A Historical Study of the Origins of the Problem of Method in Western Philosophy and its Reflection on the Methodologies of Descartes and Spinoza
Subject Areas : Geneology of philosophical schools and Ideas
1 - Tehran University
Keywords: Aristotle skepticism method of analysis and synthesis Descartes Spinoza geometry,
Abstract :
The present paper deals with the background and causes of the rise of the problem of method and its importance in the 17th century, particularly, in Descartes and Spinoza. The criticisms advanced against the different aspects of Aristotelian philosophy (such as the discussion of the universals, the re-emergence of Pyrrhonian skepticism, functionalism in sciences, and the development of exact sciences) wavered the foundations of previous philosophical schools and gave rise to discussions regarding the criteria for the truth and the correct methods of thinking. As a result, some logicians such as Zabarella and Eutyches decided to revise Aristotelian logic and began speaking of methods of analysis and synthesis, definition processes, and the cohesion and coherence of matters of discussion. Following the same tradition and, of course, under the influence of Aristotle’s critics, Descartes and Spinoza advocated the geometric method of analysis and synthesis. In this way, they tried to provide a guarantee for the truth of their words and transform the infertility of the Aristotelian categorical syllogism into an invaluable, fertile, and methodic kind of thinking.
اسپينوزا، باروخ، رساله در اصلاح فاهمه، ترجمة اسماعيل سعادت، تهران، مرکز نشر دانشگاهي، 1374.#
اسپينوزا، اخلاق، ترجمة محسن جهانگيري، تهران، مرکز نشر دانشگاهي، 1376.#
اسپينوزا، شرح اصول فلسفة دکارت و تفکّرات مابعدالطبيعي، ترجمة محسن جهانگيري، تهران، انتشارات سمت، 1382.#
ايلخاني، محمد، تاريخ فلسفه در قرون وسطي و رنسانس، تهران، انتشارات سمت، 1386.#
بهشتي، محمدرضا، «زيباترين مثلّث‌ها در تيمائوس افلاطون»، مجلة فلسفه، ش 4 و 5، ص 133-144، 1381.#
بهشتي، محمدرضا، «سرآغازهاي سوبژکتيويسم در فلسفه و هنر»، مجلة فلسفه، ش11، ص 71-86، 1385.#
پارکينسون، جورج، عقل و تجربه در اسپينوزا، ترجمه محمدعلي عبداللهي، قم، بوستان کتاب، 1381.#
جهانگيري، محسن، احوال و آثار و آراء فرانسيس بيکن، انتشارات علمي و فرهنگي، 1376.#
دکارت، رنه، فلسفة دکارت: قواعد هدايت ذهن، اصول فلسفه، انفعالات نفس، ترجمة منوچهر صانعي دره‌بيدي، تهران، انتشارات الهدي، 1376.
دکارت، رنه، تأملات در فلسفة اولي، ترجمة احمد احمدي، تهران، انتشارات سمت، 1385.#
دکارت، رنه، اعتراضات و پاسخها، ترجمة علي افضلي، تهران، انتشارات علمي و فرهنگي، 1386.#
ژيلسون، اتين، تاريخ فلسفة مسيحي در قرون وسطي، ترجمة رضا گندمي نصرآبادي، انتشارات دانشگاه اديان و مذاهب و سمت، 1389.#
ژيلسون، اتين، نقد تفکّر فلسفي غرب، ترجمة احمد احمدي، تهران انتشارات سمت، 1391.#
طالب زاده، سيد حميد، «تحليلي فلسفي از نسبت رياضيات و علم جديد»، مجلة فلسفه، ش11، ص 51-76.#
کاپلستون، فردريک، از دکارت تا لايب نيتس، ترجمة غلامرضا اعواني، تهران، انتشارات سروش، ج4، 1381.#
لازي، جان، درآمدي تاريخي به فلسفة علم، ترجمة علي پايا، تهران، انتشارات سمت، 1385.#
Allison, Henry, Benedict de Spinoza: An Introduction, Yale, 1987.#
Aristotle, The Complete Works, 2 vols., trans. by Lonathan Barnes, Princeton, 1984.#
Ayers, Michael, “Spiniza, Platonism and Naturalism”, in Rationalism, Platonism and God, edited by Michael Ayers, Oxford, 2008.#
Bacon, Francis, The New Organon, edited by Anderson, F. H., New York, 1980.#
Bennett, Jonathan, A Study of Spinoza's Ethics, Indianapolis, 1984.#
Bergson, Henri, The Creative Mind, trans. by Mabelle L. Andison, New York, 1946.#
Bunge, Wiep Van, Frome Stiven To Spinoza, Boston, 2001.#
Caird, John, Spinoza, London, 1899.#
Copleston, Frederick, A History of Philosophy, vols. 2 & 3, New York, 1993.#
Copleston, Frederick, A History of Western Philosophy, vol. 4, Oxford, 1988.#
Cottingham, John, A Descartes Dictionary, Blackwell, 1993.#
De Dijn, Herman, “Conception of Philosophical Method in Spinoza”, The Review of Metaphysics(40/1), 1986.#
Dear, Peter, “Method and the Study of Nature”, Garber(edi:1998), vol. 2, 1998.#
Delahunty, R. G., Spinoza, Routledge, 1985.#
Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. by Cottingham, vols. 1 & 2, Cambridge, 1984-1985.#
Flage, Daniel & Bonnen, Clarence, Descartes and Method, A Search for Method in Meditation, Routledge, 1999.#
Gilbert, Neal, Renaissance Concepts of Method, Columbia, 1963.#
Hampshire, Stuart, Spinoza, Penguin Books, 1951.#
Harris, Errol, The Substance of Spinoza, New Jersey, 1995.#
Huenemann, Charles, “The Necessity of Finite Mode”, in New Essays on the Rationalists, edi by Rocco Gennaro, Oxford, 1999.#
Joachim, H. H., A Study of the Ethics of Spinoza, New York, 1901.#
Kisner, Matthew, “Rationalism and Method”, in A Companion to Rationalism, edited by Alan Nelson, Blackwell, 2005.#
Mark, Thomas C., “Ordine Geometrica Demonstrata”, The Review Of Metaphysics(29/2), 1975. #
Miles, Murray, “Descartes’s Method”, in A Companion to Descartes, edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero, Blackwell, 2008.#
Nadler, Steven, Spinoza’s Ethics: An Introduction, Cambridge, 2006.#
Pollok, Frederick, Spinoza: His Life and Philosophy, New York, 1966.#
Popkin, Richard, The History of Scepticism: From Savonarola to Bayle, Oxford, 2003.#
Spinoza, Benedict, Complete Works, trans. by Samuel Shirley, Cambridge, 2002.#
Steenbakker, Piet, “The Geometrical Order in the Ethics”, in The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza’s Ethics, edi ted by Olli Koistinen, Cambridge, 2009.#
Wolfson, Harry, The Philosophy of Spinoza, 2 vols., Harvard, 1934.#
