TOT

Open Access Article

1 - Total Rewards for Knowledge Workers: Developing a Model in Small and Medium Enterprises
hadise khorrami

Recent study aims to provide a model for Total Rewards for knowledge workers of small and medium enterprises. Compensation in this research is explained based on the human capital approach and the synthesis of research literature in four dimensions: pay, benefits, work More

Recent study aims to provide a model for Total Rewards for knowledge workers of small and medium enterprises. Compensation in this research is explained based on the human capital approach and the synthesis of research literature in four dimensions: pay, benefits, work environment and Learning and development. The present study was carried out with a mixed approach. An interview method used to develop the model in the qualitative study. Then a structural equation modeling approach is used to verify the model. Qualitative data analyzed using content analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis technique utilized in quantitative verification study. Findings showed that pay, development and growth, work environment and benefits are respectively have the most explanation in the model. Based on the findings of the research, we presented executive implications and further research topics for small and medium business environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Windows - based transactions and market growth: Case Study of Tehran Stock Exchange Case Study
ABDOL HOSSEIN TALEBI NAJAFABADI

the development of the countrys financial market with regard to global transformations, especially in financial markets, is essential . the reorganization and development of the iranian capital market is based onregulation of the financial market structure tailored to t More

the development of the countrys financial market with regard to global transformations, especially in financial markets, is essential . the reorganization and development of the iranian capital market is based onregulation of the financial market structure tailored to the macro economic characteristics and the micro - coordinates of house holds and firms operatingin the countrys economy. the goal of this research is to explore the strategy and methodology for developing and developing financial markets. accordingly, in this study, the impact of technological developments on the developmentof financial markets in 84 accepted and active companies in tehran stock exchange between 1390 and 1395 has been studied. literature and literature were collected through library studies and data from kodal ,www.rdis.ir, www.tse.ir, www.tse.tmc.com and dadepardaz and rahavardenovin softwares werecollected in terms of collection and analysis of EWiews statistical software. the results of the hypotheses test show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the establishment of Pam system with total marketefficiency, individual share holders ' final efficiency, stock return on smaller firms, trading volume and information asymmetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Study of geochemical behavior of major and rare earth elements of garnet in the Darreh Vali pegmatites (North-east Boroujerd, Sanandaj-Sirjan zone)
Somaye Rahmani Zahra Tahmasbi Xin Ding Ahmad Ahmadi Khalagi

The pegmatites of Darreh Vali region is located in the north-east of Boroujerd which is a part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. In the Darreh Vali area, granodiorite bodies are cut by small pegmatitic dykes with NW–SE trend. The mineralogy of studied pegmatites consists of quar More

The pegmatites of Darreh Vali region is located in the north-east of Boroujerd which is a part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. In the Darreh Vali area, granodiorite bodies are cut by small pegmatitic dykes with NW–SE trend. The mineralogy of studied pegmatites consists of quartz, alkali-feldspar (orthoclase and microcline), plagioclase, muscovite, garnet (almandine-spessartin), andalusite, tourmaline, and apatite. Chondrite-normalized patterns of the Darreh Vali pegmatite are characterized by low enrichments of LREE relative to HREE (LaN/YbN=1.76-4.04), with a relatively flat HREE distribution, and a strong negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* =0.20-0.54). Major element chemistry of garnets in these pegmatites indicates a compositional zoning with decreasing MnO and increasing FeO from core towards the rim. In the case of the Darreh Vali pegmatites, all garnet crystals contain low CaO (0.15 to 0.29 wt.%) and high MnO (10.27 to 13.18 wt.%), which are similar to magmatic garnets from pegmatitic melts. On the MnO+CaO versus FeO+MgO (in wt. %) diagram, the composition of garnets shows that they probably crystallised in contact zones of pegmatite vein and from less evolved melts. LA-ICP-MS analyses show that analysed garnets have a high HREE, low LREE contents, and strong negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0-0.41) in the core along with positive Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0-3.22) at the rim. Y, HREE, Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, Hf, U and Mn decrease from core to rim. These core-to-rim elemental variations are attributed to increasing fluid-phase and H2O activity in magma, along with increasing magma fractionation. REE patterns and Eu anomalies in zoned garnets suggest that they probably formed in reducing to oxidizing conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Impact of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem on Entrepreneurial Activity: GEM based Analysis
Hossein Torabi Masoud Kheyrandish mohsen mohammadi Khiyare

Many scholars have highlighted the importance of entrepreneurship ecosystems in improving entrepreneurial activities, but, nevertheless, studies that are quantitatively analyzing the interrelationship between entrepreneurship ecosystems and their impact on increasing en More

Many scholars have highlighted the importance of entrepreneurship ecosystems in improving entrepreneurial activities, but, nevertheless, studies that are quantitatively analyzing the interrelationship between entrepreneurship ecosystems and their impact on increasing entrepreneurial activities at various stages of entrepreneurship are very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill the gap in entrepreneurship literature and also to study the effect of these two variables in different stages of development of countries. In this regard, using data from 107 GEM countries During 2008-2017 and Generalized Momentary Econometric Model (GMM), the relationship between the components of the entrepreneurship ecosystem and economic growth has been estimated. The results showed that the impact of the financial environment on the entrepreneurial stages in the resource-based countries was negative and significant. However, the impact of entrepreneurship education, dynamics of the domestic market, social status of entrepreneurs (entrepreneurial culture) and the GDP growth have had a positive and significant impact on entrepreneurship in these countries. The results also indicate that the impact of ecosystem factors such as government policies and programs, taxes and bureaucracy, entrepreneurial education at basic and academic levels, R&D transfer, infrastructure, market dynamics and appropriate business environment have positive and significant impact on the growth of entrepreneurial activities in efficiency and innovation-driven countries. Overall, the results of this study indicate that in an ecosystem with low barriers to entry, government support policies for entrepreneurs, basic and higher education, commercial and legal infrastructure, and normative culture supporting entrepreneurship increases entreprenurial activities Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Prototypicality in Transitive Structure of Persian Verbs
Faeghe Shahhoseini

The present article studies Prototype of transitive structure in Persian verbs. So far, transitivity has been studied from different aspects. However, in Persian language it has been studied limitedly from a cognitive perspective. The main objective of the present artic More

The present article studies Prototype of transitive structure in Persian verbs. So far, transitivity has been studied from different aspects. However, in Persian language it has been studied limitedly from a cognitive perspective. The main objective of the present article is to get to a precise and clear definition of transitivity regarding Persian speakers’ cognition. To do so, the author defines prototype of transitive structure based on seven major criteria, and one minor criterion. According to the findings of the research, to define transitivity we have to consider both form and function. Transitivity can be defined on a continuum, ranging from prototypical transitive verbs to non-prototypical transitive verbs, and intransitive verbs. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Place of Poetry in Plato’s and Aristotle’s Sense

One of the interesting and significant discussions in the history of literary criticism in Greek classical literature is Plato’s oppositions to poetry and Aristotle’s defense of it. Although their assumptions were based on common grounds and both considered art as a t More

One of the interesting and significant discussions in the history of literary criticism in Greek classical literature is Plato’s oppositions to poetry and Aristotle’s defense of it. Although their assumptions were based on common grounds and both considered art as a type of mimesis, but they were not of the same view on the value of poetry and the concept of mimesis. Their special philosophical thought system and genius which undoubtedly shaped and influenced philosophy and literary criticism through decades, has always been open to study and criticism. this article is an attempt to investigate the bases of their intellectual and ideational systems according to which they evaluate poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Investigating the Dramatic Aspects of Rostam and Sohrab Story in Shahnameh Based on Aristotle’s Views on Drama
داود حاتمي

Among the mythological, heroic, and historic stories in Shahnameh, the heroic ones are of better ground and more fascinating perspectives for study than the others. Isolation of heroic function from the functions of mythological-king-hero character and its appearance in More

Among the mythological, heroic, and historic stories in Shahnameh, the heroic ones are of better ground and more fascinating perspectives for study than the others. Isolation of heroic function from the functions of mythological-king-hero character and its appearance in a particular character named hero, with his own actions and feelings that are increasingly similar to a common human behaviors and emotions on one hand, and Ferdowsi’s (the poet’s) tendency to investigate and interpret the hero’s internal motivations facing epical events, on the other hand, have made the characterization aspect of the work deeper and more elaborate, and also promoted the structure of the story from a mere heroic narration to a dramatic structure with its embodiment potential, that latter effect is more prominent in some of the heroic stories. The study of dramatic aspects of these stories, in addition to understanding the dramatic potentials, helps their typology be more methodological and exact. This article, selecting one of the most well known heroic stories of Shahnameh, i.e. Rustam and Sohrab story, and through an introductory emphasis on the originality of its Iranian version, compared with the non-Iranian ones, attempts to investigate its dramatic aspects based upon Aristotle’s Poetica, as the most ancient and, at the same time, credible thesis on recognizing drama and its mechanism in the context of the classic verse and prose works; and presents its own results. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - An Introduction to the functionalist poetics
علیرضا خان‌جان Zahra میرزا

Emphasizing the necessity for changing the logical approach to the definition of the nature of poetry from Aristotle's logical dichotomy to the Fuzzy relativist logic, the present paper will first deal with three different viewpoints in the field of poetics. Attempts wi More

Emphasizing the necessity for changing the logical approach to the definition of the nature of poetry from Aristotle's logical dichotomy to the Fuzzy relativist logic, the present paper will first deal with three different viewpoints in the field of poetics. Attempts will also be made to employ the approach which does not take into consideration literature and poetry in particular, as being different from other types of communicative acts. It will thus be possible to analyze poetry within the framework of a general theory. Based on Haliday's functional systemic theory (1985, 1994) and taking into consideration the pattern proposed by Mohajer and Nabavi (1376), The present paper attempts to provide a functionalist analysis of the discourse of the poetry, as well as linguistic and paralinguistic parameters, based on Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Friendship in Political Philosophy
A m

Friendship was one of the pivotal notions in Aristotle’s Ethics. It has, however, been neglected and marginalized in the history of western thought. There has, however, in recent times a new attentionbeing paid to this notion. This essay studies the relationship between More

Friendship was one of the pivotal notions in Aristotle’s Ethics. It has, however, been neglected and marginalized in the history of western thought. There has, however, in recent times a new attentionbeing paid to this notion. This essay studies the relationship between contemporary political philosophy and friendship by assesing the notion of solidarity in this regard . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Polis-based Thinking and the conditions of possibility of the Greek Political Philosophy's Procreation

What is necessary to understand the procreation of Greek political thought and it's flourishing and development in the fourth century BC, is contemplating on "polis" category and its place in the concrete life of ancient Greeks. We will take into account, Plato and Aris More

What is necessary to understand the procreation of Greek political thought and it's flourishing and development in the fourth century BC, is contemplating on "polis" category and its place in the concrete life of ancient Greeks. We will take into account, Plato and Aristotle’s attempts as prototypes of the classical political philosophy in the course of discussing polis and its implications, and thereby try to articulate arguments in favor of principal thesis in which Plato's political philosophy and Aristotle's one, in spite of some individual inconsistencies in political thought-those related to their distinct metaphysics- but at the end of the day, they should be considered as a polis-oriented thinking. In the other words, by analyzing Greek political philosophy from a general point of view, sometimes we can grasp some insights that sometimes diminished under the haphazard and detailed commentaries. Perhaps we can exploit this phrase so that "agreement between the ideas of the two philosophers" is more plausible from Greek political thought’s individual elements point of view than metaphysical one. In this article through the extension of this study to the philosophers’ works of Greek period, We attempt to show that polis-based thinking as a dominant pattern in the contemplating on "the political" affairs, have been survived in the mental world of the Greek philosophers, even at the period of Hellenism in which the actual context of its premier procreation had been perished. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Feasibility of Adapting the Hegel's Desirable State with the Doctrines of Modern Totalitarian States
Mohammad Abedi Ardakani seyyed ali asghar baghrinejad

Some states were established, in the twentieth century, which are characterized by the title of “Totalitarian”. They consist of a wide range including conservatives, fascist radical right-wingers and communist radical left-wingers. The nature and behavioral style of the More

Some states were established, in the twentieth century, which are characterized by the title of “Totalitarian”. They consist of a wide range including conservatives, fascist radical right-wingers and communist radical left-wingers. The nature and behavioral style of these governments are manifest in their doctrines or policies which are more or less rooted in the past. Hence, some thinkers like Karl Popper and Schopenhauer contain that Hegel was one of the philosophers whose trace of thought can be seen in these doctrines. Now, the main purpose of this article is to clarify the validity of this claim by adapting the most important features of Hegel's theory of state with the doctrines of the totalitarian states of the twentieth century, mainly from Nazi or fascist type in Germany and Italy between the two world wars. For this reason, the main question of the present study is: “has Hegel theorized about his desired state in a way that is consistent with the doctrines of the twentieth-century totalitarian states?” The findings of this study suggest that, although it is possible that notions may be found in Hegel's thoughts that are misunderstood or misused by totalitarian states, but overall, what Hegel has proposed about the state and its features is entirely different from the doctrines of the totalitarian states of the twentieth century. This study is descriptive-analytic with a documentary-historical approach and collecting the appropriate data for analysis is done in a library-based way. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Relation of Bio-Politics to Global Discourses; Liberalism, Totalitarianism, and Security
Fateh Moradi Abasali Rahbar

