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        1 - Philosophical Critique of Cultural Essentialism in the Theory of the Clash of Civilizations
        اصغر ميرفردي علیرضا  سمیعی اصفهانی آرش  موسوی
        This research is a philosophical critique of Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and, an important theory in current discourse on international relations. According to Huntington, the world can be divided into several distinct civilizations and civilization b More
        This research is a philosophical critique of Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and, an important theory in current discourse on international relations. According to Huntington, the world can be divided into several distinct civilizations and civilization beliefs/values will determine how countries will act towards each other. By drawing upon philosophical critique as a theoretical stance and methodological path, the text of Huntington’s theory was analyzed. In this theory, cultural essentialism can be found in two forms: monoculturalism and multiculturalism. While the research aims to identify specific discursive patterns, open them to criticism, and explain their existence in the text, it also discusses questions related to understanding of the nature, form and function of the clash of civilization discourse. Compacted within the theory is the ideology of cultural essentialism in their two components. The first is that there is a core set of basic beliefs that remains immutably important through time. The second is people of similar cultural background resort to these values, even if they migrate to other countries and in times of crisis, relative countries and emigrants will unite together. The findings show the leaders and their policies, rather than covert cultural beliefs are determining in political interaction and evolution. When a country’s culture values are seen as determining the actions of its political leaders, the importance of individual leadership and the supervisory power of nations are underestimated. Manuscript profile
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        2 - A comparison of the philosophical views of Omar Khayyam and Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri
           
        The summary of the article that you will read in these pages entitled: "philosophical views of Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri and Omar Khayyam" contains a comparison between these two great poets of Arab and Persia lands and it's among comparative literature research which has alwa More
        The summary of the article that you will read in these pages entitled: "philosophical views of Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri and Omar Khayyam" contains a comparison between these two great poets of Arab and Persia lands and it's among comparative literature research which has always been of great interest to researchers of Arab and Persia literature world. Many articles have been written so far on the influence of Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri on Khayyam, because every researcher who studies on the life and works of these two great poets would undoubtedly find a close similarity between them, as in most cases, Khayyam's ghost appears in front of them by studying Abul Ala Al's words. Because these two poets with the same philosophical viewpoints were often unanimous, concordant and agreed. Although, they occasionally fell apart. Before entering the world of philosophy of these two poets, what should be considered in this comparison are the political, social, economic and intellectual conditions of the two poets' time which played an important role in the formation of their personality. As far as, it can be stated that all the ideas and thoughts of the two poets were rooted in their time's circumstances Manuscript profile
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        3 - The Approach of Philosophy and Children in Ibn Tufayl’s Hayy Ibn Yaqzan
        Nadia  Maftouni
        It is possible to find some approaches towards philosophy and children in theworks of Muslim philosophers. One of these works is that of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan which is written by Ibn Tufayl which is known as the first philosophical novel. Hayy Ibn Yaqzan is the name of a boy, More
        It is possible to find some approaches towards philosophy and children in theworks of Muslim philosophers. One of these works is that of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan which is written by Ibn Tufayl which is known as the first philosophical novel. Hayy Ibn Yaqzan is the name of a boy, who lives in an uninhabited island, in the lap of nature and among the animals where a deer has undertaken to bring him up. Apart from his physical growth his intellectual growth also proceeded ahead in the lap of nature following which he attained a kind of intellectual, philosophical and mystical maturity. At the end of this story Hayy came to be acquainted with the inhabitants of other island and found that what he earned through thinking about himself and the nature is in consistent with religious teachings. This approach is considered to be a part of Hayy’s intellectual and philosophical compartment. Some of Hayy’s intellectual approaches in the course of his intellectual process since his childhood to old age led to certain achievements in the field of technology, natural science, philosophy, and gnosis. It is possible to analyze Hayy’s way of thought with reference to the four spiritual journeys. Manuscript profile
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        4 - A Critical Approach to the Content of Cyberspaces in Philosophical Communities of Inquiry
        Mehrnoosh  Hedayati Elham  Sabery
        Philosophical communities of inquiryenjoy a practical, rational and philosophicalattitude toward the development of critical,creative, and controlling insight into thesurrounding issues. Since a great deal ofpeople’s ideas, beliefs, thoughts, andworldviews are under the More
        Philosophical communities of inquiryenjoy a practical, rational and philosophicalattitude toward the development of critical,creative, and controlling insight into thesurrounding issues. Since a great deal ofpeople’s ideas, beliefs, thoughts, andworldviews are under the influence ofcyberspaces in the present time, particularlyin modern communities, it is necessary todevelop a critical approach among childrenin dealing with the contents of thecyberspaces, and teach them how toconfront with these immense informationprovided by these centers. The presentpaper, as carried out with the participationof children in philosophical communities ofinquiry, is an attempt to enhance the critical,creative and accountable ability of childrenin confronting with the content and existinginformation of the cyberspaces. An analysisof the data as collected by Covariancemethod with %99 certainty in twelvesessions indicate that the participation ofstudents in philosophical community ofinquiry can affect their critical thought skillsincluding the skills of inductive anddeductive reasoning, analysis of mediamessages, enhancing self confidence, andincreasing hypothesis making ininternet(p≤0.01). Accordingly, we canbenefit from the teaching program of“philosophy for children” in deepening ourunderstanding of information in cyberspacesand reducing the destructive impacts of thisinvaluable and overall media. Manuscript profile
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        5 - The Impact of Philosophical Thinking on the Questioning Spirit of Students: a Qurānīc Approach
        Roya Abdolahpour Abdolahpour
        The present work deals with the impact of philosophical thinking on the questioning spirit of students from the perspective of the Qurān based on certain documents and analysis. According to the findings of the researchers, based on the Qurānīc verses we can find five f More
        The present work deals with the impact of philosophical thinking on the questioning spirit of students from the perspective of the Qurān based on certain documents and analysis. According to the findings of the researchers, based on the Qurānīc verses we can find five fields for raising questions: whom questions, what question, how question, the way of questioning and question about what. The Qurānīc responses are as follows: 1. raising question from the knowers, thinkers, and experts is permissible, 2. everything can be called into question, e. g. expending, alms, mountain, crescent, resurrection, spirit, and so on, 3. Question should be logical, sound, intelligible, and not for showing but for knowing. 4. For example, question should be about the way of expending, the way of treating the orphans, the homeless, and the way of happening of resurrection. 5. Question about ourselves, God, others, nature which are among the most original human questions. Out of these the fifth question turns out to be the most important one in the development of education and the national curriculum of students. This kind of raising question paves the way for the intellectual, and scientific development of students. It is to be pointed out that by highlighting this question it does not mean that other questions are not important. Manuscript profile
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        6 - Containing Philosophical Concepts in Children Stories (A Case Study of Nakuja Abad Stories for Children)
        Zahra  Satar Panahi Zaynab  Barkhordari
        Story writing enjoys a particular place among the various kinds of literature and owing its role in the growth and training of the basis of thought is of great importance. Shaykh al-Ishraq as a great Iranian and Muslim philosopher and the founder of Illuminationist scho More
