Impact of Entrepreneurial Ecosystem on Entrepreneurial Activity: GEM based Analysis
Subject Areas : GeneralHossein Torabi 1 , Masoud Kheyrandish 2 , mohsen mohammadi Khiyare 3
1 - Master's student in Entrepreneurship Management, Gonbadkavos University, Gonbadkavos, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Sports Sciences, Gonbadkavos University, Gonbadkavos, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Sports Sciences, Gonbadkavos University, Gonbadkavos, Iran
Keywords: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), established Business Ownership (EST), entrepreneurial intentions (IEA),
Abstract :
Many scholars have highlighted the importance of entrepreneurship ecosystems in improving entrepreneurial activities, but, nevertheless, studies that are quantitatively analyzing the interrelationship between entrepreneurship ecosystems and their impact on increasing entrepreneurial activities at various stages of entrepreneurship are very limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to fill the gap in entrepreneurship literature and also to study the effect of these two variables in different stages of development of countries. In this regard, using data from 107 GEM countries During 2008-2017 and Generalized Momentary Econometric Model (GMM), the relationship between the components of the entrepreneurship ecosystem and economic growth has been estimated. The results showed that the impact of the financial environment on the entrepreneurial stages in the resource-based countries was negative and significant. However, the impact of entrepreneurship education, dynamics of the domestic market, social status of entrepreneurs (entrepreneurial culture) and the GDP growth have had a positive and significant impact on entrepreneurship in these countries. The results also indicate that the impact of ecosystem factors such as government policies and programs, taxes and bureaucracy, entrepreneurial education at basic and academic levels, R&D transfer, infrastructure, market dynamics and appropriate business environment have positive and significant impact on the growth of entrepreneurial activities in efficiency and innovation-driven countries. Overall, the results of this study indicate that in an ecosystem with low barriers to entry, government support policies for entrepreneurs, basic and higher education, commercial and legal infrastructure, and normative culture supporting entrepreneurship increases entreprenurial activities
1. صمدی، ع، میرهاشمی، م. (۱۳۹۱). بررسی اثر سیاستهای مالیاتی بر فعالیتهای کارآفرینانه (مطالعه موردی کشورهای منبع محور، کارایی محور و نوآور محور). پژوهشنامه مالیات، شماره سی و سوم، مسلسل ۸۱.
2. شیری، حامد(1394)، بررسی رابطه دانشگاه با صنعت و چالش¬های آن:پژوهشی کیفی در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه تهران، نشریه صنعت و دانشگاه، سال هشتم، شماره 29 و 30.
3. شفیعی، مسعود؛ رحمانپوری، محمد و بهادری، مرتضی (1391)، بررسی موانع و راهکارهای ارتباط صنعت و دانشگاه، فصلنامه نوآوری و ارزش¬آفرینی، سال اول، شماره 1.
4. احمدی، زهرا (1394)، شناسایی عوامل مؤثر در ارتباط دانشگاه و صنعت، نشریه صنعت و دانشگاه، سال هشتم، شماره 20 و 30.
5. شهابی، علی و معینی، ابراهیم (1394)، مدلسازی نقش دانشگاه و صنعت در انتقال تکنولوژی با رویکرد سیستمی، فصلنامه مدیریت توسعه فناوری، دوره دوم، شماره 4.
6. امیر پورسعید، محمدعلی (1397)، بررسی جامعه شناختی رابطه دانشگاه و صنعت، نشریه صنعت و دانشگاه، سال 11، شماره 40.
7. نقوی، علی؛ فلاح، حامد (1392)، بررسي ارتباط بين دانشگاه و صنعت با رويکرد کارآفريني، همایش اتاق یزد، اتاق بازرگانی، صنایع، معادن و کشاورزی یزد
8. Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., & Szerb, L. (2014). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43(3), 476-494.
9.Acs, Z. J., Estrin, S., Mickiewicz, T., & Szerb, L. (2018). Entrepreneurship, institutional economics, and economic growth: an ecosystem perspective. Small Business Economics, 1-14.
10.Arellano, M., & S. Bond. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297.
11.Audretsch, D. B., D. Heger, & T. Veith. (2015). Infrastructure and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 44(2), 219–230.
12.Blau, D. M. (1987). A time-series analysis of self-employment in the United States. The Journal of Political Economy, 95, 445–467.
13.Brenner, R. (1992). Entrepreneurship and business ventures in the new commonwealth. Journal of Business Venturing, 7(6), 431-439.
14.Christian, R. R. (2003). Concepts of ecosystem, level, and scale. In Bodini A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). EOLSS Publishers, Oxford.
15.Clarysse, B., & J. Bruneel. (2007). Nurturing and growing innovative start-ups: the role of policy as integrator. R&D Management, 37(2), 139–149.
16.Davidsson, P., & M. Henrekson. (2002). Determinants of the prevalence of start-ups and high-growth firms. Small Business Economics, 19(2), 81–104.
17.Delmar, F., & S. Shane. (2006). Does experience matter? The effect of founding team experience on the survival and sales of newly founded ventures. Strategic Organization, 4(3), 215–247.
18.DeTienne, D. & G. Chandler G. (2004). Opportunity identification and its role in the entrepreneurial classroom: A pedagogical approach and empirical test. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(3), 242-257.
19.Fogel, K., Hawk, A., Morck, R., & Yeung, B. (2006). Institutional obstacles to entrepreneurship. Oxford handbook of entrepreneurship.
20.Forfas, F. (2009). Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: South West Ireland, rethinking entrepreneurship. Baseline Data and Analysis, South West Ireland. Dublin. 26 P. www.forfas.ie.
21.Fraser, S., Bhaumik, S.K. Wright, M. (2015) What do We Know About Entrepreneurial Finance and its Relationship with Growth? International Small Business Journal, 33 (1). pp. 70-88. ISSN 0266-2426.
22.Ghani, E., W. R. Kerr & S. O'connell. (2014). Spatial determinants of entrepreneurship in India. Regional Studies, 48(6), 1071–1089.
23.Gnyawali, D. R., & Fogel, D. S. (1994). Environments for entrepreneurship development: key dimensions and research implications. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 18(4), 43-62.
24.Hechavarría, D. M., & Ingram, A. E. (2018). Entrepreneurial ecosystem conditions and gendered national-level entrepreneurial activity: a 14-year panel study of GEM. Small Business Economics, 1-28.
25.Isenberg, D. (2011). The entrepreneurship ecosystem strategy as a new paradigm for economic policy: Principles for cultivating entrepreneurship. Presentation at the Institute of International and European Affairs.
26.Keuschnigg, C., & S. B. Nielsen. (2004). Start-ups, venture capitalists, and the capital gains tax. Journal of Public Economics, 88(5), 1011–1042.
27.Klepper, S. & S. Sleeper. (2005). Entry by spinoffs. Management Science, 51(8), 1291-1306.
28.Leibenstein, H. (1968) Entrepreneurship and Development. The American Economic Review 58(2):72-83.
Levie, J., & E. Autio. (2008). A theoretical grounding and test of the GEM model. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 235–263.
29.Markman, G. D., P. T. Gianiodis., P. H. Phan & Balkin, D. B. (2004). Entrepreneurship from the ivory tower: do incentive systems matter? The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3–4), 353–364.
30.Mullins, J. W & D. Forlani. (2005). Missing the boat or sinking the boat: a study of new venture decision making. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(1), 47–69.
31.Peterman, N. E., & J. Kennedy. (2003). Enterprise education: influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(2), 129–144.
32.Porter, M.E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. New York, NY: Macmillian
33.Reynolds, P., N. Bosma., E. Autio, S. Hunt, N. De Bono, I. Servais, et al. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998–2003. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 205–231.
34.Reynolds, P.D., Hay, D., Bygrave, W.D., Camp, M.S. & Autio, E. (2001). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2000 Executive Report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
35.Runiewicz-Wardyn, M. (2013). Knowledge flows, technological change and regional growth in the European union: Springer.
36.Salimath, M. S., & Cullen, J. B. (2010). Formal and informal institutional effects on entrepreneurship: a synthesis of nation-level research. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 18(3), 358–385.
37.Shane, S., & D. Cable. (2002). Network ties, reputation, and the financing of new ventures. Management Science, 48(3), 364–381.
38.Spigel, B. (2017). The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41, 49–72.
39.Stam, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 23, 1759–1769.
40.Stevenson, L., & A. Lundström. (2007). Dressing the emperor: the fabric of entrepreneurship policy. Handbook of research on entrepreneurship policy, 94–129.
41.Theodoraki, C., & Messeghem, K. (2017). Exploring the entrepreneurial ecosystem in the field of entrepreneurial support: A multi‐level approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 31, 47–66.
42.Theodotou, M., Christoforou, C., & Anayiotos, C. P. (2012). Cyprus entrepreneurship ecosystem. A roadmap for economic growth. Nicosia: Curveball Ltd. 43.Van de Ven, H. (1993). The
development of an infrastructure for entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), 211–230.
44.Van Stel, A., Storey, D. J., & Thurik, A. R. (2007). The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 28(2–3), 171–186.