Hydrogeochemistry of Gorganrood river in Gonbad-e-Kavoos district, Golestan province
Subject Areas :Abbas Teimori 1 , گیتی فرقانی تهرانی 2 , Hadi Jabari 3 , Abdol Rez Kaboli 4
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
Keywords: Gorganrood river# Water quality# Gonbad –e- Kavoos# Hydrogeochemistry#,
Abstract :
Rivers are the key resources for drinking and agricultural purposes and the assessment of water quality is very important. In this study, a detailed investigation has been made for identifying the natural and anthropogenic processes that offected the quality of Gorganrood and its tributaries water in the Gonbad-e-Kavoos district. The Gorganrood is the longest river in the Golestan province (NE of Iran). During previous years, various wastewaters (i.e. domestic, agricultural and industrial) produced in Gonbad-e-Kavoos district have been discharged into the Gorganrood. To evaluate the chemical quality of water in the study area, 37 water and 6 wastewater samples were collected. The physicochemical parameters including pH and EC were determined in situ by an EC/pH meters. The concentration of major ions was measured using the standard methods. The piper and Wilcox diagrams were used to assess the water type and water quality for irrigation, respectively. Scatter diagrams were used to assess the hydrochemical processes influencing the chemistry of the water samples. Results of this study indicate that the pH and EC values of the water samples decrease in the city district. This is due to the discharge of urban wastewaters with lower EC and pH values which leads to the dilution of the river water. The lower concentration of nitrate in water samples collected in the city district is probably due to the denitrification process. Results show that the prevailing water types of Gorganrood and its tributaries are Na-SO42- and Na-HCO3-, respectively. The entrance of tributaries enhances the Gorganrood water quality for drinking and agricultural puposes. Along the river course, the natural processes of halite- gypsum- anhydrite dissolution and ion exchange, as well as anthropogenic factors (discharge of agricultural and urban wastewaters) deteriorate the water quality.
تیموری، ع.، 1391. ارزیابی کیفیت آب و رسوب رودخانه گرگانرود در محدودۀ شهر گنبد، استان گلستان پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود.
خاکپور، ا.، مهردادی، ن.، نوری، ر.، سروش، م.، 1388. ارزيابي وضعيت كيفي رودخانه گرگانرود با تكيه بر مطالعات ميداني، سومین همایش و نمایشگاه تخصصی مهندسی محیط‌زیست، تهران
سعیدی، ا. و عندلیبی، م.، 1371. نقشه زمین‌شناسی 1:250000 گنبدکاووس، سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اكتشافات معدني.
فرقانی، گ.، جعفری، ه.، قشلاقی، ا.، تیموری، ع.، 1393. آلودگی زیست‌محیطی آب و رسوبات رودخانه گرگانرود در محدوده شهر گنبد. پژوهش‌های چینه‌نگاری و رسوب‌شناسی، 56، 94-81.
کرمی، غ. ح.، آرمان‌پور، س.، طباطبایی، ا.، 1387. بررسی منابع آب و آلاینده‌های منابع آب (مطالعه مورد حوضه گرگانرود). طرح پژوهشی شرکت آب منطقه‌ای گلستان، کد GLE-84014.
Apaydm, A. and Aktas , S.D., 2012. Assessment of groundwater quality of the Tatlicay aquifer and relation to the adjacent evaporitic formations (Cankiri, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 2337-2357.
Azad, A., Karami,H., Farzin,S., Saeedian,A., Kashi,H., and Sayyahi, F., 2017. Prediction of Water Quality Parameters Using ANFIS Optimized by Intelligence Algorithms (Case Study: Gorganrood River). KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, DOI 10.1007/s12205-017-1703-6.
Chakrapani, G.J., 2005. Major and trace element geochemistry in upper Ganga River in the Himalayas, India. Environmental Geology, 48, 189-201.
Gaillardet, J., Dupré,B., Louvat,P., Allègre,C.J., 1999. Global silicate weathering and CO2 consumption rates deduced from the chemistry of large rivers. Chemical Geology, 159, 3-30.
Gaofeng,Zh., Yonghong,S., Chunlin,H., Qi,F., Zhiguang,L., 2010. Hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Heihe River Basin, northwest China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60, 139–153.
Giridharan, L.,Venugopal, T., Jayaprakash, M. 2010. Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes on river Cooum, South India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 162, 277–289.
Hounslow,A.W., 1995. Water quality data :Analysis and interpretation, CRC-Press, 1st editation,.416.