The main aim of this paper is to investigate Liberalism, Totalitarianism, and security as discourses that related to Bio-Politics. The goal of discourse is making subject that is identified by his/her norms and controls in daily life. In this current text we want to rev More

The main aim of this paper is to investigate Liberalism, Totalitarianism, and security as discourses that related to Bio-Politics. The goal of discourse is making subject that is identified by his/her norms and controls in daily life. In this current text we want to reveal relation of mentioned discourses to bio-politics and body-politics. Relation of discourses to body- politics have been developing in twenty century in theories and multiple texts. On the considering this texts, legislations and actions that tending to classification of bodies and population is one of main preoccupation of discourses in recent century. Norms of economical body or body which should be a productive body of capital, other body and security comes of mentioned discourses. Part of often researches have used to Michael Foucault though, therefore in recent text we used genealogy. So, our hypothesis is the Liberalism, Totalitarianism, and security are strongly to bio-politics, and originally they comes of elements of bio-politics. Consequently, current systems has been founded as bio-political discourses, due to accruing global/ local subjects. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Theory and Experiment of Parasitic Element Effects on Spherical Probe-Fed Antenna
Javad Soleiman Meiguni Manouchehr Kamyab Ahmad Hosseinbeig

10.7508/jist.2013.03.005

Theory and experiment of a spherical probe-fed conformal antenna with a parasitic element mounted on a spherical multilayer structure are presented in this paper. Rigorous mathematical Method of Moments (MoMs) for analyzing various radiating spherical structures is pres More

Theory and experiment of a spherical probe-fed conformal antenna with a parasitic element mounted on a spherical multilayer structure are presented in this paper. Rigorous mathematical Method of Moments (MoMs) for analyzing various radiating spherical structures is presented in this paper by using Dyadic Green's Functions (DGFs) in conjunction with Mixed Potential Integral Equation (MPIE) formulation. Linear Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) triangular basis functions are applied in MPIE formulation. Current distributions on coaxial probe and conformal radiating elements are computed by using spatial domain Dyadic Green's Function (DGF) and its asymptotic approximation. A prototype of such an antenna is fabricated and tested. The effect of the parasitic element on the input impedance and radiation patterns of the antenna is investigated. It is shown that the antenna characteristics are improved significantly with the presence of the conducting parasitic element. Good agreement is achieved between the results obtained from the proposed methods and the measurement results. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The study of Relationship of the ''Politics'' and the ''Happiness'' From viewpoint of Aristotle and Ibn Miskeweyh

The Relationship of the ''Politics'' and the ''Happiness'' is one of issues that are traditionally focus of social ethics thinkers. The study and compaire of two big thinkers ideal –one from of ancient Greece and the other from Islamic philosophies- is important. The pr More

The Relationship of the ''Politics'' and the ''Happiness'' is one of issues that are traditionally focus of social ethics thinkers. The study and compaire of two big thinkers ideal –one from of ancient Greece and the other from Islamic philosophies- is important. The present research has been aim to clear the circumstance of the relationship of this two topics in analytical-applicational ways and also to explain the points of their ideas participations and differences in this text. Both Aristotle and Ibn Miskeweyh believies the earning to happiness is aim of the politics and political society and proponde the elements of earning to happiness, principles of obtaining to desirable political society, similarly. In attention to effect Aristotle viewpoints upon Ibn Miskeweyh thouthghs, the difference between this two thinkers ideologies, has been cause difference in some of the discussions. Aristotle believies criteria of desirability in political society and earning to happiness is living on base of virtue, but in according to Ibn Miskewayh's monalistic ideology, he believies the religion is inseparable element of politics and introduced the best politics is divine politics Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The effect of prototyping on the success of new product success with moderator role of customer involvement and Speed of information dissemination (case study: companies located in Khorasan Razavi Science and Technology Park)
Morteza Rojuee Morteza Ghayour Ehsan Sobhani

One of the effective factors on the success of a new product is the concept of prototyping and customer involvement that has gained importance in marketing literature in recent years. Currently, capability in the success of a new product is among the advantageous capabi More

One of the effective factors on the success of a new product is the concept of prototyping and customer involvement that has gained importance in marketing literature in recent years. Currently, capability in the success of a new product is among the advantageous capabilities and the focal point of the competitiveness of most knowledge-based companies. Moreover, newer products make the continuation of growth and profit making in today's competitive markets possible and bring about competitive advantage for companies. The success of a new product is considered as the ultimate factor for the success of the companies and even their survival. The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of prototyping and customer involvement on the success of a new product in knowledge-based companies based in Science and Technology Park of Khorasan Razavi. The study was applied in terms of purpose and the research method was descriptive-correlational where the population was 250 managers of companies in Science and Technology Park of Khorasan Razavi; and according to Morgan formula, the sample was determined to be 150 subjects. A researcher-made 33-question questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated using structural validation method by confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha. Hypothesis testing was performed using regression method and Lisrel. The results showed that prototyping has a significant impact on the success of a new product, and the moderating role of customer involvement in the relationship between prototyping and the success of a new product was confirmed Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Technological Absorption Capacity of the Iranian Economy
Behzad Salmani Firuz Fatahi Parviz Mohammadzade Akbar Anrajani Khosroshahi

It is widely acknowledged that relying solely on physical capital and labor as main sources of the economic growth would cause countries to lag behind others in the process of sustainable development, and the productivity improvement through technological advancements i More

It is widely acknowledged that relying solely on physical capital and labor as main sources of the economic growth would cause countries to lag behind others in the process of sustainable development, and the productivity improvement through technological advancements is the only way that ensures the continued economic growth. So, it is important to study the economy’s potential of technological innovations and capacity of technology absorption in order to allocate the scarce recourses efficiently. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the capacity of technology absorption in the Iranian Economy. To that end, using data from the Iranian economy over the period 1347-1390, the technological absorption capability hypothesis of Teixeira and Fortuna (2010) has been tested. According to this hypothesis, the existence of adequate human capital could help the economy to absorb the technological spillovers caused by FDI, importing capital goods, and the collaborations between countries. Furthermore, this hypothesis states that the higher is the R&D expenditures, the higher is the technological absorption capability. Using the co-integration method of Johansen and Juselius (1990), it is found that the existence of adequate human capital in Iran has enhanced the technological absorption capability of the Iranian economy. However, the R&D expenditures have no significant effect on the absorption capability of the Iranian economy. In sum, the Iranian economy can benefit from the technological spillovers because of its capabilities to absorb the new technologies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - The Investigation of the Effect of Research and Development on the Iran׳s Industrial Sector Productivity
Abolfazll Shahabadi Omid Rahmani

This research is evaluated the theorical and analytical role of domestic R&D stocks, human capital and foreign R&D stocks (technology embodied in imports of capital and intermediate goods) on total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Iran׳s industrial sector. As regards More

This research is evaluated the theorical and analytical role of domestic R&D stocks, human capital and foreign R&D stocks (technology embodied in imports of capital and intermediate goods) on total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Iran׳s industrial sector. As regards, the research and development activities of Iran's industrial sector as compared to developed countries are little it could be hope to foreign R&D stock role and their spillovers on total factor productivity growth of this sector. because the absorption of foreign R&D spillovers mid developing the domestic R&D activities will provide favorable field to total factor productivity growth. Therefore, this study is investigated the direct effect of foreign and domestic R&D stocks (via technology embodied in imports of capital and intermediate goods (and human capital on total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Iran's industrial sector in during 1338-1385. The analytical results say that, human capital and foreign R&D stocks have respectively, the highest positive effect on TFP growth of industrial sector. While, in literature theory, domestic R&D stocks is also have a determinant role on TFP growth. But, by reason of low investment in research budgets and lack of the demand base of research activities, the effect of domestic R&D stocks on total factor productivity growth of Iran׳s industrial sector have, lower effect than foreign R&D stocks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Analysis of Effect of Technology in Industries Efficiency by DEA Approach
Ezatollah Abbasiyan Mohammad reza Dehghanpour Babak Deo mobed

Trend of increasing competition leads to promotion of technical economy. Cost reduction and quality improvement has been introduced as bases for survival in global markets. What make this easier and accelerate it, are technical changes and improving efficiency and produ More

Trend of increasing competition leads to promotion of technical economy. Cost reduction and quality improvement has been introduced as bases for survival in global markets. What make this easier and accelerate it, are technical changes and improving efficiency and productivity. On the one hand, technology has a special position in theories of economic growth and in regard to constraints in economy and optimal use of available resources has an important role. Technology is divided into different levels with different features and effects. One of these effects is the differences of efficiency between the different levels of technology that this paper intends to compare the efficiency of industries with different technologies. For this purpose, data from firms with 10 employees or more from Iran Statistical Center has been used. In this study, the efficiency of industries with various technology levels (high tech industries, medium tech industries and low tech industries) using data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been measured. Industries with different technologies have different production functions, so in order to estimate production functions of these industries, econometric panel data method has been used. Results of the research indicate that managerial efficiency of low technology industries, in comparison with other industries, is lower and technical efficiency of high technology industries is lower than other industries. However, industries with medium level of technology have appropriate level of technical efficiency, technological efficiency, and managerial efficiency and also scale efficiency. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Approaches for Technology Assessment and Selection for Developing Countries- A ToT Model
Nawar Khan M Akhtar

Transfer of technology plays a pivotal role in the industrialization of developing countries. The challenge faced by these countries is the non-avail of Transfer of Technology (ToT) model that can depict the technology transfer process by involving the internal and exte More

Transfer of technology plays a pivotal role in the industrialization of developing countries. The challenge faced by these countries is the non-avail of Transfer of Technology (ToT) model that can depict the technology transfer process by involving the internal and external factors. As the technology assessment and selection is the main process in ToT, so this paper focuses on this area and propose two approaches for development of a ToT model. Also existing analytical approaches to technology evaluation and selection, such as engineering-economic analysis, cost benefit analysis and optimization techniques have limited applicability due to imprecise and non-quantifiable evaluation of variable and factors. This paper proposes approaches to assess technology on both quantitative and qualitative bases simultaneously, involving all internal and external factors (forces) that affect the entire ToT process. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Evaluation of changes in total productivity of rice production factors in Iran, an experimental analysis based on Farperimont index.
hesmat ollah gholizadeh shahriyar Nasabian reza moghaddasi alireza amini

Rice is a group of basic cereal products that has a special role in feeding people in society. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the changes in total productivity of rice production factors in Iran by experimental analysis based on Farperimont index. Therefore, f More

Rice is a group of basic cereal products that has a special role in feeding people in society. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the changes in total productivity of rice production factors in Iran by experimental analysis based on Farperimont index. Therefore, for this purpose, using the data of the sample census plan in the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture in a 30-year period from 1988-2017 and using non-parametric method and experimental analysis based on Farprimont index. To calculate changes and interest growth. ¬In the above-mentioned index and using DPIN software has been used. The results of calculations show that the average change in productivity of total Iranian rice production in the mentioned period for the Farperimont index has (10% increase). According to the analysis of the above data and the average increase in total productivity changes in this index, has been due to increased technological changes. Therefore, by using the new technology in all stages of planting, holding, harvesting rice and also in the optimal use of agricultural inputs to increase rice production, he tried to improve the productivity of this strategic product. It is also recommended as an executive work policy to achieve a sustainable productivity in the country and by reducing the import of this product and reducing the outflow of currency from the country. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Ammonius Hermiae and the Historical Impact of his Thought
Maryam Salem

Neo-Platonic philosophers, in addition to advocating Plato’s philosophical and theological school and commenting on his works, also paid attention to Aristotle and explored his philosophy and theology alongside his logic and ethics. This gave rise to the development of More

Neo-Platonic philosophers, in addition to advocating Plato’s philosophical and theological school and commenting on his works, also paid attention to Aristotle and explored his philosophy and theology alongside his logic and ethics. This gave rise to the development of a tradition among some of them to try to reconcile the ideas of these two philosophers with each other and demonstrate that there is no internal and external inconsistency between them. One of the prominent philosophers involved in this practice was Ammonius, the son of Hermiae, who, in spite of his anonymity during his own time, managed to exercise a great influence over the philosophical schools which emerged after him. This influence is quite noticeable initially on Islamic philosophers, particularly on Farabi, and then on Christian theologians. This paper aims to briefly introduce his character and some of his ideas. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Development of the Concept of Malignity in the History of Philosophical Ethics in the Islamic World (with an Emphasis on Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi’s Philosophy)
Hossein Atrak Mohsen Jahed

Aristotle’s principle of middle term is commonly defined as avoiding excess and defect, which seems to be a quantitative concept at first sight. This interpretation has received some criticisms from the authorities in the field of ethics. Muslim thinkers have also taken More