        Story writing enjoys a particular place among the various kinds of literature and owing its role in the growth and training of the basis of thought is of great importance. Shaykh al-Ishraq as a great Iranian and Muslim philosopher and the founder of Illuminationist school of philosophy used story literature for expressing his philosophical and mystical views. Simplifying philosophical concepts and expressing them in children language is among the characteristics of this philosopher that one should take into account in reading his books. To have philosophical, motivational, and debatable content along with challenging nature and referring to certain characters like children and their ways of live are among the various traits of suitable story for “philosophy for children”. In 2018- 2019, Saless publications commissioned by UNESCO, published six volumes story books inspired by Suhrawardi thought entitled Nakuja Abad. In a case study these books worked out philosophical concepts in the forms of stories. The nature of philosophical concepts in these stories and the capabilities of intellectual stories altogether indicate that these stories are eligible for using them in philosophical discussions. Manuscript profile
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        7 - School Awareness and Philosophical Experience of Children during the Coronavirus Pandemic
        Zahra  Falahan
        The objective of the present paper is to study the condition of children’s awareness in their activities in the schools and the impact of the closer of the schools on attaining awareness of the pandemic of coronavirus. So far, going to schools was associated with their More
        The objective of the present paper is to study the condition of children’s awareness in their activities in the schools and the impact of the closer of the schools on attaining awareness of the pandemic of coronavirus. So far, going to schools was associated with their activities in accordance with their parents and teachers’ views. So, due to some difficulties in going to schools most of them were not satisfied. Now, after one year of staying at home and being away from schools, they learned a lot about the differences between being at schools and staying at home. It can be said that now they have gained a form of awareness which is different from the earlier one. Going to school voluntarily versus attending at schools compulsory, willing to involve oneself in social activities despite certain threats and social restrictions versus having relation with family members, and the difference between self learning and learning through teachers are among the main philosophical and cognitive achievements of children. Manuscript profile
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        8 - Farabi and a Philosophical Reading of al-Huruf
        Ghasem  Purhassan
        The book al-Huruf has never been approached from a philosophical standpoint. Unlike the common belief, it is not a purely linguistic work and, rather, enjoys great significance regarding its philosophical aspect. Al-Huruf is considered to be one of the most important ph More
        The book al-Huruf has never been approached from a philosophical standpoint. Unlike the common belief, it is not a purely linguistic work and, rather, enjoys great significance regarding its philosophical aspect. Al-Huruf is considered to be one of the most important philosophical works of Farabi, and most of the studies conducted on this book emphasize that it is merely a commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics. That is why Farabi’s innovations have been disregarded there. This book is of great importance not only because of its focus on linguistic principles but also because of its discussing the relationships between language and philosophy, religion and philosophy, and everyday language and philosophical language. Here, the writer also reveals the nature of the 200-year conflicts between kalam, philosophy, syntax, and logic in the world of Islam. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze two fundamental principles and evaluate the related views. Therefore, the writer initially attends to the general and philosophical status and writing style of al-Huruf and explains the related ideas. This book is, first and foremost, a reaction to the enemies of philosophy and rationalist trends in understanding religion. Farabi begins the book with linguistic discussions and, then, in the light of his introduction, spells out the intricacies of logical and epistemological theories, and finally clarifies the nature of ontological thoughts. In this book, he discusses how ignoring fundamental linguistic principles could harm ontological and epistemological discussions. He also illustrates how linguistic studies could demystify philosophical principles and grant them more depth and essence. Second, in addition to examining the structure of al-Huruf, the writer tries to explore Farabi’s fundamental doctrine of reconciliation. In doing so, he begins with an analysis of the two schools of Kufa and Basrah and then reviews the mentioned doctrine. In the second part of this book, Farabi demonstrates in two chapters on the unity of philosophy and religion (al-Silah bayn al-falsafah wal millah) that there is no choice but to defend the doctrine of reconciliation. He emphasizes that an irrational religion is nothing but fantasy and maintains that the fundamental principles of religion are based on the intellect and reasoning. In his view, neither Abu Bishr nor Abu Saeid had grasped the significance of this view. Matta Ibn Yunus was not merely a representative of logic and wisdom; rather, he and his companions and advocates relied only on autonomous reasoning, which Farabi found insufficient. In contrast, Abu Saeid was not merely a representative of syntax as advocated by the School of Baghdad, but, in company with several people who defended a purely religious approach, he opposed the role of reason in understanding and justifying religious beliefs. In this book Farabi tries to pose and develop a third theory based on analyzing these two approaches. Manuscript profile
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        9 - Rereading Suhrawardi’s Illuminationist Philosophy in the Light of Pierre Hadot’s Philosophical Model: Philosophy as a Way of Life
        Amir Abbas  ‘Alizamani Zahra  Rastakhiz Ghasroaldashti
        Pierre Hadot (1922-2010), the contemporary French philosopher showed the dynamism and true life of philosophy in philosophers’ everyday life through presenting a philosophical model, called Philosophy as a Way of Life, which is the product of his several years of resear More
        Pierre Hadot (1922-2010), the contemporary French philosopher showed the dynamism and true life of philosophy in philosophers’ everyday life through presenting a philosophical model, called Philosophy as a Way of Life, which is the product of his several years of research in the field of ancient philosophy. In this paper, the writers have tried to analyze and interpret Suhrawardi’s Illuminationist philosophy based on this model. Accordingly, in the first part, in addition to introducing the mentioned model, they explain its important elements such as the philosophical language of spiritual practice and its place in studying philosophical schools pursuing spiritual guidance. The second part provides an analysis and interpretation of the Illuminationist philosophy in the framework of this model. Therefore, it initially propounds the basic principles of Suhrawardi’s school regarding light, the hierarchy of lights, the soul and its significance, the world of Ideas and its necessity, epistemology, and ontology. Discussing the fundamental principles of Illuminationist philosophy helps to specify the way of life and its elements and features in this school in relation to the philosophical model of “Philosophy as a Way of Life”. Since Suhrawardi’s Illuminationist philosophy bears a tight unity with gnosis and spiritual wayfaring, it is difficult to perceive it philosophically and to demonstrate its structural coherence in explaining various philosophical problems. Through presenting certain strategies, Hadot’s model enables researchers to develop a coherent and comprehensive perception of the problems propounded in this philosophical-gnostic school and the way of life it advocates. Manuscript profile
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        10 - Farabi and his Distinction between Existence and Quiddity
        Ghasem  Purhassan
        One of the innovations of Farabi and Islamic philosophy is the theory of the distinction between existence and quiddity. This view was merely developed in the light of understanding the meaning of the reality of being. Islamic philosophers, particularly Farabi and Ibn S More
        One of the innovations of Farabi and Islamic philosophy is the theory of the distinction between existence and quiddity. This view was merely developed in the light of understanding the meaning of the reality of being. Islamic philosophers, particularly Farabi and Ibn Sina, because of their epistemological rupture with Greek tradition, sought to understand being differently from Aristotle and, in a way, abstained from reducing the question of being to the question of the whatness of objects. In addition to a conceptual and logical distinction, Farabi managed to develop and present an ontological distinction in the field of philosophy. Ibn Sina expanded it so vastly that some might consider this theory as one of his own philosophical achievements. After the problem of the evidence and principliality of existence, the quality of the relationship between existence and quiddity turned out to be one of the most important discussions in Islamic philosophy. At the beginning, under the influence of dividing being into necessary and possible types, Muslim philosophers tried to explain the fundamental difference between them through explaining the relationship between quiddity and existence. As a result, they considered two propositions as the basis of two interpretations of existence and the explanation of its relationship with quiddity. The theory of the synthetic nature of quiddative existents in terms of their existence and quiddity, the existence’s being superadded or accidental to quiddity, and the distinction between existence and quiddity in existents are the views that emerged in Islamic philosophy with Farabi and gradually came to the fore as the most important discussions concerning existence. Furthermore, Farabi’s discussion concerning the individuation of quiddities and the criterion for individuation, which was later accepted by all Islamic philosophers and emphasized by them, was developed under the influence of the above theories. In this paper, the writer has initially tried to provide a correct understanding of the theory of distinction through clarifying its fundamental bases. Then he has clarified its ontological and philosophical consequences and highlighted the importance of this theory in Islamic philosophy. Such an explanation necessitates an extensive investigation of Farabi’s ideas about existence, the meaning of existence, and the existence-quiddity relation. Manuscript profile
