The Prammaticalization of the Verb "goftan" In New Persian
Subject Areas : Research in Iranian classical literatureMehrdad Meshkinfam 1 , Elham Izadi 2
1 - Ph.D student in Linguistics, Bu Ali Sina University
2 - دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
Keywords: Pragmmaticalization, Discourse Marker, Modality, New Persian, Functionalism,
Abstract :
One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This paper aims to investigate the pragmmaticalization of the verb "goftan" (i.e. sayying) in New Persian. In order to investigate more exactly, we have divided New Persian into two separate periods: Early New Persian and Modern Persian.In early New Persian, the verb "goftan" functioned as the main lexical verb in the meanings of "to say" and "to name”, expressed the concept of inductive modality and also participated in impersonal constructions.In Modern Persian, in addition to conserve previous functions, this linguistic element is evolved into a discourse marker through pragmmaticalization.In this new function, "goftan" also appears in two other forms as "migam" and "begu" and functions as initiating discourse, changing the topic, and referring to new information. The token frequency of "migam" is more than "begu".The research data has been extracted from the books written in Early New Persian language, internet, and TV movies.Because discourse markers are mostly found in the spoken variety, the TV movies have been chosen in order to investigate functions of the verb "goftan" as a discourse marker in Modern Persian.
ابراهیمی، حمید [فیلم¬نامه¬نویس و کارگردان] (1395) عموجان هیتلر، [فیلم سینمایی] 90 دقیقه.
ابن‌سینا (1331) دانش¬نامة علایی (طبیعیات)، تصحیح سید محمد مشکوة، انجمن آثار و مفاخر فرهنگی.
ابوریحان بیرونی (1318) التفهیم، تصحیح جلال¬الدین همایی، تهران، چاپخانة بهمن و افست مروی.
------------- (1358) صیدنه، به کوشش منوچهر ستوده و ایرج افشار، تهران، شرکت افست (سهامی عام).
آرام، یوسف و مهرداد مشکین¬فام (1397) بررسی پیکره بنیاد گفتمان¬نمای «خب» در زبان فارسی، زبان¬شناسی اجتماعی، شمارۀ 1 (سری جدید) صص 9-21.
اسفزاری، ابوحاتم مظفر (1356) رسالة آثار علوی، به تصحیح محمد تقی مدرس رضوی، تهران، بنیاد فرهنگ ایران.
آقایی، الف [فیلم¬نامه¬نویس] (1395) یه بلیت شانس، [فیلم سینمایی] کارگردان، محمود ابراهیمی، 80 دقیقه.
بیهقی، ابوالفضل (1383) تاریخ بیهقی، به¬تصحیح علی¬اکبر فیاض و به اهتمام دکتر محمد جعفر یاحقی، مشهد، دانشگاه فردوسی.
حیدری، ماهان [فیلم¬نامه¬نویس] (1392) پنج تا پنج، [فیلم سینمایی] کارگردان، تارا اوتادی، 79 دقیقه.
الخوینی البخاری، ابوبکر (1344) هدایت¬المتعلمین فی‌الطب، به¬اهتمام دکتر جلال متینی، مشهد، چاپخانة دانشگاه مشهد.
دهخدا، علی¬اکبر (1377) لغت¬نامه دهخدا، تهران، دانشگاه تهران.
شفائی، احمد (1363) مبانی علمی دستور زبان فارسی، تهران، نوین.
صادقی، علی¬اشرف (1375) تکوین زبان فارسی، دانشگاه آزاد ایران.
فشندکی، شهره و فریده حق¬بین (1389) زبان فارسی و ضمیر پوچ¬واژه¬ای، پژوهش¬های زبان و ادبیات تطبیقی، شمارة 1، صص 87-101.
متولیان¬نایینی، رضوان و علیرضا پرهام (1395) تحلیلی بین¬زبانی از ساخت¬های غیر¬شخصی در زبان فارسی، زبان¬شناسی و گویش¬های خراسان، س8، ش14، صص 109-77.
نغزگوی¬کهن، مهرداد و مهرداد مشکین¬فام (1399) از دستوری¬زدایی تا کاربردی¬شدگی، سیر تحول کلمۀ نقشی «پس» در فارسی، نامۀ فرهنگستان (ویژه¬نامۀ فرهنگ¬نویسی) شمارۀ 14، صص 74-100.
