amount of sedimentation of the watershed basin of Shahriar Dam is medium. Moreover, according to EPM model, the coefficient of erosion and sediment yield (z) for this basin fall into very heavy erosion classes. for this reason, the sediment yield in the basin was high and put at somewhere close to 60,000 tons per hectare annually; and according to the zoning map of erosion, much of the sediment comes from segments of the zoning was done in this research area erosional is placed high. The final model represents the fact that lithology, land cover and stream erosion play a major role in controlling erosion and sediment yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Assessment and analysis of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads(Case Study: Ilam Reservoir watershed)
Amin Sarang ابوالفضل بشیریAn estimate of nutrient pollution load from the watershed of the reservoir is one of the important issues in the management of eutrophication. Additionally, with considering such attributes of the watershed as slope, the kind of soil, land use and Meteorological variabl MoreAn estimate of nutrient pollution load from the watershed of the reservoir is one of the important issues in the management of eutrophication. Additionally, with considering such attributes of the watershed as slope, the kind of soil, land use and Meteorological variables, the SWAT which is one the efficient model in water and soil modeling is used to evaluation of pollution load entering the Reservoir of Ilam dam because of diverse contamination resources such as chemical fertilizer and Livestock and poultry operations. The results of this study indicate that the SWAT model to simulate the nutrients in the watershed have a satisfactory performance. Based on obtained result, the highest pollution load of nitrogen (136.2 ton per year) and phosphor (19.8 ton per year) are occurred in Gol Gol Sub basin. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Synthesis of smart nanoparticles polymer for extraction of phenoxy acid herbicides from water samples
Majid Tashi Gholam Abbas Fanaei Kheirabad sogol mirzaei Mehrdad pakzad Oskooi noorbakhsh Mirzaei Heydariyan Dehkordi هادی تابانیDue to their high polarity andsolubility in water these acidic herbicides can be released from harvest fields and therefore pollute surface and ground waters. The World Health Organization (WHO) regulations set 70 ng mL−1 as the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of phenox MoreDue to their high polarity andsolubility in water these acidic herbicides can be released from harvest fields and therefore pollute surface and ground waters. The World Health Organization (WHO) regulations set 70 ng mL−1 as the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of phenoxy acid herbicidesin drinking water [2]. Therefore, the presence of these chemicals inwater sources is highly objectionable for human and animal consumption. Due to the fact that the major sources of drinking water are ground water and river water, monitoring the acidic and polar herbicides in these water sources is quite necessary. Therefore, in this study, we focused on introducing a novel microgel sorbent in which the adsorption and desorption of analytes are controlled only by changing the pH value of the sample. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on employing a pH-sensitive magnetic microgel as a new sorbent. In order to increase the adsorption efficiency and rapidly separatethe sorbent from the sample matrix by an external magnetic field, microgel was grafted on magnetic nanoparticles. Finally, the optimized procedure was employed to determine these phenoxy acid herbicides in river water samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Feasibility of Discharge Permit Market in Rivers
شروین جمشیدی Emad Mahjoubi Mojtaba ArdestaniThe purpose of this study is to focus on the challenges that the nitrogen discharge permits market face with in Sefidrud River. In addition, it intends to find the optimal waste load allocation (WLA) in regard. Thus, the river is simulated by Qual2kw in which the total MoreThe purpose of this study is to focus on the challenges that the nitrogen discharge permits market face with in Sefidrud River. In addition, it intends to find the optimal waste load allocation (WLA) in regard. Thus, the river is simulated by Qual2kw in which the total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) and the impacts of dischargers at the quality of checkpoint are calculated. Eventually, the optimization of WLA is assigned using the total abatement cost functions. Results verify that this market is limited because of few permits supplied by point sources. Here, 150 permits are totally traded that can only save 2% in total abatement costs comparing to the conventional TMDL policy. The economically incentive based optimal solution is only in hand if some dischargers use 15 to 25% of primary price as discount. However, in case of Gharesoo, the total cost savings increase to 35%. It can be concluded that the outcomes of discharge permit market relies on the total permit supplies and demands and their feasibility requires case studies in advance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Design and construction of minipiezometers to determine surface water-groundwater interactions
Behzad Hammamipour Baranji Gholam Abbas Fanaei Kheirabad Delkhahi Hatefi Mokhtar karami NajibiUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine MoreUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine ground water and surface water exchanges. Minipiezometers are simple instruments that measure flow direction and hydraulic gradients between ground water and surface water. Often temporarily installed, minipiezometers are essentially small-scaled versions of piezometers, which are commonly used to make groundwater level measurements. By combining water table data with surface water level measurements, flow direction can be determined. Minipiezometers are typically used in the areas where many measurements are required. Commercial minipiezometers are available, but they are very expensive. The purpose of this paper is to design and construc a low-cost minipiezometer for measuring ground water and surface water exchanges. In this study, a minipiezometer was made by simple and available materials such as steel pipe, steel 3NPSoft rob, clear plastic hose, gas valves, hand vacuum pump, hammer, U-shape clear tubing, graduated manometer board, and graduated transparent plastic cylinder and was successfully tested in the Soleghan River in the west of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Hydro-geoelectric Properties of Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak Formations in Susan Syncline, North Izeh
HamidReza Nasseri Nejat Zeidalinejad Farshad AlijaniHydro-geoelectric properties of the Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak formations in Susan Syncline (located in Middle Karoon Basin), North of Izeh, were investigated to recognize electrical resistivity ranges of dry and wet limestone, karstification, and fractures and determine th MoreHydro-geoelectric properties of the Asmari and Ilam-Sarvak formations in Susan Syncline (located in Middle Karoon Basin), North of Izeh, were investigated to recognize electrical resistivity ranges of dry and wet limestone, karstification, and fractures and determine the areas with high potential for groundwater exploitation. For this purpose, the resistivity data were collected in 245 vertical geoelectric sounding (VES) using Schlumberger array in the contact of limestone and adjacent alluvium. The resistivity data were interpreted as one-dimensional and two-dimensional tomography (using RES2DINV software). The resistivity curves of VES in the Asmari Formation have lower value and ranges of resistivity than the Ilam-Sarvak Formation which can be understood by high yield of the aquifers from the smooth descending VES curves. Interpretation of two-dimensional geoelectrical tomography revealed that the Ilam - Sarvak Formations have considerable potential groundwater in crushed zones but the karst development and cavities in them are less than the Asmari limestone. The spring discharges from the Ilam-Sravak Formations in Susan area is in relation with the contact of compact limestone and water bearing fractured zones. Despite the lack of major springs in the Susan Syncline,the results of the hydro-geoelectrical investigation showed the Asmari limestone aquifer, has a high groundwater potential. The electrical resistivity of the Asmari Formation is lower than the Ilam-Sravak ones because of the higher porosity of limestone matrix in the former. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Robustness of fuzzy c-mean method for delineation of hydrochemical facies distribution of groundwater in Varamin Plain
Mohammad Nakhaei Mehdi Talkhabi Meysam VadiatiIn this paper, classification of a large hydrochemical data set from Varamin plain is done by using fuzzy c-means (FCM) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) clustering techniques. Then its application to hydrochemical facies delineation is discussed. Groundwater samp MoreIn this paper, classification of a large hydrochemical data set from Varamin plain is done by using fuzzy c-means (FCM) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) clustering techniques. Then its application to hydrochemical facies delineation is discussed. Groundwater samples were grouped into three classes according to the optimum number of the classes and fuzziness exponent by using the fuzzy c-mean. The data set includes 90 deep and moderate deep well samples from groundwater data set and 9 hydrochemical variables were used. Results from both FCM and HCA clustering produced cluster centers that can be used to identify the physical and chemical processes creating the variations in the water chemistries. The optimum cluster in FCM method determined by optimization function, but in HCA method by trial and error. The FCM method is potentially useful in establishing hydrochemical facies distribution and may provide a better tool than HCA for clustering large data sets when overlapping or continuous clusters exist. Plotting the cluster membership value contours on a map demonstrated the existence of three spatially continuous, well-defined clusters of groundwater samples. The results showed that the FCM method is more sound for investigating threshold data rather than HCA method (that represents sharp and abrupt variations). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Evaluation of groundwater quality in Dozdozan plain using Fuzzy Inference Model for agricultural uses
Hossein Rajabpour Jafar Edraki GholamReza AhmadzadehDozdozan plain is located in 80 kilometers south-east of Tabriz and is one of the most fertile plains of East Azerbaijan. The main economy of its residents is based on agriculture and as a result of the scarcity of surface water resources; agricultural sector is the MoreDozdozan plain is located in 80 kilometers south-east of Tabriz and is one of the most fertile plains of East Azerbaijan. The main economy of its residents is based on agriculture and as a result of the scarcity of surface water resources; agricultural sector is the major consumer of ground water. In this study, the application of Fuzzy Set theory for evaluation of ground water quality for agricultural purposes is used. In this research, seven ground water parameters from 50 wells were measured from 2012 to 2013 in Dozdozan plain. Based on Fuzzy Water Quality Model, the ground-water quality is classified in three categories; desirable, acceptable and unacceptable. Results showed only 17 samples from 50 wells come in desirable class with certainty level of 63.6 to 84 percent. About 28 samples classified in the acceptable category whose certainty level ranged from 48 to 64.5 percent and the remaining five samples were in not acceptable category with the maximum certainty level of 13.7 percent. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - The Impacts of the North Tabriz Fault on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the neighbor aquifer in the East of Tabriz City, Iran
ebrahim rajabpour Abdorreza Vaezi hirThe North Tabriz Fault (NTF) is the most prominent tectonic structure in the Northwest of Iran. The results of this study show that this fault has a major impact on hydrogeological conditions of the local aquifer. Plio-Quaternary volcanic ash and tuff layers constitute MoreThe North Tabriz Fault (NTF) is the most prominent tectonic structure in the Northwest of Iran. The results of this study show that this fault has a major impact on hydrogeological conditions of the local aquifer. Plio-Quaternary volcanic ash and tuff layers constitute the only unconfined aquifer of this area which directly lies on Miocene red marl as aquifer bed rock. Northern part aquifer bed rock is placed in the higher level than the southern part. This could be the reason for the existence of the reverse dip-slip movement of fault in this area, which causes the northern part (hanging wall) trust over the southern part (footwall). Sharp differences in aquifer bed rock level at relatively low distances (less than 200 m), can be a sign of near-vertical slope of fault in this area. An obvious groundwater level differences which reaches to more than 8 meters, along with the apparent differences between groundwater qualities across the fault at a low distance (about 200 meters) show a barrier behavior of fault. Total depth of the southern part wells is four times compared to the northern parts. Total annual discharge of southern part wells is about eight times of northern parts. Total hardness and ions concentrations of groundwater samples shows that most of the northern part samples are not suitable for drinking purposes, but the southern part samples are suitable. Also, all of the northern part samples have the negative Langelier index (corrosive). All of the southern part samples have the positive (very close to zero) Langelier index and suitable for industrial usages. Therefore this is a reason why most of industries in this area were located in the southern part of the fault. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The role of tectonic structures in conducting groundwater inflow to the second part of Zagros water tunnel – Kermanshah province