Huang, X., Sillanpää, M., Gjessing, E.T., Vogt, R.D., 2009. Water quality in the Tibetan Pla-teau: major ions and trace elements in the headwaters of fourmajor Asian rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 6242–6254.
Jalali,M., 2009. Geochemistry characterization of groundwater in an agricultural area of Razan, Hamadan, Iran. Environmental Geology, 56, 1479-1488.
Jiang,L, Yao,Zh., Liu,Zh., Wang,R., Wu,Sh., 2015. Hydrochemistry and its controlling factors of rivers in the source region of the Yangtze River on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 155, 76–83.
Joshi,D., Kumar,A., Agrawal,N., 2009. Assessment of the irrigation water quality of river Ganga in haridwar district, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 2, 285-292.
Karbassi,A.R., Mir Mohammad Hosseini,F., Baghvand,A. and Nazariha, M., 2011. Development of Water Quality Index (WQI) for Gorganrood River, International Journal of Environmental Research, 5(4), 1041-1046.
Kumar, S. K., Rammohan, V., Sahayam D., Jeevanandam, M., 2009. Assessment of groundwater quality and hydrogeochemistry of Manimuktha River basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159, 341-351.
Lang,Y., Liu,C., Zhao,Zh., Li,S., Han,G., 2006. Geochemistry of surface and ground water in Guiyang, China: Water/rock interaction and pollution in a karst hydrological system. Applied Geochemistry, 2, 887-903.
Lorite-Herrera,M., and Jimenez-Espinosa,R., 2008. Impact of agricultural activity and geologic controls on groundwater quality of the alluvial aquifer of the Guadalquivir River (province of Jaen, Spain): a case study. Environmental Geology, 54, 1391-1402.
Meredith,K.T., Hollins,S.E., Hughes,C.E., Cendon,D.I., Hankin,S.M., Stone,D.J., 2009. Temporal variation in stable isotopes (18O and 2H) and major ion concentrations within the Darling River between Bourke and Wilcannia due to variable flows, saline groundwater influx and evaporation. Journal of Hydrology, 378, 313–324.
Naseem,S., Hamza,S., Bashir,E., 2010. Groundwater geochemistry of Winder agricultural farms, Balochistan, Pakistan and assessment for irrigation water quality. European Water, 31, 21-32.
Paliwal K.V., 1972. Irrigation with Saline Water. Monogram No. 2 (New series). New Delhi: IARI. 198.
Pant,R.R., Zhang,F., Rehman,F.U., Wang,G., Ye,M., Zeng,Ch., Tang,H., 2018. Spatiotemporal variations of hydrogeochemistry and its controlling factors in the Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalaya Nepal. Science of the Total Environment, 622–623, 770–782.
Ravikumar, P., Somashekar, R. K., 2011. A geochemical assessment of coastal groundwater quality in the Varahi river basin, Udupi District, Karnataka State, India, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 30, 51- 74.
Ravikumar,P., Venkatesharaju,K., Somashekar,R.K., 2010. Major ion chemistry and hydrochemical studies of groundwater of Bangalore South Taluk, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 163, 643-653.
Sikka,R., Nayyar,V., Sidhu,S.S., 2009. Monitoring of Cd pollution in soils and plants irrigated with untreated sewage water in some industrialized cities of Punjab, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154, 53-64.
Singh,K.P., Malik,A., Mohan,D., Sinha,S., 2004. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India)—a case study. Water Research, 38, 3980–3992.
Sundaray,S.K., Nayak,B.B., Bhatta,D., 2009. Environmental studies on river water quality with reference to suitability for agricultural purposes: Mahanadi river estuarine system, India-a case study. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 155, 227-243.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, Geneva, Switzerland1:Recommendations (Fourth edition), Geneva, 541 p.
Yidana,S.M. 2009. The hydrochemical framework of surface water basins in southern Ghana. Environmental Geology, 57, 789-796.
Zhang,Z., Tao,F., Du,J., Shi,P., Yu,D., Meng,Y., Sun,Y. 2010. Surface water quality and its control in a river with intensive human impacts-a case study of the xiangjiang River, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 91: 2483-2490.
Zhang,B., Song,X., Zhang,Y., Han,D., Tang,Ch., Yu,Y., Ma,Y., 2012. Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China. Water Research, 46, 2737-2748.
Zhang,D., Lu,D., Yang,B., Zhang,J., Ning,Zh., Yu, K. 2019. Influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on spatial-temporal hydrochemistry and the susceptibility to nutrient enrichment in a subtropical estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146, 945–954.