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        11 - An Analytic Study of the Development of Philosophical Intelligibles from Farabi to Mulla Sadra
        Seyyed Mohammadali  Dibaji Zeynab  Yusefzadeh
        This paper examines the epistemology of the secondary intelligible, in general, and the quality of the truth of philosophical secondary intelligibles, in particular. It does so relying on an analytic study of the modes of the “accidence” and “qualification” of the secon More
        This paper examines the epistemology of the secondary intelligible, in general, and the quality of the truth of philosophical secondary intelligibles, in particular. It does so relying on an analytic study of the modes of the “accidence” and “qualification” of the secondary intelligibles in the views of such great philosophers as Farabi, Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, and Mulla Sadra. The results of the present study indicate that all the above thinkers argue for the prevention of epistemological errors in the light of a clear explanation of the ontological existence of secondary philosophical intelligibles in the outside. Nevertheless, each of them has pursued a different approach towards attaining his goal based on his own philosophy. Finally, the writers conclude that Mulla Sadra’s epistemological analysis of philosophical intelligibles is a great step towards justifying the presence of such intelligibles in the outside. His analysis in this regard ultimately leads to his idea of the principiality of existence. Manuscript profile
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        12 - An Introduction to the Philosophy of History of Philosophy
        Masoud  Omid
        Although the discipline of history of philosophy and the related questions existed in the past, they have greatly occupied the minds of philosophers during the last two centuries. Some of the important questions in the field of the history of philosophy include the foll More
        Although the discipline of history of philosophy and the related questions existed in the past, they have greatly occupied the minds of philosophers during the last two centuries. Some of the important questions in the field of the history of philosophy include the following: what is the meaning and nature of history of philosophy? What is its station of confirmation and demonstration? Is history of philosophy a perfect field or it is still in the process of development and expansion? What is the relationship between us and history of philosophy or what should it be like? Is this field the same as history or philosophy or of the type of philosophy? What is the difference between the history of philosophy and the history of science, religion, art, or the like? Due to the increasing attention to the problems related to the history of philosophy (in Iran and in the world), the present paper is intended to deal with some issues in relation to history of philosophy while discussing it in a framework entitled the philosophy of history of philosophy. In the past, philosophers referred to the theoretical philosophy of history and the philosophy of the science of history; however, it seems that it is now the right time to discuss the philosophy of the history of philosophy. The most fundamental themes which are propounded in this paper regarding this field include the place of philosophy of history of philosophy in various schools of philosophy and the possibility, necessity, and desirability of this field of knowledge. Finally, it appears that the philosophy of history of philosophy can be considered to be a branch of related philosophical fields, and it can even be offered as a new course at universities. Manuscript profile
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        13 - Creation of Persian Works by Muslim Philosophers
        Alireza Najafzadeh
        As far as we know, no book was ever written in Persian during the early centuries of the history of Islam on philosophy or any other field, and all Muslim scientists and scholars, who were mostly Iranian, wrote their scientific works in Arabic. From fourth century (AH) More
        As far as we know, no book was ever written in Persian during the early centuries of the history of Islam on philosophy or any other field, and all Muslim scientists and scholars, who were mostly Iranian, wrote their scientific works in Arabic. From fourth century (AH) onwards, Iranian philosophers gradually started writing a limited number of their works in Persian alongside the many works in Arabic. This was an invaluable endeavor since it paved the way for later scholars to write in Persian. They did so at a time when Persian, after an interval, lacked the necessary capacity for the expression of abstract philosophical concepts and meanings. Ibn Sīnā and his students, Nāṣir Khusraw, Suhrawardī, Bābā Afḍal Kāshānī, Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī, Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī, and many others played a significant role in writing philosophical works in Persian. Their attempts at finding Persian equivalents for Arabic philosophical terms have been of great value to Iranian philosophers of the modern period to create Persian philosophical works. Following a descriptive-analytic method, this paper investigates the linguistic and literary reasons behind the dominance of Arabic over philosophical writings. Moreover, through introducing the most important philosophical writings in Persian, it explains their role in the development and enrichment of this language for the transfer of philosophical knowledge. Finally, the author discusses the effects of translated western philosophical works on the enrichment of the treasure of Persian lexicon and emphasizes the necessity of writing more philosophical works in Persian in the present era, in which the number of people who speak Arabic as a foreign or second language has decreased to a large extent. Manuscript profile
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        14 - A Study of the Philosophical Elements of Platonic-Plotinian Tradition in Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī’s Philosophy
        Seyed Morteza  Honarmand
        After the rise of Islam, philosophy and wisdom in Iran and in other corners of the world of Islam were united with Greek philosophy and interacted with it through the Translation Movement. Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī was of the prominent thinkers of the world of Islam who More
        After the rise of Islam, philosophy and wisdom in Iran and in other corners of the world of Islam were united with Greek philosophy and interacted with it through the Translation Movement. Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī was of the prominent thinkers of the world of Islam who became familiar with Greek philosophy and enriched it in the light of his innovations through the Peripatetic Philosophy and the works of Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā. Now, the question is which of the philosophical elements of Greek wisdom, particularly the Platonic-Plotinian tradition, is more visible in Ṭūsī’s philosophical-kalāmī thoughts. This study, which was carried out following a descriptive-analytic method and through exploring Ṭūsī’s works, concludes that this presence and similarity have emerged in different forms, including: 1) complete acceptance of Greek views without any change though with some displacement of Greek views, such as the most logical problems, the discussion of the ten-fold categories, the four-fold causes, and classifications of sciences; 2) completion, change, and addition of some arguments for demonstrating the previous views, such as the problem of impossibility of endless chain, immateriality of the soul, proving the Necessary, oneness of the Necessary, impossibility of the emanation of many from the one, union of the intellect and intelligible, and the substantial nature of archetypes, and 3) the change of the content and nature of Greek views while preserving their old names, such as Platonic Ideas. Manuscript profile
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        15 - A Critical Study of the Applications of the Theory of the “Copulative Existence of the Effect” in Philosophical Problems
        Ali  Arshad Riahi Fattah  Honarjoo
        In Mulla Sadra’s view, the existence of the effect is identical with relation and dependence on its cause. This theory has created noteworthy changes in dealing with philosophical problems, so that some of Mulla Sadra’s commentators have employed this philosophical theo More
        In Mulla Sadra’s view, the existence of the effect is identical with relation and dependence on its cause. This theory has created noteworthy changes in dealing with philosophical problems, so that some of Mulla Sadra’s commentators have employed this philosophical theory in order to demonstrate certain philosophical and even kalami problems. In this paper, 14 problems which have been demonstrated based on the identity between the effect and relation have been compiled and critically explored. The writers finally conclude that the effect of this theory is accepted on 10 cases but rejected on the rest of them. Manuscript profile
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        16 - A New Explanation of the Division of Intelligibles based on the Transcendent Philosophy
        Seyyed Ahmad  Ghaffari Qarabagh
        The place of concepts and the quality of the interaction between the mind and the object are two of the important issues in the fields of epistemology and ontology. The problems of primary and secondary intelligibles and their distinction from each other also enjoy equa More