HamidReza Nasseri Narges Bayat Lili Izadi Kian Farshad AlijaniHigh local groundwater flow into rock tunnels is a technical and environmental problem for underground constructions. Geological structures such as faults, open fractures, and dissolution channels could play important roles in conducting ground waters to the tunnels. Ho MoreHigh local groundwater flow into rock tunnels is a technical and environmental problem for underground constructions. Geological structures such as faults, open fractures, and dissolution channels could play important roles in conducting ground waters to the tunnels. However, prediction of groundwater inflow from these structures using analytical and empirical method often failed due to given hydrogeological assumptions and simplification such as a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium around the tunnel. The Zagros water tunnel is located in the northwest of Kermanshah province. A huge amount of groundwater flow into the tunnel through fractures occurred during drilling of the second part of tunnel. The second part of tunnel passes through Pabdeh and Gurpi formations. A considerable amount of groundwater flushed into the tunnel when the Ilam Formation was penetrated, causing numerous problems and great damage to the drilling operation. The goal of this study is to identify the factors that influenced water flows into the tunnel. To this purpose, geological features of high flow rate zones have been identified and investigated. The highest input rate (800 l/s) was recorded in the zone Hz23 located in Kurdighaseman anticline. The relationship between geological features and the groundwater inflow into the tunnel indicated that faults play conveying role for ground water into the tunnel. Evaluation of high local groundwater inflow to rock tunnels based on characterization of geological structures is more reliable compared to available analytical and empirical estimation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Ability of Felmann wells to improve the physical and microbial parameters of river water
Mojtaba G.Mahmoodlu Mostfa Seyed Seyd Mostafa Khezri Gholam Abbas Fanaei KheirabadRiverbank filtration can be used as an effective and low-cost method for water treatment of rivers for drinking purposes. In alluvial land consisting of loose sediments (e.g., sand or gravel) with a water table near land surface, one of the most economical methods for e MoreRiverbank filtration can be used as an effective and low-cost method for water treatment of rivers for drinking purposes. In alluvial land consisting of loose sediments (e.g., sand or gravel) with a water table near land surface, one of the most economical methods for extracting water in large volumes is the use of wells with large diameter such as Felmann Well. In this study, we investigated the effect of Felmann Wells and riverbank filtration process on improving the water quality parameters of surface water. For this, Doogh River and a Felmann Well were sampled simultaneously within a 5-month period. SPSS software and T-tset were used to determine the significant difference between data obtained from chemical analysis. Comparison of water quality parameters of Doogh River and Felmann Well showed that riverbank filtration can play an important role in reducing the physical and biological parameters of water in Felmann Well drilled near the river. For drinking water purpose, the water quality of both Doogh River and Felmann Well was investigated using WQI (Water Quality Index). Hence, the WQI for Doogh River water varied from 50 to 57, which indicated the average quality of the water of the Doogh River. While, WQI value varied from 64 and 75 for the Felmann well representing a good water quality in the well. Results of this study showed that the Felmann wells which were drilled near the riverbank can play an important role in improving the water quality parameters of surface water for drinking purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Bioremediation potential of oil-contamination in aquifer of around Shazand Oil Refinery
Abdolreza Vaezi Sanaz QobadianIn this research, bioremediation potential of the aquifer located beneath Shazand Oil Refinery Company was evaluated according to the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater samples. Groundwater quality determined by sampling from different locations and specifying MoreIn this research, bioremediation potential of the aquifer located beneath Shazand Oil Refinery Company was evaluated according to the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater samples. Groundwater quality determined by sampling from different locations and specifying some hydrochemical parameters such as EC, DO, T, pH as well as concentration of the major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, (K++Na+), SO4-2, Cl-, (CO3-2+HCO3-)), some heavy metals (Fe+2, Mn+2) and nutrients (N-3, SO4-2). The results revealed that the amount of pH and EC provided a suitable condition for biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminants. Dissolved oxygen concentration of the samples shows a suitable condition for aerobic biodegradation, however, there is not an optimum condition based on the average temperature and nutrient concentration. Carbon to nitrogen and to phosphorus ratios and also nitrogen to phosphorus ratio are not suitable in the optimum range. It means that in the case of site remediation the aquifer of the area has not adequate ability to conduct natural bioremediation and so an enhanced remediation operation will be inevitable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The hydrogeological water balance of Barm-e-Shour wetland in the Haftkel city, Khuzestan province
Farzad Akbari rahim bagheri Arash NadriWetlands are the most important and yet vulnerable environmental resources which are vital as water resources to agriculture, springs, ground water recharge and ecology. Therefore, the management and restoration of the wetlands are of great importance and require hydrog MoreWetlands are the most important and yet vulnerable environmental resources which are vital as water resources to agriculture, springs, ground water recharge and ecology. Therefore, the management and restoration of the wetlands are of great importance and require hydrogeological scrutiny. Barm-e-Shour is one of the most important wetlands in Khuzestan province and is utilized for drinking and agricultural purposes. The wetland is situated on Gachsaran evaporate formation. There are no permanent surface inflows, yet the wetland maintains a steady reservoir, despite the recent drought and water supply limitations. Water and recharge origin which require calculating hydrogeological balance have not been studied so far. To achieve this goal, the iso-depth map, annual water level fluctuation, catchment area and different parameters of water balance were determined. The maximum depth during the dry season was about 3 meters. According to hydrogeological surveys the water balance was positive so that the yearly inflow of water was about 10912 m3 indicating the main role of ground water in wetland recharge. Considering the karst development and isotopic results, carbonates of the Asmari anticline is the most probable source of Barm-e-Shour wetland water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - بررسی کارایی مدل هیبریدی هالت-وینترز موجکی (WHW)در شبیه¬سازی تراز سطح ایستابی آبخوان ساحلی ارومیه
Mohammad Nakhaei Farshad Alijani Ali Mirarabi HamidReza NasseriFor management and planning valuable groundwater resources, it is very important to predict groundwater level and have a correct understanding about aquifer changes. In this paper for the first time, the wavelet Halt-Winters hybrid models (WHW) were used and tested for MoreFor management and planning valuable groundwater resources, it is very important to predict groundwater level and have a correct understanding about aquifer changes. In this paper for the first time, the wavelet Halt-Winters hybrid models (WHW) were used and tested for groundwater forecasting. A monthly data set of 16 years consisting of groundwater level fluctuations was used in two observation wells of Urmieh coastal aquifer. In the WHW, the dataset was converted into several sub-dataset with different time scales. Then, the sub-series were used in the HW model as inputs. Subsequently, the performance of the WHW model was compared with ARIMA, HW, and SARIMA as linear models and neural network models (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) as nonlinear models. The results showed that the NSE and RMSE values of the WHW model were upgraded up to 30% and 60% respectively, in comparison with linear models. The WHW hybrid model also has the same performance compared to nonlinear models. This research reflects that if there are multiple seasonal fluctuations in the groundwater time series, the performance of the WHW model compared with linear models will be more accurate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Application of EPM model in soil erosion evaluation (Case study, Shazand watershed-Saveh Dam)
Ali Mohammad Rajabi Adel Yavari Hamid Reza SolokiIn this paper, the Shazand catchment area have been simulated using the geographical information system (GIS) with an accuracy of 10 × 10 meters and various parameters required in the form of digital layers in the ArcGIS environment. Then, using the EPM model, the ero MoreIn this paper, the Shazand catchment area have been simulated using the geographical information system (GIS) with an accuracy of 10 × 10 meters and various parameters required in the form of digital layers in the ArcGIS environment. Then, using the EPM model, the erosion zoning map of this basin located around the Saveh dam was prepared and its annual precipitation rate was estimated. In the following, the output of the model was compared with the hydrometric method. According to the results of EPM model, sediment yield from stations of Poledoab, Bazaneh, Toureh and Shazand using EPM model are 288103.81, 18963.83, 43079.2 and 20583.76 respectively, whereas hydrometric method shows values 335285.42, 23937.42, 36459.09 and 42781.69 ton per year, respectively. Also comparison of EPM model with hydrometric method shows a good correlation. Results show accuracy of 86%, 82%, 48% and 79% for Poledoab, Toureh, Shazand and Bazaneh stations, respectively. Assessments show that EPM model with acceptable accuracy provides good results in order to predict the mximum annual sediment yield. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Hydrogeochemistry of Gorganrood river in Gonbad-e-Kavoos district, Golestan province
Abbas Teimori گیتی فرقانی تهرانی Hadi Jabari Abdol Rez KaboliRivers are the key resources for drinking and agricultural purposes and the assessment of water quality is very important. In this study, a detailed investigation has been made for identifying the natural and anthropogenic processes that offected the quality of Gorganro MoreRivers are the key resources for drinking and agricultural purposes and the assessment of water quality is very important. In this study, a detailed investigation has been made for identifying the natural and anthropogenic processes that offected the quality of Gorganrood and its tributaries water in the Gonbad-e-Kavoos district. The Gorganrood is the longest river in the Golestan province (NE of Iran). During previous years, various wastewaters (i.e. domestic, agricultural and industrial) produced in Gonbad-e-Kavoos district have been discharged into the Gorganrood. To evaluate the chemical quality of water in the study area, 37 water and 6 wastewater samples were collected. The physicochemical parameters including pH and EC were determined in situ by an EC/pH meters. The concentration of major ions was measured using the standard methods. The piper and Wilcox diagrams were used to assess the water type and water quality for irrigation, respectively. Scatter diagrams were used to assess the hydrochemical processes influencing the chemistry of the water samples. Results of this study indicate that the pH and EC values of the water samples decrease in the city district. This is due to the discharge of urban wastewaters with lower EC and pH values which leads to the dilution of the river water. The lower concentration of nitrate in water samples collected in the city district is probably due to the denitrification process. Results show that the prevailing water types of Gorganrood and its tributaries are Na-SO42- and Na-HCO3-, respectively. The entrance of tributaries enhances the Gorganrood water quality for drinking and agricultural puposes. Along the river course, the natural processes of halite- gypsum- anhydrite dissolution and ion exchange, as well as anthropogenic factors (discharge of agricultural and urban wastewaters) deteriorate the water quality. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Hydrochemical evaluation and qualitative deterioration assessment of Gorganrud River
Mojtaba G.Mahmoodlu Nader Jandaghi Maryam SayadiIn this study, the hydrochemical evolution and qualitative deterioration of Gorganrud River water were investigated in a distance of approximately 100 km from the northern margin of the Alborz highlands to Gorgan Gulf. For this purpose, the analysis results of elven phy MoreIn this study, the hydrochemical evolution and qualitative deterioration of Gorganrud River water were investigated in a distance of approximately 100 km from the northern margin of the Alborz highlands to Gorgan Gulf. For this purpose, the analysis results of elven physicochemical parameters related to four hydrometric stations over a ten-year statistical period were used. Gibbs, Stiff, Piper, Durov diagrams as well as five saturation indices for carbonate, sulfate and chloride minerals were used to study the hydrochemical evolution of the river. Water quality changes in drinking (using Schoeller Diagram), agricultural (using Wilcox Diagram), and industrial (using corrosion indices) sectors along the Gorganrud River were also investigated. In this study, F test and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to analyze the variance of data and the number of factors affecting water hydrochemistry, respectively. The results showed that rock-water reaction, evaporation, and Gorgan Gulf saline water intrusion are the most important factors controlling the river water chemistry. Also, the water dominant type of Gorganrud River at the highlands margin is bicarbonate and as it enters the plain, it tends to reach full maturity, the type of sodium chloride. At all stations, river water is supersaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite but it is under saturated respect to anhydrite, gypsum and halite. However, evaporite minerals saturation increases in the flow direction. The quality of water for drinking and agriculture is suitable at the margins of highlands and as it enters the plain and the path to the Gorgan Gulf decreases sharply. According to the statistical analysis results, the most changes in physicochemical parameters are obtained between the Lazoure Station at the highlands margin and the Qazaghli Station in the middle part of the plain and after that no significant changes were observed between the quality parameters until Gorganroud outlet. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Increasing the lifetime of underwater acoustic sensor networks by optimal relay node placement