Aristotle’s principle of middle term is commonly defined as avoiding excess and defect, which seems to be a quantitative concept at first sight. This interpretation has received some criticisms from the authorities in the field of ethics. Muslim thinkers have also taken some steps to criticize, examine, and possibly improve this principle. Their most important attempt in this regard has been the introduction of the concept of malignity to philosophical ethics in the world of Islam. This concept pays attention to both quality in addition to quantity and remedies some of the defects of Aristotle’s principle of middle term. It is noteworthy that an accurate review of Aristotle’s texts also indicates the presence of the element of malignity in his ethical system. This concept was firstly introduced by Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi in some parts of Akhlaq-i nasiri, and later Qadi Izzuddin Iji placed it in a more logical section among ethical discussions. Following them, many Muslim experts in the field of ethics accepted their idea of this concept and discussed it in their works. The present paper aims to explore the historical development of the concept of malignity and examine its significance in the related fields. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - The Relationship between Ibn Sina and Peripatetic Philosophy (Historical Semantics of the Term “Peripatetic”)
Seyyed Mohammadali Dibaji

The term Peripatetic is used in contemporary philosophical literature to exclusively refer to the philosophical method of Aristotle, his followers, Ibn Sina, and a number of Muslim philosophers. On the other hand, Ibn Sina himself, who is considered to be the leader of More

The term Peripatetic is used in contemporary philosophical literature to exclusively refer to the philosophical method of Aristotle, his followers, Ibn Sina, and a number of Muslim philosophers. On the other hand, Ibn Sina himself, who is considered to be the leader of Peripatetic philosophers among Muslims, has advanced certain harsh criticisms against Peripatetics and denounced them. Presently, the questions that arise in this regard are as follows: Has Ibn Sina criticized Aristotle or his followers? If his criticism of Peripatetics are not related to Aristotle, does it equally target the Greek, Alexandrian, and Roman advocates of this school and the Peripatetics of Baghdad during the Islamic Period? Can we consider his criticism of the Peripatetics to be a reason for his deviation from the Peripatetic philosophy and turning to a kind of Oriental wisdom? In the present paper, while providing a historical and semantic review of the word “Peripatetic”, the author argues that three groups of Peripatetics (friends of Lyceum, Peripatetics of the third to sixth centuries, and the friends of the House of Wisdom) can be identified in the history of philosophy. Ibn Sina criticizes all the three groups, particularly the third one. Moreover, in his view, one can remove all the defects of the Peripatetic philosophy and then define its modified version in a way that everyone not only accepts it but also pays attention to and emphasizes it. This can be a good strategy for justifying the essence of his Oriental wisdom. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - A Historical Study of the Origins of the Problem of Method in Western Philosophy and its Reflection on the Methodologies of Descartes and Spinoza
Hossein Saberi Varzaneh

The present paper deals with the background and causes of the rise of the problem of method and its importance in the 17th century, particularly, in Descartes and Spinoza. The criticisms advanced against the different aspects of Aristotelian philosophy (such as the disc More

The present paper deals with the background and causes of the rise of the problem of method and its importance in the 17th century, particularly, in Descartes and Spinoza. The criticisms advanced against the different aspects of Aristotelian philosophy (such as the discussion of the universals, the re-emergence of Pyrrhonian skepticism, functionalism in sciences, and the development of exact sciences) wavered the foundations of previous philosophical schools and gave rise to discussions regarding the criteria for the truth and the correct methods of thinking. As a result, some logicians such as Zabarella and Eutyches decided to revise Aristotelian logic and began speaking of methods of analysis and synthesis, definition processes, and the cohesion and coherence of matters of discussion. Following the same tradition and, of course, under the influence of Aristotle’s critics, Descartes and Spinoza advocated the geometric method of analysis and synthesis. In this way, they tried to provide a guarantee for the truth of their words and transform the infertility of the Aristotelian categorical syllogism into an invaluable, fertile, and methodic kind of thinking. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Ethical Doctrines in Aristotle and Ibn Miskawayh Razi
Ali Mohammad Sajedi Hajar Darayitabar

Different schools of ethics have presented different doctrines in the field of ethics. Ethical doctrines include the premises, criteria, and referents of ethical acts. The differences between schools of ethics in their doctrines are rooted in their philosophical princip More

Different schools of ethics have presented different doctrines in the field of ethics. Ethical doctrines include the premises, criteria, and referents of ethical acts. The differences between schools of ethics in their doctrines are rooted in their philosophical principles. The ethical schools of both Ibn Miskawayh and Aristotle are virtualistic. Ibn Miskawayh believes that the most important prerequisites for ethical acts are self-knowledge, education, and training. Both thinkers explain the criteria for ethical acts relying on the principles of free will, intellect, moderation, and religious laws and analyze their referents based on elements of virtue, joy, friendship, etc. However, given the different worldviews of these two philosophers, their ideas of any of the ethical elements and referents are also different. Unlike Aristotle, Ibn Miskawayh attaches great importance to Islamic laws in relation to his ethical views. Moreover, he is able to provide a more successful model of ethical doctrines based on his monotheistic worldview. Influenced by religious teachings, he also believes that religious training plays an influential and efficient role in ethical growth and development. This paper is intended to explore ethical doctrines by comparing the ideas of these two philosophers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Principle of the Identity of Quiddity and Existence in the Truth in Islamic Tradition and Greek Philosophy
Huda Habibimanesh Shamsollah Seraj

The problem of the identity of existence and quiddity in Almighty Necessary has been referred to as the identity of existence and quiddity in the Truth in the works of Muslim philosophers and is dealt with as a philosophical principle. The great figures of Islamic philo More

The problem of the identity of existence and quiddity in Almighty Necessary has been referred to as the identity of existence and quiddity in the Truth in the works of Muslim philosophers and is dealt with as a philosophical principle. The great figures of Islamic philosophy have provided different interpretations of this principle and derived various consequences from it. Undoubtedly, the ideas of Greek philosophers and the teachings of Islam have played a significant role in the development of this principle by Muslim philosophers. The present paper intends to analyze the roots and origins of this principle, and it appears that a conceptual analysis of the technical terms used there could help researchers to derive better and more profound conclusions from this principle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Iranian Culture and Philosophy in the View Eudoxus of Cnidus
Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari Mohammad Sadiq Rezaee

Today, perhaps no one doubts the influence of Iranian thought and culture on Greek philosophy. This is because, apart from the existence of several historical documents and pieces of evidence in this regard, some extensive studies have also been conducted on this issue More

Today, perhaps no one doubts the influence of Iranian thought and culture on Greek philosophy. This is because, apart from the existence of several historical documents and pieces of evidence in this regard, some extensive studies have also been conducted on this issue during the last two centuries. All the inscriptions and objects discovered in archeological excavations and the ancient reports and writings of the Greeks and Iranians confirm this cultural exchange and influence. However, there are still some unanswered questions regarding the quality of this influence or adaptation and, particularly, the mediators playing a role in this process. Obviously, in historical studies, it is impossible or very difficult to have access to all the details. For example, it is not really easy to provide a straightforward idea concerning the relationship between the Pythagorean philosophy and Khosrawani wisdom and the quality of the interactions between Persian philosophers and early Greek philosophers, particularly regarding the meanings of words in particular fields. However, the few existing pieces of evidence, especially those which enjoy the necessary validity and authenticity, could still be illuminating. Eudoxus of Cnidus is one of the few prominent figures of the fourth century BC who was, on the one hand, familiar with the pre-Socratic wisdom and, on the other hand, because of his presence in Plato’s Academy and acquaintance with Aristotle, was aware of the classical philosophies developed after Socrates and Plato. He was a student of the Pythagorean School, thus he is mainly famous for his knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. Nevertheless, this paper demonstrates that he not only was greatly interested in the fields of philosophy and cosmology but also functioned as the main reporter of the elements of Iranian culture and philosophy for the members of Academy and as the bridge connecting these two centers of civilization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - A Comparative Study of the Concept of Generation and Corruption in Aristotle and Ibn Sina
Asghar Salimi Naveh

The treatise On Generation and Corruption is one of the treatises on nature which Aristotle wrote in about 347-335 BC. This treatise consists of two books: in the first one, Aristotle introduces generation and corruption as two basic properties of sublunary bodies. The More

The treatise On Generation and Corruption is one of the treatises on nature which Aristotle wrote in about 347-335 BC. This treatise consists of two books: in the first one, Aristotle introduces generation and corruption as two basic properties of sublunary bodies. The other properties of sublunary bodies include transformation, growth and shrinking, contact, action and interaction, and mixing, which are completely distinct from each other in Aristotle’s view. He rejects absolute generation and corruption and criticizes Empedocles’ theory of equating them with transformation. The second book is mainly devoted to a profound investigation of the four primary elements (water, earth, air, and fire), their nature, and the quality of their changing into each other. Aristotle believes that these elements come into being in a cyclical fashion and none is prior to the other. Ibn Sina divided the existents of the world into four groups of intellects or angels, angelic souls, spherical bodies, and the bodies of the world of generation and corruption. He matched the ontological distinction between immaterial beings and those beings which are coupled with matter and are subject to generation and corruption with the astronomical distinction between the spheres and the sublunary world. Ibn Sina followed Aristotle in this regard. In this paper, the authors analyze the concept of generation and corruption in bodies from the viewpoints of Aristotle and Ibn Sina. They also examine the extent of Aristotle’s influence over Ibn Sina concerning generation and corruption, as well as the latter’s innovations in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Psychology in Ibn Sina and Ibn Miskawayah
Seyyed Ahmad Hosseinee Maryam Gomari

The most important basis of Ibn Miskawayah’s philosophy of ethics is his psychology. In his discussions of ethics, he intends to introduce the exclusive characteristic of human beings; he demonstrates that there exists in Man something superior to the corporeal body, na More

The most important basis of Ibn Miskawayah’s philosophy of ethics is his psychology. In his discussions of ethics, he intends to introduce the exclusive characteristic of human beings; he demonstrates that there exists in Man something superior to the corporeal body, namely, the soul. By means of their rational soul, human beings can attain a transcendent life as befits the station of being a human. In order to present his view of the quality of Man’s access to happiness, Ibn Miskawayah initially proves the existence of the immaterial human soul and then explains its exclusive features. However, since a comparative study contributes to a better understanding of philosophical theories, the writers have introduced Ibn Miskawayah’s psychological theories in comparison to those of Ibn Sina. The present paper examines the concept of the soul in the views of these two distinguished philosophers and also refers to the whatness of the soul, existence, origination, the soul-body relation, and the faculties and subsistence of the soul. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Aristotelian Model of Defining Science
Mehdi Nazemi Ardakani Hamed Mustafawi Fard

Thematic distinction is the oldest method of distinguishing sciences from each other, so that some believe that it is the only method used for this purpose. Taftazani and Lahiji claim that mutikallimun are unanimous that different sciences can be essentially distinguish More

Thematic distinction is the oldest method of distinguishing sciences from each other, so that some believe that it is the only method used for this purpose. Taftazani and Lahiji claim that mutikallimun are unanimous that different sciences can be essentially distinguished from each other based on their subject matters. Accordingly, they believe that the distinctions among sciences arise from the distinctions among their subjects, and by attaining aspects, they mean the aspects of the subject’s preparedness for accepting the predicate. However, in a more accurate sense, philosophers argue that, in the field of exact and demonstrative sciences, what consolidates the unity of a science is its subject matter. In the same way, ‘Allamah Tabataba’i explicitly states that the distinction criterion for exact and demonstrative sciences in their subject, and for mentally-posited sciences it is their end and purpose. In contrast, in the view of the critics of the model of “thematic distinction of sciences”, research findings indicate that sciences consist of a few propositions that have been completed over time. Therefore, their subjects were not even known to their founders and, that is why they were not capable of discussing their states. They argue that, even if we accept the Aristotelian model, we should say that many of the debates regarding the distinctions among sciences originate in confusing exact and mentally-posited sciences with each other and generalizing the principles of exact sciences to mentally-posited ones. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Aristotelian Golden Mean in Abu Nasr Farabi
Zohreh Tavaziany

From among the views propounded in the field of ethics, Aristotle’s theory of golden mean has attracted the greatest attention of Muslim philosophers, including Farabi, who is considered to be the founder of Islamic philosophy. The problem here is whether Farabi himself More