        The place of concepts and the quality of the interaction between the mind and the object are two of the important issues in the fields of epistemology and ontology. The problems of primary and secondary intelligibles and their distinction from each other also enjoy equal significance. The common view regarding the difference between primary and secondary intelligibles is that, unlike the logical and philosophical secondary intelligibles, primary intelligibles have some external referents. In this paper, the writer maintains that this criterion is not enough for distinguishing them from each other. To justify his position, he argues that the theory of the principiality of existence plays an influential role in clarifying the distinction between these two types of intelligibles. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Essential Possibility and Potential Possibility in Mulla Sadra and ‘Allamah Tabataba’i
        Mohammad Saeedimehr Seyyed Shahriyar  Kamali Sabziwari
        Mulla Sadra, initially, considers essential and potential possibilities to be homonyms but, finally, he accepts their polysemous relationship and maintains that both of them are of the type of secondary philosophical intelligibles, which exist through the existence of t More
        Mulla Sadra, initially, considers essential and potential possibilities to be homonyms but, finally, he accepts their polysemous relationship and maintains that both of them are of the type of secondary philosophical intelligibles, which exist through the existence of their origin. In the discussion of potency and act in al-Asfar, he goes even further and considers potential possibility to be of the type of the secondary philosophical intelligibles which are abstracted from existence in the other and external relation. However, his response to the question (the relation existing through non-being) is not convincing and raises some doubts. While accepting the existence of potential possibility through existence in the other and relation, and providing a correct explanation of the quality of this relation in the outside, ‘Allamah Tabataba’i gives an appropriate response to the above question. In this way he presents his innovative argument regarding moving from potency to act. Manuscript profile
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        18 - A Critical Study of Fayyadi’s Formulation of ‘Allamah Tabataba’i’s Argument of the Righteous
        Ali  Shirvani
        The argument of the righteous (burhan-i siddiqin) is the name of a kind of argument in which the middle term is the absolute being or reality itself. ‘Allamah Tabataba’i has a specific interpretation of this argument that has been formulated in different ways. In this p More
        The argument of the righteous (burhan-i siddiqin) is the name of a kind of argument in which the middle term is the absolute being or reality itself. ‘Allamah Tabataba’i has a specific interpretation of this argument that has been formulated in different ways. In this paper, the writer explains Fayyadi’s formulation of ‘Allamah Tabataba’i’s argument of the righteous and then criticizes it. Here, the writer also demonstrates that this formulation is in contrast to the surface meaning of ‘Allamah’s words. Moreover, he argues that it has remained essentially unfinished and cannot be considered a successful interpretation of the argument of the righteous. Manuscript profile
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        19 - A Comparison of the Views of ‘Allamah Tabataba’i and Mulla Sadra about Corporeal Resurrection
        Mohsen  Izadi
        In the Islamic philosophical-kalami tradition, corporeal resurrection has always been one of the most complicated problems. In fact, the philosophers and mutikallimun before Mulla Sadra either failed to explain it or provided an irrational explanation for it. Following More
        In the Islamic philosophical-kalami tradition, corporeal resurrection has always been one of the most complicated problems. In fact, the philosophers and mutikallimun before Mulla Sadra either failed to explain it or provided an irrational explanation for it. Following Mulla Sadra’s presentation of a rational account of corporeal resurrection, which was in conformity with Shar‘ (religious law), most of the philosophers after him agreed with his theory. Nevertheless, some scholars who did not find his interpretation in conformity with Shar‘ expressed their disagreement with his view. Here, ‘Allamah Tabataba’i, as an advocate of the Transcendent Philosophy, has said nothing about the quality of corporeal resurrection explicitly. Accordingly, some consider him an opponent of Sadrian corporeal resurrection, while some others consider him a follower of Mulla Sadra in this regard. A study of ‘Allamah Tabataba’i’s epistemological geometry manifests the truth that he believed in the notion of corporeal resurrection as intended by Mulla Sadra. This is because, firstly, the philosophical, interpretive, and gnostic principles of ‘Allamah Tabataba’i and Mulla Sadra are in agreement with each other. Secondly, ‘Allamah has expressed neither any disagreement with Mulla Sadra’s theory of corporeal resurrection nor any agreement with that of others. Manuscript profile
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        20 - Different Sides of Training in Sadrian Geometry with an Emphasis on its Stages, Goals, Principles, and Methods
        Mohammad Reza  Shamshiri
        Sadrian philosophy presents a new approach to human beings and their ontological dimensions, which can be used as a foundation for developing educational theories based on an Islamic point of view. Hence, while explaining Mulla Sadra’s view of moral training along with More
        Sadrian philosophy presents a new approach to human beings and their ontological dimensions, which can be used as a foundation for developing educational theories based on an Islamic point of view. Hence, while explaining Mulla Sadra’s view of moral training along with a short illustration of the related categories and using an analytic-deductive method, this study aims to draw on his theories regarding the soul as the basis for education and training in order to examine his educational denotations and conclusions with an emphasis on educational stages, objectives, principles and methods. Here, it is necessary to pay attention to the ultimate goal of moral training, that is, unveiling the truth and the related intermediate goals, including training human beings at the vegetative soul, animal soul, and human soul stages. To attain the purpose of this study, it is also of prime importance to explore the necessary interrelations between the philosophical principles of the Transcendent Philosophy and educational principles and also examine the different methods of moral training including the development of sensation, imagination, and rational faculties. Manuscript profile
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        21 - A Study of Qunawi’s Philosophical Gnosis
        Gholamreza  Hosseinpour
        Sadr al-Din Qunawi’s Miftah al-ghayb, as the first book on theoretical gnosis, provided the basis for theoretical or philosophical gnosis. This is because Ibn Arabi, who is known as the father of Islamic theoretical gnosis, did not have enough time for doing so, thus it More
        Sadr al-Din Qunawi’s Miftah al-ghayb, as the first book on theoretical gnosis, provided the basis for theoretical or philosophical gnosis. This is because Ibn Arabi, who is known as the father of Islamic theoretical gnosis, did not have enough time for doing so, thus it was Qunawi who accomplished this task. Alongside the Peripatetic and Illuminationist schools of philosophy, Qunawi founded a school that can be called philosophical gnosis. In spite of his pessimistic view of theoretical intellect, Qunawi acknowledged that unveiling and gnostic taste agree with the theoretical intellect at all stages because they find no contradiction in the proofs of this kind of intellect. Nevertheless, he believes that the perception of such proofs is beyond the capabilities of human imagination. Qunawi tried to reconcile gnostics’ principles of unveiling and philosophical theories. In developing many of his views, he benefitted from Ibn Sina’s al-Isharat and, particularly, Khwajah Nasir al-Din Tusi’s commentary on this book. As a result, one can equate the philosophical language used by Qunawi with that used in the Peripatetic philosophy, particularly with the language employed in Ibn Sina’s al-Isharat, which plays a significant role in granting a philosophical nature to Qunawi’s gnosis. Manuscript profile
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        22 - A Study of Qaysari’s View of the Reality of Gnostic Time
        Hassan  Moradi mahmoud saidi
        Qaysari was one of the most prominent commentators of Ibn Arabi’s school. He also developed a specific theory about time based on gnostic principles. His view in this regard consists of some sections: a criticism of philosophical theories, particularly, those of Aristot More
        Qaysari was one of the most prominent commentators of Ibn Arabi’s school. He also developed a specific theory about time based on gnostic principles. His view in this regard consists of some sections: a criticism of philosophical theories, particularly, those of Aristotle and Ibn Sina; gnostic interpretation of certain philosophical theories, and an explanation of the reality of time and its divisions based on gnostic principles. However, there are some problems with Qaysari’s objections to Ibn Sina’s view and his gnostic interpretations of some philosophical theories. The most important problem of his theory concerns his hadith-based proofs about the emergence of time through resorting to al-dahr (Perpetual Duration), which is one of God’s names. This is because the hadiths referred to by Qaysari are not valid enough and cannot be used to demonstrate his claim. Accordingly, it can be said that time emerges by resorting to God’s name of al-muqaddar (Determiner), and its emergence at different levels creates the divine day and night. Manuscript profile
