• List of Articles MMA

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Space Administration of Tourism Destinations in Rural Areas
        hajar mazidi rahmatollah monshizadeh farhad azizpour bijan rahmani
        Rural tourism is also considered as a part of tourism that is located in a peripheral economy that not only does not promote rural and local areas, but also creates environmental and social imbalances in these areas, resulting in very little benefit; and, as a result, t More
        Rural tourism is also considered as a part of tourism that is located in a peripheral economy that not only does not promote rural and local areas, but also creates environmental and social imbalances in these areas, resulting in very little benefit; and, as a result, this economic activity (Rural Tourism) creates very little benefit for the villagers, and the major benefits and costs return to the mother cities and large cities of the Third World, and ultimately to transnational corporations (Holland et all, 2003). In this regard, paying attention to planning (specially space planning) becomes necessary. This kind of planning should particularly be considered as an effective approach to the issue of tourism space organization. On the basis, the present study looks for the space administration of tourism destination in the rural areas of Mohammad Abad-Zarrin Gol area (the city of Ali Abad Katoul) as one of the tourism destinations. The methodology of the study is quantitative and its method is descriptive, and the data have been collected through a documentary and field manner. The statistical population included 20 rural tourism destinations in Mohammad Abad-Zarrin Gol area in Ali Abad Katoul city. It has been used the AHP method for rating factors, the Prometheus method for final score and ranking the destinations, and cluster analysis method for leveling the tourism destinations; as well, to determine the functional area of rural tourism destinations, GIs point of deflection in the sofware environment has been applied. The results of the study showed that the disproportion in the distribution of rural tourism destinations in the intended area of the study is one of the important challenges of the space administration of tourism development of this area. Manuscript profile
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        2 - The Stylistic Study of Modality in Golestan of Sa’di In the Framework of Systemic Functional Grammar
        Ahmad Tamimdari نیره  صدری
        The most part of Golestan-e Sa’di involves literary pedagogical genre in moral kind. The inclusion of “moral musts” in pedagogical works and their relation with the concept of compulsion can make a clear and commanding tone in speech and then will cause hatred in audien More
        The most part of Golestan-e Sa’di involves literary pedagogical genre in moral kind. The inclusion of “moral musts” in pedagogical works and their relation with the concept of compulsion can make a clear and commanding tone in speech and then will cause hatred in audience and his speech will have no effect then. Within the grammatical category of Modality in the framework of systemic functional grammar and as a stylistic study, the article attempts to answer this question that what techniques did Sa’di use in Golestan in composing pedagogical themes so that no only his speech and work is not tiring, but also he attracted a lot of audiences along history. After stating the problem, reviewing the literature regarding modality in Iran and brief introducing of functional stylistics, the article describes the modality category from Halliday perspective. After that, some examples of stylistic analysis are provided in some selected texts like Golestan, based on the modality variable, along with the chart of data statistics and after that the analysis of data is provided and finally the results and findings are stated. The statistical results of the study show that different facilities of modality is used in the explanation of pedagogical themes in Golestan that simultaneously keeps the origin of pedagogical themes and makes the speech indirect and decreases its directness and increases the subtilty of speech tone and finally its impression. Manuscript profile
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        3 - Grammatical Metaphor: A New Criterion for Distinguishing the Language of Science and Literature
        حسین  رضویان ساجده  مبارکی
        One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article revi More
        One of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article reviewed the degree and method of applying different kinds of grammatical metaphors in scientific and literary texts. To do so, authors selected and analyzed one scientific work titled “an Introduction to Sociology of Language” by Yahya Modarresi and one literary text named “Tangsir” by Sadeq Chubak as their samples. Their findings showed that the degree of using different kinds of grammatical metaphors is not equal in scientific and literary texts. It seems that authors of scientific texts used grammatical metaphors to enrich contents, information summarization, making texts more technical for target audiences, making contents clearer and other reasons. The author of literary text used grammatical metaphors as few as possible. Abovementioned reasons do not apply in literary texts and this justifies its less usage. Therefore, the article attempts to introduce grammatical metaphor as a new criterion for distinguishing scientific and literary texts by providing enough proofs from these two texts. Manuscript profile
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        4 - Linguistic, Poetic, and Content Study and Analysis of the Verses in Khamsa (the Poetry) by Nizami Ganjavi Praising the Prophet
        زينب  نوروزي
        Praising the majesty of the holy prophet, relying on Qur’an and Ahaadeeth (the sayings of Moslem saints), is what Nizami does at the beginning of his lyric poems. To express admiration to Muhammad (pbuh) is a familiar discourse throughout the Persian poetry after Islam. More
        Praising the majesty of the holy prophet, relying on Qur’an and Ahaadeeth (the sayings of Moslem saints), is what Nizami does at the beginning of his lyric poems. To express admiration to Muhammad (pbuh) is a familiar discourse throughout the Persian poetry after Islam. An analysis of Nizami’s poetry and his views about Prophet Mohammad can help us develop an accurate understanding of eulogy in Persian poetry. To study the coexistence of religious thoughts and romantic thoughts in lyrics is the main focus of the present paper. The author tries to show the content of Nizami’s eulogy; however, since it has been employed in a poetic discourse, he will also focus on the poetic features of Nizami’s eulogy. Nizami has a unique style in writing eulogy; he uses poetic elements, like imagery, figures of speech to praise the Prophet in line with his lyrics. Of course, it is not just a means of decorating his poetry, but a canal to convey his (non)/verbal views on the character and manner of the Prophet. Manuscript profile
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        5 - Destiny - Centered Structure of Tragic Stories of Shahnameh
        ایرج  مهرکی khadijeh bahrami rahnama
        The aim of this article is to show destiny - centered structure of tragic stories of Shahnameh. In tragedy, there is an inevitable thing that the hero of story is not able to prevent it, in order not to amortize him. It is called definite destiny or fate. All heroes of More
        The aim of this article is to show destiny - centered structure of tragic stories of Shahnameh. In tragedy, there is an inevitable thing that the hero of story is not able to prevent it, in order not to amortize him. It is called definite destiny or fate. All heroes of tragic stories of Shahnameh, are defeated by it, and when they are faced with a network of cause and effect, despite all their attempts and determination, they admit defeat, and inevitability of their fate. So, they accept the order of destiny and believe that, whatever should be done, will be done and you have to accept it. So many elements form destiny- centered structure of the tragic stories of Shahnameh; ignoring just one of them will affect the whole work. Studying the elements will make it possible to analyze the structure. Manuscript profile
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        6 - A Study of Humanities Textbooks within the Framework of Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar from the Viewpoint of Interpersonal Metafunction
        مریم  اعلايی فردوس  آقاگلزاده Mohammad دبیرمقدم ارسلان  گلفام
        In his systemic-functional grammar, Halliday believes that language is primarily aimed at conveying meaning; so speakers form the text in order to communicate what they mean. This implies that in interaction, exchanging of sounds, words or sentences is not intended; wha More
        In his systemic-functional grammar, Halliday believes that language is primarily aimed at conveying meaning; so speakers form the text in order to communicate what they mean. This implies that in interaction, exchanging of sounds, words or sentences is not intended; what matters is the exchange of meaning. The present article investigates the humanities textbooks published by SAMT within the framework of Halliday’s functional grammar, particularly. The method adopted here is descriptive–analytic. The result obtained from the interpersonal perspective suggests that writers, making frequent use of positive predicative sentences, merely present and bombard information in the form of monologues; the relationship between the reader and the writer consequently breaks off, and writers fails to achieve their end, to wit, communicating concepts to the reader, and reach a dead-end point. Manuscript profile
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        7 - Image of the Greatest Prophet in Mathnavi In Comparison With Ebn Arabi View
        محمدحسين  بيات
        Mawlana is one of the Persian poets who has portrait the existential dimensions of the prophet in his valuable work as a good example of Islamic teaching. In this article, attempt has been made to explain the Mawlavi's special view about the prophet and to compare this More
        Mawlana is one of the Persian poets who has portrait the existential dimensions of the prophet in his valuable work as a good example of Islamic teaching. In this article, attempt has been made to explain the Mawlavi's special view about the prophet and to compare this view with Ebn Arabi's. One of the most important views of Mawlavi in Mathnavi, is the account of Mohammadian truth. About this matter, Mawlavi has introduced the Glorious prophet as a source of accomplishments and loves and also he considers that holy prophet as source of all loves and he believes that all of status and perfections of all other prophets and saints, are a reflection of Mohammadian truth. Manuscript profile
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        8 - Criticism of the Forty Words Translated by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature with Proposed Alternatives and Correction Methods
        اميد  مجد
        One of the urgent needs of Persian language is to translate and oppose thousands of emerging technical foreign terms, entering and invading it through confronting with various branches of science and technology. It is obvious that satisfying such a need requires the tra More
        One of the urgent needs of Persian language is to translate and oppose thousands of emerging technical foreign terms, entering and invading it through confronting with various branches of science and technology. It is obvious that satisfying such a need requires the translators’ knowledge and practice. In addition to coining new words, on the other hand, it is necessary for them to study the words already coined by the others so that, finding their strengths or weaknesses, inappropriate words can be abandoned. The present article follows this objective. Having introduced general theories of word coinage, it criticizes the translations of forty foreign words and finally offers alternatives for the majority of them. The revised words have been translated by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature, and the Foundation of Culture (in the time of Pahlavi regime, with the same function as the Academy of Persian Language and Literature has today). Manuscript profile
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        9 - The Government and Society in the Poetry and Thought of Farokhi Yazdi
        رسول  حسن‌زاده
        Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi is considered one of the famous poets of Persian proletarian literature. In the present article, we analyze Farokhi’s ideal governmtal system, show the changes of his political thought in different periods of his life, and study his ideal co More
        Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi is considered one of the famous poets of Persian proletarian literature. In the present article, we analyze Farokhi’s ideal governmtal system, show the changes of his political thought in different periods of his life, and study his ideal constitutional government, its foundations and principles, and the causes of its failure from the view of the poet himself. This will be followed by a survey to the motivations of Farokhi’s inclination to the thought of Constitutional Revolution, and his critical standpoint against authoritarianism or ‘authoritarian government’ and introducing republicanism. At last, we evaluate the causes and motivations of his advocacy of communist ideas and its various dimensions by reference to his written works, specially his poetrry. To show the depth of his political thoughts, we also study and analyze his use of the national-religious symbols, and the way he employs them in line with the realization of his thoughts. Manuscript profile
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        10 - Examples of Prophetical Epigrams in Literary Texts
        مهين  پناهي
        This research intends to respond to this question; due to the fact that Quran says; "it was spoken to him", "he does not speak of lust and likes", and " you have an excellent morales", would Prophet Mohammad speak of epigrams and funny words? If so, then what category More
        This research intends to respond to this question; due to the fact that Quran says; "it was spoken to him", "he does not speak of lust and likes", and " you have an excellent morales", would Prophet Mohammad speak of epigrams and funny words? If so, then what category would Prophet's epigrams would fit in? What elements were mostly used in them? Has the Prophet considered any limitations for such epigrams? This research shows that at that time, Prophet Mohammad did mean to speak funny and witty words. However, he never violated moralities. The prophets' witty words are categorized in two groups; first are the wise witty words with a advice; and the second groups are the general witty words that are less complicated. The general witty words are two kinds; the witty words of "situation" and "phrasal" ones. The phrasal ones include linguistic rhetorical ones such as puns and ambiguities, brevity, creating wonders in the language and behavior, paradox and antithesis. Also part of these witty words is instructional. The prophetical witty words are mostly linguistic and phrasal ones, symbols, and emblems, intending to humiliate and insult others, and rarely seen in them. Nevertheless, since at times, the term "witty words" is used in the domain of offence, insult and humiliation or even the social matters, and the prophet's lofty character is superior to any of this, no one has ever categorized the dear Prophet's words at all. The writer of this research has called all the Prophet's witty linguistic points, comments and words "witty" to be polite within the religious borders without any exception. Manuscript profile
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        11 - Analysis of Prophet Mohammad's Ascension Position in Meiybodi's Kashf-Al-Asrar Interpretation
        مجيد  سرمدي محمود  شيخ
        Prophet Mohammad and the events of his life enjoys a particular position befor the Muslims. The Islamic scholars- whether mystic, theologist, or philosopher- have constantly made an attempt to express and reveal his character and they have spoke of his position within t More
        Prophet Mohammad and the events of his life enjoys a particular position befor the Muslims. The Islamic scholars- whether mystic, theologist, or philosopher- have constantly made an attempt to express and reveal his character and they have spoke of his position within the universe and his stand compared to the other prophets. There is no doubt that initially, this attempt had affectionate roots; but then later on its theoretical aspects and dimensions overcame its passionate aspects. The purpose of this research is to identify two significant incidents in Prophets' life that express his character better considering how they are revealed in Kashf-Al-Asrar and then show the role of the Ascent in this relation as mentioned in this book. As Meiybodi had mystical tendencies himself in the interpretation and paraphrase of the Quran and in quoting the Ascent, he is more concerned about the mystical and passionate aspects. So he merely focuses on the knowledge and superiority of Prophet in the spiritual statue. Meanwhile he does not mention the borders on the theory of "perfect human" while the central issue is "the truth about Mohammad"; a discussion which later on became one of the most basic discussions for the mystics and the theoretical sophists. Manuscript profile
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        12 - Prophet's Figure in Hojviri's Kashf-Al- Mahjoob
        ابراهيم  سلامي
        The great Prophet's figure is reflected deservingly in many of the prose and poetical Persian literary works showing how devoted the authors and the poets are to this dear character. "Kashf-ol-Mahjoob" is one of the great Persian literary masterpieces of the fifth centu More
        The great Prophet's figure is reflected deservingly in many of the prose and poetical Persian literary works showing how devoted the authors and the poets are to this dear character. "Kashf-ol-Mahjoob" is one of the great Persian literary masterpieces of the fifth century by Hojviri. He first points to the Quran's verses, and then he focuses on Prophet's words, his manner and attitude. The purpose of this article is revealing Prophet's superiorities, emphasizing on his kindness, affection and the necessity for gaining more knowledge about this dear character. For this purpose, Prophet Mohammad has been compared to other prophets such as Moses, Abraham, and David. Then Prophet Mohammad's morality and behavior, specially his passion and kindness, generosity, spirit for prayer and his mystical attitude in deeds such as prayer, fasting, sleep and wakening- all mentioned in Hojviri's book- are surveyed. The results show that Prophet Mohammad was very kind, affectionate, and generous and had a giving nature. He had a hard-working spirit and seeking and desiring to obey God and he was the person God loved. Manuscript profile
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        13 - A critical look at Farsi grammar (2)
        سعيد  دامني
        Various types of grammar have been written on Farsi language and different viewpoints have also been put forward on the “sentence” and “word” elements and features. Variety of the materials generally leads students and those learning Farsi language to the fact that ther More
        Various types of grammar have been written on Farsi language and different viewpoints have also been put forward on the “sentence” and “word” elements and features. Variety of the materials generally leads students and those learning Farsi language to the fact that there is no fixed rules and regulations for Farsi language and disagreements on the issue is a must. All are looking for a source in which they can find the scientific procedures in this regards. This article tries to make the readers familiarized with Farsi grammar and to have a look at all the grammars written in this area. Definition of the grammar from a scientific viewpoint and up-to-now written grammars on Farsi also their merits and demerits have been scattered throughout the article. In fact, strong-points and weak-points of the traditionalists and linguists have been dealt with by criticizing the grammar 2 in applied way. All the critics are made based on the scientific linguistic viewpoint. Manuscript profile
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        14 - Necessity of Revision for Foreign Compositions of Moeen’s Persian Dictionary
        دكتر محمود  فضيلت
        Moeen’s Persian dictionary first published from 1342 to 1352 in 6 volumes, and reprinted frequently up to now. The Master Moeen, collected this dictionary in response to part of students’ needs (requests). He have employed scientific method in three parts: words, foreig More
        Moeen’s Persian dictionary first published from 1342 to 1352 in 6 volumes, and reprinted frequently up to now. The Master Moeen, collected this dictionary in response to part of students’ needs (requests). He have employed scientific method in three parts: words, foreign compositions, and persons. The author noted to the names of orientalists and experts who cooperate in compilation of this book, in the first volume introduction. Given importance and republish of this book and extensive and frequently refering, the author points to some cases from “foreign composition’ for revision and edition in subsequent publishing. Noting to Moeen’s method in writing Persian dictionary, the author enumerates the leading of his lexicography. Foreign Composition in Persian dictionary includes Arabic, Turkish, and European words prevailed in Persian speaking and writing. Such compositions, often maintained their main features, since, such composition being limited grammatically to two groups: compositional and verbal the compilor don’t address grammatical features of foreign compositions and in this essay you never find it. Antecedent of critics of moeen’s dictionary returns to a few years after its publishing. For instance, we can point to Dr. Ali Ashraf Sadeghi’s article in journal of literature department of Tehran university. Set aside causes and reasons and type of errors and defects, this article with distinctive perspective tries to revise the moeen’s dictionary. Manuscript profile
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        15 - Features of Prophet Mohammad in Khaqani Shervani’s Poetry Book
        روشنك  رضائي
        Prophet Mohammad’s life, manner, behavior, and lofty spirit counts as a valuable enchanting treasure for mankind. And the vast domain of his features finds a particular and especial manifestation in the mind, soul, spirit and the language of the Muslims. This paper inte More
        Prophet Mohammad’s life, manner, behavior, and lofty spirit counts as a valuable enchanting treasure for mankind. And the vast domain of his features finds a particular and especial manifestation in the mind, soul, spirit and the language of the Muslims. This paper intends to survey and analysis the portrayal of Prophet Mohammad in Khaqani’s Book of Poetry; in Persian known as the ‘Divan’. First, there is a brief introduction on the historical events, personal and social characteristics, and also the life of Prophet Mohammad and after that there are precise and clear poems taken from Khaqani’s Divan for further evidence. Also some of the quotes and speeches made by Prophet Mohammad-of notice in Khaqani’s poetry- are highlighted. This feature in Khaqani’s poetry clearly demonstrates to what extent this poet was sincerely devoted to dear Prophet Mohammad. While it can also be said that Khaqani as a matter of fact enriched his poetry through relating to Prophet’s life and words and furthermore blessed his own poetry by this element. Manuscript profile
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        16 - The Reflection of Prophet Mohammad’s Character in Sanayie’s Language and Mind