From among the views propounded in the field of ethics, Aristotle’s theory of golden mean has attracted the greatest attention of Muslim philosophers, including Farabi, who is considered to be the founder of Islamic philosophy. The problem here is whether Farabi himself was merely content with a pure imitation, explanation, and expansion of Aristotle’s theory in designing his ethical system or developed his independent view in the realm of ethics. Through presenting a documented report of Farabi’s views in ethics, the present paper intends to demonstrate that, in spite of Aristotle’s undeniable influence on his thoughts in the development of some of his philosophical principles in the field of ethics, such as considering happiness to be the ultimate goal and resorting to the theory of the mean in explaining virtues and posing Aristotle’s four-fold virtues, Farabi was never content with a mere explanation of Aristotle’s ideas in this regard and, on the contrary, presented his own specific theories. Clearly, Farabi promotes happiness from the level of a purely ethical concept with an individualistic bent to the level of a social concept and considers it to be the foundation of the political systems that are based on virtue. He also enters some purely religious features into this field and clearly explains them. However, his ideas in this regard are not immune to criticism. What places Farabi with regard to his ethical theories in the same line with Aristotelians is the problem of proposing the mean as the criterion for determining moral virtues. Through emphasizing this problem, this paper intends to demonstrate how Farabi has organized his ethical system based on the elements he has borrowed from Aristotle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - A Study of Heidegger’s Interpretation of Dialectic in Plato’s Dialog of the Sophist
Sadiqah Moosazadeh N‘alband

The term dialectic has a Greek root and enjoys a historical background as long as that of philosophy itself. This term has been employed by most philosophers at all times and has undergone some changes in terms of meaning in line with the differences in the views of di More

The term dialectic has a Greek root and enjoys a historical background as long as that of philosophy itself. This term has been employed by most philosophers at all times and has undergone some changes in terms of meaning in line with the differences in the views of different philosophers. The present paper aims to recount, examine, and evaluate Heidegger’s interpretation of the word “dialectic” as used by Plato. Heidegger’s interpretation of Plato’s dialectic is other than the common interpretations provided by most interpreters. While examining the interpretations given by the philosophers preceding him, Heidegger enters a dialog with them and believes that he has observed the norms of justice in this dialog while granting some freshness and beauty to their interpretations through employing a specific composing style and arrangement of ideas. At the same time, he has remained loyal to the interpreted text. In fact, while having a dialog with philosophers (particularly, Plato and Aristotle) and interpreting their views, Heidegger tries to remain objective and portray a new and unprecedented picture of their thoughts. In this paper, the writers have evaluated Heidegger’s loyalty to the thoughts of his intended philosopher (Plato) and, while exploring Platonic dialectic in the light of Heidegger’s philosophy, review the latter’s interpretation of this particular idea. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Suhrawardī’s View of the Logic; A Fundamental Variation from Aristotelian School
mostafa abedi jige

In contrast to Aristotelian tradition, in Suhrawardī’s philosophy, logic loses its instrumentality regarding knowledge and its place is established after the realization of wisdom. Aristotelian philosophy includes the whole human knowledge, except the principles of know More

In contrast to Aristotelian tradition, in Suhrawardī’s philosophy, logic loses its instrumentality regarding knowledge and its place is established after the realization of wisdom. Aristotelian philosophy includes the whole human knowledge, except the principles of knowledge, within the domain of acquired knowledge and considers knowledge to be a theoretical affair. However, through acknowledging the presential nature of knowledge, Suhrawardī extracts it from the realm of conceptual and acquired thought and maintains that it is primarily pre-theoretical. He initially attains wisdom through intuition and then adduces some arguments for it. Then, by a fundamental turn, he argues that conceptual thought is based on presential thought and emphasizes that the realm of presence is the criterion for the realm of acquisition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - A Critical Analysis of Henry Corbin’s Thoughts on the Comparison of Suhrawardī’s Philosophy with Greek Philosophy
Hasan Seyedarab seyedali Alamolhoda Alireza parsa Akhlaghi Marzie

Henry Corbin is a western commentator of Suhrawardī’s Illuminationist philosophy. His thoughts in relation to interpreting this philosophy are based on t’awīl (hermeneutics), phenomenology, metahistory, and comparative philosophy. The present paper is the first attempt More

Henry Corbin is a western commentator of Suhrawardī’s Illuminationist philosophy. His thoughts in relation to interpreting this philosophy are based on t’awīl (hermeneutics), phenomenology, metahistory, and comparative philosophy. The present paper is the first attempt at addressing this subject, and it is intended to critically investigate Corbin’s thoughts regarding the comparison of Suhrawardī’s philosophy with those of Plato, Aristotle, and neo-Platonists. Here, the authors have explored Suhrawardī’s innovative ideas so that the differences between them and the thoughts of the above-mentioned philosophers are disclosed. They have also presented a general critique of Corbin’s methodology and its defects in the conclusion. Comparative philosophy, which is sometimes called intercultural philosophy, requires philosophers to deal with various cultural, linguistic, and philosophical trends with an emphasis on the fundamental principles underlying the philosophers’ thoughts and to study the differences and similarities among their views. In Corbin’s view, comparative philosophy has functioned as the gateway of the correct perception of philosophical thoughts in the history of philosophy, and that is why he has compared Illuminationist philosophy with the philosophical views of Plato and Aristotle. He believes that Suhrawardī’s philosophy has been derived from Plato’s views, which seems to have its roots in his idea that the origin of philosophy is Greece. Corbin considers him as the Plato of the world of Islam; however, he ignores Suhrawardī’s innovations, the differences between his philosophy and that of Plato, and his criticism of Aristotle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - The Relationship between Weakness of Will and Ethical Life in Aristotle: A Glance at Socrates’ View and Aristotle’s Critique of Weakness of Will
Simin Kheirabadi Ali Akbar Abdol Abadi

“Weakness of will” is one of the fundamental concepts in Aristotle’s ethics, a thorough understanding of which requires an understanding of its meaning and use in his views. In this paper, following a descriptive-analytic method, the authors initially refer to the lexic More

“Weakness of will” is one of the fundamental concepts in Aristotle’s ethics, a thorough understanding of which requires an understanding of its meaning and use in his views. In this paper, following a descriptive-analytic method, the authors initially refer to the lexical roots of the expression of “weakness of will” in Greek and, then, try to explain Socrates’ idea of weakness of will and Aristotle’s critique of this view. Next, given some of the referents of the concept of weakness of will in Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics, they seek to demonstrate why human beings sometimes act against their ethical knowledge. Later they provide Aristotle’s analysis of the phenomenon of weakness of will as one of the obstacles to living an ethical life and argue that sometimes it stands in contrast to rationality. As a result, while being aware that something is ethically wrong or right, an individual, under the influence of their misplaced desires, might act unethically or cease to act ethically. In Aristotle’s view, a necessary condition for the rationality of ethical necessity is for human beings to benefit from “practical wisdom”. He also believes that if the intellect leads the other human faculties at the level of act, individuals will certainly choose and do the right thing. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Development of the Theory of Categories from Aristotle to Ibn Sina
Reza Rasuli Sharabiyani

Aristotle’s view of categories is not a merely linguistic one. His four-fold division of existents and referring to the features of being in the subject and being told in terms of the subject alongside each other indicate his ontological view of categories. In his eyes, More

Aristotle’s view of categories is not a merely linguistic one. His four-fold division of existents and referring to the features of being in the subject and being told in terms of the subject alongside each other indicate his ontological view of categories. In his eyes, they are the windows linking subject and object to each other. He poses the issue of categories to bring thought and reality together. Therefore, the goal of the laws of Aristotelian logic, in addition to analyzing the forms of thinking, is to explain the knowledge of reality as it is reflected in the human mind. The discussion of categories in Aristotle’s logical works functions as a window to the entrance of essentialism in logic and the dominance of Aristotelian metaphysics on his logic. This aspect weakens Aristotle’s logic in presenting and analyzing many propositions and syllogisms and makes the semantic aspect of this logic more prominent in comparison to its formal aspect. The theory of categories existed in logic books before Ibn Sina. In several cases in the book of categories of al-Shifa, he mentions that there is no place for the discussion of categories in logic and puts it aside in the logic section of al-Isharat. Unlike Aristotle, Ibn Sina’s heedlessness of categories can reveal formalization in logic and its deviation from Aristotle’s essentialism and semanticism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Ibn Sina and the Problem of the Immortality of the Soul
Ghasem Purhassan

Unlike the prevailing idea, Ibn Sina is neither a loyal advocate of Aristotle nor a mere commentator of his ideas. He is an independent, distinguished, and Muslim Iranian philosopher. In the light of the criticisms targeted at Greek philosophy and Aristotle’s ideas, Ibn More

Unlike the prevailing idea, Ibn Sina is neither a loyal advocate of Aristotle nor a mere commentator of his ideas. He is an independent, distinguished, and Muslim Iranian philosopher. In the light of the criticisms targeted at Greek philosophy and Aristotle’s ideas, Ibn Sina intended to develop a new form of epistemology and lay the foundations of oriental philosophy. One of the controversial issues among thinkers is the problem of the soul and its trans-substantiality, immateriality, and immortality. Ibn Sina considers Aristotle’s ideas in this regard to be inadequate and contaminated with defects, mistakes, and confusion. Through criticizing Aristotle’s definition of the soul, Ibn Sina tries to introduce a novel approach to the problem of the soul, while rejecting the arguments of survival and finally devising a new theory concerning the immortality of the soul. The purpose of the present paper is to explore Aristotle’s ideas and Ibn Sina’s objections to them and also reveal the latter philosopher’s innovative ideas concerning the problem of the soul. The writer tries to demonstrate that Ibn Sina’s achievement regarding the issue of the soul and body is, in fact, a new solution to this problem. He also aims to show that it is a mistake to assume that Islamic philosophers still continue to follow Aristotle’s ideas. Ibn Sina must be considered as a pioneer in fundamental arguments on the subject of the soul and its immateriality. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Humanism in Sophists and Great Greek Philosophers:A Study of their Common and Different Ideas
Hasan Bolkhari Qahi Mina Muhammedi Vakil

The Sophists were the first ancient thinkers who considered the issue of man as the main subject of philosophy. They were the first to change the direction of philosophical research from phusis to nomos. Almost at the same time and a short while after the rise of the So More

The Sophists were the first ancient thinkers who considered the issue of man as the main subject of philosophy. They were the first to change the direction of philosophical research from phusis to nomos. Almost at the same time and a short while after the rise of the Sophists, in spite of their disagreements with and fundamental oppositions to these thinkers, Socrates, Plato, and also Aristotle introduced man as the primary concern of philosophical theories. This was the main commonality between the views of the Sophists and ancient philosophers. On the other hand, there is also a kind of formal proximity between Socrates and the Sophists in terms of their method of dialectics and discourse. However, since Socrates considers a fixed criterion for knowledge which is free from sense impressions, he criticizes Protagoras’ statement as to “Man is the measure of all things”, and argues that Protagoras focuses on individual man and considers the truth to be relative. In this way, a comparative study of the ideas of the Sophists and philosophers reveals that both groups followed the same subject and method but had different purposes. The Sophists’ purpose was teaching, while philosophers sought their end in knowing the truth. This paper aims to discover the differences and similarities between these two approaches. In doing so, it initially deliberates accurately over their distinctive ideas and then clearly explains that some of the philosophical findings of the Sophists, in spite of their historical notoriety, have exercised some lasting effects on contemporary philosophy. In other words, by changing the direction of philosophy’s attention to the problem of man, in a sense, they developed the basis for modern philosophy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Duality of Mind-Body in Homer, Plato, and Aristotle
Yashar Jeirani

The present paper explores the mind-body problem in Homer, Plato, and Aristotle. Here, the writers claim that the opposing ideas of Plato and Aristotle concerning the ontology of body and soul is ultimately rooted in the dualist interpretation of the ontology of the sou More

The present paper explores the mind-body problem in Homer, Plato, and Aristotle. Here, the writers claim that the opposing ideas of Plato and Aristotle concerning the ontology of body and soul is ultimately rooted in the dualist interpretation of the ontology of the soul in the mythical era, particularly in Homer’s period. In other words, the philosophical opposition between Plato and Aristotle concerning the ontology of the soul and body has its origin in Homerian dual and opposing interpretation of the concept of the soul. In addition, by substantiating this view, the writers have tried to take a small step towards understanding the relationship between the mythical legacy of ancient Greece and its period of humanistic philosophy, particularly that of Plato and Aristotle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - The Relationship between Platonic and Aristotelian Philosophies in Alexandrian (Ammonian) Philosophy
Roohollah Fadaei Ahmad Asgari

Since the first century BC, Platonic philosophy has always been in conflict with Peripatetic philosophy. Here, the main trend which tried to reconcile these two schools with each other reached its culmination in Ammonius Saccas’ philosophy. The same idea was fully reali More

Since the first century BC, Platonic philosophy has always been in conflict with Peripatetic philosophy. Here, the main trend which tried to reconcile these two schools with each other reached its culmination in Ammonius Saccas’ philosophy. The same idea was fully realized in Porphyry’s school, following which Platonic philosophers devoted particular attention to reconciling the views of Plato and Aristotle. However, Sureyanus and Proclus did not agree with this trend and criticized Aristotle with respect to some important issues. They also maintained that some of his views were in contrast to those of Plato. According to Proclus, Aristotle had denied the world of Ideas and had failed to grasp the concept of the Divine efficient cause, thus limiting His agency to the final cause. He also maintained that Aristotle had promoted the intellect to the level of the first origin and absolute one, which was by itself an unforgivable mistake and diversion. In contrast, in the light of the efforts made by Ammonius Hermiae and his students, the Alexandrian School of Philosophy was developed. This School aimed to reconcile the philosophical Schools of Plato and Aristotle with each other following a systematic process and, finally, managed to do so in the best way possible. As one of the most prominent philosophers of this field, Simplicus, under the influence of Ammonius Hermiae, interpreted what Proclus deemed as the points of departure between the views of Aristotle and Plato in a way that they turned into their points of agreement. He did this not because of his personal preferences but due to the existing philosophical necessities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Epistemological Functions of Mimesis in Thomas Aquinas
Afra Khakzad Hadi Rabiei Mohammad Akvan