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        23 - The Role of Mullā Ṣadrā’s Philosophical Thought in Understanding Religious Texts
        Seyyed Hossein  Azimidokht
        This study aims to explore Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophical thoughts, portray the salient features of his philosophy, and demonstrate the influence of philosophical thought on his understanding and interpretation of religious texts. Using a descriptive-analytic method, the a More
        This study aims to explore Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophical thoughts, portray the salient features of his philosophy, and demonstrate the influence of philosophical thought on his understanding and interpretation of religious texts. Using a descriptive-analytic method, the author describes some of the elements of Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophy in the fields of theology, cosmology, and anthropology and, in this way, tries to explain his hermeneutic principles in the perception of religious texts. Next, he presents some of his interpretations of such texts in order to reveal the influence of Sadrian philosophical trend and hermeneutic principles in understanding religious texts. Given his prominent role in the development of Shī‘ī philosophy and wisdom, it seems necessary to deliberate over his philosophical theories and works and examine his methods and principles of interpretation in the field of Sadrian studies. The findings of this study indicate that Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophical thought, in general, and his philosophical views, in particular, as well as his hermeneutic principles, which originate in the Transcendent Philosophy, and utilizing certain concepts in explaining philosophical problems distinguish him from other thinkers in the presentation and analysis of religious categories. Finally, the author concludes that benefitting from philosophical and metaphysical categories and theories, while being harmful in certain respects, could result in having a different understanding of religious texts. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Applications of Mullā Ṣadrā’s Psychological Principles in Education
        Mahdi Rezaei
        The basis of education, in general, and Islamic education, in particular, is the human soul (psyche). In order to educate the soul and psyche, there are some principles that are employed to achieve the predetermined goals and objectives. Given the religious approach of More
        The basis of education, in general, and Islamic education, in particular, is the human soul (psyche). In order to educate the soul and psyche, there are some principles that are employed to achieve the predetermined goals and objectives. Given the religious approach of this study and the potentials of the Transcendent Philosophy in this regard, the author has tried to identify and examine the applications of the principles of educating the soul (psyche) based on Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophical thoughts. Some of these principles include the substance of the soul’s immateriality, the corporeal origination and spiritual subsistence of the soul, and its graded trans-substantial motion in its process of development. Following this, he has dealt with the educational principles inferred from the mentioned principles and the purposes of this study, such as graded transcendence and graduation and transformationalism, reform, and recreation in the process of educating the soul (psyche). This study was conducted following a combination of descriptive-analytic and inferential methods while using library resources in order to describe the concepts and analyze and clarify the problem. The author has specifically referred to Mullā Ṣadrā’s books (particularly al-Asfār, VIII and IX) and the works of some of his commentators in order to extract and infer the related principles employed in the education of the soul. Manuscript profile
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        25 - The Use of Intellect and Reasoning in Demonstrating Divine Attributes in Mullā Ṣadrā’s View
        Mozhgan Fatahi Ali  Arshad Riahi
        Mullā Ṣadrā states in his works that the employment of the intellect and intellectual reasoning is efficient in the independent demonstration and understanding of divine attributes. By explaining Mullā Ṣadrā’s method of using the intellect, it becomes clear that he has More
        Mullā Ṣadrā states in his works that the employment of the intellect and intellectual reasoning is efficient in the independent demonstration and understanding of divine attributes. By explaining Mullā Ṣadrā’s method of using the intellect, it becomes clear that he has formulated his discussion based on proof and has presented some extensive and cohesive discussions about divine attributes so that the most important of which have been clearly explained and demonstrated. Based on the present study, the most important philosophical arguments and principles which Mullā Ṣadrā has explained and demonstrated in this field include ontological proof, principle of “Truth in its simplicity contains everything”, principle of “The giver of something cannot lack it”, and principle of “The Necessary Being is necessary by essence from all aspects, and providence. Mullā Ṣadrā’s extensive discussions on divine attributes, which are based on rational arguments, indicate his belief in the truth of the intellect’s independent function in this field, on the one hand, and confirm its capability in the field of epistemology of divine attributes in an independent form, on the other hand. The result of this study is the development of an approach based on distinguishing the two independent and instrumental functions of the intellect, which has not been considered in other studies previously. Not distinguishing between these two functions has resulted in attributing an irrational and unverifiable or even eclectic nature to the methodology of the Transcendent Philosophy. As a case study on divine attributes, the present study explains the rational, verifiable, and philosophical dimensions to the Sadrian Transcendent Philosophy. Manuscript profile
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        26 - A Study of the Role of Qur’anic Teachings in Philosophical Theology
        Aireza Asadi
        Some opponents of philosophy and many Orientalists believe that Islamic Philosophy simply repeats the words and views of Greek philosophers and is not only totally far from Islamic teachings but also sometimes in opposition to them. Through explaining the extent of the More
        Some opponents of philosophy and many Orientalists believe that Islamic Philosophy simply repeats the words and views of Greek philosophers and is not only totally far from Islamic teachings but also sometimes in opposition to them. Through explaining the extent of the influence of the Holy Qur’an on a rational and philosophical discussion and a study of the works of Islamic philosophers, this paper aims to demonstrate that they have benefitted from Qur’anic teachings in order to expand and develop philosophical discussions and, particularly, philosophical theology. In other words, it intends to prove that the qualitative and quantitative expansion of philosophical problems, arguments, theories, and principles in the field of philosophical theology is indebted to Qur’anic teachings. This influence is to the extent that it has led to the conceptual and structural evolution of Greek philosophy and differentiates the general approach of Islamic philosophy from Greek philosophy. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Describing philosophical foundations and the assumptions of science role in the knowledge production and problem- solving methodologies and methods in the branches of industrial engineering
        Alireza Aliahmadi
        The structure of human knowledge in the fields of humanities and social sciences, including management as a discipline, consists of philosophical assumptions and foundations, scientific principles and theories, and the and practical achievements for solving problems. Th More
        The structure of human knowledge in the fields of humanities and social sciences, including management as a discipline, consists of philosophical assumptions and foundations, scientific principles and theories, and the and practical achievements for solving problems. The philosophical foundations of every knowledge are conventionally composed of elements of value, epistemology, ontology, anthropology, and methodology, which are referred to as the components of scientific paradigm. The new philosophy trend in the recent centuries, has shifted from the positivist paradigm to critical and interpretative paradigms, and is shaped into the context of the postmodern paradigm, the pragmatism tradition, and the complexity theory. Each of the above scientific paradigms has foundations in values, epistemology, ontology, anthropology, methodology and its own research methods. This means that today's knowledge in each field, due to the effects of each conventional philosophy of science paradigms, has led to the production of different scientific principles and theories and the distinctive applied achievements. So, opinions and ideas of the thinkers in each field are different. The shifting paradigm from positivism to interpretativeism not only has contributed to the fields of humanities and social sciences, but also effects the fields of science and engineering, such as, the emergence of fuzzy logic along with mathematical logic in the field of basic sciences, quantum mechanics view alongside Newtonian mechanics in the field of engineering. In this paper, we seek to recognize the knowledge developments roots in the branches of industrial engineering, such as the development of "hard operations research", " soft operations research " and "hard systems to soft systems thinking" and "statistical quality control" To "Total Quality Management". Under the influence of paradigmatic changes, developments have taken place in other branches of knowledge forming the industrial engineering as an interdisciplinary scientific discipline for the future. We also examine the systemic methods paradigmatic foundations influenced by the above paradigms and examine how to influence the methods of analysis and problem-solving methods with respect to the differences in their basics, philosophies and paradigms. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Philosophical Training of Children