zahra mihamadi mohadeseh soleimanpour daryush avasimoghaddam Siamak TalebiUnderwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have gained growing importance due to their desirable features and wide spread practical applications in many communication fields. Due to the high cost of underwater sensor nodes as well as implementation complexity, increasi MoreUnderwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have gained growing importance due to their desirable features and wide spread practical applications in many communication fields. Due to the high cost of underwater sensor nodes as well as implementation complexity, increasing the lifetime of UASNs is an important issue. Although relay nodes have an important role in reducing the transmission distance and energy consumption. But the efficient RNP (Relay Node Placement) to avoid the critical sensor nodes' elimination is the main problem, i.e., to preserve the connected network. For this aim this paper presents an innovative solution called an Efficient Relay node Setting (ERS) algorithm, which involves formulating the Relay Node Placement (RNP) as a non-convex optimization problem. Actually, due to the Difference Convex (DC) constraints the proposed RNP problem is a non-convex problem and finding an optimal solution is complicated. However, a novel transformation can be applied to DC constraints which converts the problem into its convex programming equivalent. Application of the convex programming offers the advantage of readily computing a global optimal solution. Simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed scheme over the competing RA method in terms of network lifetime and efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Investigation of birds' density and species diversity of Amir-Kelayeh international wetland during a 10-year period (2007-2016), based on winter census
Hadi Pourmosa shaykhAlikelayeh Saeid NaderiAmir-Kelayeh international wetland is as one of the important wintering habitats for birds. In present study, the density and diversity of bird species (waterbird, wader and terrestrial bird dependent to the wetland) has been studied in Amir-Kelayeh international wetlan MoreAmir-Kelayeh international wetland is as one of the important wintering habitats for birds. In present study, the density and diversity of bird species (waterbird, wader and terrestrial bird dependent to the wetland) has been studied in Amir-Kelayeh international wetland based on the semi-winter birds census data, over a 10-year statistical period. During this ten-year period, the total number of 334776 birds from 46 different birds species was recorded in this wetland. Among the studied years, the highest number of 72188 birds in 2008 and the lowest number of 1877 birds in 2015 have been counted. In terms of quality and food items, this wetland and it's around paddy fields is a good refuge for the Anatidae and Rallidae family that with 64.86 and 50.06 percent of frequency depending on their diet, have the most abundant among the identified family. The biodiversity indexes showed a relatively high amounts, but with a declining trend, and also the index of species evenness indicated a stable trend during this 10-year period in Amir-Kelayeh Wetland. Considering the decreasing trend of biodiversity indexes in Amir-Kelayeh wetland in recent years, increasing the wetland ecological conservation through the management plans such as habitat structure conservation, and illegal hunting and pollution control is recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Investigation of Gilan index dams' water quality using multivariate methods
Hanieh Mirbolooki Babak Razdar Matin MohafezatkarNowadays, the importance of water is known more than before as a life factor and the axis of sustainable development that to protect and manage it, it needs to be controlled using laboratory tests and various water quality indexes. The purpose of this study was to inves MoreNowadays, the importance of water is known more than before as a life factor and the axis of sustainable development that to protect and manage it, it needs to be controlled using laboratory tests and various water quality indexes. The purpose of this study was to investigate water quality in diversion dams in Guilan province in which the dams have been ranked using Shannon and TOPSIS entropy methods. The dams included Pasikhan, Shakhzar, Polrud and Tarik and the measured indicators included Ec, pH, TDS, Temperature, SO4, HCO3, Cl, Ca, Mg, Na, TSS, DO, BOD5 and COD. Shannon entropy results showed that among the indicators, the highest index weight is related to TSS with the amount of 0.1973 and the lowest one is related to pH with the amount of zero. Topsis tests results showed that based on the weights derived from entropy and water quality indicators, Pasikhan dam is in the first rank, Polrud dam is in the second rank, Shakhzar dam is in the third rank and Tarik dam is in the last rank. So, according to multivariate selection methods, water quality in different dams with similar conditions can be investigated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Node to Node Watermarking in Wireless Sensor Networks for Authentication of Self Nodes
Hassan Farsi Seyed Morteza NourianIn order to solve some security issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), node to node authentication method based on digital watermarking technique for verification of relative nodes is proposed. In the proposed method, some algorithms with low computational for gener MoreIn order to solve some security issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), node to node authentication method based on digital watermarking technique for verification of relative nodes is proposed. In the proposed method, some algorithms with low computational for generation, embedding and detection of security ID are designed. The collected data packets by the nodes are marked using security ID. In the proposed method, header is used to mark the packets. Since the nature of the sensor networks is cooperative, using the head of the packets is proposed for authentication. Also using the marked head can prevent from sending and receiving fake data in the other nodes. Simulations have been performed in environments with imposing unrealistic data and having a probability from 1% to 10%. Comparing the proposed method with other methods shows that the proposed method in term of security, reducing traffic and increasing network lifetime is more effective. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - A New Robust Digital Image Watermarking Algorithm Based on LWT-SVD and Fractal Images
Fardin Akhlaghian Tab Kayvan Ghaderi Parham MoradiThis paper presents a robust copyright protection scheme based on Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). We have used fractal decoding to make a very compact representation of watermark image. The fractal code is presented by a binary im MoreThis paper presents a robust copyright protection scheme based on Lifting Wavelet Transform (LWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). We have used fractal decoding to make a very compact representation of watermark image. The fractal code is presented by a binary image. In the embedding phase of watermarking scheme, at first, we perform decomposing of the host image with 2D-LWT transform, then SVD is applied to sub-bands of the transformed image, and then the watermark, “binary image,” is embedded by modifying the singular values. In the watermark extraction phase, after the reverse steps are applied, the embedded binary image and consequently the fractal code are extracted from the watermarked image. The original watermark image is rendered by running the code. To verify the validity of the proposed watermarking scheme, several experiments are carried out and the results are compared with the results of the other algorithms. In order to evaluate the quality of image, we use parameter peak value signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). To measure the robustness of the proposed algorithm, the NC coefficient is evaluated. The experimental results indicate that, in addition to high transparency, the proposed scheme is strong enough to resist various signal processing operations, such as average filter, median filter, Jpeg compression, contrast adjustment, cropping, histogram equalization, rotation, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Security Analysis of Scalar Costa Scheme Against Known Message Attack in DCT-Domain Image Watermarking
Reza Samadi Seyed Alireza SeyedinThis paper proposes an accurate information-theoretic security analysis of Scalar Costa Scheme (SCS) when the SCS is employed in the embedding layer of digital image watermarking. For this purpose, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients are extracted from the cove MoreThis paper proposes an accurate information-theoretic security analysis of Scalar Costa Scheme (SCS) when the SCS is employed in the embedding layer of digital image watermarking. For this purpose, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients are extracted from the cover images. Then, the SCS is used to embed watermarking messages into mid-frequency DCT coefficients. To prevent unauthorized embedding and/or decoding, the SCS codebook is randomized using the pseudorandom dither signal which plays the role of the secret key. A passive attacker applies Known Message Attack (KMA) on the watermarked messages to practically estimate the secret key. The security level is measured using residual entropy (equivocation) of the secret key provided that the attacker’s observations are available. It can be seen that the practical security level of the SCS depends on the host statistics which has contradiction with previous theoretical result. Furthermore, the practical security analysis of the SCS leads to the different values of the residual entropy in comparison with previous theoretical equation. It will be shown that these differences are mainly due to existence of uniform regions in images that cannot be captured by previous theoretical analysis. Another source of such differences is ignoring the dependencies between the observations of non-uniform regions in previous theoretical analysis. To provide an accurate reformulation, the theoretical equation for the uniform regions and the empirical equation for the non-uniform regions are proposed. Then, by combining these equations a new equation is presented for the whole image which considers both host statistics and observations dependencies. Finally, accuracy of the proposed formulations is examined through exhaustive simulations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - A New High-Capacity Audio Watermarking Based on Wavelet Transform using the Golden Ratio and TLBO Algorithm
Ali Zeidi joudaki Marjan Abdeyazdan Mohammad Mosleh Mohammad KheyrandishDigital watermarking is one of the best solutions for copyright infringement, copying, data verification, and illegal distribution of digital media. Recently, the protection of digital audio signals has received much attention as one of the fascinating topics for resear MoreDigital watermarking is one of the best solutions for copyright infringement, copying, data verification, and illegal distribution of digital media. Recently, the protection of digital audio signals has received much attention as one of the fascinating topics for researchers and scholars. In this paper, we presented a new high-capacity, clear, and robust audio signaling scheme based on the DWT conversion synergy and golden ratio advantages using the TLBO algorithm. We used the TLBO algorithm to determine the effective frame length and embedded range, and the golden ratio to determine the appropriate embedded locations for each frame. First, the main audio signal was broken down into several sub-bands using a DWT in a specific frequency range. Since the human auditory system is not sensitive to changes in high-frequency bands, to increase the clarity and capacity of these sub-bands to embed bits we used the watermark signal. Moreover, to increase the resistance to common attacks, we framed the high-frequency bandwidth and then used the average of the frames as a key value. Our main idea was to embed an 8-bit signal simultaneously in the host signal. Experimental results showed that the proposed method is free from significant noticeable distortion (SNR about 29.68dB) and increases the resistance to common signal processing attacks such as high pass filter, echo, resampling, MPEG (MP3), etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Evaluation of the efficiency of the advanced aerobic process by the Moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) method in wastewater treatment of detergent production industries
saeed poorkareem Fariba Ostovar Kamran TaghaviAbstract In this study, the aerobic biological process was investigated by the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) method for wastewater treatment of detergent industries. The mean of COD and LAS in raw wastewater were 10231 mg/L and 210 mg/L, respectively. In this study, th MoreAbstract In this study, the aerobic biological process was investigated by the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) method for wastewater treatment of detergent industries. The mean of COD and LAS in raw wastewater were 10231 mg/L and 210 mg/L, respectively. In this study, three different concentrations of LAS (210, 500, and 1000 mg/L) were used to determine the efficiency of the whole system in removing COD and LAS. The BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.2 in raw wastewater to 0.45 after pretreatment. In the MBBR system in reactor 1 with 36 hours of hydraulic rate time (HRT), the highest removal efficiencies of 93.41% and 95% were obtained for COD and LAS, respectively. In Reactor 2 with similar conditions to HRT of 36 hours, the highest removal efficiencies for COD and LAS were 94.20% and 99.99%, respectively. By changing the amount of injected air from 30 L/min to 50 L/min and then 70 L/min, the removal efficiency in the amount of air injected about 50 L/min was increased. Organic charge loading (OUR) studies also showed a reduction in specific oxygen consumption from about 11 mg O2/gr MLSS.hr at the beginning of the operation period to about 2 mg O2/gr MLSS.hr at the end of the period. This study showed that the MBBR process, can meet the environmental output standards for the treatment of detergent industry wastewater and be used as an efficient method in detergent industry wastewater treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - Western Surrealism resonates in the Water footsteps of Sepahri