Thomas Aquinas, who was inspired with Aristotle’s philosophy in developing some of his views, followed his path in considering art as a kind of imitation. However, the concept of imitation for him was not a purely Aristotelian one; rather, it was also influenced by the More

Thomas Aquinas, who was inspired with Aristotle’s philosophy in developing some of his views, followed his path in considering art as a kind of imitation. However, the concept of imitation for him was not a purely Aristotelian one; rather, it was also influenced by the viewpoints of some thinkers such as Augustine and Pseudo-Dionysios the Areopagite. He employed mimesis in the texture of Christian theological discussions as well as in relation to the issues related to the metaphorical language of holy texts. Therefore, the concept of mimesis in Aquinas’ view was faced with an epistemological dilemma. On the one hand, it could result in both anxiety and relaxation in addressees or perhaps, through affecting their imagination, distract them from the path of rationality. On the other hand, it seems that the language of the Holy Book, which has been written for leading its addressees to the path of intellection and religiosity, shares the same features of the language of artistic works. Different types of mimesis have been used in the Holy Book and, more importantly, the relationship between the world of being and God is explained there on the basis of the concept of mimesis or imitation. In this paper, through analyzing the views of Aquinas and his references to such philosophers as Aristotle, Augustine, and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, the authors try to provide a clear explanation of the concept of mimesis and the epistemological functions of artistic imitation in Thomism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - Historical look at the phrase “Political by nature” in the Middle Ages of the Islamic world
Sajjad Hejri Azartash Azarnoush

Being political for/Politicalness of human beings is one of the topics which philosophers have been discussing from ancient times until now, and it is the basis/foundation of some branches of practical philosophy, especially the philosophical principles of social scien More

Being political for/Politicalness of human beings is one of the topics which philosophers have been discussing from ancient times until now, and it is the basis/foundation of some branches of practical philosophy, especially the philosophical principles of social sciences. Although the necessity of "social life" or Being political/Politicalness for all human beings is more or less obvious; it was Greeks who scrutinized this phenomenon in their philosophical works, and what we know as being political by nature (of/about human beings) from the past to the present in the Islamic world has its roots in Greece and the age of translation. This phrase was created/emerged/coined by Isḥāq ibn Ḥunayn’s translation of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics in the third lunar century in the Islamic world, and the ground for its development was laid by Miskawayh’s Ethics. Although most contemporary translators of Aristotle's ethics into Persian and Arabic did not use this phrase, it's still prominent. The doctrine of Being political for/Politicalness of human beings became the basis/foundation of the demonstration of philosophers like Avicenna/ Ibn Sina to prove prophecy, and Fakhr al-Din Rāzi introduced it, which later became known as the way of philosophers, into theological works. By inquiring/studying/looking into available Persian and Arabic written heritage, this article tries to follow the development/pathway of the phrase “Political by nature”, which has turned into a term and model/form in the Islamic world, in middle ages and is still used today and in some aspects/somehow fill the gap of historical inquire about it in current literature. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - Challenges of two genres of tragedy and comedy from Avicenna's point of view according to Aristotle's poetic view
Farideh Daliri Esmail BaniArdalan Amir Maziyar

Aristotle's theory of poetry entered the realm of Iranian thought with the theme that the genres of tragedy and comedy seek to imitate and mimesis virtues and vices. Aristotle's treatise on poetry, despite its role in shaping Western theater, had no effect on the worl More

Aristotle's theory of poetry entered the realm of Iranian thought with the theme that the genres of tragedy and comedy seek to imitate and mimesis virtues and vices. Aristotle's treatise on poetry, despite its role in shaping Western theater, had no effect on the world of Persian poetry. It is necessary that the theater comes from the heart of Greek ontology is a reminder of the need for Iranian drama to have a poetic outlook on Iranian culture. This book has been translated and adapted many times as a reference treatise, and one of the most prominent adaptations is Avicenna's poetry. Although the Avicenna's poetry is a report on Aristotle's poetry, he did not merely suffice to summarize it. The fundamental feature of his work is dealing with the essence of poetry, imitation or imagination. His poetry has new features, points and theories. The fundamental motive of this research is to read Avicenna's approach to the Greek sage Poetics and to study his poetry based on the main genres of Aristotle's Poetics treatise. The passage to this goal with an analytical-descriptive approach and data collection method is a library in which the researcher has achieved the theories of two Greek and Iranian scholars with the intention of Avicenna in writing iranian poetry poetics Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - A Comparative Study of Poetics of Aristotle and Ibn Sīnā Regarding the Nature of Poetry
Farideh Daliri Esmail BaniArdalan Amir Maziyar

The nature and definition of poetry has always attracted the attention of literary thinkers in the field of philosophy. Aristotle’s Poetics is one of the greatest works on the content and structural criticisms of poetry. Given his Greek culture, Aristotle believes that More

The nature and definition of poetry has always attracted the attention of literary thinkers in the field of philosophy. Aristotle’s Poetics is one of the greatest works on the content and structural criticisms of poetry. Given his Greek culture, Aristotle believes that tragedy is an imitation of an action and a kind of dramatic art which results in catharsis. In Islamic tradition, the familiarity with Aristotle’s Poetics began from the third and fourth centuries (AH) through the related translations and abridged versions. During the same century, Fārābī and then Ibn Sīnā began analyzing and commenting on Poetics in order to explore Aristotle’s views in the realm of poetry. The most important abridgement of this treatise and commentary on it were made by Ibn Sīnā under the influence of Fārābī. In Ibn Sīnā’s treatise the concept of poetry is different from that in the field of conventional poetry. Imitation is the essence of poetry whereby imagination has an efficient presence. While trying to compare the nature of poetry in the Poetics section of Ibn Sīnā’s al-Shifā and Aristotle’s Poetics, this study aims to explain Ibn Sīnā’s view of poetry and his definition of poetry and its components and demonstrate the proximity between his standpoints in this regard with those of Aristotle. The authors have employed an analytic-descriptive and comparative approach to conduct this study. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Priority of Sophia to Phronesis and its Significance in Aristotle’s Philosophy of Ethics
Ali Nazemi Ardakani Reza Davari Ardakani Malek Hosseini

The relationship between phronesis or practical wisdom and Sophia or theoretical wisdom and, at another level, the relationship between ethical virtues and intellectual virtues are among the important subjects in Aristotle’s philosophy of ethics. Their importance is due More

The relationship between phronesis or practical wisdom and Sophia or theoretical wisdom and, at another level, the relationship between ethical virtues and intellectual virtues are among the important subjects in Aristotle’s philosophy of ethics. Their importance is due to the fact that not only in case of the priority of phronesis to sophia, contradiction will arise between Aristotle’s teachings in Metaphysics and Nichomachean Ethics, but also because it seems that such a priority will eventually lead to a kind of diversion from prime philosophy and, hence, considering human being as the noblest subject in philosophy. Of course, Aristotle himself disagrees with this position. This paper mainly inquires whether in Aristotle’s philosophy priority belongs to sophia or phronesis, and what the significance and consequences of the priority of one over the other is. The authors argue that, although phronesis has a supreme place in his philosophy, it is sophia which enjoys fundamental priority. On the other hand, in Aristotle’s system of thought, eudaimonia or the highest human good cannot be attained unless through possessing phronesis and Sophia at the same time. Hence, it seems that, in order to learn about the ultimate goal of philosophy, it is necessary to further deliberate over the concepts of sophia and phronesis and their relationships with each other and with other virtues. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Negation through the Denial of Subject: A Study of Khwajah Nair’s View
Seyyed Mahmoud Yousef Sani

Aristotle’s view regarding the emptiness or non-emptiness of the terms of propositions has been interpreted in two ways. In one of them, the terms of propositions always include an existing individual or some existing individuals and are non-empty. Therefore, in negativ More

Aristotle’s view regarding the emptiness or non-emptiness of the terms of propositions has been interpreted in two ways. In one of them, the terms of propositions always include an existing individual or some existing individuals and are non-empty. Therefore, in negative propositions, the collection of the individuals of the subject is never an empty collection either. Hence, there is no difference between negative and affirmative propositions regarding the necessity of the existence of individuals for their subjects. According to the other interpretation, in any proposition, whether negative or affirmative, its components should be first conceived and come into being through a mental existence. Then, if the proposition is an affirmative one, in addition to this mental concept, there should be an existing or supposedly existing individual to receive an affirmative judgment. However, in case of a negative proposition, except the mental existence of the proposition, which is necessary for passing judgment, there is no need for an existing or supposedly existing individual to receive the predicate attribute. Hence, there is a difference between affirmative and negative propositions in this regard. In his interpretation of negative propositions, Khwajah Nasir Tusi has paid attention to both aspects and considered each of the two interpretations to be correct in its own right. The first interpretation is ruled as a correct one given the propositions which are used in different sciences – and these propositions always depend on external truths. Moreover, the second interpretation is correct due to the absoluteness aspect of negative propositions, and also because a non-existent entity cannot be qualified with any quality, including the predicate attribute, since it is non-existent. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - Farabi’s Innovations in Logic and his Role in the Dissemination and Transformation of Aristotelian Logic in the World of Islam
Akbar Faydei Seyyed Ahmad Hosseini

Through clarifying the complex concepts in Aristotelian logic in his masterful commentary on all chapters of Aristotle’s Organon, as well as through his unprecedented innovations in the field of logic, particularly in his division of knowledge into “concept and judgment More

Through clarifying the complex concepts in Aristotelian logic in his masterful commentary on all chapters of Aristotle’s Organon, as well as through his unprecedented innovations in the field of logic, particularly in his division of knowledge into “concept and judgment”, Farabi developed the Greek logical legacy in the world of Islam. In the present paper, the writers initially refer to and explore some of his ideas in the field of logic, such as the division of different types of knowledge into two categories of concept and judgment, his view of the particular and the universal and the origin of man’s knowledge, his division of universal concepts into the first and the second intelligible, his synthesis of Aristotle’s theory of predication with Porphyry’s five-fold universals, his definition of essentialism, his view of the inconsistency of modal negation with permissible negation, his specific theory of future possibility, his idea of induction and analogy, and his innovation regarding fallacy and the explanation and expansion of the different stand-points in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

48 - ‌ A Comparative Study of the Views of Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Aristotle of the Substantiality of the Soul and its Immateriality and Immortality
Qasim Pourhassan Hosein Gholizadeh

Aristotle believes that the soul is necessarily a substance and views substance as the main ontological concept of his philosophy. Accordingly, it is important to learn about his idea of substance in order to perceive his view of the materiality or immateriality of the More

Aristotle believes that the soul is necessarily a substance and views substance as the main ontological concept of his philosophy. Accordingly, it is important to learn about his idea of substance in order to perceive his view of the materiality or immateriality of the soul. Aristotle received great attention in the tradition of Islamic philosophy, particularly, the Peripatetic philosophy, and the stance of Islamic thinkers with regard to the soul bears some direct or close relationship with his theories. Farabi and Ibn Sina agree with Aristotle’s different definitions of substance and its general division into sensible and insensible types. However, the fundamental differences between their ideas and those of this Greek philosopher have yielded certain consequences which are quite noteworthy. The main purpose of this study is to explore such differences and discover their ultimate views on the immateriality and immortality of the soul. Accordingly, the writers initially examine the words that Aristotle used in order to define the meaning of substance and, secondly, refer to the various works in which he discussed the concept of substance. Finally, they compare his ideas in this regard with those of Farabi and Ibn Sina. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - Sense Perception in Aristotle and Mullā Ṣadrā
Muhammad Husein Mokhtari

The Problem of perception has always been an important philosophical issue since ancient times. Ancient Greek philosophers, particularly Plato and Aristotle, extensively discussed the tools and conditions of perception. Aristotle, for example, explained the external and More

The Problem of perception has always been an important philosophical issue since ancient times. Ancient Greek philosophers, particularly Plato and Aristotle, extensively discussed the tools and conditions of perception. Aristotle, for example, explained the external and internal perception of the soul in his two treatises of On the Soul and On Sense and Sensibilia. Among the perceptive faculties of human beings and animals, sense perception holds a particular station. This is because one’s first encounter with the external world happens through this faculty. In order to clarify sense perception, he refers to and discusses the external faculties of the soul (touch, sight, taste, hearing, and smell) and the informative data they provide. He believes that sense perception must be intertwined with the intellect in order to result in knowledge. Muslim philosophers have also discussed sense perception and most of their views are similar to those of Aristotle. Through propounding the soul’s creation of forms, Mullā Ṣadrā distanced himself from Aristotle and managed to introduce a new theory in philosophical psychology. In this paper, the author examines and compares Aristotle’s and Mullā Ṣadrā’s approaches to the problem of sense perception. In doing so, he firstly defines the soul and its faculties and, then, investigates external faculties in the views of both philosophers. Finally, he deals with the important discussion of the epistemological aspect of sense perception. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