هدایت، صادق (1330) حاجی آقا، تهران، جاویدان.
Anderson R, Stephen (1941) A concise syntax of contemporary persian literature, Russia.
Bell, David M (2009) Nevertheless, still and yet, Concessive cancellative discourse markers, Journal of Pragmatics 41 (5), 915–920.
Blakemore, Diane (1987) Semantic constraints on relevance, Oxford, Blackwell.
------------------- (2002) Relevance and Linguistic Meaning, The Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse Markers, CUP.
Blakemore, Diane (1987) Semantic constraints on relevance, Oxford, Blackwell.
Brinton, L and Traugott, E (2005) Lexicalization and language change, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Brinton, L (2006) Pathways in the Development of Pragmatic Markers in English, In, Kemendale and Los (eds,.) The Handbook of the History of English, 307-335, Oxford, Blackwell.
Brown, Gillian (1977) Listening to spoken English, London, Longman.
Croucher, S, M (2004) I uh know what like you are saying, An analysis of discourse markers in limited preparation events.National Forensics Journal, 21,38-52, Cited in, .
Erman, Britt (1987) Pragmatic Expressions in English, Stockholm, Almqvist &Wiksell.
------------- (1992) Female and male usage of pragmatic expressions in same-gender and mixed-gender interaction, Language variation and change 4،217-34.
Even-Zohar, Itamar (1982) "The emergence of speech organisers in a renovated language, The case of Hebrew void pragmatic connectives", in, Nils Erik Enkvist (ed.), 179-193.
Frank-Job, B (2006) A dynamic-interactional approach to discourse marker, In Kerstin Fischer (ed), Approaches to discourse particles, 395-413, Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Fraser, Bruce (1990) An approach to discourse markers, Journal of Pragmatics, 14, 383-395.
Haberlandt, K (1982) Reader expectations in text comprehension, In J.F, Le Ny and W, Kintsch (eds.) Language and language comprehension, Amsterdam, North Holland, 239–49.
Halliday M, Hasan R (1976) Cohesion in English, London, Longman.
Heine, B (2013) On discourse markers, Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, or something else? Linguistics, 51(6), 1205-1247.
Heine, B and Kuteva, T (2002) Word lexicon of grammaticalization, Cambridge, Cambridge university press.
Holmes, J (1995) Women, men and politeness, London, Longman.
Hopper, P, J (1991) On some principles of grammaticization, In, E, C, Traugott and B, Heine (eds), Approaches to grammaticalization, Vol.1, 17-35, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
Levinson SC (1983) Pragmatics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Malchukov, A., & Siewierska,A (2011) Impersonal constructions،A crosslinguistic perspective, Amsterdam, Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
Maschler, Yael (2009) Metalanguage in Interaction, Hebrew Discourse Markers, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, John Benjamins.
Merritt, Marylin (1984) On the use of okay in service encounters, In J, Baugh and J, Sherzer (eds), Languagein Use, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, pp, 139–47.
Muller, simone (2005) Discourse markers innative and non-nativeEnglish discourse, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, JOHN Benjamins.
Palmer 2001.
Palmer, F, R (2001) Mood and modality, Cambridge University Press.
Pisicoph,L.S (1959) Persian syntax, Russia.
Schiffrin, Deborah (1987) Discourse Markers, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Svartvik, Jan (1979) "Well in conversation", in, Sidney Greenbaum—Geoffrey Leech—Jan Svartvik (eds.), 167-177.
Svartvik, Jan—Anna-Brita Stenström (1985) "Words, words, words, The rest is silence", in, Sven Bäckman—Göran Kjellmer (eds.), 342-353.
Thackthton, Jr, M (1978) An introduction to Persian, Tehran, sorush press.
Urgelles-Coll, Miriam (2010) The Syntax and Semantics of Discourse Markers, Great Britain, MPG Books Group.
Zhao, Hongwei (2014) Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol, 4, No, 10, pp, 2105-2113, Finland, academy publisher.
http,//degaresh.com.
http,//farsnews.com/newstext.
http,//goodreads.com.
http,//mrshabanali.com.
http,//namakestan.net.
http,//ninisite.com.
http,//n-poems.blogsky.com.
http,//rezataran.ir.
http,//www.bartarinha.ir/.
https,//article.tebyan.net.