        Hosein  Ataie
        Plato in his Republic and Laws while describing the foundations of his ideal city, stressed that the training of people should commence from their childhood. Drawing attention to children as started from earlier ages extended to the contemporary period as well. Here a q More
        Plato in his Republic and Laws while describing the foundations of his ideal city, stressed that the training of people should commence from their childhood. Drawing attention to children as started from earlier ages extended to the contemporary period as well. Here a question may arise as why did philosophers concern about the training of children? Whether children also should follow the same ethical rules that elders do or they have to follow particular ethical rules? The present article, with reference to Islamic-Iranian thinking, tries to study the importance of philosophical approach in training children, and stress the necessary of philosophical training in religious training and outline the principles of philosophical training. But first the concept of training should be clarified. Manuscript profile
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        29 - God’s Knowledge of Particulars in the Views of Ibn Sīnā and Thomas Aquinas
        Mohammad Mahmoodi Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari
        One of the fundamental questions in the field of philosophical theology is whether God has the knowledge of particulars. Some philosophers have tried to either demonstrate or deny the divine knowledge of particulars regardless of the term “God”, which is a controversial More
        One of the fundamental questions in the field of philosophical theology is whether God has the knowledge of particulars. Some philosophers have tried to either demonstrate or deny the divine knowledge of particulars regardless of the term “God”, which is a controversial issue. In a philosophical tradition that began with Plato and Aristotle and was advocated by Ibn Sīnā, the divine knowledge of particulars is denied. However, within the framework of the same philosophical school, Thomas Aquinas, as a theologian, demonstrates this knowledge for God. In Ibn Sīnā’s view, there is a fundamental difference between quiddity and existence as two different levels of being. The Necessary Being is the cause of granting existence to quiddities and, thus, cannot know them in terms of their particulars, as they lack “existence” in separation from Him. However, Ibn Sīnā does not deny the divine knowledge of particulars through their “existence”. In Aquinas’ theological concept of God, as a personal God, the denial of the divine knowledge of particulars defaces the divine power. Moreover, in case of denying this Knowledge, Man, who is created by God, will be placed at a higher level than their Creator because they can gain the knowledge of particulars. Aquinas, who speaks as a theologian here, ignores the borderline between philosophy and theology and objects to Ibn Sīnā by stating that some universals such as “animal” and “human” cannot function as the distinctive features of a particular such as “Socrates” in comparison to others. The present paper provides a comparative analysis of the views of these two philosophers regarding God’s knowledge of particulars. Manuscript profile
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        30 - A view on Montessori Educational approach from human agency perspective
        Narges Sajadieh
        Educational approaches in childhood have been very varient. One of the popular child education approaches in the world and our country is Montessori approach. This paper aims at examining and criticizing it from philosophical view. At first part, we attempt to infere More
        Educational approaches in childhood have been very varient. One of the popular child education approaches in the world and our country is Montessori approach. This paper aims at examining and criticizing it from philosophical view. At first part, we attempt to inference the philosophical presuppositions. Some of these philosophical components of this approach are: holistic view of child, child as social individual, attention to child inclinations, accepting child spontaneous motive for learning, proposing triple concept of freedom-responsibility - rule, concentrating on skills and instruments. At the second step we criticized these components from Islamic view of action. Some components like overestimating individuality of child, concentrating on instruments and underestimating child imagination are the most important critiques of this approach. On the other hand, some items like attention to child inclinations and balance attention to freedom and responsibility are advantages of this approach. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Revisiting the Role of Children’s Voice in the Reformation and Improvement of Educational Programs and Policies
        amin izadpanah
        This article aims to study the role and value of children’s voices in the reformation of educational programs. This study is conducted through a critical philosophical inquiry method. The ultimate purpose of this method is the improvement of educational practice. Three More
        This article aims to study the role and value of children’s voices in the reformation of educational programs. This study is conducted through a critical philosophical inquiry method. The ultimate purpose of this method is the improvement of educational practice. Three questions are raised in this paper: 1.Why children’s voices have historically often been neglected in relation to their life matters? 2. Why children’s voices must be heard and been considered as criteria in their life matters? 3. How can children’s voices be demarginalized and exercised in children’s educational matters for the betterment educational programs? The findings show that the total rejection of childhood and its values, a deficit conception of childhood, and inadequacy and deficiency of adults’ conception of childhood are among the most significant reasons of historical ignorance of children’s voices. Prerequisites of appealing to children’s voices include: A critical theoretical revision of adult-centered approaches of childhood, rejection of the universal notion of childhood, adopting the plurality and difference of childhood and children’s voices around the world based on various cultural climates and contexts, and adhering to the equality of children’s rights and adults. Dialogue and inquiry with children are suggested as two strategies for listening to and representing children’s voices in the reformation and improvement of educational programs and procedures. These two strategies can provide us with an access to fresh and firsthand knowledge about children and issues related to their lives. Manuscript profile
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        32 - A Study of the Quality of Abstraction of Philosophical Concepts Based on the Principles of the Transcendent Philosophy
        Mojtaba Rahmanian Koushkaki Mohsen Heidari Seyyed Mohammad  Musawy
        The common view is that philosophical concepts, such as existence, unity, causality, and necessity, have no objective existence and, even if they have, Man is not capable of perceiving them. This is because Man’s encounter with the world of sensibles is through the sens More
        The common view is that philosophical concepts, such as existence, unity, causality, and necessity, have no objective existence and, even if they have, Man is not capable of perceiving them. This is because Man’s encounter with the world of sensibles is through the senses, which can only perceive sensible qualities of objects and are not even capable of perceiving all accidents. Based on these two points, the abstraction of philosophical concepts from external sensible realities seems to be totally impossible. Following a descriptive-analytic method and based on some of the principles of the Transcendent Philosophy, including the subsistence and affirmation of philosophical concepts in the outside and the quality of the existence of the soul and the quality of perceiving it, this study is intended to demonstrate that philosophical concepts are attained directly and without any intermediary from the heart of sensory perceptions. Although this theory does not exist in Mullā Ṣadrā’s works, his philosophical principles fittingly provide the context for such an explanation. Manuscript profile
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        33 - Character and Scientific Status of Mīrzā Ḥassan Kermānshāhī in Contemporary History of Philosophy and Wisdom in Iran
        Abbasali  Mansori
        Mīrzā Ḥassan Kermānshāhī (d. 1336 AH) was one of the prominent philosophers of the philosophical School of Tehran, who, despite his significant role in the history of contemporary Iranian philosophy, has remained unknown in academic communities and centers. This study a More
        Mīrzā Ḥassan Kermānshāhī (d. 1336 AH) was one of the prominent philosophers of the philosophical School of Tehran, who, despite his significant role in the history of contemporary Iranian philosophy, has remained unknown in academic communities and centers. This study aims to introduce this knowledgeable philosopher to the lovers of contemporary history of philosophy in Iran and Islamic philosophy and scientific philosophical communities relying on accurate and authentic sources. To accomplish this task, the author has tried to avoid marginal issues; however, this paper can be considered to be the most extensive study of Mīrzā Ḥassan Kermānshāhī’s character. He has also tried to introduce this philosopher’s masters and discuss the relationship between them, elaborate on Kermānshāhī’s self-study of philosophy, refer to some of his students who have rarely been named in related sources, and present an extensive analytic discussion of Kermānshāhī’s academic station regarding his vast knowledge, depth of thought and power of analysis, philosophical insight, gnostic thoughts, and teaching skills. Manuscript profile
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        34 - Investigating the Effect of Philosophical mentality on organizational Mobbing with regarding Mediating role of Professional Ethical Courage and Model Development
        Hamid Erfaniankhanzadeh Azam Babakirad Mohammad Rafati Vahid Shalbaf Yazdi
        These days, emotional issues are among the most important issues of the organization, so far as successful managers know managers who pay attention to this issue. Emotional abuse in the workplace is known as organizational mobbing and has grown widely in the organizatio More
        These days, emotional issues are among the most important issues of the organization, so far as successful managers know managers who pay attention to this issue. Emotional abuse in the workplace is known as organizational mobbing and has grown widely in the organizational environment. Researches have shown that part of this behavior is about the mentality of individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of philosophical mentality on the mobbing, and to examine whether professional moral courage can interfere with the relationship? A sample of 100 employees of the Tejarat Bank of Mashhad Branch was selected using the Cochran formula and for statistical analysis, PLS software has been used. Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by content validity method and by means of Cronbach's alpha, the reliability of the tool was evaluated. The research tools are Philosophical Mindfulness Questionnaire (Smith, 2010) and mobbing (Meralich et al., 2014) and the Courage of Professional Ethics (Sekerka, 2009). The results of the research show that the professional ethical courage of the staff mediates the relationship between the philosophical and the supportive mentality. After developing the initial model and examining the effect of demographic on the relationship between the variables of the research, it was determined that whose gender and work experience also have a moderating role in the organizational mobbing and Courage of Professional Ethics. Manuscript profile
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        35 - Islamic Philosophy’s Encounter with Western Philosophy in Qajar Period
        Tahereh Kamalizadeh
        The Qajar Period is of great significance in contemporary history of Iran from different aspects, particularly cultural and scientific ones. On the one hand, during this period Islamic philosophy and wisdom came to fruition in the new capital city with the establishment More
        The Qajar Period is of great significance in contemporary history of Iran from different aspects, particularly cultural and scientific ones. On the one hand, during this period Islamic philosophy and wisdom came to fruition in the new capital city with the establishment of Tehran’s philosophical school, and the beginning of cultural change and rationalism in this city resulted in its scientific and cultural flourishing. On the other hand, this period marked the commencement of cultural relationships with modern Europe and introduction of modern Western philosophy to Iran through the translation of educational and political texts and books. However, this event was not taken seriously by either masters and researchers of Islamic philosophy or intellectuals and did not lead to a serious philosophical challenge during this period. Using a descriptive-analytic method entailing library research and document analysis, this study investigates two main approaches to modern Western Philosophy, modernist and kalami, in Qajar Period. The focus of this paper is on the encounter of masters of Islamic philosophy with modern Western philosophy. The findings indicate the lack of a serious attention to this philosophy in the traditional field of Islamic philosophy, particularly in Tehran School and lack of any interaction with it on the part of philosophers, teachers, and researchers engaged in Islamic philosophy. Here, while criticizing this encounter and investigating its various cultural, social, and epistemological reasons, the author suggests a dialog and interaction with modern philosophy instead of banishing and ignoring it. Manuscript profile
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        36 - The Systematic Method of Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī in Confronting Critics of Islamic Philosophy
        Hesamal-din  Momeni Shahraki
        Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī can be considered one of the most prominent advocates of Islamic philosophy during the period of eclipse of thought and philosophizing. He prevented the extinction of the light of this original school of thought drawing on his scientific and ph More
        Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī can be considered one of the most prominent advocates of Islamic philosophy during the period of eclipse of thought and philosophizing. He prevented the extinction of the light of this original school of thought drawing on his scientific and philosophical support and efforts. In order to defend Islamic philosophy against its critics, he used a systematic method that resulted in a fundamental transformation in the development of Islamic philosophy and kalām. While employing some descriptive, analytic, and ascriptive arguments and certain logical and deductive analytic methods, the present study aims to explain Ṭūsī’s scientific-defensive method in facing the critics of Islamic philosophy. The findings of this study indicate that the features of his systematic method include explaining the lack of conflict of interest between philosophy and religion, entering dialogs with other thinkers, explaining Ibn Sīnā’s philosophy, criticizing the views of opponents of philosophy, synthesizing Peripatetic and Illuminationst philosophies, revealing the functions of philosophy through presenting philosophical explanations, following a rational and unbiased approach in commenting and criticism, and observing the rules of ethics in criticism. Finally, the author concludes that Ṭūsī’s philosophical intellect and rational approach provide the basis and main axis for his scientific-defensive system. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Critical confrontations between Sinavi philosophy and Ash'ari philosophy in psychology and its effect on the issue of resurrection
        Narjes  Roudgar Zahra  Ziaie Fatemeh  Sharif Fakhr
        The purpose of this research is to examine the critical confrontations between Sinavi philosophy and Ash'ari philosophy in psychology and its effect on the position of each on the issue of resurrection. In order to defend the doctrine of incarnation, the Ash'ari theolog More
        The purpose of this research is to examine the critical confrontations between Sinavi philosophy and Ash'ari philosophy in psychology and its effect on the position of each on the issue of resurrection. In order to defend the doctrine of incarnation, the Ash'ari theologians established their theological eschatology by adopting the approach of physicality of the soul and matching it with the teachings of revelation. Ash'ari's view was criticized by Ibn Sina. Ibn Sina, by formulating a new nature of the science of soul in theology and natural sciences, achieved a new result in the unprovability of metaphysical rationality and the rational proof of metaspirituality. The present study, with descriptive and analytical method, in addition to reflecting the views of each, has dealt with Ibn Sina's critical encounter with Ash'ari in psychology and eschatology. Ibn Sina opened new horizons in philosophy by creating a logical relationship between intellectual achievements and the appearances of the holy Sharia.Acceptance of physical resurrection included in Sharia and proof of pure spiritual resurrection are among these cases. With the aim of harmonizing the theological foundations and the appearances of the Sharia, Ash'areh also took a similar path with Ibn Sina, which led to the proof of the resurrection. Finally, as a result of the theoretical frictions between Ash'ari and Ibn Sina, their different views on resurrection have been formed. Manuscript profile
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        38 - Explanation of Waldorf's Spiritual Approach to Children's Education and its Critique with Emphasis on Islamic Teachings M
        Masomeh kiyani
        The main purpose of this research is explanation of Waldorf's spiritual approach to children's education and its critique with emphasis on Islamic teachings. For this purpose, the descriptive-analytical method is used to identify and describe the components of Waldorf's More
        The main purpose of this research is explanation of Waldorf's spiritual approach to children's education and its critique with emphasis on Islamic teachings. For this purpose, the descriptive-analytical method is used to identify and describe the components of Waldorf's spiritual perspective on children's education. Then, using the regressive analysis in Frankena’s method, the philosophical foundations of Waldorf's spiritual approach to children’s education are investigated. In the second part, Waldorf's spiritual approach to children's education is criticized by using the method of critical philosophical enquiry emphasizing the Islamic point of view. The results of this research indicate that Waldorf's spiritual approach pays attention to features such as: the development of children's whole beings, strengthening their artistic potentialities, developing their spiritual perception, emphasizing meaning-making and finding meaning, and freedom as the goal of education. These features are based on philosophical foundations such as: The existence of a spiritual world beyond the material world, the existence of various spiritual beings, the unity of the universe in a spiritual sense, looking at the child as a spiritual being, the repeated reincarnation of humans, emphasizing the senses, intellect, inspiration and intuition as sources of knowledge, the interaction between objectivity and subjectivity in the pursuit of knowledge, and the matching of human "I" with "Christ" as the ultimate goal of human life. In criticizing Waldorf's spiritual approach based on the Islamic point of view, it became clear that Waldorf's views on the nature of the transcendental and the belief in reincarnation are not acceptable in the Islamic view. At the same time, some educational implications of the mentioned approach, such as looking at the child as a spiritual being and honoring him, paying attention to the development of the child's whole being and especially his spiritual dimension, emphasizing artistic education and education based on the stages of child development, have commonalities with the Islamic perspective. Manuscript profile