50 - Modeling the Effective Dimensions of Indigenous Knowledge on Total Innovation Management in the Development of Palm Processing and Complementary Industries in Kerman Province
Neda Baniasadi Davoud samari Seyyed Jamal Farajollah Hosseini Maryam Omidi Najafabadi

One of the appropriate solutions for agricultural development and prevention of waste is the creation of conversion and complementary industries. Lack of attention to innovation causes these industries to have no access to global markets. Indigenous knowledge in managin More

One of the appropriate solutions for agricultural development and prevention of waste is the creation of conversion and complementary industries. Lack of attention to innovation causes these industries to have no access to global markets. Indigenous knowledge in managing innovation in agricultural processing can be responsible for the development of agricultural products. The present article has been compiled to present an "analysis of the role of indigenous knowledge in comprehensive innovation management for the development of palm conversion and complementary industries in Kerman province in order to provide employment and income conditions for gardeners by improving conversion and complementary industries." The present study is applied research and in terms of research method, it is a survey. Its statistical population includes 200 farmers in Kerman province who are working in the field of marketing, packaging and processing of date products. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula of 155 people. In order to answer the research problem, a questionnaire was designed as the main research tool and SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the research results The present article has been compiled to present an "analysis of the role of indigenous knowledge in comprehensive innovation management for the development of palm conversion and complementary industries in Kerman province in order to provide employment and income conditions for gardeners by improving conversion and complementary industries." The present study is an applied research and in terms of research method, it is a survey. Its statistical population includes 200 farmers in Kerman province who are working in the field of marketing, packaging and processing of date products. The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula of 155 people. In order to answer the research problem, a questionnaire was designed as the main research tool and SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the research results. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - Measurement and Analysis of Total Factor Productivity by the Tornqvist Index (Case Study: Textile Production in Iran)
مسعود تمسكي بيدگلي مسعود باباخاني سید محمد سید حسینی کاظم نقندریان

In this modern world, considering expansion of competition and lack of resources, everybody knows the importance of measuring of productivity and decomposition of it. Although assigned about 2.8% of value added and 8.5% of employment of large manufacturing industries, t More

In this modern world, considering expansion of competition and lack of resources, everybody knows the importance of measuring of productivity and decomposition of it. Although assigned about 2.8% of value added and 8.5% of employment of large manufacturing industries, the textile industry has not respected more attention. The main goal of this paper is measuring and analyzing of individual and total factor productivity in textile manufacturing industries during period of 1994-2007. For this purpose, after extraction of production factors (labor, capital stock, material and energy), it is measured individual productivity indexes in form of quotient of value added and each of production factors. It is also computed total factor productivity via divisia index and Tornqvist function. The results show that labor productivity has grown annually 4.4% because of labor decrease especially in large firms. However capital productivity has decreased less in the studying period. On the other hand, productivity of electricity consumption and material has decreased annually 1.7% and 1.9% respectively. Total factor productivity index has grown annually 0.6% in average and this improvement mainly has achieved via labor productivity. The econometric model for decomposition of total factor productivity in the textile manufacturing industries has confirmed the positive impacts of production values, per capita wages, percentage of small firms and government expenditures. It has also confirmed the negative impacts of foreign material dependency and working only in expert field. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

52 - Fitness desk operators and anthropometric factors the implementation of a quality management system approach to structural modeling
Marzieh Babaeianpoor محمد مهدی مصطفوی دهزویی حسين بحريني

Using the principles of anthropometry in design helps different people with different physical dimensions comforting while working in workstation. Regardless of these principles in the design of workstation, a worker may be in poor posture, which can lead to tiredness, More

Using the principles of anthropometry in design helps different people with different physical dimensions comforting while working in workstation. Regardless of these principles in the design of workstation, a worker may be in poor posture, which can lead to tiredness, low productivity and sometimes physical injury. The results of this study show that anthropometry effects on quality management system with coefficient of 0.662 Moreover, the appropriate table has the greatest impact on the implementation of a comprehensive quality management system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

53 - Structural Pattern of the Effects of Total Quality Management Components on Staff’s job Performance Along with Moderating Role of Organizational Factors in Teacher Training Universities
akbar keshavarzi

The main purpose of this research was to explore the effect of total quality management’ (TQM) components on the job performance of the employees considering the moderating effect of personal factors in teacher education universities of Iran. This study was conducted us More

The main purpose of this research was to explore the effect of total quality management’ (TQM) components on the job performance of the employees considering the moderating effect of personal factors in teacher education universities of Iran. This study was conducted using correlational research method. Its statistical population consisted of all the staff employees working in the teacher education universities situated in 32 provinces of Iran (n=2553). Using Kerjesi-Morgan table and random cluster sampling method, a sample of 335 subjects was selected. Data collection was done using four questionnaires including TQM’s questionnaire developed by US Federal Quality Institute, Paterson’s (2000) job performance questionnaire and two self-designed questionnaires on the personal knowledge and skill factors which were checked and confirmed by the respective experts and practitioners in terms of their validity. Estimated using Cronbach’s alpha, the reliability of four questionnaires was found to be 0.97, 0.92, 0.95 and 0.74, respectively. As per the results, there was a statistically significant relationship between the components of customer focus, employee empowerment and teamwork, quality analysis, quality assurance and quality improvement and the job performance with the moderating effect of personal knowledge (P<0.01). Furthermore, considering the skill as the moderator variable, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the top management support and leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, quality assurance and quality improvement and the job performance of the employees in question(P<0.01). ). It is suggested that Teacher Training Universities apply Total Quality Management to improve job performance of their staff, where organizational culture and organizational support play a key role. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

54 - Probabilistic Evaluation of Total Transfer Capability of Transmission Networks in the Presence of Wind Farms
M. Ramezani H. Seifi M. Parsa-Moghaddam

, wind farms are used to generate electric power in some parts of the world. With increasing penetration level of wind farms in electric power systems, modification of current tools to evaluate and manage the system is an important issue. Evaluation of total transfer ca More

, wind farms are used to generate electric power in some parts of the world. With increasing penetration level of wind farms in electric power systems, modification of current tools to evaluate and manage the system is an important issue. Evaluation of total transfer capability (TTC) is one of the considerable tools in restructured power systems which is used to schedule future transactions between areas in multi area power systems to ensure security of network. In this paper, a method is proposed for probabilistic evaluation of TTC of multi area power systems in the presence of wind farms. Firstly, a general approach based on Monte Carlo simulation is used to simulate a system state considering system load and power output of wind farm and optimal power flow (OPF) is used to calculate TTC level for each state. Then risk analysis is used as a decision making tool to determine the appropriate TTC level for a fixed system load level. Finally, both of system load and power output of wind farm are considered and clustered input data are used to accelerate Monte Carlo convergence speed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches IEEE-RTS is used. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - Asymptotically Optimal Online Solutions for Energy Harvesting Communication Systems
M. Mohassel Feghhi A. Abbasfar

Energy harvesting (EH) has emerged as a promising technique for green communications and it is a novel technique to prolong the lifetime of the wireless networks with replenishable nodes. In this paper, we investigate the online resource allocation for a large class of More

Energy harvesting (EH) has emerged as a promising technique for green communications and it is a novel technique to prolong the lifetime of the wireless networks with replenishable nodes. In this paper, we investigate the online resource allocation for a large class of objective functions in the EH communication systems, which are asymptotically optimal. It is shown that the solution is obtained by only considering the average EH pattern, irrespective of its stochastic dynamics. This optimal solution neither has the complexity of dynamic programming solutions, nor uses the non-causal knowledge about EH pattern. Also, some practical numerical examples for objective functions, which are utilized in communication systems, are considered and general results are derived for them. Moreover, simulation results validate our theoretical findings and show the accuracy of asymptotic theoretical curves for the transmission periods, which are used in practice. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - Design and Analysis of a Novel Robust and Fast Sliding-Mode Control with Multi-Slope Sliding Surface for Single-Phase Three Level NPC Inverters under Different Loads and Reduce the Output THD
B. Khajeh-Shalaly G. Shahgholian

In this paper control structure with robust performance in presence of parametric uncertainties of the converter in order to improve pure sinusoidal inverter in whole functional and loading conditions is rendered. The controller guarantees fast and accurate behavior of More

In this paper control structure with robust performance in presence of parametric uncertainties of the converter in order to improve pure sinusoidal inverter in whole functional and loading conditions is rendered. The controller guarantees fast and accurate behavior of the converter in order to increase the output voltage quality and reduce output harmonics. This controller by sliding performance and utilizing output voltage and capacitor current used in the control process, not only has exact output voltage tracking from reference but also has ability to reject the periodic disturbances due to loading. Also, it guides error states to zero rapidly and makes transient states of the converter as well as possible at error moments that is the same high spikes and loads in output current. Another characteristic of the proposed controller is, improved stability region under wide ranges of loading in different conditions. Accuracy of proposed controller on a single-phase three level NPC inverter which has high sensitivity in control in order to increase quality, decrease harmonics and THD output has been compared with a single-slope sliding mode controller with the sane loading conditions and reference. The simulations results are obtained by MATLAB. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - Performance Assessment of a WCDMA Based Radio-over-Fiber System with Near-Far Effect: Uplink Scenario
G. Baghersalimi

In this research the effect of a radio-over-fiber (RoF) subsystem on the total degradation (TD) performance of uplink wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) is assessed in the presence of near-far effect. The study considers the use of pilot-aided channel estima More

In this research the effect of a radio-over-fiber (RoF) subsystem on the total degradation (TD) performance of uplink wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) is assessed in the presence of near-far effect. The study considers the use of pilot-aided channel estimation to neutralize the optical subsystem nonlinearities for different channel conditions, estimation intervals, and near-far factors (NFF). The results demonstrate that the proposed equalization technique almost compensates for the joint impact of the optical subsystem nonlinearity and the near-far effect irrespective of spreading factor, large signal distortion, estimation interval, and user number. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - Two New Switching Methods to Speed Control of Induction Motor with Eleven Levels Inverter
M. S. Orfi Yegane N. Ghaffarzadeh Mohammad Sarvi

By using usual industrial switching methods, two new multicarrier PWM (MCPWM) methods are proposed in this paper to improve the output voltage characteristics for eleven levels diode-clamped inverter. DC component and Even harmonic orders of the output voltage are total More

By using usual industrial switching methods, two new multicarrier PWM (MCPWM) methods are proposed in this paper to improve the output voltage characteristics for eleven levels diode-clamped inverter. DC component and Even harmonic orders of the output voltage are totally eliminated in the proposed VFCBOD and COOD methods by applying the phase shift in the carrier wave (carrier-based); so total harmonic distortion (THD) and torque ripple are reduced. By using the both proposed methods, the number of pulses per cycle equally are distributed and increased the lifetime of the switches. In this paper, a full bridge has been series with each phase of eleven levels diode-clamped inverter to change the polarity of the voltage to produce more switching patterns to generate the specified voltage levels. Then, by determining suitable switching patterns, the inverter can be driven with the least of switches when there is a failure and finally increased the reliability of the whole system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - Controller Design and Asymptotic Stability Analysis of a Buck Converter with a Cascade Control Structure Using Singular Perturbation Theory
Sajad Azarastemal Mohammad Hejri

This paper presents the theoretical proof for the closed-loop asymptotic stability of a DC-DC buck converter based on singular perturbation theory. Due to the two-time scales structure of this converter with fast and slow dynamics, a cascade control structure is used to More

This paper presents the theoretical proof for the closed-loop asymptotic stability of a DC-DC buck converter based on singular perturbation theory. Due to the two-time scales structure of this converter with fast and slow dynamics, a cascade control structure is used to control it. This controller has two control loops: an outer loop to control the output voltage based on the proportional-integral control and an inner loop to control the inductor current based on the sliding mode control. The controllers in the loops are designed based on perturbation theory to meet the constraints of the converter and ensure the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system over a wide range of initial conditions. For validation, the proposed control design method is simulated for a typical buck converter in the MATLAB-SIMULINK environment. The simulation results show that by properly selecting the PI controller coefficients in the outer loop, the problem requirements are met, and the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed in a wide range of the converter initial conditions. Furthermore, the system robustness against load uncertainty and input disturbances as well as the voltage reference tracking are evaluated, and the proposed structure is compared with a PI-PI structure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - The Reason for the Lack of Aristotelian Political Philosophy Over the Orbit of Thought in the Islamic World, the Middle Ages
Mohammad Osmani eslami eslami