        manouchehr akbari
        There is no doubt that the survey and analysis of Prophet’s life is one of the most significant and influential topics in the series of the Persian Literature Researches. This study took place through focusing on the valuable literary work entitled as “Hadiqa” and was More
        There is no doubt that the survey and analysis of Prophet’s life is one of the most significant and influential topics in the series of the Persian Literature Researches. This study took place through focusing on the valuable literary work entitled as “Hadiqa” and was done by a descriptive-analytic method. Sanayi, the author of Hadiqa, respected the character of Prophet Mohammad, the prominent points in his life, his spiritual, moral dimensions, his lofty position and even his other subtle aspects to the extent that he actually devoted one of the ten chapters of his book on the dear Prophet. Sanayi has poetically offered the story of the Prophet’s Heavenly Ascent, his superiority over all the other prophets, his amazing manners and behaviors, the never-ending spirit of blessing- as the major medium for the essential creation of the universe- his superiority over Adam and the other prophets, his role within the allusions mentioned in the Holy Quran, and the reflection of the most significant matters within the Prophet’s life in his book. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Prophet Mohammad in the Paraphrasing Attitude of Shams-Eddin Mohammad Tabrizi
        mostafa gorji
        Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is parap More
        Most of the Persian literary texts, speak about the prophets and their stories, and the mystical texts have focused on this issue seriously. In Shams's “Maqalat”, due to his paraphrasing mind-structure, the events mentioned in the history of the prophets' lives is paraphrased and at the same time, their sayings are interpreted according to the author's beliefs and ideology. These Maqalat were written either on the basis of reasoning and solid proofs, and also for elaborating the author's attitude, or for blessing, rejoice, as flashes of mind or for introducing a perfect human in all aspects. In this regard, Prophet Mohammad is the high and superior example of such a human. This article discusses the Prophet's features from this perspective within Sham's Maqalat. It then shows the paradoxical points in Sham's works. The important point is that in this work, Shams has had in mind the most general topics in the domain of prophetical manners to even answers for some of the taboo questions; which are at times innovative and new. For example, there is even a comparison made between the author himself with Prophet Mohammad or other prophets and at times, he disagrees with them. The implicit comparison of Rumi with the Prophet of Islam is another one of the issues mentioned. The other matters discussed include; major features of Prophet Mohammad, Mohammad's obvious sciences, the value of the voiceless Quran versus the speaking Quran, the magnificence of the Quran for the sake of Mohammad and not for the sake of God, God's special guest, the beloved Mohammad in the cloth of the lover, Mohammad's spiritual light, Prophet Mohammad as the great starter of life in the universe, other people as wandering birds, God's need for Prophet Mohammad, the inherent knowledge imparted by God (known as "Elme-Ladonni") etc. The article surveys and interprets all the mentioned issues. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Criticism and Analysis of Massnavi's Allegorical Narratives on Prophet Mohammad's Character
        فاطمه  كوپا
        The literary language is one of the linguistic genres that speaks of a specific experimental and conceptual domain. The reason is that one can merely discover the literary language of objects within the domain of conceptual texts, and within the allusive and symbolic re More
        The literary language is one of the linguistic genres that speaks of a specific experimental and conceptual domain. The reason is that one can merely discover the literary language of objects within the domain of conceptual texts, and within the allusive and symbolic relations. What is in fact considered as the pleasant and nice part of the literary word roots from these deep and internal layers of the conceptual and passionate parts of the work as reflected in the language. One of the means and functional devices of the literary word that possesses a vast potential in the symbolical expression of pictures and concepts is "allegory” which has found a considerable power in Rumi's Massnavi Ma'anavi. Apparently, the structure of the stories in Massnavi shows that the speaker has had the concealed and inner concepts of the words in mind. The order of the elements, the incidents and the phrases within the allegorical narratives in Massnavi is in a manner through which the audience will be led towards the concealed and implied concepts in the depth of the narratives; due to the coordination between the artist and the art-seeker. This research intends to respond to two questions; 1. What is the precise concept of allegory and allegorical literature? Moreover, what are its practical functioning fields and areas? 2. In what method has Rumi utilized the allegorical potential of the narratives related to Prophet Mohammad? The criteria for choosing and selecting the narratives have been the prominence of the narratives in enjoying allegory. Manuscript profile
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        19 - Reflection of Prophet's Character in Contemporary Persian Poetry
        سعید  بزرگ بیگدلی مریم  صادقی گیوی
        The high, lofty and the humane manner, in addition to the unique behavior of the Prophet Mohammad, have always been of notice to the poets and writers in the Persian literature. After Islam, the Persian poets praised that dear character due to a variety of occasions. Es More
        The high, lofty and the humane manner, in addition to the unique behavior of the Prophet Mohammad, have always been of notice to the poets and writers in the Persian literature. After Islam, the Persian poets praised that dear character due to a variety of occasions. Especially after rejoicing God and the creator of the universe, they have focused on the praise and the commemoration of this dear Prophet, the high rank of the Prophet; as the last Prophet and especially by emphasizing on one point; that Prophet Mohammad is the center of the whole universe. Based on Ibn-Arabi's interpretation and the mystics following him, they believe that Mohammad's truth lies at the center of the universe and is indeed the major reason for the creation of the world in the first place. The Iranian literary poets and writters have reflected the life events and the different aspects of this perfect and ideal character, as the perfect human and man's role model in all life in their works. This issue is observed in the traditional Persian poetry. This article intends to survey the contemporary Persian poets' works regarding the Prophets' character. The purpose of this study is to survey the quality of such reflections through comparing the traditional and modern poetry. this research reveals that the contemporary poets reflect the Prophet's character through four aspects; praise, incidental, narrative and illustrious within their poems. In addition, most of the prominent poets who have composed poetry in the four mentioned aspects are also analyzed and evaluated too. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Structure and Content Analysis in the Novel “Mim-e-Aziz” as a Metafiction
        Nafise Liaqi Motlaq Mohammad mahmoodi
        Metafiction is a very popular genre in Iran because of its unfamiliar nature. But a large number of texts published in Iran as Metafiction, just focus on the mefaliction form and don’t represent postmodern experiences. Novel as as a reflective media, has to be integrate More
        Metafiction is a very popular genre in Iran because of its unfamiliar nature. But a large number of texts published in Iran as Metafiction, just focus on the mefaliction form and don’t represent postmodern experiences. Novel as as a reflective media, has to be integrated with its own Zeitgeist (spirit of the times) to be able to analyze the issues of contemporary life and culture of the society. Therefore, metafictional techniques must match the postmodern concerns and current issues in the postmodern societies so that the form and content confirm and reinforce each other. In this article, Metafiction and its components have been reviewed based on theorists’ views in the field. Then, the metafiction components in “Mim-e-Aziz” have been analyzed and the postmodernist contents of this novel is explained. The results show that this novel could successfully create a coordination between content and form through combining the two categories of literary criticism and fiction, creating uncertainty, ontological content, linguistic prominence, and also paying attention to the concept of postmodern family. Different types of families have been presented in “Mim-e-Aziz” to change the concept of Nuclear Family that has been considered the only normal form of family in modernism so that the existing chaos and irregularity in contemporary society is represented. Manuscript profile
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        21 - Criticizing Mohammad al-Forati ’s Translation of Hafez Shirazi's Poems (Case study of the sonnets 454 and 486)
          mohsen sifi Abbas  Eghbaly Reza  Shajari
        Translation as a connecting link between languages and cultures has always strengthened the link between Persian and Arabic languages, and the poems of Persian language poets have always been a source of interest for Arabic-language translators. Syrian poet Mohammed al- More
        Translation as a connecting link between languages and cultures has always strengthened the link between Persian and Arabic languages, and the poems of Persian language poets have always been a source of interest for Arabic-language translators. Syrian poet Mohammed al-Forati (1880-1978) was one of the Arab poets and translators who translated Hafez's ghazals into Arabic poetry. In this essay, using a descriptive analytical method the translation of two ghazals of Hafez by al-Forati is analyzed. Based on Reception theory, it is discussed that although the translator had a good knowledge of Persian language, he sometimes made mistakes in understanding metonymy and Iham in the poems, and as a result, he was not successful in receiving the message from the source language and transferring it to the readers of the target language. Of course, his translation is very beautiful despite the shortcomings caused by the failure in perceiving the purpose of Hafez, and he has tried to reconstruct Hafez's poetic language regarding rhythm and rhyme. It has also become clear that he has been more successful in understanding the poems that were not open to mystical interpretation. Manuscript profile
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        22 - Techniques of Creating Fantasy in Stories of »Mohammad Reza Shams«
        reza sadeghi shahpar zohre behnam kho
        Fantasy has various types including fairy-tales, allegorical, realistic, philosophical and grotesque and so on. Fantasies have been classified from one perspective into general and modern and from another to worldly and supernatural. It can be said that what discriminat More
        Fantasy has various types including fairy-tales, allegorical, realistic, philosophical and grotesque and so on. Fantasies have been classified from one perspective into general and modern and from another to worldly and supernatural. It can be said that what discriminates different types of fantasies from one another is the kind of imagination used in them. But what they have in common is the creation of an imaginative and fictional world. The creation of this imaginative and fictional world is done through the techniques that are not fixed and well-known in all fantasy works but can be understood through various studies. In this research, by studying four fictions of Mohammad Reza Shams, the authors have identified eleven techniques for creating fantasy, some of which are novel in comparison to previous studies like choosing the narrator and the pseudo-insane hero, anachronism, objectivization of allegories, curses, and prayers, using the archetypes and magical characters of ancient fictions, establishing a story based on proverbs and popular culture, and bringing back a decedent to life. Also, various types of fantasy, such as realistic, philosophical, fairy-like, allegorical, grotesque and fantasy of objects can be found in Shams's stories. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Studying the Syntactic Position of Complement Clauses in Persian Language Based On Dependency Grammar
        Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam Ali Mehrjoo
        Complement Subordination is a process that the verb accepts a complement clause as one of its obligatory dependents, and its omission makes the sentence ungrammatical. Regarding the structure, the verbs which accept complements can be simple verbs (danestan, goftan), ve More
        Complement Subordination is a process that the verb accepts a complement clause as one of its obligatory dependents, and its omission makes the sentence ungrammatical. Regarding the structure, the verbs which accept complements can be simple verbs (danestan, goftan), verbs with prefixes (vagozashtan), and compound verbs (ragham zadan, agah kardan).The corpus of this research includes one thousand sentences of contemporary Persian stories. Dependency grammar is one of the formalist theories of grammar that considers the relationship between a head and its dependents in analyzing the syntactic structures. Syntactic structures of Persian language show that some verbs have one complement clause, thereby having a compliment clause is one of the specific features of the verb of the main clause. The present study tries to give a detailed description of complement clauses in Persian. In order to do so, the process of subordination will be analyzed in complex sentences in which the complement is the subordinate clause and depends on the main clause. It could be said that complement clauses which are made by the inflectional forms of the verbs, are often placed in the syntactic position of obligatory dependents of the verbs (subject, object, prepositional object). Manuscript profile
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        24 - From the Body Part Word “Face” to Conjunction
        Sedigheh Poormaleki Mojtaba Monshizadeh Arsalan Golfam Ferdows Aghagolzadeh
        Grammaticalization is a process through which a lexical item changes into a grammatical morpheme. Semantic changes of a free morpheme along with the categorical and phonological changes result in structural function in the syntax of a language, and the former lexical it More
        Grammaticalization is a process through which a lexical item changes into a grammatical morpheme. Semantic changes of a free morpheme along with the categorical and phonological changes result in structural function in the syntax of a language, and the former lexical items are used to express abstract grammatical concepts such as tense, aspect, and mood. In all languages, body part words as a part of lexical sources are very frequent, and have a vast semantic network. The role of these free lexical items in the process of grammaticalization has been documented by various researchers, and it has been shown that some of the body part words have been changed into adposition by moving through the continuum of grammaticalization and after a change in their core meaning. This research tries to investigate the body part word "face" and the pattern of changes in this free lexical item in Persian language system within the framework of the grammaticalization process. To do so, the different simple, derived and derived compound forms of "face" in Anvari Allegory Dictionary(1383) and FarsNet have been studied to answer the following questions: 1)what is the continuum of the changes in body part word "face" in the process of grammaticalization, and 2) what are the semantic, morphosyntactic, and categorical outcomes of grammaticalization of this word? The results show that this word has undergone the grammaticalization process like other body part words and even progressed more. This word not only refers to "face" (core meaning), it has also undergone semantic generalization and hierarchical pejoration, and participated in new structures and functions. The ending point of changes of this face is its function as compound subordinate conjunction in conditional forms and contrastive expressions. This word has gone so beyond its core meaning as subordinate conjunction that no sign of the former core meaning as body part word "face" is available. Manuscript profile
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        25 - The Prammaticalization of the Verb "goftan" In New Persian
        Mehrdad Meshkinfam Elham Izadi
        One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This pap More
        One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This paper aims to investigate the pragmmaticalization of the verb "goftan" (i.e. sayying) in New Persian. In order to investigate more exactly, we have divided New Persian into two separate periods: Early New Persian and Modern Persian.In early New Persian, the verb "goftan" functioned as the main lexical verb in the meanings of "to say" and "to name”, expressed the concept of inductive modality and also participated in impersonal constructions.In Modern Persian, in addition to conserve previous functions, this linguistic element is evolved into a discourse marker through pragmmaticalization.In this new function, "goftan" also appears in two other forms as "migam" and "begu" and functions as initiating discourse, changing the topic, and referring to new information. The token frequency of "migam" is more than "begu".The research data has been extracted from the books written in Early New Persian language, internet, and TV movies.Because discourse markers are mostly found in the spoken variety, the TV movies have been chosen in order to investigate functions of the verb "goftan" as a discourse marker in Modern Persian. Manuscript profile
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        26 - The Antigone of Sophocles and Athenian Democracy
        مصطفي  يونسي  
        The main purpose of this article is to find the relation between political implications of Sophocles’s Antigone and “Athenian Democracy”. To do so, we have used a structuralist approach the main feature of which is exploring binary oppositions in the text which in turn More
        The main purpose of this article is to find the relation between political implications of Sophocles’s Antigone and “Athenian Democracy”. To do so, we have used a structuralist approach the main feature of which is exploring binary oppositions in the text which in turn results in finding the oppositions within the political-social life that provides a ground for the creation of the text. From the point of view of political thought, the most prominent opposition in the tragedy of Antigone which creats a network of oppositions around itself, is the one drawn between “family”- with its values- and “political system” and the relationships among the citizenry. The importance of this opposition has been confirmed by Christian Meier, Jean Pierre Vernant, Charles Segal, and even Micheal Zelnak.It reveals a transition to the epoch of citizenry’s relations. It also caused the confrontation between “unwritten divine laws” and “man-made written laws”, the opposition that is the main focus of the present article. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Interpretation of Religion (Din) and its Influence on the concept of Freedom in the Political Thoughts of Mohammad Mojtehed Shabestari and Mohammad Taqi Mesbah Yazdi
        amir roshan محسن  شفیعی سیف آبادی
        After the triumph of Islamic Revolution in Iran, scholars in the fields of religion and politics faced many new issues in the areas of politics and interpreting religious texts. Among them Mohammad Mojtehed Shabestari and Mohammad Taqi Mesbah Yazdi dealt with religious More
        After the triumph of Islamic Revolution in Iran, scholars in the fields of religion and politics faced many new issues in the areas of politics and interpreting religious texts. Among them Mohammad Mojtehed Shabestari and Mohammad Taqi Mesbah Yazdi dealt with religious texts either using traditional ways or hermeneutical ones. Having different methods, tendencies and intensions, they offered to interpretations of religious texts and issues like freedom. Using Quitin Skiner’s methodology of intentional hermeneutics, the authors of the present article try to clarify the main cause of the difference in their political views and its effect on their political views on issues like freedom. Shabestari, taking interpretative and hermeneutical method, with the purpose of preserving fate and human aspect of the believers, interprets religion in a way that can accept freedom and open socio-political conditions with tolerance. Mesbah, focusing on traditional jurisprudential ways, with the purpose of preserving the status of religion in political and social affairs as he believes that religion has perfect and comprehensive teachings and instructions for humans in achieving transcendental goals, limits human freedom and denies liberal social and political conditions. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Theoretical Explanation of “Soft Power” based on Ultra-“Nye” approach in Applying “Immaterial Resources of Power” in Foreign Policy1
        asghar keivan Hosseiny راحله  جمعه‌زاده
        The Concept of Soft Power introduced by Joseph Nye in late eighties has comprised most parts of works related to immaterial approach toward power (especially in relation to USA). The significant point is that the exclusive position of this kind of “Nye-Based attitude” w More
        The Concept of Soft Power introduced by Joseph Nye in late eighties has comprised most parts of works related to immaterial approach toward power (especially in relation to USA). The significant point is that the exclusive position of this kind of “Nye-Based attitude” which caused other ideas and comments related to explicating quality of soft application of power to be neglected and forgotten though they have high priorities in foreign policy (like the theory of just war, the conclusion of democratic peace, Post-Grameci interpretation of Dominance and so on). This study, based on the explication of software dimension along with the Nye ideas, attempts to emphasize this meaning that along the process of theorizing international relations, Nye’s view is just one of the theories which emphasizes the soft mode of power and we must follow an Ultra-Nye sample. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Comparison of Authoritarian Government and the Relationship of People with Government in Ghazali and Hobbes
        mohamad ali tavana farzad azarkamand
        This article studies the basics of forming powerful government and the relationship between people with government in Ghazali and Hobbes thought. Special view of both of the thinkers to nature of human is intellectual foundation of forming authoritative government. Acco More
        This article studies the basics of forming powerful government and the relationship between people with government in Ghazali and Hobbes thought. Special view of both of the thinkers to nature of human is intellectual foundation of forming authoritative government. According to the four human traits, Ghazali tries to educate the divine human that acts passively under divine governance. Since religion and politics don’t separate from each other in Ghazali’s view, so in government, divinity of these traits joins to politics and powerful government. But Hobbes believed that human have power demand and warrior nature in addition, in primary and natural human condition, the war has been going on against each other. And human try to rescue themselves according to their wisdom. So, they established an authoritative government with their foresight. Therefore, the subject of both of them is largely same, but their processing is different. It means that both of these intellectuals lived in restless period, and the necessity of security causes them to resort to authoritative government. On the other hand, both of these intellectuals assign passive roles for people; however, Ghazali’s argumentation method is canonical and Hobbes’s method is rational. Moreover it seems that the rational theory of Hobbes – accepting the possibility of insurgence-paves the way for going beyond the authoritative government, although the canonical theory of Hobbes leads to one type of reproduction of authoritative government. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Ideal City of Ghazali: A Utopia Based on the Reform