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        39 - Re-examining the basic concepts of Descartes and Gadamer's thought and deducing its implications in education
        Mohammad Hassan  Tajdari mohammadhassan mirzamohammadi Mahdi  Sobhaninejad
        The purpose of this research is to compare the basic concepts of Descartes' and Gadamer's thought and to deduce its implications in education. The research has three questions; What are the basic concepts in the thought of Descartes and Gadamer? What criticism do each o More
        The purpose of this research is to compare the basic concepts of Descartes' and Gadamer's thought and to deduce its implications in education. The research has three questions; What are the basic concepts in the thought of Descartes and Gadamer? What criticism do each of the two thinkers have on other basic concepts? And what implications does Descartes' thought and Gadamer's hermeneutics have for education? To answer these questions, the method of conceptual analysis, comparative criticism and inference was used and it was determined that: method, science, substance, human, idea and metaphysics are the basic concepts of Descartes' thought and method, consciousness, tradition, experience and understanding are concepts. They are fundamental in Gadamer's thought. It was also stated that Descartes' method was based on the principles of objectivism and Gadamer's concepts based on philosophical hermeneutics. Therefore, considering that according to Descartes, the method of mathematics is a method that has all the advantages and benefits of logic, algebra and geometry and at the same time, is free from their disadvantages, this component is with the components of consciousness and experience of Gadamer's thought. It was criticized and since Gadamer emphasizes on the pre-structures of understanding and he believes that the search for understanding without presuppositions is futile, this component of Gadamer was criticized with the components of man and metaphysics of Descartes' thought and finally the component of Gadamer's tradition Descartes' idea was criticized with the essential components. Descartes, the philosopher and mathematician of the 17th century, put the foundation of doubt in everything and discovered a method for scientific reasoning and adjusting skeptical arguments and led to the aging of a philosophical system; Therefore, he has been considered the pioneer of western modernity. On the other hand, the axis of Gadamer's thought is "understanding" and its constituent elements, and he claims a new narrative of understanding; Gadamer considers a set of elements necessary for understanding, the observance of which makes understanding more reflective. He bridges from method to "insight" and prefers philosophical and reflective "insight" to explanatory and precise "method". Also, the findings indicated that science, method, understanding, history, tradition and human are among the educational implications of the thought of the two thinkers and since Cartesian science is based on certainty and Gadamerian science is based on interpretation. By combining these two approaches, it is possible to achieve a definition of the science of education that is both objective and interpretive. It is also possible to use both Cartesian objective methods and interpretive teaching-learning methods, and by combining these two methods, an objective-subjective method can be achieved. Regarding the concept of understanding, Descartes had an objective view on the subject of understanding and Gadamer believes in an interpretive understanding of understanding, so pairing these interpretations of understanding can lead to an interpretive-objective understanding of understanding. It should be mentioned that it is possible to base the methods of education by using scientific rules and find an answer to common unknowns in the field of teaching and learning with the help of philosophical concepts. At the same time, we should express hypotheses about new educational methods and test these hypotheses and use the experiences gained to achieve a comprehensive solution. In general, by combining the concepts of these two thinkers, it is possible to look at the human being both as a basis and as a medium in education and to achieve a unified approach based on "objectivity-interpretation". Manuscript profile
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        40 - Exploration and evaluation of the philosophical foundations of Reggio Emilia's educational theory: a view from the perspective of the Islamic approach of action
        narges sajadeh Zahra Saberi
        The current research has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the feasibility of benefiting from one of the popular pre-primary educational approaches in the world, by exploration the philosophical foundations of Reggio Emilia educational theory and evaluating it More
        The current research has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the feasibility of benefiting from one of the popular pre-primary educational approaches in the world, by exploration the philosophical foundations of Reggio Emilia educational theory and evaluating it based on the Islamic theory of action. In this regard, applying the method of conceptual analysis, linguistic analysis, and regressive logical analysis, we have deduced the basic components of the philosophical foundations of this theory and criticized them based on the Islamic theory of action. One of the results of this research is the inference of twelve philosophical components as the anthropological, epistemological, and axiological foundations of this theory, including the uniqueness and decency of children and the value of their intellectual and practical independence. In addition, the theory of Reggio Emilia has adopted a social constructivist approach to knowledge and has focused on the value of justice and democracy as its governing spirit. The results of evaluation suggest that while the Reggio Emilia educational theory has unique attributes and valuable educational advancements, it is necessary to have a careful scrutiny about it and resolve its challenging aspects before its implementation. Criticisms of this kind entail: taking a reductive approach and oversighting the spiritual essence of the child; an overly simplistic and idealistic portrayal of the child; a lack of clarity regarding realism versus constructivism, alongside potential risks of radical relativism in epistemology; as well as deficiencies in accommodating absolute and conditional values alongside the variable values in the axiological realm. To address these concerns, a reconstructive approach could entail: acknowledging an overlap relation between the spiritual and the physical dimensions, taking a balanced view on the child, positioning realism as a focal point while constructivism orbiting around it, emphasizing both absolute and conditional values, and maintaining a balanced emphasis on rationality and equity in democracy. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Philosophical and educational thoughts of Mulla Sadra and Allameh Tabatabai in order to provide a model of moral education
        Seyed Nuraddin  Hosseini Ali Asghar mashinchi Mokhtar ranjbar
        <p>The purpose of this research is to study the philosophical and educational thoughts of Mulla Sadra and Allameh Tabatabai in order to provide a model of moral education. In terms of goals, this research is practical and in terms of the method of data collection, it is More
        <p>The purpose of this research is to study the philosophical and educational thoughts of Mulla Sadra and Allameh Tabatabai in order to provide a model of moral education. In terms of goals, this research is practical and in terms of the method of data collection, it is a comparative content analysis, and for this purpose, data was first collected based on data sheets and information records. and education by Mulla Sadra and Allameh Tabatabai, their number was 80 volumes, and the ones that had the most relevance to the topic were selected with a purposeful and criteria-based sampling method. And it was done in a coding way. The tool used is in the form of recording information and extracting fiche from authentic sources, articles and documents, which is done in a library or documentary way. The method of data analysis was the method of coding (open coding, axial coding and selective coding). The findings showed that the previous research by other researchers was somewhat consistent with the results obtained in this research and some indicators and the component obtained in the present research is confirmed by the previous findings. After examining and studying the theoretical foundations and research background and documents with articles and researchers, 7 dimensions, 28 components and 72 indicators were identified in the form of the department's findings, that philosophical thought has4components and 12 indicators, educational thought has 4 components and 10 indicators, and Political4components and 9 indicators, optimal education 4components and 11 indicators, unification of attributes4 components and 9 indicators,happiness 4 components and 11 indicators and sublime wisdom 4 components and 10 indicators were identified.</p> Manuscript profile

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