Islamic civilization in the second century AH was accompanied by the transfer of various sciences from Greece to Iranian civilization and from there to the Islamic world. In the process of the construction of objective structures, such as the government, it took its men More

Islamic civilization in the second century AH was accompanied by the transfer of various sciences from Greece to Iranian civilization and from there to the Islamic world. In the process of the construction of objective structures, such as the government, it took its mental support from Greece and Plato and Aristotelian philosophy. Along the way, because of the characteristics of Arab culture and its religious elements, as well as the experience of Iranshahr that was being transmitted to the Islamic world, Plato's philosophy and apostasy were taken into account on the metaphysical basis, while Aristotelian philosophy, which is close to realism, became a state of thought. That is to say, the difficulties of the political are not thought of in the orbit of Aristotelian philosophy, but from the point of view of Platonic political philosophy. From this perspective, the question is why was the political philosophy in the process ignored? How would the objective structures of Islamic civilization be organized if Aristotelian political philosophy? The hypothesis in this article is that in Islamic civilization, there were subjective structures and structures that marginalized Aristotelian political philosophy. Intellectual structures such as mental duality, along with the domination of religious ideas, led to the manifestation of structures influenced by this notion in the political arena. Religious thought and mythical ideas were a fundamental factor in the tendency to think about the political and government structure. Of course, the experience of governing in the Iranian life of the Sassanid era, where neo-lauretism was the intellectual support of solving political difficulties, was also favored by Muslims as a model for thinking of social hardships. But on the contrary, Aristotelian philosophy, based on social realities and rational approach, was marginalized in the process. To this end, we analyze the subject with the Wittgenstein Interpretative Approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - Concept of Ethos in Aristotle’s Theory of Tragedy and its Historical Reflection
Mohammad Hashemi Amir Maziyar

In Aristotle’s view, an ideal tragic hero must be neither a villain nor a virtuous man but a character who stands between these two extremes based on a conscious process of choice. In order to explain ethos, the study inquires about the roles of conscious ethical choice More

In Aristotle’s view, an ideal tragic hero must be neither a villain nor a virtuous man but a character who stands between these two extremes based on a conscious process of choice. In order to explain ethos, the study inquires about the roles of conscious ethical choice, external virtues, and the similarities between the hero and the addressee in the unity of action and hero in Aristotle’s view. Moreover, it asks about the basis upon which the historical reflection of this unity can be studied. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between Aristotle’s theory of tragedy and philosophy of ethics and its historical reflection relying on the relationship between act and moral character in his Poetics and the related sections in his other treatises. Here, the author demonstrates that action and hero in a tragedy together present some imitations of the essence and ethical nature of the world. The historical reflection of Aristotle’s ethical approach to tragedy can be studied based on the theories related to the principiality of ethics and the relationship between art and ethics. This qualitative study has been conducted following a descriptive-analytic method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - Nature in the Views of Greek and Muslim Philosophers
داود محمدیانی

Undoubtedly, nature has always attracted the attention of scientists and philosophers as the loci of the genesis and growth of natural existents and its current. Scientists working in the field of empirical sciences mainly seek the knowledge of natural existents and law More

Undoubtedly, nature has always attracted the attention of scientists and philosophers as the loci of the genesis and growth of natural existents and its current. Scientists working in the field of empirical sciences mainly seek the knowledge of natural existents and laws of nature, while philosophers basically deal with the knowledge of nature itself and its structure and try to provide an answer to the questions of what the meaning of nature is, what its structure is, what relationship exists between existents and nature, whether nature is the primary source of the appearance of existents in the world, and whether nature, as matter and form, is a cradle for the appearance of various forms of existents. Greek philosophers and, later, Muslim philosophers have provided various responses to these questions. In ancient Greek philosophy, physis or nature means growth, living, and life. This meaning, which had provided the basis for pre-Socratic philosophy, changed into the “content of the world” and “maker of things” in Stoic philosophy. Plato also defined physis as the origin of the appearance of all things. He used the words technē (art) and archē (origin) to explain the emergence of the world and considered the creation of the world as an artistic innovation. Aristotle, who viewed the world synonymous with the whole nature, believed that nature is the source of motion and change in things; however, Muslim thinkers have provided various ideas about nature. Ikhwān al-Ṣafā maintained that nature is the fifth level of the levels of being and the “active” aspect of the world, with matter as its passive aspect. Ibn Sīnā considered nature and the interactions therein as God’s act and believed that nature is the cause of the appearance of corporeal substance by synthesizing matter and form. Unlike the Peripatetics, who believed that archetypes are the same as the nature of things, Suhrawardī rejected archetypes and replaced them with luminary nature. Finally, Mullā Ṣadrā viewed the world of nature identical with renewal and change and maintained that the nature of substance enjoys permanent motion and flow. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - An Introspective Analysis of the Concept of Soft Total Quality Management with Emphasis on the Themes of Archetypes
Hamzeh Amin-Tahmasbi S. Sina Masoumi

Quality represents a philosophy, a combination of methods and practices, as well as a commitment to excellence, and has been considered in theoretical research as an important driver of sustainable competitive advantage. The concept of quality has evolved over time, mak More

Quality represents a philosophy, a combination of methods and practices, as well as a commitment to excellence, and has been considered in theoretical research as an important driver of sustainable competitive advantage. The concept of quality has evolved over time, making it a good time to reflect on the philosophy of quality. The concepts of quality management today are derived from human findings that have been experienced, evolved, and remembered throughout history. Therefore, the use of archetypes can lead to a better understanding of direct data from psychological experience and a better grasp of the soft and hard aspects of quality management. For this purpose, the qualitative method of introspection was used to analyze the archetypes related to these two dominant approaches. Twelve academic experts were interviewed about the concept of soft quality management, and a local model for soft quality management was presented. To measure the model, the quantitative method of path analysis was employed, and a questionnaire was developed based on the extracted components. This questionnaire was provided to the managers of 64 active economic units in Guilan province. The components extracted from library resources were analyzed, and three “normative” variables (expressing interpretations and explaining systems of common meanings among groups), “relational” variables (describing human relations within and outside the organization), and “structural” variables (determining patterns within the organization) were explained. According to experts, causal relationships between variables were defined and evaluated. The results of this study provide management guidelines and operational strategies in accordance with the analyzed dimensions of soft quality management. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - Exploration the Nature of Educational Action from the Viewpoint of End-Means Schema
khosrow Bagheri

Subordination of educational action to End-Means schema is controversial in philosophy of education. Disagreements on this schema are due to different reasons, such as the conflict between this schema with student autonomy and the undermining of moral aspects of educati More

Subordination of educational action to End-Means schema is controversial in philosophy of education. Disagreements on this schema are due to different reasons, such as the conflict between this schema with student autonomy and the undermining of moral aspects of education in this model. On the other hand, the exclusion of educational action from the End-Means schema raises, in turn, some challenges. In order to take an appropriate position on this matter, this paper criticizes the Aristotelian distinction between praxis and poises based on the Islamic conception of action. Based on this critique, an extended version of End-Means schema is introduced for all human actions. Then, the educational action is first explained in terms of an interaction, namely a combination of two actions of educating and being educated issued by the educator and the pupil respectively and each of these actions is analyzed in relation of the suggested schema. In the end, it is shown that how the suggested schema is free from the weaknesses and defects of the traditional explanation of action. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

65 - Resolving Zeno’s Paradoxes Based on the Theory of the “Linear Analytic Summation” and Evaluation of Evolution of Responsesa
Reza Shakeri Ali Abedi Shahroodi

Zeno challenged the problem of motion following his master Parmenides and presented his criticisms of the theory of motion based on four arguments that in fact introduced the paradoxes of this theory. These paradoxes, which contradict an evident problem (motion), provok More

Zeno challenged the problem of motion following his master Parmenides and presented his criticisms of the theory of motion based on four arguments that in fact introduced the paradoxes of this theory. These paradoxes, which contradict an evident problem (motion), provoked some reactions. This paper initially refers to two of Zeno’s paradoxes and then presents the responses provided by some thinkers of different periods. In his response to Zeno’s paradoxes, Aristotle separated the actual and potential runs of motion and, following a mathematical approach, resorted to the concept of infinitely small sizes. Kant has also referred to this problem in his antinomies. Secondly, the authors explain the theory of linear analytic summation, which consists of two elements: 1) The distance between two points of transfer can be divided infinitely; however, the absolute value of the subsequent distance is always smaller than the absolute value of the previous distance; 2) since the infinitude of the division is of an analytic rather than a synthetic nature, the summation limit of these distances will be equal to the initial distance. Based on this theory, as motion is not free of direction and continuous limits, an integral limit of distance is traversed at each moment, and the analytic, successive, and infinite limits of distance are determined. The final section of this paper is intended to evaluate the responses given to the paradoxes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - Philanthropia in Ancient Greece and its Relationship with Paideia
Majid Mollayousefi Maryam Samadieh

The present paper investigates the relationship between philanthropia and paideia based on the texts of classical Greece. The term “philanthropia” was first used in a play called Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus and was later used repeatedly in some of the literary and phi More

The present paper investigates the relationship between philanthropia and paideia based on the texts of classical Greece. The term “philanthropia” was first used in a play called Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus and was later used repeatedly in some of the literary and philosophical works of the Classical Greece. In this play, philanthropy has been attributed to Prometheus because he stole fire from Zeus to give it to human beings and save them from destruction. In the comedy Peace by Aristophanes, the god Hermes has been introduced as philanthropist because he makes it possible for the humankind to access peace. In Isocrates’ speech, the term philanthropist is applied to political leaders and people who posses the highest level of virtues and share such gifts as knowledge with others. Moreover, in the fourth book of Laws, Plato introduces Cronos a philanthropist because, during his reign, he tried to consolidate the pillars of culture and civilization in society. In the dialogue Euthyphro, Socrates considers himself to be a philanthropist because he shares his knowledge with others. As attested by Aristotle, philanthropia is an essential and intrinsic quality; however, it develops a knowledge-based form through paideia. On the other hand, those existents who are called philanthropists try to develop paideia and spread it in their society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

67 - Literature beyond the world of zero and one A review of the literature from the perspective of Fuzzy logic
Zohre Kafi Amir Hossein Madani

To know this subject that the literature has Fuzzy nature not Aristotelian, can help audiences and analyzers to have a more open view when dealing with texts. Literature, like any other science and art, has the ability to be evaluated, and according to the logic that go More

To know this subject that the literature has Fuzzy nature not Aristotelian, can help audiences and analyzers to have a more open view when dealing with texts. Literature, like any other science and art, has the ability to be evaluated, and according to the logic that governs it, one can judge whether any text is literary or not. For this reason, concepts such as literature, mystical literature, Aristotelian logic and fuzzy logic have been defined in this research, and then the relationship between literature and Aristotelian and fuzzy logic has been investigated. In this analysis, four main literary elements of a text (emotion, imagination, polysemy and form) have been analyzed in a fuzzy diagram along with an example of Persian literature. In all four cases, the result shows that a text can be placed in the circle of literature by having a degree of each of these four elements, and its literary ratio is determined according to the degree of these elements. In all four cases, the result shows that a text can be placed in the circle of literature by having a degree of each of these four elements, and its literary ratio is determined according to the degree of these elements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - A Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Tyche or Chance and Techne in Aristotle and Plutarch
Maryam Samadieh

Aristotle holds a dual approach to the relationship between techne and tyche (chance). On the one hand, he uses the two terms in the same meaning with the same subject in his Nichomacean Ethics, and in Rhetoric introduces chance as the cause of attaining a limited numbe More

Aristotle holds a dual approach to the relationship between techne and tyche (chance). On the one hand, he uses the two terms in the same meaning with the same subject in his Nichomacean Ethics, and in Rhetoric introduces chance as the cause of attaining a limited number of good things through techne. On the other hand, he connects techne and experience with chance and lack of experience and introduces techne and chance as two opposing concepts. This is because he believes that experience creates techne, and lack of experience exposes Man to chance and accident. A study of Aristotle’s thoughts reveals the reality that techne cannot originate in chance because it demands the knowledge of cause, while chance or luck is an accidental, indeterminate, and unstable cause. Moreover, a study of the relation of techne to aletheia or unconcealedness and disclosure indicates that techne cannot emerge from chance. The reason is that, in Aristotle’s view, techne is a rational virtue that results in revealing the truth, which is itself the result of artists’ knowledge and awareness of the outcome of their craft. Similar to Aristotle, Plutarch accepts chance as a cause; however, he maintains that the existence of techne renders chance meaningless. He believes that techne is rooted in human wisdom and cannot arise from chance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - The Relationship Between Finitude and Pure Theory in Heidegger’s Reading of Aristotle
Mehrdad Ahmadi Mohamadreza Asadi

In Aristotle’s view, theoretical activity is an emotion-free and worldless activity that leaves all negative and resisting affairs behind. As a result, because of the falsity of finitude, error has no way into theoretical activity. Accordingly, theory enjoys a specific More