Mehrdad Aghaei fazel abbaszade susan ghayebzadehAbstract Surrealism, with all its misgivings and confusion, has thrown so much fire into the lives of literature that it has swept across the East like a devastating slave and has swept all over the world. Sohrab Sepehri, an Iranian poet and painter and naturalist, mad MoreAbstract Surrealism, with all its misgivings and confusion, has thrown so much fire into the lives of literature that it has swept across the East like a devastating slave and has swept all over the world. Sohrab Sepehri, an Iranian poet and painter and naturalist, made his surrealistic inspirations in his poetry during his travels to the East and West, as well as his acquaintance with Eastern mysticism and Western literature schools. This article seeks to introduce the school of surrealism to examine its features in Sepehri's poem "The Water footsteps." According to the evidence in this famous poem, it was concluded that Sepehri, in his poetic style in "The Water footsteps" had surpassed many of the surrealistic principles and grounded in the realities that even the Westerners themselves They need a hand. The purpose of this study is to depict the real world in a supernatural language and to reach the supreme truth through mental and spiritual affairs, by using the school of surrealism in this poet's work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - Historical Development of the Concept of Hyle (Matter) in the Works of Muslim Thinkers
Mahmoud Hedayatafza Mohammad Javad RezaeirahAs generally acknowledged, the term “hyle” in Peripatetic philosophy has been derived from Aristotle’s views on matter and form or potency and act. Although this term has been defined as “matter lacking actuality and enjoying pure potency” in Islamic philosophy, a study MoreAs generally acknowledged, the term “hyle” in Peripatetic philosophy has been derived from Aristotle’s views on matter and form or potency and act. Although this term has been defined as “matter lacking actuality and enjoying pure potency” in Islamic philosophy, a study of the works of Muslim thinkers reveals that, because of the integration of some philosophical views with gnostic ideas as well as the influence of Islamic teachings, this term has undergone different semantic changes. As a result, in some schools of philosophy, it has been consciously employed to refer to actual affairs. Below, the writers have provided eight meanings for “hyle”, which are listed in their chronological order of formulation: 1. Matter lacking any kind of actuality and enjoying pure potency, as accepted by Peripatetic philosophers and equivalent to its Aristotelian concept. 2. The fourth level of being, for the Isma‘ilite, which is posterior to the soul and prior to nature. 3. Pure substantial continuity, in some of Suhrawardi’s works, which, along with accidental quantity, constitutes the truth of body. 4. Matter inclusive of all possible worlds and an otherworldly expression of simple existence in the view of some gnostics. 5. One of the modes of form in line with Mulla Sadra’s view of the unitary integration of matter and form. 6. An equivalent to possible existence or created thing’s divine aspect (Face of God) in the view of Shaykh Ihsa’ei. 7. An expansion of the Aristotelian concept of prime hyle under the title of the dark nature of essence in Tafkik (separation) School. 8. An application of the matter of world to the element of water based on the religious texts of Tafkik School of thought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - Assessing the Remedy Policies of “Urmia Lake” Basin Crises By A System Dynamics Approach
علیرضا لاری جابر مهرکار mir saman pishvaeeThe Urmia Lake is the greatest lake in Iran and the second saline lake in the world. This ecosystem contains a wide numbers of animals and plants. Urmia Lake has placed in the northwest of Iran and has economical, social and environmental importance for local people. Un MoreThe Urmia Lake is the greatest lake in Iran and the second saline lake in the world. This ecosystem contains a wide numbers of animals and plants. Urmia Lake has placed in the northwest of Iran and has economical, social and environmental importance for local people. Unfortunately, in recent years, various and complex problems have decreased the level of water in Urmia Lake strongly and deteriorate the future life of this lake significantly. However, in the last decade, more than half of the lake area has changed to the salt plains. Many researches address the Urmia Lake crises in recent years; however, most of them are unable to model the dynamism of Urmia basin as a whole system in long-term period. In this paper, the critical factors affecting the reduction of Urmia Lake water level are defined. In addition, a system dynamics model, which is able to illustrate the behavior of the whole system of Urmia Lake, is proposed. The developed model is validated through comparison analysis and the derived results show the high accuracy (around 97%) of the proposed model. Three policies are proposed and evaluated to increase the water inflow and Lake level. The simulation results show that the hybrid policy has more efficiency than the other ones. Also, a prediction of Urmia Lake volume is proposed based on model till 1405. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Satisfaction survey and Solutions to make customer satisfaction of Regional Water Company Approach to water conservation (Area of study: Khorasan Razavi)
مریم حسن نژاد ناصر شاهنوشی حجت هریوندیToday, in manufacturing or service organizations, customer satisfaction is considered as an important criterion for measuring the quality of their work, and this trend is rising, so that customer satisfaction is one of the main dimensions of quality management systems a MoreToday, in manufacturing or service organizations, customer satisfaction is considered as an important criterion for measuring the quality of their work, and this trend is rising, so that customer satisfaction is one of the main dimensions of quality management systems and models of excellence. The state-owned companies such as regional water companies are no exception. the present study, in addition to measuring customer satisfaction in regional water company of Razavi Khorasan, Approach to water conservation and the use of the customer satisfaction index, Strategies to create and increase customer satisfaction provided. The results show that overall customer satisfaction rate from company is about 60 percent, that In the meantime highest levels of satisfaction is for component of responding to complaints and problems. In addition, using a matrix of performance analysis, company's strengths and weaknesses were identified. The results show that company in most components of satisfaction has the relative weakness. Then, based on weaknesses identified in the company were presented management strategies to create and increase customer satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Ranking suppliers in sustainable supply chain, using data envelopment analysis (Case study: Region Six Water & Wastewater Company of Tehran)
Ali Naimi-Sadigh Arman SajedinejadThe supply chain management debate is one of the most important discussions in the organizations. But there are many social, economic, and environmental problems encouraging organizations to use sustainable supply chain management. Because the sustainable supply cha MoreThe supply chain management debate is one of the most important discussions in the organizations. But there are many social, economic, and environmental problems encouraging organizations to use sustainable supply chain management. Because the sustainable supply chain is to improve the long-term supply chain performance to address the social, economic, and environmental problems of the traditional supply chain. Given that supply chains have grown rapidly in recent years, only paying attention to economic performance for cost optimization cannot lead to sustainable development in the supply chain, therefore, the impact of various activities involved in the supply chain on social life and Environmental issues that lead to sustainable development should also be considered. In this research, the goal of evaluation and ranking of sustainable supply chain suppliers is using the data envelopment analysis method. First of all, using previous studies in this area, we first identify the important variables of choosing sustainable supply chain suppliers according to the economic, environmental and social measures for the District 6 water and sewage company. Subsequently, according to an interview with experts in this area, we reduced the indexes. Finally, DEA models were ranked by the suppliers of sustainable supply chain water and sewage companies in District 6 of Tehran as a statistical population. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - Future Proofing Model of the Sustainable Water Resource Management based on the Scenario Planning Approach- Case Study: Golestan Province
Seyed Mansour Rahim Hoseini Aliakbar HasaniWater resources have always been the focal point of the civilizations and urbanities formation. Human societies, at the early age until now, have been initiated around these resources. Therefore the preservation of the water resources for the next generation and correct MoreWater resources have always been the focal point of the civilizations and urbanities formation. Human societies, at the early age until now, have been initiated around these resources. Therefore the preservation of the water resources for the next generation and correct exploitation, play a crucial role in sustainability and extension of civilizations. Then, most of the experts believe that wars at the 21th century are about clean and pure water resources. In these days, because of excessive increase in environment uncertainty, the traditional planning approaches/methods have lost their usefulness. To confront these uncertainties and at the age of Cold War, scenario planning established as one of the future proofing approaches/methods. In scenario planning, against the traditional planning methods, the future has not seen as the extension of the past, on the contrary, general environmental drivers and forces form the future state of a system. Considering the uncertainities in water resource management,this article has tried to use scenario planning approach for future proofing, finding driving forces that shape the future state of water resources in the Golestan province and then determined the crucial drivers by interview with the experts of strategic management and water resource planning fields. All possible scenarios have been written and at the end, for managing water resources in stable ways, strategies and course of actions have presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - A review of the study and application of the application of organic-metal nanostructured frameworks as a membrane in desalination of seawater
yousef ghorbaniy Seyyed Mehdi Ghoreishi Milad GhaniDue to the increase in population and as a result of the increase in economic activities in the world, the demand for water consumption has increased significantly. Seawater covers two-thirds of the earth's surface, so it makes sense to use these resources to provide dr MoreDue to the increase in population and as a result of the increase in economic activities in the world, the demand for water consumption has increased significantly. Seawater covers two-thirds of the earth's surface, so it makes sense to use these resources to provide drinking water and could be an important component in solving the problem of water scarcity. In addition, existing technologies for water treatment to meet There are certain water quality requirements, so reusing used water to address water shortages can be further explored. In recent years, organic metal frameworks have received much attention due to their interesting chemistry and potential applications. In the science of separation, researchers have extensively studied organic-metal frameworks for gas separation and water treatment. In this paper, the aim is to investigate the possibility of using organic-metal frameworks for membrane desalination. Therefore, after a brief introduction of organic-metallic frameworks, several methods for preparing membranes of organic-metallic frameworks, water desalination techniques and methods of application of organic-metallic frameworks and finally membranes of organic-metallic frameworks for different applications of water Such as desalination, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and microfiltration are considered. The use of organic-metal frameworks as membranes in water treatment is still in its infancy compared to other applications such as gas separation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - A Nonoblivious Watermarking Scheme for Embedding Spread Spectrum-like Watermarks in the Wavelet Domain Using HVS Characteristics
A. R. zolghadr asli S. RezazadehIn this paper, we introduce a multiresolution watermarking method for copyright protection of digital images. The method is based on the discrete wavelet transform. A noise type Gaussian sequence is used as watermark. To embed the watermark robustly and imperceptibly, w MoreIn this paper, we introduce a multiresolution watermarking method for copyright protection of digital images. The method is based on the discrete wavelet transform. A noise type Gaussian sequence is used as watermark. To embed the watermark robustly and imperceptibly, watermark components are added to the significant coefficients of each selected subband by considering the human visual system (HVS) characteristics. Some small modifications are performed to improve HVS model. The host image is needed in watermark extraction procedure and Normalized Correlation Function (NCF) is used to measure similarities of extracted watermarks. It is shown that this method is robust against wide variety of attacks such as: additive noise, low pass filtering, compression, chopping, histogram equalization, rotation. Comparison with other methods shows the better performance of this suggested method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
54 - Design and Analysis of Low Frequency Communication Multipath Channel to Safe Transmitting Speech Signal in Persian Gulf
H. Bakhshi H. ShahbaziOne of the important applications of underwater communication is speech transmission between two divers or between divers and ship or submarine. This paper describes a project designed to investigate and demonstrate underwater communication system in Persian Gulf for sp MoreOne of the important applications of underwater communication is speech transmission between two divers or between divers and ship or submarine. This paper describes a project designed to investigate and demonstrate underwater communication system in Persian Gulf for speech transmission in a real channel. At first, transmitter is designed, then channel with real data is simulated by neural network and at last receiver is designed. Transmitted data is speech signal that for more secure transmission and low frequency bandwidth, a cryptography algorithm and speech coding algorithm is applied in transmitter. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) signaling is employed to make efficient use of the available channel bandwidth. In the receiver, linear equalizer and decision feedback equalizer (DFE) are tested and the best scheme is applied. Also, ray tracing method is used for simulation of sound waves propagation in Persian Gulf underwater communication channel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
55 - A Contrast Independent Algorithm for Binarization of Document Images
M. Valizadeh E. KabirIn this paper, we present a contrast independent algorithm for binarization of degraded document images. The proposed algorithm does not require any parameter setting by user. Therefore, it can handle document images with variable foreground and background intensities a MoreIn this paper, we present a contrast independent algorithm for binarization of degraded document images. The proposed algorithm does not require any parameter setting by user. Therefore, it can handle document images with variable foreground and background intensities and low contrast documents. The proposed algorithm involves three consecutive stages. At the first stage, independent of contrast between foreground and background, sensible parts of each character are extracted using the modified water flow model, which is designed for the extraction of sensible part of each character and the drawbacks of water flow model are solved in this algorithm. In the second stage, the gray levels of foreground are estimated using the extracted text pixels and the gray levels of background are locally estimated by averaging the original image. At the third stage, for each pixel of image, the average of estimated foreground and background gray levels is defined as local threshold. After extensive experiments, the proposed binarization algorithm demonstrates superior performance against conventional binarization algorithms on a set of degraded document images captured with camera. Proposed algorithm efficiently extracts the low contrast texts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
56 - An Efficient Hybrid Routing Protocol in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
J. Tavakoli N. MoghimUnderwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a kind of sensor networks that their operational fields have been developed under water in recent decades, although these networks deal with lots of challenges due to lack of the GPS1. These networks encounter researchers wit MoreUnderwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a kind of sensor networks that their operational fields have been developed under water in recent decades, although these networks deal with lots of challenges due to lack of the GPS1. These networks encounter researchers with many challenges by some limitations like high propagation delay, low bandwidth, high bit error rate, movement, limited battery and memory. In comparison with terrestrial sensor networks, sensors in the UWSN consume energy more because they use acoustic technology to communicate. Motivation of this research is proposing a routing protocol for underwater systematic settings with a limited energy. The settled sensor nodes in underwater cannot communicate directly with nodes near surface, so they need prepared multi hop communications with a proper routing plan. In wireless sensor networks, node clustering is a common way to organize data traffic and to decrease intra-network communications along with scalability and load balance improvement plus reducing of overall energy consumption of system. Therefore, in this article a fuzzy clustering routing protocol with data aggregation and balanced energy consumption for UWSNs is proposed. Simulation results show that in the proposed protocol, energy consumption becomes more uniformly distributed in the network and average of the nodes' energy usage and number of routing packets decreases and finally, packet delivery ratio and throughput are improved in the network in comparison with DABC3 and IDACB4 algorithms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
57 - Detection and Recovery of Corrupted Images After High Rate of Tampering Attacks
Faranak Tohidi Mohammad Reza HooshmandaslIn recent years, illegally copying digital images and even manipulating them, without great loss of quality and at a low cost has been made possible. Watermarking has recently been developed as one of the methods to detect that tampering has occurred and even enable som MoreIn recent years, illegally copying digital images and even manipulating them, without great loss of quality and at a low cost has been made possible. Watermarking has recently been developed as one of the methods to detect that tampering has occurred and even enable some recovery of the original images. However, there are still many issues to resolve in providing an effective watermark that can detect and recover a wide range of manipulations. Furthermore, the accuracy of detecting and the capability of the recovery of the original images by existing methods are still not at an acceptable level. These problems are more critical when certain high-rate manipulation attacks occur. In this paper, a watermarking method will be introduced that not only is able to detect any tampering, but also can successfully recover the original images in high quality, even at high tampering rates. In this method, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is used to detect tampering and Optimal Iterative Block Truncation Coding (OIBTC) has also been applied to recover lost data. This paper proposes a powerful way to increase detection sensitivity while increasing watermark resistance for the effective recovery of corrupted images. The results prove the superiority of the proposed method over current methods.92% of tasks are executed successfully in the edge environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
58 - Removal of petroleum from contaminated water by affordable adsorbents
Zahra ZamiraeiPetroleum pollution has an important impact on marine plants and animals, coral islands, fishing, beaches, human health and tourism industry. Therefore, it is important to recycle or prevent leakage and to remove them from contaminated water. There are various ways to r MorePetroleum pollution has an important impact on marine plants and animals, coral islands, fishing, beaches, human health and tourism industry. Therefore, it is important to recycle or prevent leakage and to remove them from contaminated water. There are various ways to remove and recycle oil; including physical, mechanical, biological and photochemical methods, filtration and the most widely used way is absorption methods. The choice of an economically suitable hydrophobic absorber should be easy to handle, not expensive, and not be classified as hazardous. The adsorbent material can be organic or inorganic. Organic materials usually include plants, animals, or other high-carbon compounds (such as food waste, rice husk, macroalgae, algae, creatine, etc.). It is also possible to use organic compounds produced in industries such as petroleum and fertilizer industries. Inorganic compounds used as adsorbents are usually substances such as: soil, clay, mud, zeolite, minerals, metal oxides and hydroxides. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
59 - Use of Plasma Cavitation Reactor in condensation of sanitary sewage treatment Plant at IKCO Company
Leili Masoumi ghaleh Ali Sayadi malakami Amir Emami Naeemeh Shirakbari Javad Modabber Majid Javadyan sarcheshmeIn order to condensing the sanitary sludge, two types of complementary centrifugal and screw press devices are usually used. In this paper, in order to increase the efficiency and maximum dewatering in the final stage of the treatment plant, plasma cavitation reactor wa MoreIn order to condensing the sanitary sludge, two types of complementary centrifugal and screw press devices are usually used. In this paper, in order to increase the efficiency and maximum dewatering in the final stage of the treatment plant, plasma cavitation reactor was used. The input sample of the studied system is the output sludge of the sanitary wastewater treatment plant process of IKCO after entering the digestion tank and staying for one hour. Using a plasma cavitation reactor by rectifier, a voltage of 50 volts and a current of 110 amps was applied to 5 iron electrodes in the cavitation reactor tank with a volume of 1 m3 and the sample was tested for 8 days and every day for 8 hours. Then, the effect of the presence of cavitation reactor on the percentage of dry matter is compared with the centrifuge and multi-disc screw press system when they used alone. Based on industrial and laboratory results, a decrease of more than 80% of wet sludge (conversion of 100 m3 of sludge to about 20 m3 daily) was observed daily. Also, the COD of the outlet water from the final cavitation tank was less than 200 mg/L, also, the amount of its turbidity reached below 50 NTU after passing through sand filters in the final stages which can be used for irrigation and agriculture. Using plasma cavitation reactor was effective in reducing settling time and the final volume of wet sludge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
60 - The efficacy of multivariate regression models and GIS in Selecting SuitableSites for Rain Water Harvesting (Case Study: Tajareh Watershed)
maryam aghaie siamak dokhani ebrahim omidvarWater scarcity in arid areas is a serious crisis. The most important step in using rainwater collection systems is to locate suitable areas. In this research, three methods of multivariate regression model and GIS have been used to locate the on-site and off-site rainwa MoreWater scarcity in arid areas is a serious crisis. The most important step in using rainwater collection systems is to locate suitable areas. In this research, three methods of multivariate regression model and GIS have been used to locate the on-site and off-site rainwater collection method in Tejreh watershed. In this study, canopy, litter, rock and gravel, bare soil, CN, precipitation, slope and soil depth as independent variables and influence on in situ rainwater collection and maximum instantaneous discharge for non-in situ rainwater collection method The title of the dependent variable was considered. The multivariate regression model uses stepwise method, backward removal method, and forward method. And the standard step-by-step method, regression removal method, step-by-step method in collecting rainwater, non-in situ method have been used. The final results by matching the results of previous research show in step rainwater collection, stepwise method and between layers CN, soil, percentage of rock and gravel, and in non-in situ rainwater collection stepwise regression method Standard and among layers the percentage of litter, percentage of canopy, CN, slope, percentage of rocks and pebbles, amount of rainfall, percentage of bare soil and soil depth are known to be important in the equation. Finally, the importance of rain collection sites was divided into four classes: very good, good, medium and poor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
61 - Improved LET function and use to modelinrelative permeability curves for one of the Iranian carbonate reservoir rock
غلامرضا بشیریAbstruct There are two key method of simulating multi-phase flow experiments. One is the actual estimation of multi-phase flow properties from measured data, and the other is the representation of the analytical functions for relative permeab MoreAbstruct There are two key method of simulating multi-phase flow experiments. One is the actual estimation of multi-phase flow properties from measured data, and the other is the representation of the analytical functions for relative permeability and capillary pressure .It is essential that these functions have sufficient degrees of freedom to model the measured data whilst remaining straightforward and easy to communicate. A new smooth and flexible three-parameter analytical correlation for relative permeability is proposed . Results from e.g. unsteady state relative permeability experiments often exhibit behavior which is difficult to model using e.g. Corey correlation. The new correlation influences different parts of the relative permeability curve and thereby captures variable behavior across the entire saturation range .The validity of new correlation is demonstrated by utilizing unsteady-state experiments performed at ambient conditions on core samples from the Southern Iranian reservoir rocks . results show that there is a logical relation between the basic rock properties and tuning parameters against basic parameters, i.e. permeability and porosity , should be found . Knowing the logical correlation and the basic parameters from routine analysis or logs, the tuning parameters and therefore relative permeability curves will be easily calculated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
62 - Petrophysical evaluation and determination of reservoir rock types in the Ghar member,the Abouzar oilfield, Persian Gulf.
مهرناز نصیری محمدرضا رجلی نودهThis study is aimed at petrophysical evaluation of the Ghar reservoir using Multimin method by Geolog software in five wells from the Abouzar oilfield. For this purpose, well log data comprising of neutron, density, sonic, gamma, resistivity and photoelectric absorption MoreThis study is aimed at petrophysical evaluation of the Ghar reservoir using Multimin method by Geolog software in five wells from the Abouzar oilfield. For this purpose, well log data comprising of neutron, density, sonic, gamma, resistivity and photoelectric absorption were utilized and their analysis lead to determination of quantitative petrophysical properties such as porosity, volume of shale, water, oil saturation and qualitative parameters including lithology and clay mineral types. The analyses revealed that three zones could be identified in the Ghar reservoir. Meanwhile, there are three shaly interlayers within the Ghar foemation. By application of the cutoff values on oil in place (OIP), petrophysical properties were determined zone by zone and based on Net to Gross ratio (N/G) high reservoir quality zone was identified. Finally by using clustering algorithm, reservoir rock types were identified based upon six properties including density, neutron, gamma ray, volume of shale, water saturation and effective porosity. The facies were introduced on the basis of their priority in reservoir quality so that there is an agreement between petrophysical evaluation results and electrofacies. General lithology of the reservoir in composed of upper loose sands and consolidated sand in the lower part. The lower sands are consolidated by the calcite cement. Overall, the volume of clay minerals in the lower part is less than that of upper part. However, productive zones were separated by a thin shaly layer. The clay minerals type in the shaly layer differs from those present in the reservoir rocks. Total and effective porosity are almost identical which is due to low volume of shale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
63 - Estimation of formation water saturation using cluster analysis, piecewise nonlinear regression and Monte Carlo simulation in a carbonate reservoir, south-west Iran
Hadi Fattahi zahra Varmazyari Mostafa Yosefi radEstimation of formation water saturation (Sw) using log data is an important approach in the oil exploration and characterization of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Therefore, it seems that the proper prediction/simulation of Sw is essential. The first objective of this study MoreEstimation of formation water saturation (Sw) using log data is an important approach in the oil exploration and characterization of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Therefore, it seems that the proper prediction/simulation of Sw is essential. The first objective of this study was to develop a predictive model for Sw estimation based on hybrid cluster analysis with piecewise nonlinear regression, and after that, using the developed model, Sw was simulated by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). In order to achieve objectives of this study, a group of 909 data points was used for model construction and 302 data points were employed for assessment of model. The obtained results of MCS modeling indicated that this approach is capable of simulating Sw ranges with a good level of accuracy. The mean of simulated Sw by MCS was obtained as 0.28 m, while this value was achieved as 0.29 m for the measured one. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was also conducted to investigate the effects of model inputs on the output of the system. The analysis demonstrated that RHOB is the most influential parameter on Sw among all model inputs. It is noticeable that the proposed hybrid cluster analysis with piecewise nonlinear regression and MCS models should be utilized only in the studied area and the direct use of them in the other conditions is not recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
64 - Enhancing volume and salinity of production water in oil and gas wells, Case study: Mozduran gas reservoir
rahim Bagheri Mehdi Miri Farshid khabiri Mohhamadreza AkhlaghiThe production of oil and gas in oil and gas fields is accompanied by production of water (Produced Water). Most of the reservoirs at the beginning of production have fresh water; but with passing time due to the increase in productions and decrease in pressure of reser MoreThe production of oil and gas in oil and gas fields is accompanied by production of water (Produced Water). Most of the reservoirs at the beginning of production have fresh water; but with passing time due to the increase in productions and decrease in pressure of reservoir, the produced water gradually becomes saline. The saline Production water causes severe corrosion in pipelines and well head facilitis leading to reduction in gas production. Determining the origin of salinity for reducing the salinity is most important. Khangiran gas field is located in the northeast of Iran which composed of two separate gas formations, Mozduran at lower and Shurijeh at the upper part. The produced water samples were collected from fresh and salty wells in the Mozduran reservoir as well as two deep samples from brine below the gas reservoir (at depth of 3 km) for comparison and different analyzes. The Mozduran reservoir has two major problems, high salinity of the produced water, as well as the volume of water produced, rendering some wells unexploitable. The results revealed that two deep water samples have different behaviors. The deep sample No. 17, taken at a higher elevation than sample No. 13, showed the signs of salt dissolution; whereas the brine from sample no.13 had the origin of the evaporated old sea water. Therefore, any of these brines in the Khangiran reservoir can be the possible source of salinity in produced waters. The saline produced water samples showed a similar behavior to brine sample no.13. The source of fresh produced water is also the condensation of water vapor in the reservoir during production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
65 - Removal of lead with metallic organic nanostructures of iron and benzene tricarboxylate from aqueous solution
reza alizadehHeavy metals are not chemically degraded, in order to prevent the entry and accumulation of this toxic pollutant along with factory effluents into the environment, so far, different methods have been used, but finding new methods with more efficiency in this area is nec MoreHeavy metals are not chemically degraded, in order to prevent the entry and accumulation of this toxic pollutant along with factory effluents into the environment, so far, different methods have been used, but finding new methods with more efficiency in this area is necessary. In this research, a new class of compounds called organic metallic materials has been used to remove industrial effluent lead. These organic metallic materials contain iron and benzene tricarboxylate. To identify the characteristics of these materials, electron microscope images and Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms has been used. To determine the optimal conditions for using these materials for lead removal from the effluent, the effect of parameters: time (10-120 min), the amount of adsorbent (0.2-0.5 mg/L), pH (3.5 -12.5) and temperature (10-75 ° C) were evaluated. The results show that the composition of MIL-100 (Fe) has a better performance than the other materials in this study and complete removal of lead was achieved with an initial concentration of 10 mg/l and an adsorbent dose of 0.25 mg / l, at a temperature of 50 ° C, pH =4.3 and contact time of 120 min. Other properties of this material in removal of industrial effluent lead such as magnetic properties, reusability in five consecutive periods, large surface area, low cost, high efficiency and easy to use, make it an ideal option for large-scale use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
66 - The Effect of Water Conservation and Waste Reduction Management on Increasing the Customer Loyalty in the Hotel Industry
Maryam Mesbahi Shokrieh Taheri Zahra AkbariDeveloping the tourism industry had both positive (creating employment and environmental aesthetics) and negative effects (making environmental pollution and destroying ecosystems). In recent decades, the awareness of the environmental impacts of tourism increased as a MoreDeveloping the tourism industry had both positive (creating employment and environmental aesthetics) and negative effects (making environmental pollution and destroying ecosystems). In recent decades, the awareness of the environmental impacts of tourism increased as a sign of a change in attitudes towards the environment. This research investigated the effect of water conservation and waste reduction management on increasing customer loyalty to show the role of hedonic values in the hotel industry. The statistical population included the customers of four- and five-star hotels in Tehran. The study used random sampling and Cochran formula to get a sample. A standard questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the data whose validity and reliability was examined through the content validity and Cronbach’s alpha. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The findings showed that water conservation and waste reduction management had positive and meaningful effects on hedonic values and customer loyalty. Hedonic values had positive and meaningful effects on customer loyalty. The results also showed that water conservation and waste reduction management through hedonic values had a significant positive effect on customer loyalty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
67 - Investigation of catchments in the structure of technical buildings along the rural roads Case study: Boyer-Ahmad city
Omid fathi ali aramComprehensive study of catchments in terms of hydromophilology is an essential solution for ecosystem management that will lead to better protection of natural resources. Land use changes and climate change are among the factors that affect the natural water cycle in th MoreComprehensive study of catchments in terms of hydromophilology is an essential solution for ecosystem management that will lead to better protection of natural resources. Land use changes and climate change are among the factors that affect the natural water cycle in the ecosystem. Slope of slopes and their classification, bed slope, vegetation, type and shape of land and type of crop planted in land, flow regimes or cortical regime, deep regime, permanent and seasonal regime, lithology and thickness of builders and type Constructive and runoff in a basin along with the shape of the basin are among the items that are studied in the structure of technical buildings along the rural roads. In this research, various maps of geology, topography, geomorphology, hydrology and field surveying tools such as cameras and camcorders, computer and GIS knowledge are necessary to prepare the required maps of basic information. According to research data, it can be concluded that transportation roads have an important role in the development of population centers located in the mountains of Boyer-Ahmad city. The main and secondary rural roads under study are among the roads that the residents of this city are also interested in repairing and improving, but it should be borne in mind that ignoring the subsequent effects can lead us to the same paradigm that through cutting. Forests or misplaced agricultural and livestock activities are affected. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
68 - Extracting inner meanings(Tawil) of verse 82 of surah Al-Asra and its relation with prayer and healing
فرزانه مفتونObjective: [17:82 Quran] We send down in the Quran healing and mercy for the believers. Quran is the holy book of Prophet Mohammad. In religious texts we frequently encounter with importance of Quran verses in treatment of diseases. The aim of this article is to st MoreObjective: [17:82 Quran] We send down in the Quran healing and mercy for the believers. Quran is the holy book of Prophet Mohammad. In religious texts we frequently encounter with importance of Quran verses in treatment of diseases. The aim of this article is to study the scientific evidences in relation with sacred healing. Methods: In this article we review the recent scientific findings on water and effects of words, especially Quranic verses. Results: Emotto found that water reflects different responses to different words and sounds , observing frozen water crystals showed this difference. Hence the Quran produces one of the most beautiful and harmonized water crystals. [21:30 Quran] from water we made all living things. Would they believe? Rustom Roy & al found that water could memorize such effects. Bytaraf Hamideh, also concluded the effect of sounds and word on the tin, sugar candy and water crystals. In her studies it is shown one of the best harmonized crystals is produce by the religious sounds. Conclusion: Holy Quran gives the knowledge that there is healing for believers. Recent scientific findings show the profound influence of words especially sacred ones and on the other hand the impressionability of water. About seventy percent of our body is water so it is clear that religious words such as Quranic verses could harmonize and heal the mind and the body. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
69 - A Theoretical and Practical Approach to Quran’s Visualization Art for Teaching Village Dwellers
منصور شاه ولیEntering the post-industrial era requires effective learning methods and this is even more important for rural communities. Agricultural extension plays a fundamental role in designing such methods to encourage them to learn more. Using arts, such as visualization, c MoreEntering the post-industrial era requires effective learning methods and this is even more important for rural communities. Agricultural extension plays a fundamental role in designing such methods to encourage them to learn more. Using arts, such as visualization, can make this possible because it brings about faster and deeper effects. One of magnificent manifestations in the Quran is that it creates introduces phenomena and teachings in the form of beautiful artistic images. Hence, it infuses life and movement into these phenomena and concepts, profoundly affects hearts, conveys a lot of meanings through few words (eloquence), and provokes using the senses to convince rationally. Education on technical and specialized agricultural issues through this art will not only make it easier for farmers to learn, but help them get acquainted with the Quranic culture as well. Investigating the function of the Quran’s visualization art in education of village dwellers, this research found that this art can help the instructor form a good relation with the audience and create favaroabel changes in their attitude about water and methods for water storage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
70 - Rules Governing Use of Water Resources During Armed Conflicts
Ebrahim Rahmani Seyed Davood Aghaee Siyamak MoazeniHuman’s impacts on his perimeter environment are reached to a level that has gotten global essence and importance. The human beings existence and his health are depending on safe and pure environment. Fundamental mission of United Nation's Organization is to save future MoreHuman’s impacts on his perimeter environment are reached to a level that has gotten global essence and importance. The human beings existence and his health are depending on safe and pure environment. Fundamental mission of United Nation's Organization is to save future generations from scourge of war and UNESCO main goal is to assist in order to save peace and security through expansion of cooperation between nations by taking assistance from culture, science and education. During recent century, numerous international and non-international conflicts is targeting the most vital external element of mankind survival by many aggressions and made man engagment to itself. From the beginning of human civilization, water management is the main challenge of mankind and water as the first source of life, has limited human and economical communities. In 21 Century, managing and saving water sources (rivers, installations and subterranean waters) need common ambition in hostility time. Therefore in July 2010, General Assembly added a new right to human rights covenant called “public right of accessibility to clean water” and it announced decade of 2005 to 2015 as water decade with the motto of “Water, Third Millennium Treasure”. The aim of the article is to review the subject that human rights are consist of principles and rules that are observing on the method of supporting and saving water in all of its forms like rivers, water installations and underground sources and how military forces face to this resuscitative material. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
71 - Rules Governing Use of Water Resources During Armed Conflicts
Ebrahim Rahmani Seyed Davood Aghaee Siyamak MoazeniHuman’s impacts on his perimeter environment are reached to a level that has gotten global essence and importance. The human beings existence and his health are depending on safe and pure environment. Fundamental mission of United Nation's Organization is to save futu MoreHuman’s impacts on his perimeter environment are reached to a level that has gotten global essence and importance. The human beings existence and his health are depending on safe and pure environment. Fundamental mission of United Nation's Organization is to save future generations from scourge of war and UNESCO main goal is to assist in order to save peace and security through expansion of cooperation between nations by taking assistance from culture, science and education. During recent century, numerous international and non-international conflicts is targeting the most vital external element of mankind survival by many aggressions and made man engagment to itself. From the beginning of human civilization, water management is the main challenge of mankind and water as the first source of life, has limited human and economical communities. In 21 Century, managing and saving water sources (rivers, installations and subterranean waters) need common ambition in hostility time. Therefore in July 2010, General Assembly added a new right to human rights covenant called “public right of accessibility to clean water” and it announced decade of 2005 to 2015 as water decade with the motto of “Water, Third Millennium Treasure”. The aim of the article is to review the subject that human rights are consist of principles and rules that are observing on the method of supporting and saving water in all of its forms like rivers, water installations and underground sources and how military forces face to this resuscitative material. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
72 - Designing an Integrated Management Model of Passive Environmental Defense for Drinking Water Supply in Rasht Metropolis
Seyed Abbas Asadi mozhgan zaeimdar Seyed Ali JoziProtecting the drinking water supply chain of metropolises is one of the important issues that all countries should always pay attention to, because any incident in this supply chain can cause irreparable damages. The purpose of this study is to design an integrated man MoreProtecting the drinking water supply chain of metropolises is one of the important issues that all countries should always pay attention to, because any incident in this supply chain can cause irreparable damages. The purpose of this study is to design an integrated management pattern of passive environmental defense in the field of drinking water supply. The current research is in the category of fundamental studies based on the purpose, and used integrated management of passive environmental defense to investigate the integrated management of passive environmental defense of supply sources, treatment plants, transmission lines and drinking water storage tanks in Rasht metropolis. Data collection was done through interviews with experts, and finally, 14 experts were selected among environmental management professors and water experts by snowball sampling method so that the views reach theoretical saturation. MAXQDA 2020 software was used for text analysis, coding (open, central and selective) and categorization and generation of categorical networks. Evaluating the views regarding solutions to reduce and deal with environmental threats in different stages of water supply in Rasht metropolis showed that the solutions can be considered from five aspects of infrastructure, policy making, cultural, technical and human. Finally, according to the data base theory and Strauss and Corbin’s model, the final model of the integrated management of passive environmental defense of drinking water supply in Rasht metropolis including causal conditions, main category, intervening conditions, background factors, strategies and consequences were presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
73 - The efficiency of crude enzyme extracted from horseradish root in oxidation of catechol
Soheila Amiri Hosseini Fatemeh Nejatzadeh Eesmaeil Babanezhad fathollah gholamiCatechol is one of the phenolic compounds (with chemical formula (C6H6O2) which is used as a raw material or final product of chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries. In this study, the efficiency of horseradish extract as a gross enzyme and removal of catechol from MoreCatechol is one of the phenolic compounds (with chemical formula (C6H6O2) which is used as a raw material or final product of chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries. In this study, the efficiency of horseradish extract as a gross enzyme and removal of catechol from industrial wastewater was investigated. In order to study the efficiency of variable enzyme processes (20, 10, 40, ml / l), oxygenated water concentrations (0.58, 1.17, 2.35 mol / l) were evaluated for 20 minutes. The output catechol concentration of the process was measured by HPLC at a wavelength of 275 nm. The results of this study showed that with increasing the volume of oxygenated water and keeping the concentration of the enzyme constant, an increasing trend was observed at first, but after a while with a further increase in hydrogen peroxide, no significant change in efficiency was observed. For concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.58, 1.17, 1.78 mol / L) and hydrogen peroxide (10, 20, 40 ml / L), removal efficiencies of 45%, 60% and 80% were obtained, respectively. However, with the values of oxygenated water concentrations (1.17, 2.35, 3.53 mol / l) and fixed oxygenated water concentrations, the removal efficiency was 42%, 58% and 81%, respectively. Enzymatic treatment process as a suitable process can be used for catechol and its compounds from wastewater. To obtain the appropriate efficiency, it is better to set it in the optimal conditions under optimal conditions and add variables in the reaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
74 - Analysis And Design Of Niroo Innovation Ecosystem: Experiences And Lessons For The Future
Alireza Valyan Mohammad Saleh OliuaBy increasing the role of innovation in the economy of countries and turning it into the most important competitive advantage, attention to this concept has increased. Analysis and design of systems that foster innovation have thus been the focus of science and technolo MoreBy increasing the role of innovation in the economy of countries and turning it into the most important competitive advantage, attention to this concept has increased. Analysis and design of systems that foster innovation have thus been the focus of science and technology policymakers in recent years. One of these systems that have generated many debates in the scientific and professional communities in the field of innovation over the past decade is the innovation ecosystem. Iran’s power and water industry, including numerous companies, research and technology organizations, technological and knowledge-based companies, and supporting institutions can be considered an innovation ecosystem whose elements interact with each other to exchange value to reach the goal of providing reliable and sustainable water and electricity for the society. This article is the result of a project to analyze, design, and establish the energy innovation ecosystem. In this direction and based on soft modeling methods, role analysis and mapping workshops were held with stakeholders and key players of the energy innovation ecosystem. The approach of complex adaptive systems was used to identify and analyze the dynamics of this ecosystem. Based on the obtained results, the roles and duties of each of the actors of Niro's innovation ecosystem were obtained in the form of an aligned structure including two levels of counter and support elements in the scope of the commercialization process. The results of this article can provide researchers and activists in this field with a new perspective on the policy-making of innovation ecosystems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
75 - Extraction effect of deep and semi-deep wells on water table decline and groundwater qaulity parameters in Gorgan Plain
M. Pakdel M. G.Mahmoodlu N. Jandaghi A. Fathabadi Y. Nick GhojoghThe present study was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing uncontrolled drilling of water wells and subsequent extraction of renewable capacity of Gorgan plain aquifer on the decrease in groundwater level and some water quality parameters in a specific peri MoreThe present study was conducted to investigate the effect of increasing uncontrolled drilling of water wells and subsequent extraction of renewable capacity of Gorgan plain aquifer on the decrease in groundwater level and some water quality parameters in a specific period of 30 years. For this purpose, the trend of rainfall changes, drilling wells, groundwater level fluctuations, as well as some physicochemical parameters were investigated in the studied period. Data analysis of variance was used to investigate the statistical differences between quantitative and qualitative parameters. The annual changes in drilling of authorized and illegal wells in the province shows an increasing trend in the number of wells drilled in the Gorgan plain, followed by an increase in the volume of water extracted since the early 1980s. The results of statistical studies, histograms of annual changes in groundwater level of deep and semi-deep wells as well as hydrographs of deep and semi-deep aquifers studied show a reduction in groundwater level in both semi-deep and deep aquifers in the study period. Since the average annual rainfall in the study period is almost constant, the drilling of shallow and deep wells followed by uncontrolled abstraction of deep and semi-deep aquifers is the most likely major factor in the decline of groundwater levels in the study plain. Based on the statistical results, a significant difference was observed between most of the physicochemical parameters of semi-deep and deep wells in the old and new periods. However, these changes are greater in semi-deep wells than the deep ones. Also, the two parameters Cl and Na, which are the main factors of water salinity, show the greatest changes. Hydrogeochemical diagrams of plain aquifers show an increase in soluble solids as well as changes in the type and hydrochemical facies of groundwater in the new period. However, the trend of changes in the shallow aquifer is more intense. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
76 - Investigating the status of microbial contamination (intestinal enterococcus) of Caspian sea on the coastal recreational waters of Gilan
Aazam Nezamhashemi Ameneh Mansourghanaei Mohammad Vafajoye Diyanati Mousa Amini Toraj SadeghiMicrobial agents are among the most important pollutants that enter the Caspian Sea through untreated urban and rural sewage and cause health risks for swimmers. Intestinal enterococcus causes symptoms of stomach and intestinal inflammation.This research is a descriptiv MoreMicrobial agents are among the most important pollutants that enter the Caspian Sea through untreated urban and rural sewage and cause health risks for swimmers. Intestinal enterococcus causes symptoms of stomach and intestinal inflammation.This research is a descriptive study and was conducted with the aim of investigating the contamination status of enterococcal enterococci in the water of the Caspian Sea coastal recreational waterson the coasts of Gilan province and comparing it with the standards of the environment and the Ministry of Health. 55 samples (each swimming pool, 5 replicates) were sampled from 11 coastal areas of the Caspian Sea in Gilan province in September 1401. Intestinal enterococcus variables, water temperature, pH, salinity and turbidity were measured according to the methods in the standard method book. The results showed that the average number of intestinal enterococcal bacteria per 100 ml of sample showed 52.54 MPN. Comparison of the average number of intestinal streptococci in different stations with the standard of the environment and the Ministry of Health showed that 5 stations (Safir Omid, Sadaf, Gisom, Tashe Abad and Chamkhale) were above the permissible limit. Also, there was a negative correlation between the number of intestinal streptococci and water pH (P<0.05). As a result of this research, it indicates the microbial contamination with intestinal enterococcus in some natural coastal recreational waters on the shores of the Caspian Sea in Gilan province, which can threaten the health of swimmers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
77 - Emerging and advanced membrane technology for wastewater treatment: A review
Farzad Mehrjo MohammadSaber Baghkhanipour Amir AlamOver the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have achieved to some extent in treating effluents for discharge pints. Development in wastewater treatment processes is essential to make treated wastewater reusable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic MoreOver the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have achieved to some extent in treating effluents for discharge pints. Development in wastewater treatment processes is essential to make treated wastewater reusable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Membrane technology has emerged as an ideal technology for treating wastewater from different wastewater streams. Membrane technology is one of the most up‐to‐date advancements discovered to be successful in fundamentally lessening impurities to desired levels. In spite of having certain impediments, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for biological wastewater treatment provide many advantages over conventional treatment. This review article covers all the aspects of membrane technology that are widely used in wastewater treatment process such as the principle of membrane technology, the classification of membrane technology processes in accordance to pressure, concentration, electrical and thermal‐driven processes, its application in different industries, advantages, disadvantages and the future prospective. Over the years, conventional wastewater treatment processes have achieved to some extent in treating effluents for discharge pints. Development in wastewater treatment processes is essential to make treated wastewater reusable for industrial, agricultural, and domestic purposes. Membrane technology has emerged as an ideal technology for treating wastewater from different wastewater streams. Membrane technology is one of the most up‐to‐date advancements discovered to be successful in fundamentally lessening impurities to desired levels. In spite of having certain impediments, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) for biological wastewater treatment provide many advantages over conventional treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
78 - Patterns of Water Quality Changes, Invasive Aquatic Plant Identification and Environmentally Friendly Control Solutions in Drinking Water Dams of Mazandaran Province
Pooyan MehrabanJoubani hadi Modabberi Seid Mohammad MosaviThis study was investigated the patterns of water quality changes and the identification of invasive aquatic plant species in drinking water dams located in Mazandaran province, including Alborz, Shahid Rajaei and Meijran Dams. The best conditions of dissolved oxygen i MoreThis study was investigated the patterns of water quality changes and the identification of invasive aquatic plant species in drinking water dams located in Mazandaran province, including Alborz, Shahid Rajaei and Meijran Dams. The best conditions of dissolved oxygen in Alborz, Shahid Rajaei and Meijran dams were around 10, 10 and 16 mg/L in April, respectively. Due to the thermal stratification created in August and September, the content of dissolved oxygen in all dams at a depth of 7 to 10 meters reached zero. Based on Carlson's index, these dams were eutrophic during these months. The highest amount of phosphate measured in July, August and September was observed in Meijran Dam. However, biological pollution of Alborz and Shahid Rajaei dams were higher than Meijran dam, the biological and chemical oxygen demand of Alborz and Shahid Rajaei dams were about 2 and 2.5 times higher than Meijran dam, respectively. Also, the amount of faecal coliform in Alborz dams was about 2 time compared Meijran dam. Despite the decrease in the amount of total coliform in three dams in September, the amount of faecal coliform in Alborz dam was about 3 times other dams. Two plants, hydrilla and Potamogeton, were observed as the invasive plants in Meijran dam, which seems that cormorant bird are the cause of invasive plants entering the dam. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
79 - Recent Advances in Membranes Used for Nanofiltration to Remove Heavy Metals from Wastewater: A Review
Farzad Mehrjo MohammadSaber Baghkhanipour Amir AlamThe presence of heavy metal ions in polluted wastewater represents a serious threat to human health, making proper disposal extremely important. The utilization of nanofiltration (NF) membranes has emerged as one of the most effective methods of heavy metal ion removal MoreThe presence of heavy metal ions in polluted wastewater represents a serious threat to human health, making proper disposal extremely important. The utilization of nanofiltration (NF) membranes has emerged as one of the most effective methods of heavy metal ion removal from wastewater due to their efficient operation, adaptable design, and affordability. NF membranes created from advanced materials are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to depollute wastewater in a variety of circumstances. Tailoring the NF membrane’s properties to efficiently remove heavy metal ions from wastewater, interfacial polymerization, and grafting techniques, along with the addition of nano-fillers, have proven to be the most effective modification methods. This paper presents a review of the modification processes and NF membrane performances for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, as well as the application of these membranes for heavy metal ion wastewater treatment. Very high treatment efficiencies, such as 99.90%, have been achieved using membranes composed of polyvinyl amine (PVAM) and glutaraldehyde (GA) for Cr3+ removal from wastewater. However, nanofiltration membranes have certain drawbacks, such as fouling of the NF However, nanofiltration membranes have certain drawbacks, such as fouling of the NF membrane. Repeated cleaning of the membrane influences its lifetime. membrane. Repeated cleaning of the membrane influences its lifetime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
80 - An Investigation and Pathology of Organizational Training for Engineers in Water and Electricity Industry Based on ADDIE
zainab sharaf Mohammad reza Nili Ahmadabadi Mohammad Javad LiaghatdarOrganizational training could play a significant role in keeping the knowledge, skills and attitudes of employees updated, if it is conducted based on scientific principles and methods and considered as an empowering factor. In this regard, the present study seeks to ev MoreOrganizational training could play a significant role in keeping the knowledge, skills and attitudes of employees updated, if it is conducted based on scientific principles and methods and considered as an empowering factor. In this regard, the present study seeks to evaluate and identify the limitations of the organizational training of engineers in the water and electricity industry. To this aim a mixed method was used including survey method in the quantitative phase and phenomenology in the qualitative phase. The research tool in the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire and in the qualitative part it was a semi-structured interview. The participants in the quantitative part included trained engineers, 900 individuals in the year 2021, and in the qualitative part there were teachers and employers in the water and electricity industry. In the quantitative section, 269 individuals were selected by simple random sampling using Morgan's table, and in the qualitative section, 20 individuals were interviewed based on the theoretical saturation level. For analyzing the quantitative data, SPSS software was used and for qualitative data analysis, thematic analysis method was used. According to the findings of the quantitative part of the research, the current state of organizational training of engineers in the water and electricity industry in all 5 dimensions of education is at the average and below average levels. On the other hand, based on the findings of the qualitative part, the main limitations of the organizational occupational training system include process limitations, motivational, cultural and administrative structure. The results revealed that the organizational training of the water and electricity industry does not meet the desired quality levels; cultural problems and inattention to the academic degrees, lack of motivational incentives, structural-administrative problems and process problems and non-compliance of organizational trainings with scientific and logical approaches could be mentioned as some of the factors leading to the current situation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
81 - Assessment of Water Quality parameter using RGB images in Anzali wetland
Mohadese Tavakoli Mohammad Javad ChaeichiWetlands are one of the most prominent ecosystems in the world. These vital and diverse habitats are among life-giving systems that have no alternative. However, none of the world's ecosystems have experienced human-centered injuries and damages as much as wetlands. One MoreWetlands are one of the most prominent ecosystems in the world. These vital and diverse habitats are among life-giving systems that have no alternative. However, none of the world's ecosystems have experienced human-centered injuries and damages as much as wetlands. One of the main threats to Gilan wetlands are human factors such as urban, domestic and industrial wastewater, overfishing and converting wetland marginal lands into agricultural lands. In this study, RGB images were used to assess the water quality parameters of Anzali wetland (Beheshti Island Station) and the related data were compared to the values obtained from the TSS measurement. Based on the obtained data, the intensity of red color (R) in the macroscopic images (with the naked eye) from the wetland can be an environmental indicator to measure TSS concentration. The results of RGB analysis for red color with a correlation coefficient of 0.8513, for green color (G) with a correlation coefficient of 0.832 and for blue color (B) with a correlation coefficient of 0.663 were obtained. Finally, a correlation coefficient (R2=0/8035) between the decrease of RGB values and the increase of TSS concentration was obtained. Other parameters such as pH and Secchi Depth test were also measured in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
82 - Source and health risk assessment of arsenic in the water resources of Takab mining area
N. HeydarianArsenic is one of the heavy metals having harmful effects on human health if enters into the environment and water resources, so the major challenge of arsenic exposure is related to drinking water. The study area is Takab watershed in West Azarbaijan, which includes tw MoreArsenic is one of the heavy metals having harmful effects on human health if enters into the environment and water resources, so the major challenge of arsenic exposure is related to drinking water. The study area is Takab watershed in West Azarbaijan, which includes two large Zarshouran and Agh Dareh gold mines in Carlin type. Carlin gold mines are sulphidic that are able to pollute the downstream environmental resources such as arsenic. In this work, the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with arsenic was evaluated for the human community, who are living in Takab watershed and are exposed to arsenic through oral and dermal pathways with contaminated water sources . 45 water samples were randomly collected from surface and groundwater resources in the study area with regard to expert judgment and the distribution points, analyzed by ICP-MS method. Then, the health risk was assessed using by target cancer risk (TR), risk coefficient (HQ) and index hazard (HI). The total results showed that arsenic contamination is derived from volcanic activities and Quaternary alteration and gold mining activities in the east and north of the region. Most of the samples were revealed a range of 9-10 and -100 to -250 mV as pH and oxidation-reduction potential, respectively, which indicates the predominance of arsenate species (As5+) in the form of H2AsO4-. HQ and HI values are more than 10 in 52% of the samples, which indicate the high health risk in people living in the study area. Carcinogenic risk level varies from 0 to 2×10-7, which shows no carcinogenic risk to very high risk by arsenic contamination in water resources. Overall, there are both risks of carcinogenesis and non-cancerous impact in the east and north of the region for intake by ingestion, drinking and skin contact due to water contamination from the natural and anthropogenic sources. Therefore, it is recommended to pay special attention to continuous monitoring for potential contaminant, different methods for preventing exposure to polluted water resources and treatment methods in order to minimize the health risk of the population. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
83 - Spirulina, wastewater dye absorbent microalgae
Hanieh Mirbolooki fatemeh ghanbari Hooman HeraviDye is the first known pollutant in industrial wastewater, and its small amount is very undesirable in water. Most of the dyes contain complex organic molecules and are harmful to aquatic life and humans due to the presence of metals, aromatics and other compounds in th MoreDye is the first known pollutant in industrial wastewater, and its small amount is very undesirable in water. Most of the dyes contain complex organic molecules and are harmful to aquatic life and humans due to the presence of metals, aromatics and other compounds in their structure. Removing or reducing the amount of this pollutant entering the environment is essential, and biological absorption is one of these methods. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the removal of blue reactive textile dye by spirulina microalgae. In the process of conducting the research, the effect of variables such as contact time, injected algae dose and wastewater concentration was investigated on the dye removal process and the amount of absorption of the samples was measured by a spectrophotometer and the number of experiments was determined by the design expert software via response surface method (RSM) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tool was used to analyze the obtained results. Based on the obtained results, in the optimal conditions of the experiment, the best percentage of dye removal by spirulina microalgae was 100% in contact time of 30 minutes with a dose of 10 ml of injected algae into wastewater with a color concentration of 50 mg/L. Therefore, the use of microalgae, in addition to being an inexpensive and easy-to-operate method for color removal from colored wastewater such as textile wastewater, it will be of interest to researchers as an environmentally friendly method to remove hard degradable pollutants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
84 - Jurisprudence, Legal Status of Sea Water in Public Property and Subscribers
سحر حقانیGiven that waters are part of the debate and the discussions are possessed of the capability, the question arises as to whether public waters are owned by individuals. According to the Water Act and how it becomes nationalized in 1347, the waters of the Maqdah became on MoreGiven that waters are part of the debate and the discussions are possessed of the capability, the question arises as to whether public waters are owned by individuals. According to the Water Act and how it becomes nationalized in 1347, the waters of the Maqdah became one of the public property administered by the government. According to some jurists, by the adoption of the Water Nationalization Act on 4/4/1347 Articles 149, the Civil Code has been abolished and the issue of water ownership has been abolished. The general property of the national wealth is a country and belongs to all generations. The economic value of this property first provides special support and maintenance of these property. There are many solutions such as using new technologies, strengthening regulatory agencies, and so on to prevent private people's access to public property and to prevent government and public outsourcing over these property. But one of the most important ways in this regard is to provide legal solutions as a way to solve the roots of problems. In this study, jurisprudential and legal views will be examined and solutions will be provided to solve the legal problems of public water. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
85 - Investigating land use changes and trends of hydro morphological indicators on the area and volume of the Ovan Lake's water zone based on the time series of Landsat data
Morteza Karimi Hadi Modabberi Babak RazdarOne of the most important approaches to preserve and restore wetlands, is identifying environmental changes from past to present and developing an integrated management plan to control these changes and decision-making to provide solutions for improving the condition of MoreOne of the most important approaches to preserve and restore wetlands, is identifying environmental changes from past to present and developing an integrated management plan to control these changes and decision-making to provide solutions for improving the condition of these valuable ecosystems. Ovan Lake, as one of the beautiful and touristic landscapes in the forbidden hunting area of Eastern Qazvin, has distinct mountain habitats and various species of wildlife. By employing remote sensing techniques for a 30-year period, the process of changes and land use in the hydrological unit leading to Ovan Lake were identified and the trend of their changes was obtained quantitatively in this research. Then, the effect of the related hydromorphological indicators on the area and volume of the lake was investigated. The results showed that, according to the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), the average area of the lake water zone was 8.15 hectares over the past eight years and based on univariate regressions, its hydrological regime is mainly related to two important factors of precipitation and evaporation. According to the univariate regressions demonstrate a significant relationship between the lake's hydrological regime and precipitation/evaporation rates. The evaporation parameter also showed a logical trend during the statistical years, so that the area and volume of the water zone of the lake has decreased by the increase of evaporation from the free surface of the water. Also, the results of multivariate regression between lake water volume and rainfall and evaporation components showed that the lake volume is more correlated with rainfall. But in contrast, evaporation changes with a greater slope or rate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
86 - Identification of gas in carbonate rock using wavelet transform
Hassan Omrani Hashem omraniGas can be diagnosed in clean sand rock by petrophysical log. It is not easy to determine the gas in carbonate rock by petrophysical log. The R.F.T. tool is used to determine the gas in carbonate rock. The fluid density in the rock is determined by calculating the press MoreGas can be diagnosed in clean sand rock by petrophysical log. It is not easy to determine the gas in carbonate rock by petrophysical log. The R.F.T. tool is used to determine the gas in carbonate rock. The fluid density in the rock is determined by calculating the pressure difference related to depth. The R.F.T. tool has some disadvantages, such as being expensive, taking much time to run, and rock having a neutron porosity of about 15%, and sometimes the R.F.T. tool is stuck in well. This study applies the wavelet transformation, a recent advance in signal analysis technique, to detect reservoir rock fluid. The porosity and water saturation are denoised using the "demy" mother wavelet. At last, the pore hydrocarbon saturation, porosity denoise by the "demy" wavelet, pore volume plot and R.F.T. tool are plotted together in one figure to identify the kind of fluid in sand and carbonate rocks. Manuscript profile
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