        Tayebeh Mohammadi kia
        The article explains Ghazali's solutions about the crises of his time. He designs a utopia based on happiness that is from an esoteric reading of religion. The city is based on a policy of reform and tolerance morality. Ghazali makes his ideal society based on triples o More
        The article explains Ghazali's solutions about the crises of his time. He designs a utopia based on happiness that is from an esoteric reading of religion. The city is based on a policy of reform and tolerance morality. Ghazali makes his ideal society based on triples of religion, ethics and politics. He expresses the goal of creating this society is the achievement of the members of society to the happiness in the hereafter. This goal is seen in the works of Muslim scholars. We can say that happiness in the hereafter is a common goal among Muslim scholars and Ghazali also writes his vision within this tradition. He poses the reform as an effective way to solve the emerging crises in religion, society and politics, and with an emphasis on religious reform, propose an ideal society. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Evaluation of Application of Probiotics in Periodontal Disease
        Yeganeh Mehrani
        Periodontal disease is the number one health problem in small animal patients. Periodontal disease is generally described in two stages, gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis is the later stage of the disease process and is defined as an inflammatory disease of More
        Periodontal disease is the number one health problem in small animal patients. Periodontal disease is generally described in two stages, gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis is the later stage of the disease process and is defined as an inflammatory disease of the deeper supporting structures of the tooth (periodontal ligament and alveolar bone) caused by microorganisms. It is caused by plaque buildup on teeth. The plaque is a smooth membrane, adhesive, contaminated with saliva bacteria and debris. Normal gingival tissues are pink in color, and have a thin, knife-like edge, with a smooth and regular texture. The first clinical sign of gingivitis is erythema of the gingiva. This is followed by edema, gingival bleeding during brushing or after chewing hard/rough toys, and halitosis. Probiotics are live micro-organisms administered in adequate amounts with beneficial health effects on the host.The presence of these organisms is an indicator of good periodontal health. Probiotics are effective in preventing candidiasis, reducing dental caries, and treating periodontal diseases. This article discusses the use of probiotics in the treatment of periodontal disease. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Improving Efficiency of Finding Frequent Subgraphs in Graph Stream Using gMatrix Summarization
        masoud kazemi Seyed Hossein Khasteh hamidreza rokhsati
        In many real-world frameworks, dealing with huge domains of nodes and online streaming edges are unavoidable. Transportation systems, IP networks and developed social medias are quintessential examples of such scenarios. One of the most important open problems while dea More
        In many real-world frameworks, dealing with huge domains of nodes and online streaming edges are unavoidable. Transportation systems, IP networks and developed social medias are quintessential examples of such scenarios. One of the most important open problems while dealing with massive graph streams are finding frequent sub-graph. There are some approaches such as count-min for storing the frequent nodes, however performing these methods will result in inaccurate modelling of structures based on the main graph. Having said that, gMatrix is one of the recently developed approaches which can fairly save the important properties of the main graph. In this approach, different hash functions are utilized to store the basis of streams in the main graph. As a result, having the reverse of the hash functions will be extremely useful in calculation of the frequent subgraph. Though gMatrix mainly suffer from two problems. First, they are not really accurate due to high compression rate of the main graph and second, the complexity of returning a query is high. In this thesis, we have presented a new approach based on gMatrix which can reduce the amount of memory usage as well as returning the queries in less amount of time. The main contribution of the introduced approach is to reduce the dependency among the hash functions. This will result in less conflicts while creating the gMatrix later. In this study we have used Cosine Similarity in order to estimate the amount of dependency and similarity among hash functions. Our experimental results prove the higher performance in terms of algorithm and time complexity. Manuscript profile
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        33 - Achieving Better Performance of S-MMA Algorithm in the OFDM Modulation
        Saeed Ghazi-Maghrebi Babak Haji Bagher Naeeni Mojtaba Lotfizad
        10.7508/jist.2013.01.002
        Effective algorithms in modern digital communication systems provide a fundamental basis for increasing the efficiency of the application networks which are in many cases neither optimized nor very close to their practical limits. Equalizations are one of the preferred More
        Effective algorithms in modern digital communication systems provide a fundamental basis for increasing the efficiency of the application networks which are in many cases neither optimized nor very close to their practical limits. Equalizations are one of the preferred methods for increasing the efficiency of application systems such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In this paper, we study the possibility of improving the OFDM modulation employing sliced multi-modulus algorithm (S-MMA) equalization. We compare applying the least mean square (LMS), multi modulus algorithm (MMA) and S-MMA equalizations to the per tone equalization in the OFDM modulation. The paper contribution lies in using the S-MMA technique, for weight adaptation, to decreasing the BER in the OFDM multicarrier modulation. For more efficiency, it is assumed that the channel impulse response is longer than the cyclic prefix (CP) length and as a result, the system will be more efficient but at the expense of the high intersymbol interference (ISI) impairment existing. Both analysis and simulations demonstrate better performance of the S-MMA compared to LMS and MMA algorithms, in standard channels with additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and ISI impairment simultanously. Therefore, the S-MMA equalization is a good choice for high speed and real-time applications such as OFDM based systems. Manuscript profile
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        34 - Performance Analysis of SVM-Type Per Tone Equalizer Using Blind and Radius Directed Algorithms for OFDM Systems
        Babak Haji Bagher Naeeni
        10.7508/jist.2013.02.001
        In this paper, we present Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based blind per tone equalization for OFDM systems. Blind per tone equalization using Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) and Multi-Modulus Algorithm (MMA) are used as the comparison benchmark. The SVM-based cost funct More
        In this paper, we present Support Vector Machine (SVM)-based blind per tone equalization for OFDM systems. Blind per tone equalization using Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA) and Multi-Modulus Algorithm (MMA) are used as the comparison benchmark. The SVM-based cost function utilizes a CMA-like error function and the solution is obtained by means of an Iterative Re-Weighted Least Squares Algorithm (IRWLS). Moreover, like CMA, the error function allows to extend the method to multilevel modulations. In this case, a dual mode algorithm is proposed. Dual mode equalization techniques are commonly used in communication systems working with multilevel signals. Practical blind algorithms for multilevel modulation are able to open the eye of the constellation, but they usually exhibit a high residual error. In a dual mode scheme, once the eye is opened by the blind algorithm, the system switches to another algorithm, which is able to obtain a lower residual error under a suitable initial ISI level. Simulation experiments show that the performance of blind per tone equalization using support vector machine has better than blind per tone equalization using CMA and MMA, from viewpoint of average Bit-Error Rate (BER). Manuscript profile
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        35 - Improving Image Dynamic Range For An Adaptive Quality Enhancement Using Gamma Correction
        Hamid Hassanpour
        This paper proposes a new automatic image enhancement method by improving the image dynamic range. The improvement is performed via modifying the Gamma value of pixels in the image. Gamma distortion in an image is due to the technical limitations in the imaging device, More
        This paper proposes a new automatic image enhancement method by improving the image dynamic range. The improvement is performed via modifying the Gamma value of pixels in the image. Gamma distortion in an image is due to the technical limitations in the imaging device, and impose a nonlinear effect. The severity of distortion in an image varies depends on the texture and depth of the objects. The proposed method locally estimates the Gamma values in an image. In this method, the image is initially segmented using a pixon-based approach. Pixels in each segment have similar characteristics in terms of the need for Gamma correction. Then the Gamma value for each segment is estimated by minimizing the homogeneity of co-occurrence matrix. This feature can represent image details. The minimum value of this feature in a segment shows maximum details of the segment. The quality of an image is improved once more details are presented in the image via Gamma correction. In this study, it is shown that the proposed method performs well in improving the quality of images. Subjective and objective image quality assessments performed in this study attest the superiority of the proposed method compared to the existing methods in image quality enhancement. Manuscript profile
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        36 - A Novel User-Centric Method for Graph Summarization Based on Syntactical and Semantical Attributes
        Nosratali  Ashrafi Payaman Mohammadreza Kangavari
        10.7508/jist.2018.02.002
        In this paper, we proposed an interactive knowledge-based method for graph summarization. Due to the interactive nature of this method, the user can decide to stop or continue summarization process at any step based on the summary graph. The proposed method is a general More
        In this paper, we proposed an interactive knowledge-based method for graph summarization. Due to the interactive nature of this method, the user can decide to stop or continue summarization process at any step based on the summary graph. The proposed method is a general one that covers three kinds of graph summarization called structural, attribute-based, and structural/attribute-based summarization. In summarization based on both structure and vertex attributes, the contributions of syntactical and semantical attributes, as well as the importance degrees of attributes are variable and could be specified by the user. We also proposed a new criterion based on density and entropy to assess the quality of a hybrid summary. For the purpose of evaluation, we generated a synthetic graph with 1000 nodes and 2500 edges and extracted the overall features of the graph using the Gephi tool and a developed application in Java. Finally, we generated summaries of different sizes and values for the structure contribution (α parameter). We calculated the values of density and entropy for each summary to assess their qualities based on the proposed criterion. The experimental results show that the proposed criterion causes to generate a summary with better quality. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Farsi Conceptual Text Summarizer: A New Model in Continuous Vector Space
        Mohammad Ebrahim Khademi Mohammad Fakhredanesh Seyed Mojtaba Hoseini
        10.7508/jist.2019.01.003
        Traditional methods of summarization were very costly and time-consuming. This led to the emergence of automatic methods for text summarization. Extractive summarization is an automatic method for generating summary by identifying the most important sentences of a text. More
        Traditional methods of summarization were very costly and time-consuming. This led to the emergence of automatic methods for text summarization. Extractive summarization is an automatic method for generating summary by identifying the most important sentences of a text. In this paper, two innovative approaches are presented for summarizing the Persian texts. In these methods, using a combination of deep learning and statistical methods, we cluster the concepts of the text and, based on the importance of the concepts in each sentence, we derive the sentences that have the most conceptual burden. In the first unsupervised method, without using any hand-crafted features, we achieved state-of-the-art results on the Pasokh single-document corpus as compared to the best supervised Persian methods. In order to have a better understanding of the results, we have evaluated the human summaries generated by the contributing authors of the Pasokh corpus as a measure of the success rate of the proposed methods. In terms of recall, these have achieved favorable results. In the second method, by giving the coefficient of title effect and its increase, the average ROUGE-2 values increased to 0.4% on the Pasokh single-document corpus compared to the first method and the average ROUGE-1 values increased to 3% on the Khabir news corpus. Manuscript profile
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        38 - Inflammation role in wound management
        Mohsen Vahar Nasim Ghasemi
        The inflammatory phase is the body´s natural response to injury. After initial wounding, the blood vessels contract and a clot is formed. Followed by hemostasis has been achieved, blood vessels then dilated to allow essential cells, antibodies, white blood cells, growth More
        The inflammatory phase is the body´s natural response to injury. After initial wounding, the blood vessels contract and a clot is formed. Followed by hemostasis has been achieved, blood vessels then dilated to allow essential cells, antibodies, white blood cells, growth factors, enzymes and nutrients to reach the wound area. Erythema, heat, edema, pain and functional disturbance are the characteristic signs of inflammation that seen at this stage. The duration of the inflammatory phase usually lasts several days. Manuscript profile
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        39 - Pathophysiology of wound healing
        Hossein Gholami Behran Zamani Rad Saeed Farzad-Mohajeri
        Wound healing is an important concern in clinical medicine. Wound healing including skin wounds is a dynamic complicated procedure which involves many different molecular and cellular agents that occur after a tissue lesion in order to repair the injured tissue. Poor wo More
        Wound healing is an important concern in clinical medicine. Wound healing including skin wounds is a dynamic complicated procedure which involves many different molecular and cellular agents that occur after a tissue lesion in order to repair the injured tissue. Poor wound healing after trauma, surgery, or chronic disease such as diabetes affects human and animal life. Well understanding this process is necessary for developing therapeutic strategies and wound management to help treatment of normal healing procedure. The repair of wounded skin is included hemostasis and inflammation, proliferation, and maturation and remodeling. These steps have considerable overlaps with each other. Manuscript profile
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        40 - A Survey on Multi-document Summarization and Domain-Oriented Approaches
        Mahsa Afsharizadeh Hossein Ebrahimpour-Komleh Ayoub Bagheri Grzegorz  Chrupała
        10.52547/jist.16245.10.37.68
        Before the advent of the World Wide Web, lack of information was a problem. But with the advent of the web today, we are faced with an explosive amount of information in every area of search. This extra information is troublesome and prevents a quick and correct decisio More
        Before the advent of the World Wide Web, lack of information was a problem. But with the advent of the web today, we are faced with an explosive amount of information in every area of search. This extra information is troublesome and prevents a quick and correct decision. This is the problem of information overload. Multi-document summarization is an important solution for this problem by producing a brief summary containing the most important information from a set of documents in a short time. This summary should preserve the main concepts of the documents. When the input documents are related to a specific domain, for example, medicine or law, summarization faces more challenges. Domain-oriented summarization methods use special characteristics related to that domain to generate summaries. This paper introduces the purpose of multi-document summarization systems and discusses domain-oriented approaches. Various methods have been proposed by researchers for multi-document summarization. This survey reviews the categorizations that authors have made on multi-document summarization methods. We also categorize the multi-document summarization methods into six categories: machine learning, clustering, graph, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), optimization, and deep learning. We review the different methods presented in each of these groups. We also compare the advantages and disadvantages of these groups. We have discussed the standard datasets used in this field, evaluation measures, challenges and recommendations. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Presentation¬ the model of the application of Islamic ethics in the field of command of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran
          Seyyed Abdul Rahim Mousavi Hassan  Seifi
        The present study aims to present the model of the application of Islamic ethics in command of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was qualitative - content analysis which used a coding method to classify information obtained through in More
        The present study aims to present the model of the application of Islamic ethics in command of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The research method was qualitative - content analysis which used a coding method to classify information obtained through in-depth interviews. The sample consisted of 208 senior military commanders and managers and cadre personnel of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, who were chosen with snowball sampling. Accordingly, the model of the application of Islamic ethics in the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran was designed and presented. This model consists of three main categories (the basis of ethical leadership, the pillars of ethical leadership and the performance of ethical leadership). If the armed forces can implement the model with appropriate planning, the armed forces witnessed significant progress in the various ethical areas. Manuscript profile
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        42 - Enjoining the good and forbidding the evil in the words of revelation and in the expression of the Prophet and the guardians of God "with a health approach in Islamic life"
        Asghar  Abedzadeh Andarian
        It is better to speak well than anyone else, but the word of revelation, with its moral and human scent, gives another vitality to the soul and spirit of man. Although our divine word is above the human word, its beautiful manifestation has been crystallized in the wor More
        It is better to speak well than anyone else, but the word of revelation, with its moral and human scent, gives another vitality to the soul and spirit of man. Although our divine word is above the human word, its beautiful manifestation has been crystallized in the words of the great prophets and the pure Imams (as) as the special successors of the last prophet of the order of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). Enjoining the good and forbidding the evil are among the certain doctrinal and moral principles among the Islamic sect, and it has its own special place among other religious sects. This common inner desire among human beings indicates the unity of human nature. Benevolence, benevolence, and moral goodness are the scents of fragrance that come from the fragrance of enjoining what is good and forbidding what is evil, and are felt in the breath of healthy human beings. It is on this basis that a person has a desire for good things from within and avoids ugly things. Based on this inner desire, the implementation of enjoining what is good and forbidding what is evil seems to be a necessary and obligatory condition. Manuscript profile
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        43 - Genealogy of Tafkik school in Ghazali attitude
         
        the fundamental issue that This study investigated is to explain the relationship between reason and revelation or reason and religion as the two sources of epistemology and ontological reference in two different intellectual school. One of these intellectual schools i More
        the fundamental issue that This study investigated is to explain the relationship between reason and revelation or reason and religion as the two sources of epistemology and ontological reference in two different intellectual school. One of these intellectual schools is the thought of Imam Muhammad al-Ghazali in the fifth century AD, and another one is the irrationalism approaches in Iran-Islamic thinking in the fifteenth century AD. This trend is well-known as Tafkik school. The aim of this study is to explain and analyze the never-ending conflict between intellectual knowledge and religious knowledge in these two schools by using comparative method to achieve proves for its assumptions. The findings reveal that, at first, verbal conflict along with theological approaches, historically, have not formed in the vacuum and in the world of abstraction, but also influenced by the intellectual and non-intellectual trends, political conflicts and sometimes even personal characters and... . Second, this thoughts and opinions was not restricted within the intellectual and theoretical field, and had desirable and undesirable effects, the consequences of these effects cause unfruitful conflicts, settlement or remove of this conflict are far from the obligation and ability of theologians and religious scholars. For example, in this paper we show that, perhaps, irrationality of Ghazali or reason out of followers of Tafkik school provided ground for the emergence of hard ritual that well-known as Salafism in Islamic history Manuscript profile
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        44 - The study of Mohammad Rashid Reza's views on the Hadith
        Akhtar Soltani Mehdi Mehrizi
        Hadith criticism and the sciences related to it have always been sources of different thoughts and opinions. One of the influential scholars in the field of Hadith in the contemporary age is Rashid Reza. Having a general belief in religious narratives and sayings, he pr More
        Hadith criticism and the sciences related to it have always been sources of different thoughts and opinions. One of the influential scholars in the field of Hadith in the contemporary age is Rashid Reza. Having a general belief in religious narratives and sayings, he provided us with criticism that goes beyond the well-known Moslem experts' criticisms of Hadith (religious leaders' sayings). Lack of Hadith scribing in the early centuries after Prophet Mohammad, spread of paraphrases for religious sayings, devising sayings (which are not quoted from the Prophet and Imams) and emphasis on textual criticism to distinguish true narratives from untrue, are some of the topics worthy of attention in his thought. Many scholars might consider Rashid Reza a Salafi scientist and one of those who belong to the Al-Quranioon. This is true but his view of the Hadith can be a taken as a balance between the Al-Quranioon's perspective and the dominant popular viewpoint towards Hadith. This article attempts at investigating Rashid Reza's principles and opinions in Hadith criticism in addition to showing the origins and intellectual and social causes of such ideas. Manuscript profile
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        45 - The fact of the Imamate and philosophy of eternal presence of innocent imam(pbu)from view point of quran with emphasize on the Tabataba'i's view
        Mohammad 
        The Imamate of the Imam in society as the proof of God among the people and his presence until the end of the world, and that the earth is not a second without God's authority, is not a new issue in Islam, and especially in the Shite, it has been emphasized in the corre More
        The Imamate of the Imam in society as the proof of God among the people and his presence until the end of the world, and that the earth is not a second without God's authority, is not a new issue in Islam, and especially in the Shite, it has been emphasized in the correct narratives of the infallibles (AS) in the famous books of hadith, such as the Osol Kafi and Vafi and Baharol’Anvar , and so on, and Islamic scholars have also written the valuable books in this regard. But the present paper examines this issue not through the narratives but according to the views of Allamah Tabataba’i in The interpretation of the great al-Mizan. Allameh (RA) considers the necessity of the existence of the infallible Imam and God's authority in the earth to the end of the world even until the hereafter as a necessity of the truth of Imamate from the viewpoint of the Quran. Allameh considers the eventual occurrence of such an event in the time of the infallible Imam Mahdi (AJ) and with the general government of monotheistic religion. Manuscript profile
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        46 - Guardianship and its relation to prophecy and mission in mysticism
        Mohammad Ebrahim  Zarrabiha
        The truth of the governorship is that it is a divine word. Its principle is constant in the heavens. "Governorship" has its own levels and steps, its laws and its provisions are numerous based on its dimensions. Guardianship is one of the most important issues of mystic More
        The truth of the governorship is that it is a divine word. Its principle is constant in the heavens. "Governorship" has its own levels and steps, its laws and its provisions are numerous based on its dimensions. Guardianship is one of the most important issues of mysticism which realizes in perfect human. This world is the same as the appearance of God, and the Lord is present in his own manifestation. Therefore, human as a part of this world is the manifestation of God. Here, the concept of guardianship is meaningful. The perfect guardian is who has all the attributes of God, and this person is no other than the true prophet. The system of the world and the afterworld depends on the existence of the Muhammadiyah truth. Such a truth is the lord of all manifestations due to the credit of Guardianship principle. The truth of Muhammadiyah is the main pole of the universe, which all Prophets and Divine Guardians are the ranks of this great name. His prophecy includes all kinds of absence and intuition, and when it is realized in a person, it is divided into a special and popular guardianship. The special guardianship is the source of prophecy, and as one of the divine names is eternal, but prophecy ends over time. Perfect Guardian rule the world based on divine attributes. Therefore, the Guardianship position is the Great Divine Book and the version of great world. This study seeks to examine the connection between these three concepts of the guardianship, prophecy and prophetic mission and analyses the principle of prophecy and prophetic mission, which is the same guardianship position. Manuscript profile
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        47 - Prophetic Image of the Prophet of Islam in Divan Ismail Esfahani and Saif Fergani
        Zahra  Sheihaki   Behrouz  roumiani
        Belief in prophecy is one of the principles of the religion of Islam. Faithful scholars have shown the qualities of the Prophet, Timmans and his joy for the emergence of beliefs and proximity to the prophetic tradition and persuading them to obey the carnal messenger. S More
        Belief in prophecy is one of the principles of the religion of Islam. Faithful scholars have shown the qualities of the Prophet, Timmans and his joy for the emergence of beliefs and proximity to the prophetic tradition and persuading them to obey the carnal messenger. Sayf, a mystic poet of Ferghana's profession, is familiar with the deep moral, religious, and historical events of the Prophet's epoch and, with particular attention to the sources of the soul and interpretation, with a comprehensive and artistic expression, has drawn the great events of the life of the Prophet into the field of purification and erosion. The image that he presents in Khatamalanbine's style expresses the deep devotion of this well-known poet to the Prophet Mohammad. In these lines, poetic evidence is extracted from the image of the Messenger of Nikki from the Divan Saif Farghani and descriptively-analytically, in terms of individual and social characteristics, attributes, titles, miracles and... Examined and categorized. Manuscript profile
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        48 - The Position of Interpretative Narratives in Al-tafser al-waset by Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy
        Mohammad moghadam mortaza irvani Abbas  Ismaili zadeh
        The current paper examines the position of interpretative narratives by descriptive-analytic method in the newest contemporary interpretation of Sunni tradition, i.e., " Al-tafser al-waset " by Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy. Although his interpretation method is "ijtihadi", t More
        The current paper examines the position of interpretative narratives by descriptive-analytic method in the newest contemporary interpretation of Sunni tradition, i.e., " Al-tafser al-waset " by Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy. Although his interpretation method is "ijtihadi", this method had not prevented his use of narratives in better understanding of verses. The current paper is organized in three sections. The first section addresses the interpretative narratives source in which the reviews indicate that the interpreter has a particular tendency to use Sunni sources with the least reference to Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH). He has used main commentaries in addition to “The Kutub al-Sittah”, that is, the narrations are indirectly reported. The second section reviews the types of interpretive narratives which are explained in ten categories. The third section includes the critique of interpretive narratives that indicates the presence of both documentary and textual critiques. The documentary critique is not based on the Biographical evaluation information of the commentator, but expresses the view of others and the narratives are without citing the source and often mention the last narratorhere. Manuscript profile
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        49 - the theory of evolution and human creation; Reviews of views Allameh Tabatabei and Yadollah Sahabi
        mahdiye tabatabae Mohammad  Saeedi Mehr
        Since its development by Darwin, the theory of evolution has always been debated for its harmony or incompatibility with the scriptures, especially in terms of its inclusion of human creation. The story of Adam's creation in religious books, including the Qur'an, made i More
        Since its development by Darwin, the theory of evolution has always been debated for its harmony or incompatibility with the scriptures, especially in terms of its inclusion of human creation. The story of Adam's creation in religious books, including the Qur'an, made it possible for religious scholars to take different positions on this theory. This article examines the views of two contemporary Iranian thinkers, Mohammad Hussein Tabatabai and Yadollah Sahabi, on the relation between the theory of evolution and the Qur'an's account of human creation. Sahabi accepts this theory and takes it compatible with the Qur’an and Tabatabai maintains that if it were totally confirmed, it does not contradict the verses of the Qur'an. It seems that the reason for their positions was their attention to some (and not all) dimensions of this theory that do not contradict the definitive religious doctrines. Manuscript profile
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        50 - A Study and Comparison of Interrelationship between World View and Figures of Speech in Sohrab Sepehri and Mohammadreza Shafiee Kadkani's poems.
        دکتر ساره  تربیت Mohammad Enayati Ghadikolai
        If we study and peruse works about literary criticism, we can distinguish two main perspectives: according to first perspective, belles-lettres, only reflect what is in their author's mind and text is a product of external determinant factors. Second perspective, contra More
        If we study and peruse works about literary criticism, we can distinguish two main perspectives: according to first perspective, belles-lettres, only reflect what is in their author's mind and text is a product of external determinant factors. Second perspective, contrary to first perspective, focuses on belles-lettres and regards literature as a language-game. Nevertheless there are some literati who do not believe in separation between words (text) and theme (content). Albert Cammo and Lousian Goldman in the west, Saeb Tabrizi and Dr Shafiee Kadkani in Persian literature are among this group. This group declaims that there is no separation between language and thought. This article tries to compare and study interrelationship between figures of speech (as one verbal elements of text) and world view (as subjective content) in Sohrab Sepehri and Mohammadreza Shafiee Kadkani's poems by use of Lousian Goldman's genetic structuralism theory. the main objective of this paper is that shown the interaction between language and meaning in the poem if this two Contemporary poet. Manuscript profile
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        51 - Intertextual elements and the flood of mind in the works of Mahmoud Akbarzadeh and Mohammad Reza Shams
        maryam ghaffari jahed
        The current trend of modernism in Iran is a new phenomenon that has attracted the attention of some writers and has produced works that have been successful in some cases with the pattern of western literature. Given that modernism still has its place in the fictional More
        The current trend of modernism in Iran is a new phenomenon that has attracted the attention of some writers and has produced works that have been successful in some cases with the pattern of western literature. Given that modernism still has its place in the fictional literature of Iran as it should be, its entry into the child's literature can hardly be accepted. On the one hand, the authors' lack of attention to the childhood and adolescent age and the tendency to ambiguity make it impossible to understand the concept of the text for this group. In this study, with the aim of understanding the modernist features of child literature in recent decades and aspects of the authors' innovation, Mahmoud Akbarzadeh and Mohammadreza Shams have been focusing on the use of modern elements with an emphasis on the intertextuality and fluidity of the mind, and we conclude that Mahmoud Akbarzadeh in the field of modern scriptwriting , Has innovations, and most of the intertextual elements in his work are Faradastan and folklore, and in some cases, the fluid flow of mind is used to narrate the story. Mohammad Reza Shams' intertextual elements also include folk beliefs, folklore and myths, and have abundantly flowed from the fluid flow of mind. Therefore, his works are more complex than those of Mahmoud Akbarzadeh. : Manuscript profile
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        52 - Philosophical Psychology in Islamic Kalam in the Sixth and Seventh Hijri Centuries
        Akbar  Faydei Sohrab  Haqiqat
        The philosophical psychology of Muslim thinkers in the sixth and seventh centuries (AH) was influenced by Ibn Sina’s discussions of the soul. However, the difference was that Ibn Sina tried to demonstrate only the immateriality of the rational faculty. Nevertheless, aft More
        The philosophical psychology of Muslim thinkers in the sixth and seventh centuries (AH) was influenced by Ibn Sina’s discussions of the soul. However, the difference was that Ibn Sina tried to demonstrate only the immateriality of the rational faculty. Nevertheless, after him, some thinkers focused on interpreting the immateriality of all levels of perception in the soul. Following Ibn Sina, Nasir al-Din Tusi considered the rational soul to be a substance separate from matter as well as a simple and spiritually originated entity which, in the course of its development enjoys an administrative relation to the body. Based on the belief in the concomitance of immateriality and immortality, Tusi demonstrated the immateriality of all the perceptive levels and subsistence of rational souls by employing solid intellectual arguments. He also believes that the soul and body affect each other, and neither the corruption of the body nor any other factor can cause the annihilation of the simple and immaterial rational soul. However, Fakhr al-Din Razi has a dual theory of the nature of the soul and its relationship with the body. Sometimes, like Islamic philosophers, he views the soul as an immaterial substance drawing on Ibn Sina’s arguments in order to demonstrate its immateriality and, sometimes, like most Islamic mutakallimun, he introduces the soul as a subtle entity which dominates the body in the light of the power of Almighty God. Manuscript profile
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        53 - A Comparison of two Types of Autonomous and Revelation-Based Rationalism in Abu Hatam Razi and Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya Razi’s Debate
        Ahad  Faramarz Qaramaleki ‘Abas Ali  Mansory
        The studies on the development of the rationalist trend in the world of Islam usually discuss the challenges of rationalist groups with exoteric groups, including Ash‘ari mutikallimun and Sufists rather than compare or analyze the trends defending reason. Among such tre More
        The studies on the development of the rationalist trend in the world of Islam usually discuss the challenges of rationalist groups with exoteric groups, including Ash‘ari mutikallimun and Sufists rather than compare or analyze the trends defending reason. Among such trends, the two autonomous and revelation-based rationalist groups play more influential roles. The reason is that it is in the dialog between these two groups that the mutual dependence of reason and religion on each other is revealed. Here, the dialog moves away from a sectarian debate and comes closer to real conversations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the favorable and unfavorable ideas of Abu Hatam Razi, Ahmad Ibn Hamdan (d. 322 AH), and Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya Razi (d. 313 AH) regarding two kinds of rationalism, namely, autonomous and revelation-based, in the third and fourth centuries, respectively. This period is of great importance in the history of Islamic philosophy because during which different philosophical debates and schools emerged and various theories and boundaries were developed. Reducing the difference of the rationalism of Abu Hatam and Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya Razi to their belief or disbelief in the necessity of prophethood is the outcome of an extremely superficial comparison which does not explain the components and nature of their rationalism. The present paper aims to inquire into the main roots of this difference and provide a clear picture of their rationalistic methods and epistemological systems. Manuscript profile
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        54 - Nature of Place in the History of Islamic Philosophy
        Abdulrassoul  Oboudiat
        Place enjoys some specific characteristics which are accepted by all thinkers; for example, place is the receptacle of the emplaced; the emplaced occupies place; it is impossible for two emplaced things to exist at the same time in the same place; the emplaced can seek More
        Place enjoys some specific characteristics which are accepted by all thinkers; for example, place is the receptacle of the emplaced; the emplaced occupies place; it is impossible for two emplaced things to exist at the same time in the same place; the emplaced can seek for a place or leave it through motion; place can be divided into smaller places, etc. Accordingly, the existence of place in the outside is considered to be evident, and if there are any disagreements, they pertain to the nature of place. Now, the question is which entity possesses the above-mentioned characteristics. There are certain views which are clearly inconsistent with some of these features and are, therefore, rejected; for example, the place of a thing is the same as its matter or form. Regarding this issue, Aristotle’s view is more acceptable than others and has been confirmed by Farabi and Ibn Sina. They believe that place is the internal surface of the container which is tangent with the external surface of the contained. The next view which is supported by some well-known philosophers indicates that place is the immaterial dimension. However, the idea of some mutikallimun entailing that “place is the same imagined vacuum” is rejected in the view of philosophers because it refers to vacuum. Finally, more recent philosophers interpret place as volume. Manuscript profile
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        55 - A Critical Study and Explanation of Mulla Mohammad Na‘im Taleqani’s Approach to the Theory of the Individual Unity of Existence
        Seyyed Shahriyar  Kamali Sabzewari
        In the view of Mulla Mohammad Na‘im Taleqani, the theory of the individual unity of existence necessitates either the absolute identity of Almighty Necessary with objects or His possible being. Therefore, several objections can be advanced against this theory, which ren More
        In the view of Mulla Mohammad Na‘im Taleqani, the theory of the individual unity of existence necessitates either the absolute identity of Almighty Necessary with objects or His possible being. Therefore, several objections can be advanced against this theory, which render it into an implausible and unacceptable one. Here, after analyzing his view regarding this theory through using such concepts as the copulative existence of the effect and encompassing plurality and distinction, the writer clarifies the theory of the individual unity of existence and demonstrates that none of the mentioned objections are justified. He finally concludes that Taleqani has failed to explain and analyze gnostics’ views regarding this theory. Manuscript profile
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        56 - Typology of Rationality in Two Philosophers: Confluence of Zakariya (al-Razi’s Autonomous Rationality and Abu Hatam al-Razi’s Revealed Rationality)
        Mahdi Ganjvar
        The relationship between “philosophical rationality” and “revelation-oriented religiosity” or, in a sense, the domain and functions of reason in comparison to revelation and its role in guiding human beings and leading them toward happiness has always been one of the mo More
        The relationship between “philosophical rationality” and “revelation-oriented religiosity” or, in a sense, the domain and functions of reason in comparison to revelation and its role in guiding human beings and leading them toward happiness has always been one of the most important issues occupying the minds of Muslim thinkers. Following a problem-centered and descriptive-analytic method, the present paper examines two different methods of philosophical and religious rationalities practiced by two Iranian philosophers, Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (died in 313 AH) and Abu Hatam Abdul Rahman Razi (died in 322 AH). It also explains the quality of the confluence of the two philosophical and kalami trends of thinking with each other in the 4th Hijri century. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it clearly infers the relationship between reason, revelation, and mutual needs of philosophy and religion for each other from the confrontational debates between these two methods of rationality. The most important findings of this study are related to the typology of the rationality of these two thinkers and their standpoints regarding the problem of reason and revelation, equality and inequality of reason among people, and the role of rationality in their views of happiness. Manuscript profile
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        57 - Cosmology of Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi
        Iraj  Nikseresht Rasool  Jafarian Abdullah  Farrahi
        In his search for the essence of being, following an aprioristic approach, Razi believed in the five-fold substances of Necessary Being (Creator), rational soul, hyle (matter), absolute time (perpetual duration), and absolute place (vacuum). When explaining the process More
        In his search for the essence of being, following an aprioristic approach, Razi believed in the five-fold substances of Necessary Being (Creator), rational soul, hyle (matter), absolute time (perpetual duration), and absolute place (vacuum). When explaining the process of creation through the four pre-eternal things alongside God, he justified the role of God’s Will in the process of creation by highlighting the role of the soul’s ignorance in its tendency for matter. He also demonstrated that the world was created at God’s will and not by nature. In his view, it is only Man who can liberate the soul from the pains and calamities of matter through the mediation of the intellect and lead it towards happiness and salvation. However, the difference is that the soul will not have any desire for matter. Razi believed in the possibility of corruption and change in bodies and, as a result, in the world of creation, even if the bodies are of an earthly or heavenly nature. He maintained that bodies consist of hyle and vacuum and emphasized that substances enjoy volume and are pre-eternal. Accordingly, he agreed that particles are infinite in number and composite in nature and disagreed with creation out of nothing. In his view, the qualities of four-fold elements and heavenly spheres, such as lightness and heaviness, brightness and darkness, and softness and hardness, depend on the mass and number of the vacuum-like components that penetrated the substances of hyle. At the same time, Razi acknowledged the centrality and immobility of the Earth and believed that heaven and, following it, the Sun, and other stars have a spinning motion through the balance of the components of the hyle and the vacuum within them. He considered the world to have been originated and agreed with the possibility of existence of other worlds. Finally, Razi explained vacuum and plenum in the mould of the concept of an infinite universal place which is independent of the world and also introduced beyond this place as space. Manuscript profile
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        58 - Ibn Sina and the Problem of the Immortality of the Soul
        Ghasem  Purhassan
        Unlike the prevailing idea, Ibn Sina is neither a loyal advocate of Aristotle nor a mere commentator of his ideas. He is an independent, distinguished, and Muslim Iranian philosopher. In the light of the criticisms targeted at Greek philosophy and Aristotle’s ideas, Ibn More
        Unlike the prevailing idea, Ibn Sina is neither a loyal advocate of Aristotle nor a mere commentator of his ideas. He is an independent, distinguished, and Muslim Iranian philosopher. In the light of the criticisms targeted at Greek philosophy and Aristotle’s ideas, Ibn Sina intended to develop a new form of epistemology and lay the foundations of oriental philosophy. One of the controversial issues among thinkers is the problem of the soul and its trans-substantiality, immateriality, and immortality. Ibn Sina considers Aristotle’s ideas in this regard to be inadequate and contaminated with defects, mistakes, and confusion. Through criticizing Aristotle’s definition of the soul, Ibn Sina tries to introduce a novel approach to the problem of the soul, while rejecting the arguments of survival and finally devising a new theory concerning the immortality of the soul. The purpose of the present paper is to explore Aristotle’s ideas and Ibn Sina’s objections to them and also reveal the latter philosopher’s innovative ideas concerning the problem of the soul. The writer tries to demonstrate that Ibn Sina’s achievement regarding the issue of the soul and body is, in fact, a new solution to this problem. He also aims to show that it is a mistake to assume that Islamic philosophers still continue to follow Aristotle’s ideas. Ibn Sina must be considered as a pioneer in fundamental arguments on the subject of the soul and its immateriality. Manuscript profile
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        59 - Place and Time of Mullā Muḥammad Kaẓīm Hezārjarībī in the History of Rational Sciences with an Emphasis on the Content of Theological Manuscripts
        Ali Ghanbarian Abbas Bakhshande Bali
        One of the Shi‘ite thinkers whose scientific contributions have rarely been explored is Mullā Muḥammad Kaẓim Hezārjarībī Astarābādī (died in 1234 AH). He was one of the Shi‘ite scholars of the late Zand and early Qajar periods who conducted several scientific studies in More
        One of the Shi‘ite thinkers whose scientific contributions have rarely been explored is Mullā Muḥammad Kaẓim Hezārjarībī Astarābādī (died in 1234 AH). He was one of the Shi‘ite scholars of the late Zand and early Qajar periods who conducted several scientific studies in different fields of theology, particularly on Islamic beliefs. Hezārjarībī’s works have never been published; however, a great number of his manuscripts in Persian and Arabic are available today. His writings and translations have played a significant role in the dissemination and expansion of the Shi‘ite culture and philosophy. When composing, he always paid attention to the point that his writings should be readable by all the people interested in the field of theology, and that is why most of his works are written in Persian. Following a descriptive-analytic method and relying on library resources, particularly, a number of critically corrected manuscripts, the authors of this paper aim to investigate the nature and content of Hezārjarībī’s most important discussions regarding theology. The findings of this study demonstrate that, in his view, theology is intrinsic while Islam is not. In order to prove the existence of God, he resorted to a variety of proofs such as possibility and necessity, order, and fiṭrah (human nature) arguments. Moreover, he tried to provide the correct meanings of some divine attributes such as will, justice, and wisdom to remove some theological ambiguities. Manuscript profile
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        60 - A Comparison of the Views of Suhrawardī and Mullā Ṣadrā on Khosravani Perfect Man
        Zahra  Lotfi’ Abdollah  Salavati
        Suhrawardī’s light-oriented philosophy interprets spiritual wayfaring as the intuition of Nūr al-anwār (Light of all lights) within the framework of different levels and luminous realms. Nūr al-anwār illuminates the world and rules a kingdom. It is referred to as khvare More
        Suhrawardī’s light-oriented philosophy interprets spiritual wayfaring as the intuition of Nūr al-anwār (Light of all lights) within the framework of different levels and luminous realms. Nūr al-anwār illuminates the world and rules a kingdom. It is referred to as khvarenah (divine mystical force) in Avesta and as Farr (glory and splendor) in Persian. Farr is a divine gift that makes the individual who is blessed with it worthy of caliphate and kingship. Suhrawardī stipulates that the perfect man, who has been called with names such as Espahbodi Noor, Minavi (spiritual) Lights, Chief of Elements, Avarman Aspahr Angel, and Ravanbakhsh (Soul Giver), enjoys the station of royal glory, kingship, and charisma. He also believes that the highest position belongs to those kings whose existential realm is the locus of a collection of divine lights, glory, and beauty. In fact, they are the manifestation of divine perfection on Earth. In contrast, Mullā Ṣadrā follows an ontological approach to the features of perfect man. He believes that the perfect man is the all-showing mirror of the Truth and divine names and attributes and maintains that it is their nominal comprehensiveness which makes them worthy of divine vicegerency. Given the different basic principles of light and existence in these two philosophical schools, the present paper mainly aims to provide an answer to the questions of who a perfect man is and what their referents are. Mullā Ṣadrā considers existence to be principial and examines the whole being and place following an ontological approach and, thus, sees a perfect man as an individual who has reached the supreme level of existence and perfect intellectual immateriality. However, Suhrawardī holds that a typical perfect man could be any individual who has reached the level of royal glory and intuition. Manuscript profile
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        61 - A Historical-Analytic Deliberation over the Logical Meaning and Concomitants of the Principle of Possibility of the Nobler
        Seyyed Mohammad  Musawy Seyyed Abbas  Hakimzadeh Kherad Mohammad Reza  Gorgin
        According to the principle of the possibility of the nobler, which is accepted by all Islamic philosophers, the priority of superior possible over lower possible in the system of making is necessary. Given the existing evidence in the history of the evolution of philoso More
        According to the principle of the possibility of the nobler, which is accepted by all Islamic philosophers, the priority of superior possible over lower possible in the system of making is necessary. Given the existing evidence in the history of the evolution of philosophical thought in the world of Islam, Suhrawardi was the first Islamic philosopher who explained and demonstrated this principle and paid attention to its dimensions and concomitants, although there are some traces of the content of this principle in Aristotle’s words. After Suhrawardī, some other philosophers such as Mīr Dāmād and Mullā Ṣadrā in the philosophical school of Isfahan and ‘Allamāh Ṭabāṭabā’ī in the contemporary period presented some arguments to prove this principle and referred to several of its consequences. Here, the authors initially report the philosophers’ arguments for demonstrating this principle and then discuss its historical development. The noteworthy point of this analysis is that, although the main content of this principle has been correctly phrased and clearly corresponds with other philosophical principles, it cannot be considered a new principle in philosophy. It is, rather, another form of the principle of the commensurability of the cause and effect. Manuscript profile
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        62 - Ontology of Imagination in Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra
        Mohsen  Habibi
        The faculty of imagination is considered to be among the inner faculties of the soul by Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra. Ibn Sina considered it material in nature, while Mulla Sadra maintained that it was immaterial, and both adduced some arguments to support their views in th More
        The faculty of imagination is considered to be among the inner faculties of the soul by Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra. Ibn Sina considered it material in nature, while Mulla Sadra maintained that it was immaterial, and both adduced some arguments to support their views in this regard. In considering imagination as material, Ibn Sina had to deal with some serious philosophical problems such as corporeal resurrection and preservation of certain souls. While responding to his arguments, Mulla Sadra provided several arguments in order to demonstrate his own stand on this issue. On evaluating the arguments of these two philosophers, the author finds Mulla Sadra’s position to be more acceptable than that of Ibn Sina. Moreover, by confirming the immateriality of the faculty of imagination, Mulla Sadra had several achievements such as justifying the preservation of memory during old ages and some other meta-psychological problems and demonstrating ascension, corporeal resurrection, and subsistence of simple human souls, which Ibn Sina also sought to resolve. Therefore, it can be concluded that Mulla Sadra’s theory regarding the immateriality of imagination is more functional and can facilitate the process of adducing rational justifications and arguments for some religious beliefs. Manuscript profile
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        63 - Corporeality of other than God in Islamic Kalam
        Mehdi  Qajavand
        Islamic kalam is the fruit of the efforts of early mutikallimun in the history of Islam. From among the main teachings of Islamic kalam, the immateriality of God, on the one hand, and corporeality of what is other than Him, on the other, enjoy particular importance. The More
        Islamic kalam is the fruit of the efforts of early mutikallimun in the history of Islam. From among the main teachings of Islamic kalam, the immateriality of God, on the one hand, and corporeality of what is other than Him, on the other, enjoy particular importance. They are in fact two of the few issues that are almost shared by all kalami schools, especially those in early Hijri centuries. The Mu‘tazilite, Shi‘ite, Ash‘arite, and other kalami schools of thought all agree with the immateriality of God and corporeality of other than Him. This unanimity is rooted in their religiosity since they believe that attributing “immateriality” to other than God may undermine the foundations of God’s Oneness and weaken the pillars of theology. Accordingly, mutikallimun introduce what is other than God as corporeal things (whether subtle or dense) and consider the “immaterial” to be a perfect truth and an absolute needless being. This theory is the basis of some major kalami teachings. The negation of anthropomorphism and immaterial worlds (such as the world of intellects) is among the negative aspects of this view, while the corporeality of angels, createdness of the world, annihilation of the world, and corporeal resurrection are among its affirmative aspects. Manuscript profile
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        64 - Creativity of the Soul and its Anthropological Principles in the Transcendent Philosophy
        Fatemeh  Estesnaei Seyyed Morteza  Hosseini Shahroudi Jahangir  Masoudi
        In Mulla Sadra’s view the rational soul has been created in such a way that, immediately after having the knowledge and the will, it can actualize its intention as one of its own modes. However, this ability is of different stronger and weaker grades at different ontolo More
        In Mulla Sadra’s view the rational soul has been created in such a way that, immediately after having the knowledge and the will, it can actualize its intention as one of its own modes. However, this ability is of different stronger and weaker grades at different ontological configurations and levels of the souls. In the Transcendent Philosophy, the domain of the soul’s creativity is divided into two inner and outer fields. The inner field refers to the hidden worlds of the soul and the outer field contains nature and metaphysics. A clear example of inner creativity is the making of mental forms, and one example of external creativity is the miracles done by prophets and favorites of God. Some of the anthropological principles of creativity in the Transcendent Philosophy which are examined extensively in this paper include the immateriality of the soul, the immateriality of the imaginal faculty, being a knowing agent, simplicity of the soul, and the soul’s being a supreme paradigm. Accordingly, the human soul, as a divine existent who is the vicegerent and perfect manifestation of God Almighty, in addition to its internal creativity can be everything which is rationally manifested to its mind under its control and grant external existence to mental existents provided that it becomes identical with perfect immaterial things in terms of knowledge and act. Manuscript profile
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        65 - Shared Model of the Body-Centered Arguments of the Immateriality of the Soul in Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra
        Majid  Yaryan Furugh al-Sadat  Rahimpoor Mehdi Emam Jome
        Some Islamic philosophers, such as Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra, have dealt with the characteristics of the soul, including the demonstration of its immateriality, in their anthropological discussions. A study of the works of these two philosophers indicates that the positi More
        Some Islamic philosophers, such as Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra, have dealt with the characteristics of the soul, including the demonstration of its immateriality, in their anthropological discussions. A study of the works of these two philosophers indicates that the positive arguments of the immateriality of the soul are all based on the negation of the characteristics of the body and bodily matter. In other words, they denote that the soul lacks bodily features and, hence, demonstrates that it is immaterial. For example, bodily matter enjoys quantity, position, change, divisibility, and finitude of acts; it is vulnerable to weakness, aging, and tiredness. Moreover, the knowledge of the body and its acts is of the acquired type and is conditioned by place and position. These two philosophers demonstrate the immateriality of the soul by negating and denying the above characteristics to it. Thus the knowledge of the soul and demonstration of its immaterial nature would be impossible without the knowledge of the body and disallowing any bodily features for it. In this paper, in addition to revising the arguments of the demonstration of the immateriality of the soul and determining the key place of the body therein, it has been tried to design and provide a general model entailing all such arguments. Manuscript profile
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        66 - A Comparative Study of Ibn Sina’s and Mulla Sadra’s Philosophical Principles of Intermediary Development Based on Religious Texts
        Seyyed Sadra al-Din  Taheri امينه  احمدي
        In religious sources, based on the logic of revelation, the development of the soul in the intermediate world is certain and impeccable. However, the quality of intermediary development and its probable inconsistency certain philosophical principles, such as the necessi More
        In religious sources, based on the logic of revelation, the development of the soul in the intermediate world is certain and impeccable. However, the quality of intermediary development and its probable inconsistency certain philosophical principles, such as the necessity for any kind of development to be preceded by potency and motion and allocating them to matter, makes it necessary for this kind of development to be only possible based on religious (Shar‘i) principles. In other words, philosophers might not be able to demonstrate the possibility of the souls’ intermediary development on the basis of rational principles. In this paper, the writers initially examine the traditional proofs for intermediary development based on religious texts and then investigate it in the light of the fundamental principles proposed by two prominent Islamic philosophers, Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra. After a comparative study of their views, the writers conclude that intermediary development is impossible based on both philosophers’ principles regarding motion. However, they also argue that, given Mulla Sadra’s view of the Ideal immateriality of the soul and his belief in the Ideal Otherworldly body, there is a more appropriate, but not sufficient, context for the posthumous development of the body. Manuscript profile
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        67 - A Critical Analysis of Abdulrazzaq Lahiji’s View of the World of Suspended Ideas
        Zakaria  Baharnezhad
        Believing or not believing in the world of suspended Ideas is one of the philosophical problems which affects philosophers’ approaches and methods in conducting their studies. Hence, it is necessary to examine this problem more profoundly following a new approach and be More
        Believing or not believing in the world of suspended Ideas is one of the philosophical problems which affects philosophers’ approaches and methods in conducting their studies. Hence, it is necessary to examine this problem more profoundly following a new approach and benefitting from original and authentic sources. In the same vein, the present paper is intended to, firstly, present a clear picture of the “world of suspended Ideas” and its difference from “Platonic Ideas” in Suhrawardi’s view. Next, the author explains Hakim Abdulrazzaq Lahiji’s view of Suhrawardi’s world of suspended Ideas and presents his critique in this regard. Finally, he tries to respond to Lahiji’s criticisms. The author does not believe that he has covered all the details with respect to the theme of this paper; however, he can claim that no reliable research or critical study has ever been conducted on Hakim Lahiji’s view of the theory of suspended Ideas. Mulla Hadi Sabziwari, the theologian philosopher, provided some responses to Lahiji’s criticisms in his book of Asrar al-hikam; nevertheless, his responses are not conclusive, and they are very difficult to understand. It is hoped that this study opens the way for a new series of research activities in this regard. The author also hopes that future studies on the world of suspended Ideas will not suffer from the potential deficits of this study. Manuscript profile
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        68 - ‌ A Comparative Study of the Views of Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Aristotle of the Substantiality of the Soul and its Immateriality and Immortality
        Qasim  Pourhassan Hosein  Gholizadeh
        Aristotle believes that the soul is necessarily a substance and views substance as the main ontological concept of his philosophy. Accordingly, it is important to learn about his idea of substance in order to perceive his view of the materiality or immateriality of the More
        Aristotle believes that the soul is necessarily a substance and views substance as the main ontological concept of his philosophy. Accordingly, it is important to learn about his idea of substance in order to perceive his view of the materiality or immateriality of the soul. Aristotle received great attention in the tradition of Islamic philosophy, particularly, the Peripatetic philosophy, and the stance of Islamic thinkers with regard to the soul bears some direct or close relationship with his theories. Farabi and Ibn Sina agree with Aristotle’s different definitions of substance and its general division into sensible and insensible types. However, the fundamental differences between their ideas and those of this Greek philosopher have yielded certain consequences which are quite noteworthy. The main purpose of this study is to explore such differences and discover their ultimate views on the immateriality and immortality of the soul. Accordingly, the writers initially examine the words that Aristotle used in order to define the meaning of substance and, secondly, refer to the various works in which he discussed the concept of substance. Finally, they compare his ideas in this regard with those of Farabi and Ibn Sina. Manuscript profile
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        69 - Interpretation of two Arguments of the Theory of Motion in Immaterial Things
        Seyed Hosain  Hosaini Musa  Malayeri
        Most Muslim philosophers – including the Peripatetics, Illuminationists, and Sadrians – have rejected the possibility of change and motion in immaterial things based on their own principles. However, during the last two decades, some authorities in the field of philosop More
        Most Muslim philosophers – including the Peripatetics, Illuminationists, and Sadrians – have rejected the possibility of change and motion in immaterial things based on their own principles. However, during the last two decades, some authorities in the field of philosophy have opposed this idea and argued for the possibility of motion and change in immaterial thing. This theory has attracted the attention of a number of academic centers, and some papers and books have been written on this subject. The proponents of this view have provided some arguments in its favor, and its opponents have rejected them. Following an analytic approach, this paper defends the theory of the existence of motion in immaterial things at two stages. Initially, the authors provide a response to the criticism targeting the main argument of this theory and defend its legitimacy; secondly, through resorting to the createdness of the soul, they present a new argument in its favor. Finally, they conclude that the mentioned theory is acceptable in the realm of rationality and reasoning and is superior to its counter-theory. Manuscript profile
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        70 - A Critical Study of Functionalism with a Glance at Mulla Sadra’s Self-Knowledge
        Reza  Safari Kandsari
        The relationship between the body and the soul is one of the complex issues in philosophy. The Cartesian and Platonic dualism is one of the solutions offered for this problem. Descartes and Plato believed that the soul and body are two different substances and enjoy the More
        The relationship between the body and the soul is one of the complex issues in philosophy. The Cartesian and Platonic dualism is one of the solutions offered for this problem. Descartes and Plato believed that the soul and body are two different substances and enjoy their own particular domains and features. Contemporary philosophers of the mind have also introduced a number of views in order to resolve the problems of substantial dualism. The theories of behaviorism and the identity of the mind and body deny the substantive nature of the soul and employ the words “mind” and “mental states” instead of the word “soul” and maintain that mental states are the same behavioral and brain-related states. However, while acknowledging the problems of dualism, the behavioral approaches, and the standpoint of the identity of the mind and brain, the advocates of functionalism provide an impartial interpretation of the mind (its being abstract or concrete) and believe that mental states are the same functional states which perform certain functional roles based on mental input and output and other mental states. Islamic philosophers and mutikallimun have also tackled the enigma of the soul and body and Plato’s substantial dualism. Ibn Sina and Suhrawardi deny the priority of the soul to the body (Platonic theory) but consider the essence of the soul and body to be immaterial and corporeal, respectively. Most mutikallimun reject the idea of the soul as an immaterial and self-subsistent substance and view it as a delicate kind of body. In line with functionalists, Mulla Sadra was well aware of the problems associated with considering the soul as an immaterial or corporeal substance and argued that the essence of the soul is not purely immaterial or material; rather, it is initially corporeal and then becomes immaterial through trans-substantial motion. He also stated that, based on the shadowy true unity, the soul is an intermediate world inclusive of both materiality and immateriality and becomes material and immaterial based on the states of its grades. Although both functionalists and Mulla Sadra reject the mind’s (the soul in Mulla Sadra’s view) being purely immaterial or corporeal, Mulla Sadra provided a more accurate explanation of the body-soul relation in comparison to functionalists, who hold a physicalist view of the mind. This is because he does not limit being exclusively to nature. Manuscript profile
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        71 - An Analytic Study of Mulla Sadra’s Final View on Divine Knowledge of Immaterial Things
        Seyyed Ahmad  Ghaffari Qarabagh
        Mulla Sadra has adopted different standpoints regarding the acceptance of material forms as a level of divine knowledge in his various works. He has sometimes explicitly agreed with this idea, sometimes remained neutral, and sometimes denied it. This paper is intended t More
        Mulla Sadra has adopted different standpoints regarding the acceptance of material forms as a level of divine knowledge in his various works. He has sometimes explicitly agreed with this idea, sometimes remained neutral, and sometimes denied it. This paper is intended to shed some light on Mulla Sadra’s final view in this regard based on his different standpoints in his works. In doing so, the author has investigated his various descriptions of God’s knowledge of material things and his justifications and arguments for each of them. One of the justifications for such a variety of ideas is rooted in his shift from the divine Ishraqi knowledge to transcendent knowledge, while another one sees the root of this diversity in separating the receptacles of perpetual duration and time from each other. Here, the author demonstrates that both of the justifications are defective and argues that the only acceptable explanation for Mulla Sadra’s final view of the knowledge of material things is the relative nature of the division of beings into material and immaterial ones. This solution conforms to the two fundamental approaches which Mulla Sadra has adopted regarding the necessity of gradation in existence and its perfections as well as the same-as-relation identity of possible things. Manuscript profile
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        72 - A Comparative Study of the Proofs of the Immateriality of the Soul in Demonstrating Imaginal Immateriality in the Views of Muḥaqqiq Ṭūsī and Mullā Ṣadrā
        Ahmad Abedi Arani Mohammad Reza  Karimi Vala Mohsen  Pirhadi
        One of the main proofs demonstrating the subsistence of the soul is the immateriality of the soul. However, solving the dilemma of the subsistence of all human souls depends on the analysis of the quality of the immateriality of the soul and demonstrating imaginal immat More
        One of the main proofs demonstrating the subsistence of the soul is the immateriality of the soul. However, solving the dilemma of the subsistence of all human souls depends on the analysis of the quality of the immateriality of the soul and demonstrating imaginal immateriality. Muḥaqqiq Ṭūsī has tried to prove the immateriality of the soul and has essentially propounded immateriality as an argument for demonstrating the subsistence of the soul. Although he has not referred to the demonstration of imaginal immateriality, some of the proofs he presents have the potential to be used in proving this kind of immateriality. On the other hand, he believes that the souls which have reached the level of rational immateriality also enjoy imaginal immateriality. Mullā Ṣadrā has also demonstrated the rational and imaginal types of immateriality in order to solve the problem of the subsistence of all souls and, basically, his attempts at demonstrating imaginal immateriality were at the service of demonstrating the subsistence of all souls. Some of Mullā Ṣadrā’s proofs are similar to those of Muḥaqqiq Ṭūsī. Mullā Ṣadrā believes that the application of some of these arguments to imaginal immateriality is perfect and, in addition to them, he also provides some independent reasons in order to demonstrate the rational and imaginal types of immateriality. Hence, through proving that the faculty of imagination is one of the levels of the soul and an immaterial thing by itself, he has managed to reason for the subsistence of the souls which have not moved forward from the level of imaginal immateriality. Here, the authors state that the arguments propounded by Muḥaqqiq Ṭūsī are capable of demonstrating imaginal immateriality and, accordingly, as Mullā Ṣadrā indicates, the subsistence of all human souls is possible in the light of demonstrating the imaginal immateriality of the soul. This has been clearly explained based on Sadrian principles; nevertheless, before Mullā Ṣadrā and in Muḥaqqiq Ṭūsī’s studies, imaginal immateriality can only be witnesses in those souls which have reached the level of rational immateriality. This argument cannot solve the problem of the subsistence of all human souls. Manuscript profile
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        73 - A Critical Study of the Differences Between Elemental and Ideal Bodies in Mullā Ṣadrā
        Hosain  Karimi
        One of the classifications of the reality of the body in philosophical sources and works divides it into Ideal and elemental types. There is no conflict among contemporary philosophers regarding the essence of this division itself; however, they have referred to some di More
        One of the classifications of the reality of the body in philosophical sources and works divides it into Ideal and elemental types. There is no conflict among contemporary philosophers regarding the essence of this division itself; however, they have referred to some differences between elemental and Ideal bodies, some of which are based on the principles related to the discussion of material and immaterial entities. Philosophers have provided different definitions for the material and immaterial. One of the important problems in the discussion of the differences between elemental and Ideal bodies is the problem of the existence of potency. Nevertheless, some other differences between them have been mentioned that cannot be completely based on the discussion of material and immaterial entities. Mullā Ṣadrā has extensively dealt with this philosophical problem in his works and referred to 15 differences between these two realities. The study of these differences can provide a better understanding of the reality of elemental and Ideal bodies. The present study indicates that some of these differences are correct; some are incorrect, and some others demand further explanation. Manuscript profile
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        74 - A Comparison of the Body-Soul Relationship in Philosophical Behaviorism and Sadrian Philosophy
        Naeimeh  Najmi Nejad Morteza Rezaee
        The discussion of the relationship between the soul and body has always been a challenging problem. The most important problem with this discussion is the quality of the relationship between the soul as an immaterial existence with the body as a material existence. Many More
        The discussion of the relationship between the soul and body has always been a challenging problem. The most important problem with this discussion is the quality of the relationship between the soul as an immaterial existence with the body as a material existence. Many thinkers have presented some theories in response to this problem. Following a descriptive-analytic approach, the present study examines and compares behaviorism, which provides some of the important theories in the philosophy of the mind, with the view of Mullā Ṣadrā as the most prominent Islamic Philosopher. The findings of the study indicate that both behaviorist and Mullā Ṣadrā believe in the oneness of the soul and body. However, behaviorists conceive of the soul and mental states as nothing but external human behavior. This approach in fact rejects the immateriality of the soul and its mental states, while Mullā Ṣadrā considers the relationship between the body and the soul as integration through unification based on some of his own principles including the graded trans-substantial motion and the soul’s corporeal origination. In his view, the soul, while being a single substance, enjoys both a material and corporeal level and different levels of immateriality – including Ideal and rational types – because of its graded nature. In other words, there is a single conjunctive truth that appears in the form of the body at lower levels and as the soul at higher levels. Manuscript profile
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        75 - Mullā Ṣadrā’s View of the Potentials originating in Man’s Rational Immateriality: Factors and Obstacles
        Najimeh Mansouri Furugh al-Sadat  Rahimpoor Jafar  Shanazari
        In Mullā Ṣadrā’s view, the soul can attain some kinds of immateriality, which can lead to the development of specific features and capabilities for human beings. The present study investigates Mullā Ṣadrā’s analysis of the quality of the soul’s attainment of different l More
        In Mullā Ṣadrā’s view, the soul can attain some kinds of immateriality, which can lead to the development of specific features and capabilities for human beings. The present study investigates Mullā Ṣadrā’s analysis of the quality of the soul’s attainment of different levels of rational immateriality, the influential factors in this process, the existing obstacles there, and the characteristics created through this immateriality in worldly life. Upon the rational faculty’s reaching its habitual stage, the soul arrives at the borderline of rational immateriality, and utmost immateriality is gained at the level of acquired reason. The reinforcement of practical intellect, love, and prayer are among the factors affecting man’s reaching the different levels of rational immateriality. However, there are some obstacles to this process such as yielding to whims, committing sins, imitating others, and loving the world. At its lowest level, rational immateriality creates speech in human beings and makes it possible for them to distinguish between the good and evil. Through the promotion of the level of immateriality, man can consciously try to begin their journey toward God and, at the highest level, they become qualified for the station of guardianship. Given Mullā Ṣadrā’s idea of the quality of the rational immateriality of the soul, the philosophical explanation of some of the duties of the Prophet(ṣ), such as receiving revelation and developing certainty about its legitimacy, becomes possible. Manuscript profile
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        76 - Supplier selection with the approach of combining Fuzzy Delphi Analytic Hierarchy Process (FDAHP) and Grey VIKOR methods
        Mohammad Mahdi Mozaffari
        The supplier selection is one of the most important issues in supply chain management discipline and it is regarded as an effective factor for companies to survive in the competitive environment. Selecting the best supplier among various suppliers, considering a mixture More
        The supplier selection is one of the most important issues in supply chain management discipline and it is regarded as an effective factor for companies to survive in the competitive environment. Selecting the best supplier among various suppliers, considering a mixture of criteria that are sometimes in conflict, makes it a complicated multi-criteria decision making problem. On the other hand, supplier selection is highly dependent on the assessments of decision makers and according to the environmental dynamics and incomplete information available to decision makers, they are faced with some uncertainty in their assessments. The purpose of this paper is to present a model of multi-criteria decision making under uncertainty by using concepts of fuzzy and grey theories in order to select the optimal supplier. In this research, first, the weights of supplier selection criteria are determined by using fuzzy Delphi and analytic hierarchy process, then suppliers are ranked by using Grey VIKOR which is a newly developed approach in the field of multi-criteria decision making under uncertainty Manuscript profile
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        77 - Design and Implementation of a 125 kV/1000 kVA High-Voltage Test System Using Series-Resonance Technique
        A. A. Lotfi-Neyestanak H. R. Sadegh Mohammadi
        This paper presents the design, analysis, simulation, and implementation of a high-power resonance generator for testing high-voltage capacitive loads. The resonance generator includes a variable reactor which is the most important part of the system, a shielded isolat More
        This paper presents the design, analysis, simulation, and implementation of a high-power resonance generator for testing high-voltage capacitive loads. The resonance generator includes a variable reactor which is the most important part of the system, a shielded isolation transformer, a voltage regulator (auto-transformer), an exciter transformer, a capacitive divider, a control cubicle, a digital voltmeter, a computer based partial discharge measurement system, a high-voltage filter, and a low-voltage filter. The paper describes the analysis and simulation of different parts of the system. It also presents the results of tests were performed using the implemented system on different capacitive loads, including the measurements of harmonic distortions and partial discharge. The inductance measurement of the implemented variable reactor matches with the simulation results. The partial discharge measurement of the implemented high-voltage series-resonance test system shows that the system is PD free up to 70 kV. Manuscript profile
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        78 - A New Statistical Approximation Method for SNR at EGC Rake Receiver over Independent Fading Channels
        H. Samimi P. Azmi
        An approximate analytical method for the evaluation of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the sum of L independent random variables (RVs) is presented. The proposed method is based on the convergent infinite series approach, which makes it possible to describ More
        An approximate analytical method for the evaluation of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the sum of L independent random variables (RVs) is presented. The proposed method is based on the convergent infinite series approach, which makes it possible to describe the CDF in the form of an infinite series. The computation of the coefficients of this series needs complicated integrations over the RV’s probability density function (PDF). In some cases, the required integrations have closed-form in terms of confluent hypergeometric function and in other cases, the required integrations can not be analytically solved and have not a closed-form solution. In this paper, an approximation method for computation of the coefficients of the CDF series is presented that only needs the mean and the variance of the RV, so it has low computational complexity; it eliminates the need for calculation of complex functions and can be used as a unified tool for determining CDF of a sum of statistically independent RVs. To present an application for the developed approximation method, it is used to find the distribution of the sum of generalized Gamma (GG) RVs. The derived approximate expressions are used in the performance analysis of equal-gain combining (EGC) receivers operating over GG fading channels. The accuracy of the developed approximation method is verified by performing comparisons between exact existing results in the literature and computer simulations results. Manuscript profile
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        79 - “DANA”- An Agent with Understanding Persian Sentences and Performing Actions Abilities
        M. Davoodabadi M. Palhang
        The process of the comprehension of written natural language texts is usually called text understanding. Text understanding includes different processes and has many applications. One of the applications of natural language understanding systems is executing the imperat More
        The process of the comprehension of written natural language texts is usually called text understanding. Text understanding includes different processes and has many applications. One of the applications of natural language understanding systems is executing the imperative sentences which has a wide usage in dialog based systems and robotics. Numerous works have been done in processing of Persian language but a few of them has considered the subject of Persian text understanding and performing actions after it. In this paper reports an implementation of a Persian understanding system called DANA. DANA accepts an imperative sentence or a question, applies morphological, syntactic and semantic analysis on it and creates a meaning representation. This system is able to understand some simple Persian sentences, responds to a few orders issued in Persian and answers some of user questions. The results of this project can be used for developing other types of natural language processing systems such as machine translation or question answering systems. Manuscript profile
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        80 - Modeling and Analysis Iterated Prison Dilemma Game by Grossberg Counter-Propagation Neural Network
        Gh. A. Montazer N. Rastegar Ramshe Alireza Askarzadeh
        Most of the time effective decisions in strategic situations such as competitive issues require a non-linear mapping between stimulus and response. Artificial neural networks can be an appropriate way for modeling and solving these kinds of problems. Prison Dilemma Game More
        Most of the time effective decisions in strategic situations such as competitive issues require a non-linear mapping between stimulus and response. Artificial neural networks can be an appropriate way for modeling and solving these kinds of problems. Prison Dilemma Game is a well-known game that is proposed in game theory. This paper tries to describe how using neural network, the iterated prisoner’s dilemma game can be modeled and analyzed. To do this a Grossberg Counter-Propagation Neural Network (GCP-NN) has been designed to play this game. Results show the capability of this method in complete modeling game. The results present the efficiency of the new method in comparison with the two conventional methods: Tit For Tat (TFT) strategy and Perceptron modeled game. Manuscript profile
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        81 - Reliability Modeling of PV Farm Using Markov Model
        V. Khaligh H. Monsef
        Utilization of photovoltaic units in power networks and their participation in the power supply has increased in recent years. Total world capacity of PV units has grown exponentially from 1.5 GW in 2000 to about 300 GW in 2016. This paper presents an analytical method More
        Utilization of photovoltaic units in power networks and their participation in the power supply has increased in recent years. Total world capacity of PV units has grown exponentially from 1.5 GW in 2000 to about 300 GW in 2016. This paper presents an analytical method for evaluating the reliability of large photovoltaic farms with regard to the changes in input power and reliability indices of unit components. The proposed method is not only capable of estimating the annual energy production of the photovoltaic units, but also able to calculate the system reliability indices. With Markov approach, Frequency and Duration method is utilized in order to model a photovoltaic farm similar to the multistate conventional units. Probability, frequency and transition rate of each state is obtained using the statistical data of solar radiation as well as operational characteristics of a photovoltaic unit. Due to the large number of solar radiation and PV modules operational states, k-means clustering algorithm is used for data classification. This analytical method is applied to the RBTS to demonstrate the effectiveness of developed approach. Capacity credit using LOLF index, is more than what obtained in the case of LOLE index. This observation can be explained through the variable nature of solar radiation in comparison with conventional units. Hence there is a need to obtain a model which reflects the frequency based reliability indices of PV systems. Manuscript profile
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        82 - A New Approach to Count or Optimize Point Set Triangulation in the Plane Based on MIS
        A. nourollah Zahra Rezayat
        The triangulation of the given point set on the 2D-plane is the planar straight-line embedding of the graph whose vertices is exactly and set of its edges is maximal (with the most edge). Two important issues are being explored in this area. a) In how many ways can More
        The triangulation of the given point set on the 2D-plane is the planar straight-line embedding of the graph whose vertices is exactly and set of its edges is maximal (with the most edge). Two important issues are being explored in this area. a) In how many ways can the given set of points be triangulated? b) Which triangulation is optimal based on the given particular feature? The first problem is an open problem, and except in special cases where it has a closed relation, a polynomial time algorithm for it has not been presented in general. The second problem is NP-HARD when the goal is to find a triangulation whose total edge length is the smallest (MWT). So research has been done to provide heuristic, meta heuristic, or approximation algorithms for it. In this paper, a method is presented in which by constructing the intersection graph obtained from all the line segments obtained from all pairs of points of and then algorithms for generating all maximal independent sets (MIS) of the intersection graph is introduced. Furthermore, an algorithm is introduced for counting the number of maximal independent sets. This approach in which constructing intersection graph and converting any triangulation problem to the maximal independent set problem is a new approach for triangulation problem in both cases (a) and (b). Considering difficulties to design algorithms for problems (a) and (b) because of its geometric natures, all the algorithms that have been proposed so far for problems (a) and (b) can be used to solve the triangulation problems in both cases by the approach proposed in this article. The proposed approach of converting triangulation problem to the MIS problem is a new approach that has never been reported to solve counting the number of triangulations or minimum weight triangulation. Furthermore a heuristic estimation algorithm will be introduced to estimate average number of triangulations on the given point set and the algorithm implementation shows its outputs is near to exact values for some instances. Manuscript profile
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        83 - Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on Variable Length Evolutionary Algorithm
        M. Ramzanyan Hussain Montazery Kordy
        The methods used today to investigate brain connections to diagnose brain-related diseases are the imaging method of resting magnetic resonance imaging. In this paper, a new method is proposed using an evolutionary variable-length algorithm to select the appropriate fea More
        The methods used today to investigate brain connections to diagnose brain-related diseases are the imaging method of resting magnetic resonance imaging. In this paper, a new method is proposed using an evolutionary variable-length algorithm to select the appropriate features to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of healthy and patient-to-patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on analysis of rs-fMRI images. The characteristics examined are the correlation values between the time series signals of different regions of the brain. Selection of the variable-length property were based on the honey bee algorithm in order to overcome the problem of feature selection in algorithms with fixed-length vector lengths. The Mahalanubis distance has been used as a bee algorithm evaluation function. The efficiency of the algorithm was evaluated in terms of the value of the evaluation function in the first degree and the processing time in the second degree. The results obtained from the significantly higher efficiency of the variable-length bee algorithm than other methods for selecting the feature. While the best result of the overall categorization accuracy among the other methods with the 26 selected characteristics of the PSO algorithm is 76.61%, the proposed method can achieve a total classification accuracy of 85.32% by selecting 25 features. The nature of the data is such that the increase in the number of attributes leads to a greater improvement in the accuracy of the classification so that by increasing the length of the characteristic vector to 35 and 45, classification accuracy was 91.66% and 95.57% respectively. Manuscript profile
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        84 - A Critical Evaluation of Descartes’ Theory of Animal Mind Based on Sadrian Philosophy
        Armin Mansouri Habibullah Danesh Shahraki zahra khazaie
        Immaterial spiritual life for animals and their possession of mental capabilities have always been a controversial topic for debate among philosophers. The existence of certain similarities between animals and human beings, irrespective of all their differences, has mad More
        Immaterial spiritual life for animals and their possession of mental capabilities have always been a controversial topic for debate among philosophers. The existence of certain similarities between animals and human beings, irrespective of all their differences, has made it difficult to provide an accurate explanation of the quality of animal life. Given his belief in the existence of two corporeal and immaterial intellectual substances for human beings, Descartes negates the existence of thought and intellection in animals for three reasons: lack of language, lack of creativity, and lack of awareness in animals. In other words, he only accepts the existence of corporeal life for animals and, thus, views animals as complex machines that lack mental life. This idea of Descartes is known as the “animal machine” notion. However, Mullā Ṣadrā analyzes animals in relation to the three material, Ideal, and intellectual levels of the world. Accordingly, he believes in the ideal immateriality of animal souls and explains mindfulness at the animal level based on this belief. Descartes’ animal machine hypothesis and the related three reasons are rejected based on the Ideal immateriality that Mullā Ṣadrā proves for animal souls. Manuscript profile
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        85 - A Comparative Judgement of the Views and Principles of Mullā Ṣadrā and Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī on the Problem of Corporeal Resurrection
        Seyyed Ali  Razizadeh Seyyed Abbas Zahabi
        Both Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī and Mullā Ṣadrā believe in corporeal resurrection; however, they follow different approaches in this regard. A comparison of their views shows similarities in some of their principles but fundamental differences in some others. The origin of their More
        Both Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī and Mullā Ṣadrā believe in corporeal resurrection; however, they follow different approaches in this regard. A comparison of their views shows similarities in some of their principles but fundamental differences in some others. The origin of their difference is their philosophical principles and, particularly, the discussions of “identical restoration of the non-existent” and “immateriality of faculties”. The rational demonstration of Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī’s corporeal resurrection was based on his belief in identity with the identical restoration of the non-existent, which has led to some incorrect conclusions such as the materiality of the immaterial dimensions of the soul in the process of resurrection. On the other hand, in contrast to Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī’s claim as to philosophers’ lack of belief in corporeal resurrection, Mullā Ṣadrā tried to prove it philosophically for the first time. Although his philosophical approach gave rise to some criticisms against him, the same approach was the secret behind his immunity against repeating the same mistakes committed by mutikallimun, including Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī. Mullā Ṣadrā rejected the theory of the restoration of the non-existent and believed in other worldly and not elemental corporeal resurrection. Therefore, to demonstrate the restoration of individuals’ acts, he did not have to resort to mutikallimun’s theory of the “return of dispersed components” of human beings. One of the other differences between the views of these two philosophers concerns the problem of the multiplicity and immateriality of faculties. Both thinkers believed in the immateriality of the soul, but Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī maintained that soulish faculties lack multiplicity and tried to bring it in line with the idea of the identical restoration of the non-existent. However, Mullā Ṣadrā believed that the solution to the problem of corporeal resurrection, similar to many other problems, must be sought in the specific method of the soul’s knowledge, particularly, the immateriality of imagination. This paper aims to explain and evaluate the fundamental differences between the views of Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī and Mullā Ṣadrā regarding the problem of corporeal resurrection. Manuscript profile
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        86 - Explaining the perception and manifestation of meaning in architectural spaces, based on teleology from the views of Kant and Coomaraswamy
        Mahdi Baniasadi Baghmirani Seyed Behshid   Hosseini azadeh shahcheraghi
        10.52547/arch.1.1.43
        One of the most thought-provoking issues in modern Western and traditional thought is the issue of teleology in art. Explaining the perception and manifestation of meaning in traditional architectural spaces requires a detailed analysis in the field of modern art and tr More
        One of the most thought-provoking issues in modern Western and traditional thought is the issue of teleology in art. Explaining the perception and manifestation of meaning in traditional architectural spaces requires a detailed analysis in the field of modern art and traditional art teleology. The present study seeks to find a conceptual model to explain the perception and manifestation of meaning in architectural spaces by reflecting on the concept of teleology in the philosophical ideas of Kant and Coomaraswamy. This study is interdisciplinary, and by analytical approach, Kant and Coomaraswamy's views on the teleology of modern and traditional art have been explored. Then, the views of these two thinkers have been put together in the form of two types of outward and inward purposes to obtain a conceptual model based on it; Which provides the possibility of describing the perception and manifestation of meaning in traditional art and architecture. Based on this conceptual model, the purpose of this study is to investigate the purposefulness position in Western modern art and traditional Eastern art, to explain how meaning is perceived and manifested in architectural spaces. The main question of this research is how the concept of purpose is related to concepts of perception and manifestation of meaning in architectural spaces? Conclusion: In traditional architecture, people can perceive meaning by manifesting meaning in design and color. Accordingly, the main purpose is the perception unity and manifestation of meaning (aesthetic and glorious attributes) in architectural spaces. By manifesting multiple aesthetic traits with a single meaning in the architectural space, it is possible to perceive the meanings and glorious traits being the cause of violence in the observer. Manuscript profile
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        87 - Social Trust in Islam’s Social System
        hassan khairi
        Social trust is an issue that is interested to sociologists and social reformers. Despite penetrating traditional culture with deep trustworthy elements, our society is faced with this phenomenon. Without any doubt, modern society committed to religious traditions has m More
        Social trust is an issue that is interested to sociologists and social reformers. Despite penetrating traditional culture with deep trustworthy elements, our society is faced with this phenomenon. Without any doubt, modern society committed to religious traditions has moral, intellectual, arithmetical, and obligatory elements. In this study, with an integrated approach of agent-structure and acknowledging the necessity of these three elements has provided a picture of Islam’s trustworthy teachings. In addition, this study shed light on some issues extracted from individual jurisprudence’s dominance over social jurisprudence, and lack of clear distinction between action domain and structural domain. And finally, the study investigated the religious duty of commending to good deeds and prohibiting from wrong deeds. Manuscript profile
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        88 - Resolving Zeno’s Paradoxes Based on the Theory of the “Linear Analytic Summation” and Evaluation of Evolution of Responsesa
        Reza Shakeri Ali Abedi Shahroodi
        Zeno challenged the problem of motion following his master Parmenides and presented his criticisms of the theory of motion based on four arguments that in fact introduced the paradoxes of this theory. These paradoxes, which contradict an evident problem (motion), provok More
        Zeno challenged the problem of motion following his master Parmenides and presented his criticisms of the theory of motion based on four arguments that in fact introduced the paradoxes of this theory. These paradoxes, which contradict an evident problem (motion), provoked some reactions. This paper initially refers to two of Zeno’s paradoxes and then presents the responses provided by some thinkers of different periods. In his response to Zeno’s paradoxes, Aristotle separated the actual and potential runs of motion and, following a mathematical approach, resorted to the concept of infinitely small sizes. Kant has also referred to this problem in his antinomies. Secondly, the authors explain the theory of linear analytic summation, which consists of two elements: 1) The distance between two points of transfer can be divided infinitely; however, the absolute value of the subsequent distance is always smaller than the absolute value of the previous distance; 2) since the infinitude of the division is of an analytic rather than a synthetic nature, the summation limit of these distances will be equal to the initial distance. Based on this theory, as motion is not free of direction and continuous limits, an integral limit of distance is traversed at each moment, and the analytic, successive, and infinite limits of distance are determined. The final section of this paper is intended to evaluate the responses given to the paradoxes. Manuscript profile
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        89 - Extracting inner meanings(Tawil) of verse 82 of surah Al-Asra and its relation with prayer and healing
        فرزانه  مفتون
        Objective: [17:82 Quran] We send down in the Quran healing and mercy for the believers. Quran is the holy book of Prophet Mohammad. In religious texts we frequently encounter with importance of Quran verses in treatment of diseases. The aim of this article is to st More
        Objective: [17:82 Quran] We send down in the Quran healing and mercy for the believers. Quran is the holy book of Prophet Mohammad. In religious texts we frequently encounter with importance of Quran verses in treatment of diseases. The aim of this article is to study the scientific evidences in relation with sacred healing. Methods: In this article we review the recent scientific findings on water and effects of words, especially Quranic verses. Results: Emotto found that water reflects different responses to different words and sounds , observing frozen water crystals showed this difference. Hence the Quran produces one of the most beautiful and harmonized water crystals. [21:30 Quran] from water we made all living things. Would they believe? Rustom Roy & al found that water could memorize such effects. Bytaraf Hamideh, also concluded the effect of sounds and word on the tin, sugar candy and water crystals. In her studies it is shown one of the best harmonized crystals is produce by the religious sounds. Conclusion: Holy Quran gives the knowledge that there is healing for believers. Recent scientific findings show the profound influence of words especially sacred ones and on the other hand the impressionability of water. About seventy percent of our body is water so it is clear that religious words such as Quranic verses could harmonize and heal the mind and the body. Manuscript profile
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        90 - Origin of the social classes and the Holy Quran
        داوود  سليماني
        Objective: Origin of social classes and Quran is an issue which has been subject to sociology studies from one hand and its exploration in Quran on the other hand. This study which is an analytical survey of two scientific approaches of Quranic and social classificatio More
        Objective: Origin of social classes and Quran is an issue which has been subject to sociology studies from one hand and its exploration in Quran on the other hand. This study which is an analytical survey of two scientific approaches of Quranic and social classifications regarding the origin of social classes is an interdisciplinary study. Method: having reviewed and explored the literature of social classifications regarding the formation of social classes and Quranic verses and views of Quran scholars and interpreters, this article has analyzed findings with biblical and comparative approach to shed light on the roots and causes of formation of social classes. Results:This survey reveals that external conditions such as social and economic conditions have had key roles in forming up tendencies and inclinations, and although economic factor hasn’t been the root cause of formation of social classes, the economic factor has been among the key elements of formation of social classes. Also studying Quranic verses and views of Quran scholars and interpreters reveals that despite the findings and views of several sociologists who have rejected the theory of society with no social class, there was an era in the history of mankind in which no social class was identifiable, as Quranic term of unified ummah in verse 213 of Surah Cow refers to it.The study also shows that the cause of formation of social classes is not just confined to social and economic situations, but rather many immaterial factors such as tendencies , inclination and individual features , beliefs as well as set of values have formed up social classes throughout the history. Conclusion: There has been an era in social history of mankind in which human beings enjoyed a No-class society, free from disputes and arguments common to sociology circles, which can be called “unified Ummah” . Outbreak of discrepancies, and subsequently formation of social classes have roots in man’s nature and tendencies. Although the role of external factors can not be ignored, but internal factors have been the root cause of formation of social classes in the societies. Manuscript profile
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        91 - of Seven Surahs from the 30th Juz of Quran Based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar
        نساء  نبی فر
        Undoubtedly, ideas and principles of thought show themselves in various ways. In Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar, ideational meta-function plays an important role in conveying experiments. The Surahs of the Quran are also means for representing and expressing God More
        Undoubtedly, ideas and principles of thought show themselves in various ways. In Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar, ideational meta-function plays an important role in conveying experiments. The Surahs of the Quran are also means for representing and expressing God's Word in our life. This paper investigates seven Surahs of the 30th Juz (part) of the Quran from ideational meta-function perspective of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar in order to pinpoint the frequency of the processes that are used in them, which will help us get a better understanding of these Surahs. The results of this study showed that material process has the most function in these Surahs to help people comprehend the Holy Quran more clearly and effectively. The findings of this study can benefit translators and interpreters of the Holy Quran. Manuscript profile
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        92 - The effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on TNF-α levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and depression in rats with Alzheimer's disease
        Ehsan Mohammadikia Fereshteh Mohebbi Hossein Babaei
        10.61186/jspac.37976.2.4.48
        Background: Exercise training plays an important role in combating Alzheimer's disease. Present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and also dep More
        Background: Exercise training plays an important role in combating Alzheimer's disease. Present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and also depression in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Methods: The 40 Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups including saline (S), saline +training (ST), training +STZ (AT) and STZ (A). Alzheimer's was induced by injection of 3 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) into the ventricles of brain. The aerobic training program (each session lasted 30 minutes with 10-12 meters per minute speed) performed for 12 weeks and five sessions per week on a treadmill. The 48 hours after last training session, brain tissue (hippocampal and prefrontal cortex areas) was removed and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method. Data were evaluated using the statistical method of analysis of variance at a significant level (P <0.05). Result: TNF-α levels in the hippocampus were significantly higher in group A compared to S (p= 0.010), ST (p= 0.014) and AT (p= 0.041) groups. Moreover, no significant change was observed for TNF-α levels in prefrontal cortex in different groups (p= 0.276). In addition, a significant increase in inactivity duration (FST) was observed in group A compared to other groups (p <0.05) and also a significant decrease in sucrose preference (SPT) was observed in group A compared to other groups. (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study findings indicated that, the positive effects of aerobic training in rats with Alzheimer's disease are exerted partly by modulating the levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α in the brain especially the hippocampus. Manuscript profile
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        93 - A Comparison of the Immateriality of Sensory and Imaginal Perceptions with the Growing Block View of Time
        Mahdi Assadi
        One of the important problems that has remained untouched in Sadrian philosophy is the growing block view of time. On the basis of the growing view of time is the non-existence of future, while the past and present have their fixed places. Muslim philosophers have not d More
        One of the important problems that has remained untouched in Sadrian philosophy is the growing block view of time. On the basis of the growing view of time is the non-existence of future, while the past and present have their fixed places. Muslim philosophers have not directly addressed this idea; however, it seems to be necessary for demonstrating some statements of Sadrian philosophers about the immateriality of sensory and imaginal perceptions and memory. When we perceive something using our senses or imagination, the perception remains in our mind exactly in the same way that it had appeared. This paper is intended to illustrate that this view is, in fact, unrelated to immateriality and, in case of admissibility of its arguments, can only prove the growing block view of time. In line with this approach, the author has critically examined the literature on this theory in pre-Sadrian philosophers, particularly Suhrawardī’s claim as to attributing the idea of the growing block to some thinkers. Suhrawardī maintains that, as each of the motions has come into existence, so the whole of the motions have come into existence, and they are together in existence. Manuscript profile
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        94 - Video Summarization Using a Clustering Graph Neural Networks
        Mahsa RahimiResketi Homayun Motameni Ebrahim Akbari Hossein  Nematzadeh
        The increase of cameras nowadays, and the power of the media in people's lives lead to a staggering amount of video data. It is certain that a method to process this large volume of videos quickly and optimally becomes especially important. With the help of video summar More
        The increase of cameras nowadays, and the power of the media in people's lives lead to a staggering amount of video data. It is certain that a method to process this large volume of videos quickly and optimally becomes especially important. With the help of video summarization, this task is achieved and the film is summarized into a series of short but meaningful frames or clips. This study tried to cluster the data by an algorithm (K-Medoids) and then with the help of a convolutional graph attention network, temporal and graph separation is done, then in the next step with the connection rejection method, noises and duplicates are removed, and finally summarization is done by merging the results obtained from two different graphical and temporal steps. The results were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively on three datasets SumMe, TVSum, and OpenCv. In the qualitative method, an average of 88% accuracy rate in summarization and 31% error rate was achieved, which is one of the highest accuracy rates compared to other methods. In quantitative evaluation, the proposed method has a higher efficiency than the existing methods. Manuscript profile
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        95 - A Novel Model based on Encoder-Decoder Architecture and Attention Mechanism for Automatic Abstractive Text Summarization
        hasan aliakbarpor mohammadtaghi manzouri amirmasoud rahmani
        By the extension of the Web and the availability of a large amount of textual information, the development of automatic text summarization models as an important aspect of natural language processing has attracted many researchers. However, with the growth of deep learn More
        By the extension of the Web and the availability of a large amount of textual information, the development of automatic text summarization models as an important aspect of natural language processing has attracted many researchers. However, with the growth of deep learning methods in the field of text processing, text summarization has also entered a new phase of development and abstractive text summarization has experienced significant progress in recent years. Even though, it can be claimed that all the potential of deep learning has not been used for this aim and the need for progress in this field, as well as considering the human cognition in creating the summarization model, is still felt. In this regard, an encoder-decoder architecture equipped with auxiliary attention is proposed in this paper which not only used the combination of linguistic features and embedding vectors as the input of the learning model but also despite previous studies that commonly employed the attention mechanism in the decoder, it utilized auxiliary attention mechanism in the encoder to imitate human brain and cognition in summary generation. By the employment of the proposed attention mechanism, only the most important parts of the text rather than the whole input text are encoded and then sent to the decoder to generate the summary. The proposed model also used a switch with a threshold in the decoder to overcome the rare words problem. The proposed model was examined on CNN / Daily Mail and DUC-2004 datasets. Based on the empirical results and according to the ROUGE evaluation metric, the proposed model obtained a higher accuracy compared to other existing methods for generating abstractive summaries on both datasets. Manuscript profile
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        96 - The application of Normalized Cumulative Gamma Deviation Log (NCGDL) in sequence stratigraphic analysis and correlation, a case study from the Sarvak Formation, Abadan Plain, SW, Iran
        A. Asaadi A. Imandoust J.  Honarmand ایرج عبدالهی فرد O.R. Salmian
        Identification of key sequence stratigraphic surfaces is an essential task in geological evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The Sarvak Formation with Late Albian-Early Turonian age constitute the important reservoir unit in the Abadan Plain region, SW Iran. This stud More
        Identification of key sequence stratigraphic surfaces is an essential task in geological evaluation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The Sarvak Formation with Late Albian-Early Turonian age constitute the important reservoir unit in the Abadan Plain region, SW Iran. This study investigates the application of Normalized Cumulative Gamma Deviation Log (NCGDC) to discriminate and correlate key sequence stratigraphic surfaces in six wells in a giant oil field in the Abadan Plain. To achieve this goal, identified key stratigraphic surfaces from core and thin sections were compared with interpretation of NCGDC method. From sequence stratigraphic point of view and based on the results from geological studies, the Sarvak Formation has been sub-divided into four third-order sequences which are described and interpreted. Two main disconformity surfaces, considered as sequence boundaries, are characterized by features of karstification, dissolution-collapse brecciation, and development of paleosol horizons. Generally, positive surfaces correspond to maximum flooding surfaces and negative surfaces occur at sequence boundary. Comparison of the results shows that, the identified sequence by NCGDC method can be effectively used for discrimination and correlation of sequences in different carbonate and siliciclastic reservoirs in the field scale. Manuscript profile
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        97 - Effects of Ideal Immateriality in Islamic Philosophy
        Shahabbodin  Vahidi Mehrjardy Ehsan  Kordi Ardakani Vahid  Gerami
        A significant problem in Islamic philosophy is investigating the various dimensions and aspects of immateriality in the view of philosophers. One of the most important problems in the discussion of immateriality is the acceptance or rejection of Ideal immateriality, whi More
        A significant problem in Islamic philosophy is investigating the various dimensions and aspects of immateriality in the view of philosophers. One of the most important problems in the discussion of immateriality is the acceptance or rejection of Ideal immateriality, which has been one of the major concerns of Islamic philosophers in the course of history. Among them, Peripatetic philosophers accepted the world of intellects and rational immateriality by denying the Ideal world and Ideal immateriality and considered the faculty of imagination to be material. However, Suhrawardī and Mullā Ṣadrā tried to demonstrate the Ideal world based on their own philosophical principles. Suhrawardī believed in the disjunctive Ideal world, while Mullā Ṣadrā believed in the connected Ideal world and the immateriality of the faculty of imagination in addition to the disconnected Ideal world. The present study aims to examine the effects of Ideal immateriality in Islamic philosophy and its role in resolving philosophical intricate problems. Here, the authors have investigated eleven effects of Ideal immateriality in different philosophical fields including the resurrection of incomplete and average souls; lack of the need to study the spheres and accepting reincarnation in the discussion of resurrection; demonstration of corporeal resurrection; a correct and rational interpretation of vanity of sin, immateriality of animals’ souls and their resurrection; subsistence of particular perceptions after death; the link between the world of intellects and the material world; an accurate interpretation of the Holy Prophet’s dreams, unveilings, and ascent; a correct interpretation of the state of death, purgatory, and the hereafter; the interpretation of jinn in Illuminationist philosophy, and the subsistence of issuing forms for the soul. Manuscript profile
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        98 - Effects of the Views of Ibn Sīnā and Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī on Mullā Ṣadrā’s Theory of the Immateriality of the Soul
        Davood  Mohamadiany
        The immateriality of the soul has always been one of the important psychological discussions in Islamic philosophy and given rise to various related theories. Mullā Ṣadrā has discussed the problem more than any other philosopher and claims to have some innovative views More
        The immateriality of the soul has always been one of the important psychological discussions in Islamic philosophy and given rise to various related theories. Mullā Ṣadrā has discussed the problem more than any other philosopher and claims to have some innovative views regarding the imaginal immateriality of the soul. Here, the author intends to criticize Mullā Ṣadrā’s view based on a study of the views of Ibn Sīnā and Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī. Mullā Ṣadrā claims that he is the first to have provided a theory on the immateriality of the soul; however, a study of the works of Ibn Sīnā and Fakhr al-Dīn Rāzī reveals that this theory has indeed a longer history than what Mullā Ṣadrā attests. Ibn Sīnā’s words on the demonstration of the immateriality of the soul are quite clear; nevertheless, they raise some doubt concerning the imaginal immateriality of the soul. Ibn Sīnā and Mullā Ṣadrā adduce two different reasons to prove this immateriality. However, Mullā Ṣadrā has also demonstrated imaginal and super rational immateriality of the soul and rejected some of Ibn Sīnā’s reasons about the immateriality of the soul. The present paper criticizes Mullā Ṣadrā’s view and approach in this regard. Manuscript profile
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        99 - The Comparison between individuality, personhood and transcendence of the source of meaning with spirituality
        mahdi yarmohammadi Abbas Izadpanah Seyed Ahmad Reza  Shahrokhi
        Spirituality as a human phenomenon is based on various intellectual foundations, especially theological beliefs. Every theological school proposes a particular kind of spirituality corresponding to its beliefs about the source of meaning. In fact, what and the limits of More
        Spirituality as a human phenomenon is based on various intellectual foundations, especially theological beliefs. Every theological school proposes a particular kind of spirituality corresponding to its beliefs about the source of meaning. In fact, what and the limits of spirituality are determined by theological beliefs. The author of the article tries to evaluate the spirituality according to the view of theological schools on the three characteristics of individuality, Personhood and transcendence. The result of the research, which is derived from library data and analytical method of reasoning, indicates that the birth of spirituality due to the connection with the source of meaning depends on its individuality; and possibility of prayer, chant, supplication, personal communication and devotion to the source of meaning is tied to its personhood. Excess in the transcendence destroys the Personhood and the shortage in it will cause the meanness of the source of meaning; Therefore, the knowledge of the divine names and attributes and manifestation of some of them in the heart of the spiritual human being, depend on presenting a transcendence image while being Immanence of the source of meaning. Manuscript profile
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        100 - Examining the frequency of some ethical and legal challenges in the pharmacies of Rasht in 1400
        seyyedeh kausar Mousavi Nesab Mohammad Taghi Ashubi Sohail Soltanipur zahra hesary Kourosh delpasand
        The word ethics can be defined as the knowledge of good and evil. A person knows good and evil and, in simpler terms, good and bad .This is why ethics and moral dilemmas have always been one of the concerns of human societies. Pharmacists are one of the important and co More
        The word ethics can be defined as the knowledge of good and evil. A person knows good and evil and, in simpler terms, good and bad .This is why ethics and moral dilemmas have always been one of the concerns of human societies. Pharmacists are one of the important and complementary links in the health system in the treatment of patients and they play an important and undeniable role in improving the health status of people in the society. Pharmacists working in pharmacies due to the commercial nature of pharmacies, having health resources and their distribution and because they are always available to patients, they experience many challenges and moral dilemmas daily, in this research, we have examined some of these challenges. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the spring of 1400 on 151 pharmacists working in Rasht pharmacies. The data collection tool is a two-part questionnaire including the first part: Collect demographic information of participants, And the second part: There were 13 ethical challenges. After collecting the information contained in the questionnaires, the data was analyzed using SPSS 22 software. The results of this research show that some ethical and legal challenges, including the financial inability of patients to pay for vital drugs, request for drugs outside the pharmacopoeia, Prescriptions containing drugs outside the pharmacopoeia, Allocation of essential drugs to a specific pharmacy, returning unused non-refrigerated medicine to the pharmacy, Prescribing a supplement by a doctor for a patient whose disease is not related to this product. Forced to cooperate with a non-pharmacist to establish a pharmacy. The request for abortion medicine and changing the brand of the prescribed medicine by the pharmacist was reported with a percentage of over 60% among the pharmacists working in Rasht pharmacies. In the last century, we have seen a significant growth of ethical issues in measuring health care. Therefore, pharmacists need to be more familiar with ethical issues, implement the best solutions and make ethical decisions in critical and necessary situations. Pharmacists' awareness of their moral and legal responsibilities will empower these health professionals and improve the services provided to patients and other service recipients in the pharmacy. Manuscript profile
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        101 - Identity fragmentation and instability and narrative in Mohammad Reza Kaateb's novels
        Maryam Ramin Nia Ameneh MirDeilami Hosein Mohammadi
        In postmodern novels, the concept of identity does not enjoy any coherence and stability existing in pre-modern novels. Indeed, such a concept is fragmented, disjointed and unstable. Narrative in postmodern stories is thus unreliable, suspicious and contradictory due to More
        In postmodern novels, the concept of identity does not enjoy any coherence and stability existing in pre-modern novels. Indeed, such a concept is fragmented, disjointed and unstable. Narrative in postmodern stories is thus unreliable, suspicious and contradictory due to the fragmented and fluid identities of the characters. One of the most prominent and prolific writers in the contemporary era is Mohammad Reza Kaateb, some of whose novels are similar to postmodernist elements. In so doing, the concept of identity and narrative is disclosed in this study. In this research, in a descriptive and analytical way, six novels of the author named "Aftab Prast-e Nazanin (Lovely Chameleon)", "Balzans (The Fliers )", "Bi Tarsi (Fearless)", " Pasti (Dowmhill)", " Ram Konandeh (The Domesticator)" and "Hiss" from the point of view of postmodernist components. Identity, character and narration have been investigated. The findings show that most of the characters in the addressed novels are of indeterminate, fragmented identities. Wandering, displacement and overlapping of characters with each other, inability in self-recognition, is evidence to their disjointed identities. Fragmented and contradictory narratives in characters and adventures are one main feature that marked the writer's novels with uncertainty.The post-modernist components of ontological doubt, uncertainty and fragmentation and contradiction in identity and narrative are very impressive in such novels as Lovely Chameleon, Downhill, The Domesticator and Hiss. In contrast, The Fliers and Fearless have used such elements to a milder extent. Manuscript profile
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        102 - Absurdity of Imagination in Transcendent Wisdom: An Epistemological Critique of the Proof of Lack of Material Properties and the Addition of Opposites in Imagination
        reza jamalinezhad SEYED SADRADDIN TAHERI Abolfazl Mahmoodi
        In the present article, in line with the problem of cognition and knowledge, an attempt has been made to give a brief explanation of some epistemological principles of the celibacy of imagination in transcendent wisdom, such as the relation between the issuance and the More
        In the present article, in line with the problem of cognition and knowledge, an attempt has been made to give a brief explanation of some epistemological principles of the celibacy of imagination in transcendent wisdom, such as the relation between the issuance and the subject of the soul to imaginary forms. Imagination is one of the broad concepts that are discussed in the fields of epistemology, ontology and anthropology and has a different place in each field. In the epistemological system of transcendent wisdom, imagination is the bridge between the intellectual and sensory powers, and in this way the epistemological problem is solved by the connection between sensory and intellectual perceptions. Have celibacy. The abstraction of this power is based on several arguments. The most important proofs of the abstraction of the imagination in transcendent wisdom is one argument of lack of material properties and the other argument of imagining contradictory things. To review the power of these arguments in the direction of the problem of cognition. Manuscript profile
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        103 - Human creation from the point of view of Imam Mohammad Ghazali and Imam Khomeini (RA)
        Mahmood Zaifi Khosrow   Zafar Nawai Seyyed Abdolhossein Tarighi
        Human creation is one of the most essential facts of Islamic mysticism, which is very important from scientific, theoretical, moral and educational points of view. Therefore, knowing and examining different angles of human creation has a special place. Although many res More
        Human creation is one of the most essential facts of Islamic mysticism, which is very important from scientific, theoretical, moral and educational points of view. Therefore, knowing and examining different angles of human creation has a special place. Although many researches have been done on the different views of Imam Khomeini (RA) and Imam Mohammad Ghazali, but their views on existence and anthropology have been less studied, so in this study, an attempt is made to understand the creation of man from the perspective of Imam Mohammad Ghazali and Imam Khomeini. (RA) to be fully investigated and analyzed. Analytical investigation of the comparison and explanation of the opinions and thoughts of Imam Khomeini (RA) and Imam Muhammad Ghazali about the creation of man and the mystical secrets of this unique divine creation, citing the opinions of two pious mystics. This is a library and basic research. In this thesis, library research is based on description and analysis. The use of various sources such as books, articles and authentic mystical texts is used. The results of the research showed that two thinkers have many similarities regarding the creation of man in their works and the difference between them is only in the expansion of some topics related to the creation of man. Manuscript profile
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        104 - Investigating the formation of fake news and examining modern forms of fake news
        Hadi Abangah Azgomi
        10.61186/ahrar.45868.4.7.1
        News reporters are a special group in the jurisprudence and hadith of Shia Islam, whose way of thinking has cast a shadow over the people and seminaries for years. The founder of this sect was Mohammad Amin Esterabadi, who, by residing in Medina and writing the book "Fa More
        News reporters are a special group in the jurisprudence and hadith of Shia Islam, whose way of thinking has cast a shadow over the people and seminaries for years. The founder of this sect was Mohammad Amin Esterabadi, who, by residing in Medina and writing the book "Fawaed al-Madaniyah," spread his beliefs in Iraq and Iran. He considered deduction and ijtihad to be "innovation" and rejected them, believing that only the apparent meaning of hadith should be adhered to and that only the infallible Imams (AS) could interpret the Quran and hadith, which is beyond the capacity of ordinary people. He also disregarded reason and consensus. His opinions were similar to Sunni Ahl al-Hadith to some extent, although he differed from them in terms of belief. The thought of Esterabadi news reporting led to more attention being paid to hadith books, but it resulted in harmful effects such as regression, sectarianism, and superficiality, which hindered rational thinking. Of course, the thought of Esterabadi news reporting was limited and restricted by the efforts of scholars, but its effects can still be seen to some extent: the emergence of modern news reporting in today's world from Egypt to Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, etc., and cultural news reporting among elites and people are examples of this category. Manuscript profile
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        105 - The Nature and Eternity of Human Soul in Descartes
        Asieh  Bistooni Mohammad Akvan Mahdi Najafi Afra
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm; line-height: 130%;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roma More
        <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 1.0cm; line-height: 130%;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The soul is one of the most frequently used terms in Descartes&rsquo; philosophical works and one of the fundamental concepts employed in the structure of his philosophy. In fact, without considering the meaning and concept of the soul, one cannot perceive the essence of his philosophical system. He views the soul as an immaterial substance that is different from the body in the real sense of the word and can exist without the body. Descartes maintains that the soul is an essentially immaterial and decomposable substance that, after its destruction or the postmortem decomposition of the body, continues its life in the light of its essential immateriality bearing the memory of its union with the body. He has posed certain arguments on the immaterial nature of the human soul, such as the possibility of doubting the existence of bodies, the needlessness of the concept of the soul from corporal attributes, God&rsquo;s power as to creating two elements with each one being clearly and distinctly perceivable, and the oneness and indecomposability of the soul. Accordingly, he believes in three substances of God, soul, and body in distinction from each other. He intends a true distinction when he refers to distinction of substances; however, this reference has become problematic for him, and he must clarify how two truly distinct substances can affect each other in unison. He has tried to resolve this problem by placing the vapor soul, the &ldquo;pineal gland&rdquo;, and the faculty of imagination as intermediaries or by establishing a kind of balance or even substantial unity between them. Nevertheless, the more he has tried to resolve the problem, the more he has been challenged. He has also presented two completely different standpoints regarding the eternity of the soul, which must be demonstrated based on rational and philosophical arguments. However, in his second stance, he introduces the mortality of the soul as a completely religious category and states that the eternity of the soul cannot be realized merely within the framework of the natural intellect and without seeking help from faith. Descartes has also been unsuccessful in this regard and failed to prove his claim. </span></p> Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        106 - Witnesses on the Day of Judgment based on the interpretation of Al-Burhan in Tafsir al-Qur'an
        zahra mohagheghian gortani Mohammad Reza Aram Amir Tohidi
        <p>One of the valuable topics on the Day of Judgment is the witnesses of this day and the scope of their supervision. God has entrusted the supervision of the hereafter to his guardians, i.e. the prophets and messengers, and especially the Messenger of God and the infal More
        <p>One of the valuable topics on the Day of Judgment is the witnesses of this day and the scope of their supervision. God has entrusted the supervision of the hereafter to his guardians, i.e. the prophets and messengers, and especially the Messenger of God and the infallible imams. Many speeches have been made about the witnesses on the Day of Judgment, and models such as justice, goodness and moderation have been identified with the attitude towards the middle nation. Seyyed Hashem Bahrani, the author of Tafsir al-Mathur al-Burhan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, based on the verses of the Qur'an and narrative sources, has tried to identify the witnesses of the Day of Judgment. Bahrani believes that witnesses have characteristics, such as the position of infallibility and knowledge of their actions and their supervision, both in this worldly life and in the hereafter. This article tries to measure it based on the Qur'anic verses and hadiths with the descriptive-analytical method, along with examining the critical point of view about the introduction of the witnesses on the Day of Judgment.</p> Manuscript profile

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