In Aristotle’s view, theoretical activity is an emotion-free and worldless activity that leaves all negative and resisting affairs behind. As a result, because of the falsity of finitude, error has no way into theoretical activity. Accordingly, theory enjoys a specific kind of autonomy, in other words, an individual involved in pure theorizing perceives that in the course of theoretical activity he is immune to not only any emotion but also to any error in his purely theoretical activities. However, the essential point here is that in Heidegger’s view, Aristotle could never provide such a status for Man at the level of theory without undergoing a change in his understanding of existence and moving to the realm of poiesis. According to Heidegger, the horizon of ousiology of existence is the result of a transformation in the Greeks’ understanding of existence. As a result, the structural finitude of the emergence of existence and the finite position of the theoretician among existents enable him the develop an absolute knowledge of at least one existent, that is, theos or existing God. Therefore, the present paper aims to demonstrate how, based on Aristotle’s ousiology, knowledge in the sense of theorizing has turned into a deserving desire for all human beings and has emerged as a possibility for transcending the essential finitude of theory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

70 - Platonic and Aristotelean Roots of the Concept of Time in Islamic Philosophy
Seyed Mohammad Moosavi Baygi Mohammad Amin Afzalzadeh

Time is one of the most important features of the world of matter, and the knowledge of which has always attracted the attention of philosophers. The simplicity of perception of time and the difficulty of its explanation have resulted in some disagreements among philoso More

Time is one of the most important features of the world of matter, and the knowledge of which has always attracted the attention of philosophers. The simplicity of perception of time and the difficulty of its explanation have resulted in some disagreements among philosophers concerning its definition. Islamic philosophers are no exception in this regard, and the roots of their disagreements go back to Plato’s and Aristotle’s different definitions of time. Plato defined time as a self-subsistent and essentially independent substance that is a differentiated form of the world of Ideas. In Aristotle’s view, time represents the number of motion from its priority and posteriority aspects, which cannot be gathered with each other. While acknowledging the difference between these two definitions, Islamic philosophers have usually chosen one of these definitions and tried to respond to the suspicions about their selected definition and reject the arguments in favor of the opposing one. Some philosophers such as Ibn Rushd, Ibn Sīnā, and Suhrawardī adopted Aristotle’s definition, while Zakarīyyā Rāzī and Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī advocated Plato’s definition. Nevertheless, no effort as to demonstrating the contrast between Aristotelean and Platonic definitions of time is justified because both philosophers believe that although time is different from motion, their existences are inseparable from each other. In other words, the perception of one depends on the perception of the other. accordingly, the present paper, while clarifying Plato’s view, initially intends to explain that it is not in contrast to Aristotle’s view and, secondly, aims to demonstrate the effects of their view on those of Muslim philosophers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - A Study of the Historical Development of the Notion of Platonic-Aristotelean Agape and Love in Fārābī and Ṭūsī (In the Realm of Human Relationships)
Fereshteh Abolhassani Niaraki

The present study provides a description and analysis of the historical development of the notion of Aristotelean-Platonic agape (love) in the philosophical thoughts of Fārābī and Khwājah Nasīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī. Following a historical method, the author deals with the reason More

The present study provides a description and analysis of the historical development of the notion of Aristotelean-Platonic agape (love) in the philosophical thoughts of Fārābī and Khwājah Nasīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī. Following a historical method, the author deals with the reasons behind this development in addition to describing it. The discussion of friendship (agape) in Aristotle’s philosophy is propounded in his Nichomachean Ethics, where some traces of Platonic notion are also observable. This discussion was transformed in Islamic Philosophy in certain respects, including the variety of the beloved (and the most beloved), individualistic or socialist aspect, and selfishness or selflessness aspect. Regarding the variety of the beloved, the discussion has moved from virtue-based friendship (agape) to the love of the Wise (God). As to its range, one can observe a change of dialog form social-political friendship to agape as an internal characteristic with individual and social effects. Moreover, it has moved beyond selfishness and selflessness and, in conformity with the principle of congruence, reached the love from Him (Godly). The influential views of such thinkers as Plotinus; the role of religion, culture, and gnosis, and the ideas of Ibn Sīnā, Ibn Miskawayh, and Suhrawardī are of great importance in explaining this development. The particular philosophical and Kalāmī principles of Fārābī and Ṭūsī as well as some of their ethical views are the most important factors in the interpretation of the underlying reasons of the mentioned development. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - An Evaluation of Martha Nussbaum’s View of the Non-Relativity of Virtues in Aristotelian Approach
Mohammad Saeid Abdollahi Mohamad Ali Abdollahi

The nature, role, and quality of attaining virtue hold an important place in Aristotle’s philosophy. He tried to provide a systematic account of Man’s goal of achieving virtue. Martha Nussbaum, the contemporary commentator of Aristotle, believes that some contemporary p More

The nature, role, and quality of attaining virtue hold an important place in Aristotle’s philosophy. He tried to provide a systematic account of Man’s goal of achieving virtue. Martha Nussbaum, the contemporary commentator of Aristotle, believes that some contemporary philosophers, although considering themselves as advocates of Aristotle, have some disagreements with him regarding certain key issues. Their mistake is rooted in their relativist approach to Aristotelian virtues. This approach stands in clear opposition to other views of Aristotle, who defended a single objective description of goodness or happiness for Man. Aristotle’s ethical virtue can explain many of the problems that relativists tried to solve and, at the same time, claim to be objective in the sense that relativism in one specific context does not mean being a relativist. For example, in other sciences, such as medicine and maritime, attention is devoted to particular cases, but it does not mean that the scholars and scientists in these fields are relativist. According to Nussbaum, Aristotelian virtues can explain virtue better than the virtues intended by relativists. However, this is the case when the specific features of a context are meticulously examined, and both shared and unshared characteristics are taken into consideration so that the best choice is made. In this paper, after explaining Nussbaum’s view concerning Aristotelian virtues, the author investigates three objections to his theory and, finally, clarifies the non-relativity of virtues in Aristotle’s thoughts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - Role of Moral Character in Responsibility in Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas
Rahim Nobahar Mansooreh Ghanbarian Banooee

Aristotle’s theory of moral responsibility, as a pioneer theory of ethics of virtue, presents a new approach to responsibility because of its particular attention to moral conduct. Aquinas, a follower of Aristotle, has provided a new interpretation of moral responsibili More

Aristotle’s theory of moral responsibility, as a pioneer theory of ethics of virtue, presents a new approach to responsibility because of its particular attention to moral conduct. Aquinas, a follower of Aristotle, has provided a new interpretation of moral responsibility with an emphasis on character and a focus on completely voluntary human acts and the role of apriori reflection on act. In the views of these two philosophers, moral agent is an agent who possesses knowledge, personality vice, and the ability to perform completely voluntary acts. Accordingly, children and animals are never subjected to moral evaluations because they lack such moral capacities and characters. Aristotle and Aquinas believe that the realm of moral agents, in addition to evil and virtuous people, includes restrained and non-restrained ones. Following a descriptive-analytic method, the present paper investigates the conditions under which the acts of moral agents are subjected to ethical evaluations in the views of Aristotle and Aquinas. Based on the findings of this study, those acts that become the subjects of moral responsibility must be done voluntarily based on the moral character of the agent as a non-accidental stimulus for act, even if they do not originate in deliberation and are not based on prior decision making. This is because sudden acts also originate in certain sources and function as clear references for moral evaluations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - Criticism and analysis of the philosophical foundations of Izutsu's method of semantics
Najmeh Rahnama falavarjani Mohammadreza Hajiesmaili mehdi motia

Semantic research, semantic research has been based on the Izutsu method, and a large number of articles have been published based on this method. But less research has been paid attention to the etymology of this method. And most of the researches conducted in this fie More

Semantic research, semantic research has been based on the Izutsu method, and a large number of articles have been published based on this method. But less research has been paid attention to the etymology of this method. And most of the researches conducted in this field have only been satisfied with the semantic aspect of this method, so this question remains unanswered, which philosophical theory is this semantic method based on? Is it a modern or postmodern view? In the meantime, the importance of answering this question is that it clarifies what was the paradigm of Izetsu in the design of this model and whether this view is consistent with what the Qur'an itself is trying to express or is this theory merely a way to answer the criteria of philosophy. The West is based on holy texts such as the Quran. In this field, it is not possible to obtain a research that can directly answer the mentioned question, therefore, the mentioned article is responsible for answering this question. And it has been concluded that Izutsu's method is neither a purely modern view nor an absolutely post-modern view. Rather, it is an eclectic view of both philosophies, which has accepted the postmodern relativistic view in ontology and used the structuralism and utilitarianism of modern philosophy in methodology. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - Aristotelean Roots of the Soul’s Corporeal Origination in Mullā Ṣadrā’s View
Hamideh Ansari Hassan Fathi Morteza Shajari

Philosophers have presented different views about the whatness and truth of the soul based on dualism (immateriality of the soul based on the pre-eternity and origination of the soul before the existence of the body or along with it) or monism (corporeal origination of More

Philosophers have presented different views about the whatness and truth of the soul based on dualism (immateriality of the soul based on the pre-eternity and origination of the soul before the existence of the body or along with it) or monism (corporeal origination of the soul). Mullā Ṣadrā believes that the soul is corporeally originated. The principles of the Transcendent Philosophy, including the trans-substantial motion, the principiality and gradedness of being, and the corporeal origination of the soul, have made it possible to demonstrate corporeal resurrection. Aristotle also believes that the origination of the soul is corporeal. However, the extent to which Mullā Ṣadrā is influenced by Aristotle’s ideas in this regard has never been studied so far. This paper is intended to explain the Aristotelean roots of Mullā Ṣadrā’s discussion of corporeal origination following a comparative-analytic method. The findings of this study indicate that in defining the soul as a “natural and organic body” and, following it, considering the soul as a formal substance and a primary perfection of the body, as well as believing in the unitary synthesis of the body and the soul and the unity of the faculties of the soul, all indicating the corporeal origination of the soul, Mullā Ṣadrā is under the influence of Aristotle. Nevertheless, Aristotle’s approach suffers from some ambiguity because of the existing implicitness in some of his words and not referring to an explicit standpoint regarding the principiality of existence or quiddity, presence of motion in substance, and gradedness of existence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - An Analytic Study of Proclus’ Reading of Aristotle’s Psychology Based on Athulujiya and On the Soul
Hossein Kalbasi Ashtar Hajar Nili Ahmadabadi

The knowledge of the soul and its whatness have always held a particular status among philosophical discussions. This, in a way, seems to be the case in empirical sciences as well. Aristotle and Proclus, two representatives of the most prominent and influential ancient More

The knowledge of the soul and its whatness have always held a particular status among philosophical discussions. This, in a way, seems to be the case in empirical sciences as well. Aristotle and Proclus, two representatives of the most prominent and influential ancient schools of philosophy – Peripatetic philosophy and Neo-Platonic School, respectively – paid particular attention to this field and discussed them in their main works. Through focusing on two main sources of psychology written by these two philosophers, the present paper is intended to examine the development of the definition of the whatness of the soul while identifying the points of agreement and conflict between the views of Aristotle and Proclus. In his natural definition, Aristotle considers the soul to be related to the body and maintains that it is necessarily the substance and form of the natural body, which enjoys potential life. He also views the soul as the first perfection of the natural body, which enjoys potential life. However, in his metaphysical definition of the soul, he introduces it as being independent of the body and considers the soul to be the origin of the life of the living existent. In his natural and metaphysical definitions of the soul, Proclus follows a relatively similar path to Aristotle. In his natural definition of the soul, he introduces it as the perfection of the body and, in fact, the natural form and perfection of a potentially living organic body. However, he adopts a route different from that of Aristotle in his descriptive definition of the soul. Here, he stipulates that the truth of the soul is a self-made, self-animated, self-formed, and self-actualized entity and believes that the soul is the origin of life and the cause of bodies, their existence and preservation and, in a sense, the creator of their uniqueness and continuity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - The components of Aristotelian tragedy in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
shirin ghaderi Mirjalaluddin Kazazi خلیل بیگ‌زاده

<p>Tragedy as a kind of dramatic literature is one of the most important components of Aristotle's thought in the philosophy of art and his book " Poetics". According to Aristotle, the first person to explain its constituent parts, tragedy has several components that he More

<p>Tragedy as a kind of dramatic literature is one of the most important components of Aristotle's thought in the philosophy of art and his book " Poetics". According to Aristotle, the first person to explain its constituent parts, tragedy has several components that help to understand tragedy as well as possible, and it has characteristics that create balance and spiritual balance in the viewer, and put it in a higher place than the epic. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has stories that can be measured with the components of Aristotelian tragedy and understand its hidden dimensions. This research aims to explain the components of Aristotelian tragedy in the Shahnameh with a descriptive-analytical method, and it has shown that there are many of these components in the Shahnameh that are in line with Aristotle's opinions in the Poetic, although some minor differences can be seen, which are rooted in fundamental differences such as literary genre, cultural, climatic, religious differences, etc.</p> Manuscript profile

List of Articles TOT

Rimag

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages