DISCO

Open Access Article

1 - The Geo-discourse of Takfiri IS group and its Media Representation- with emphasis on digital media

This essay would explore the media dimension of operations of takfiri-terrorist IS group. To do so we will study the discourse making process of IS throughout virtual space and Virtual Networks. This article argues that establishing a discoursive system and articulating More

This essay would explore the media dimension of operations of takfiri-terrorist IS group. To do so we will study the discourse making process of IS throughout virtual space and Virtual Networks. This article argues that establishing a discoursive system and articulating ideational concepts that construct the positions of Self and Other and give them a hegemonic status is possible via virtual networks and with enjoying of media ploys. In this regard the main question of this essay is about the evaluation of the level of efficacy of these media arenas for IS and assesing the opportunities or by contrast the threats offered by them for IS’s activism. Our hypothesis is that virtual space is useful for IS and this group thanks to a professional approach to social networks and knowing the function of media, can establish a media terrorism by psychological operation and therefore complete its geopolitics actions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Analysis of discontinuities situation using Monte Carlo method and comparison its results with Dips software (Case study: Saidi Ornamental Quarry Stone, Kerman)
Hasibi شهرام شفیعی بافتی

Statistical and probabilistic methods to evaluate the uncertainty in the data and the validation of the answers obtained from the calculations are widely used. In this study, Monte Carlo simulation method is used in order to exactly determine the coordinates of the disc More

Statistical and probabilistic methods to evaluate the uncertainty in the data and the validation of the answers obtained from the calculations are widely used. In this study, Monte Carlo simulation method is used in order to exactly determine the coordinates of the discontinuities and the validation of the results of the Dips software calculations. In this method by considering all possible states for variables with estimation of the probability distribution function and the sampling of the variables, the final function was simulated. In this study, the data of discontinuities related to the Saidi ornamental quarry stone are used. In the first step, by the use of the Dips software, major joint sets were identified. Then for calculation of coordinates of joint sets with use of Monte Carlo simulation for each joint set, 50,000 random data of dip and dip direction were simulated. In the final step, the statistical characteristics of dip and dip direction of each joint set were identified by use of simulated data. Finally, the simulation results were compared with the results of Dips software. The results of this study show that the level of accuracy in Dips software for the dip direction of discontinuities is an average of 99.38% and for dip is an average 94.34%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Discoursive Function of Sentence Form in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi
لیلا سید قاسم حمیده نوح‌پیشه

“Form” of a sentence is one of its syntactical features that is frequently used in eloquence and discourse analysis of literary and non-literary text. This significance is caused by this fact that “form” is the chart and scheme of communicational aspect (interactional/ More

“Form” of a sentence is one of its syntactical features that is frequently used in eloquence and discourse analysis of literary and non-literary text. This significance is caused by this fact that “form” is the chart and scheme of communicational aspect (interactional/ interpersonal) in literature and clarifies the rate of certainty of author’s view and his/her relation with audience. Due to this, the form of sentence is one of most important subjects which will be discussed under the sections of predicate and composition. From 80th century in west that ideological and discourse analysis of literary (and non-literary) texts are paid due attention, modern critics emphasized that literature is non-personal and objective. They focused on the interactional function of language and considered form, the most important element in interactional function of language, worth investigating. We reviewed the condition of form of sentence in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi in limited and special manner (focusing on Zin and Saljuq/ Selçuk). Tarikh-e Beyhaqi is an artistic history that its author has a deliberate intention in keeping the mutual relation with his audience. In other hand, he had used the element of “Conversation” more than contemporary novelists. Due to this, the different forms of sentences have high frequency in his works. One can propose ideological and discourse analysis analyzing their qualities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Criticism of politicization in Contemporary Novels (Case Study of a Political Novel: My Homeland’s Secrets)1
ُseyyed ali seraj mostafa gorji

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political e More

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political events, critical discourse analysis (CDA) method is an appropriate approach in analyzing this kind of fiction. This approach focuses on form and meaning and in analyzing literary texts, it focuses also on different cultural, social, and political factors that are effective in text formation; it is for this reason that CDA theoreticians maintain that we do not deal just with lexical elements forming sentences as the main criteria for explaining meaning, that is co-text, but also beyond that, factors outside of text, i.e. situational, cultural, social and so on context. Norman Fairclough is a CDA theoretician who reviews texts in three levels, descriptive, interpretive and expressive. This method of analyzing is so useful in discovering and expressing intellectual ideas of authors and their political and social approaches. Theoretical framework of this research is based on Fairclough CDA. Research method is descriptive-analytic and it tries, based on CDA, to reflect on and reread “My Homeland's Secrets” Novel by Reza Barahini which is one the most brilliant political novels after Islamic Revolution, and reviews and analyzes main political events in Iran focusing on psychological issues like personalities and brilliant elements in it like title semiotics, images and descriptions, story’s characters (agent, passive and narrator), type of narration, design and dominant theme of story and … . Results show that this novel, as a literary text, is in interaction with Fairclough method of Discoursal action and social action and dominant hegemony and has close affinities with hegemonic discourse of three decade ago. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Poetic Word Selection of Gheisar Aminpour by Critical Discourse Analysis Approach
پریسا صالحی

Each artist may picture his/her political, social and cultural attitude in a different way, so Gheisar Aminpour was not an exception. He was one of the early revolutionary poets, who had involved in a number of ideological and religious values and had a stable belief on More

Each artist may picture his/her political, social and cultural attitude in a different way, so Gheisar Aminpour was not an exception. He was one of the early revolutionary poets, who had involved in a number of ideological and religious values and had a stable belief on revolution’s principles and public ideality, to the extent that his poetry world was conceivably produced through a certain profound ideology. The interaction between the poet, Aminpour, and the political and social transformation in his society could make any individual study his poetry world by discourse analysis approach. Since any language could be supposed as a mirror of the thought (words as the mirror of the meaning), and the words’ role as well as their selection may certainly be significant in the process of analysis, this research is specified to the study of word selection of Aminpour’s poems by critical discourse analysis. Furthermore, it has focused not only on the study of Aminpour’s poetry world in terms of historical, political and social renovation of his era but also on his words’ selection, studied here, on three descriptive, interpretive and explanatory levels. In conclusion, the hidden meaning of the words are supposed to be revealed by critical discourse analysis tools to illustrate, more or less, the ideological attitude of the poet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Traces of Ideology in the Early Literary Works of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
قدرت الله طاهری

One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has More

One of the greatest Iranian novelists is Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, who is celebrated enough in the literary society of Iran and to some extent in the world due to his creative works. He has also gone forward in his works step by step, like every other author. In fact, he has been affected by various and continually renovating discourses of contemporary history of Iran in such a manner that a part of his works has been written in response to theses discourses. In this research, the direct and indirect impacts of ideology and common discourses on Dowlatabadi’s novelettes in 40th and 50th decades are studied in terms of their being between novel and short story. These works were promising with a great author regarding to the writing of Kelidar, Missing Soluch, Bygone Days of the Elderly, although they might have a range of weak points as well. Furthermore, in choosing the themes and the characters which he has created and developed through his novelette, he may have been influenced by the ideology and discourses of his own time without being conscious. Finally, the topics used in his novelettes as well as the characters are not in harmony with their roots and their local culture, that is, they are not created for the referred culture and the characters just speak in Persian and wear local cloths without having any other common root with the country they live. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Social Aspects of Islamic Sufism, and Public Interactions within it (With a Look at the Relationships between Sufism and the Sects of ‘Javanmardan’, ‘Malamatiyeh’ and ‘Ghalandariyeh’)
علی‌اکبر کیوانفر

Islamic Sufism which first developed with a devout and mortification-oriented approach, gradually, and in accordance with the needs of the time inclined towards theorization with main focus on issues like ‘sincerity of intention’ and ‘love and self-devotion. This new a More

Islamic Sufism which first developed with a devout and mortification-oriented approach, gradually, and in accordance with the needs of the time inclined towards theorization with main focus on issues like ‘sincerity of intention’ and ‘love and self-devotion. This new approach caused Sufi teachings to be more practical in its relation to the society. Since the sects of ‘futuwwa or javanmardan’ (the Generous, chivalry, generosity; literally 'youth'), ‘malamatiyeh’ (the people of blame, self-scrutiny) and ‘qalandariyeh’ (the folk of liberal interpretation of Shari’a), illustrate parts of the popular domain of Sufism, to study them can help to figure out social characteristics of Sufism. As the teachings of ‘the generous’ were linked with the principles of Suffism, it appeared as a school for teaching piety, and asceticism to the public. On the other hand, the influence of the generous on suffi folks raised the possibility of criticism among the discourses in the scope of Islamin Suffism. ‘Malamatiyeh’ can be considered as a trail for ‘the generous’, developed to stop the corruption among the ascetics. Firmness of the theoretical framework of the inter-discourse criticism resulted in strengthening its practicality, and the development of the movement of ‘qalandarieh’ against artificial and hypocritical asceticism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Binary Structures in Dowlatabadi’s Writings: From Contrastive Mentality to Analytic Thought
نصرت حجازی شهناز شاهین

Although the critical structure of Mahmud Dowlatabadi’s narratives makes the characters appear flexible and sometimes rough, with semiotic narrative structures leading them to direct confrontation with the elements disturbing the initial order and serenity, we believe t More

Although the critical structure of Mahmud Dowlatabadi’s narratives makes the characters appear flexible and sometimes rough, with semiotic narrative structures leading them to direct confrontation with the elements disturbing the initial order and serenity, we believe that the character’s conflict with themselves and others mostly results from the contrastive mentality and the binary thought that the author’s imagination system projects against outward world of turbulence and anxiety, rather than the necessity for keeping balance between the nature and manner of the characters. Though, initially, the author’s philosophical approach to the world and the way in which his imagination system responds to it motivates him to create his fictional characters having internal and external conflicts, gradually, his mentality uses duality as a kind of dialectic experience and a place for his subjective challenges to express themselves through the story’s usual flow, in the form of an analytical-interrogative discourse, and to reveal the author’s attitude towards himself and the others, in addition to polarizing the fictional world into the fictional narration and theoretical-analytical writing. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - A Critical Study of the Validity of Gulestan Based on the Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis
سيامک صاحبي محمد‌ها‌‌‌‌دي فلاحي نسترن توكلي

With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitnes More

With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitness and implicitness of linguistic features used to express ideas in Gulestan , and to find the mystery of eternality of Sa’di’s speech. Presupposing that taking account of discourse structure can be helpful for understanding and interpreting a text, and relying on the fact that discourse is a meaningful linguistic unit having four features of systematicality, intentionality, objectivity, and being macro-linguistics, here in this article we have applied linguistic aspect of Van Leeuven’s model (1996) to find an answer to the question that what makes a work live on in cultural construction of different generations due to its linguistic features. Hence, after brief review of the relationship between literature and linguistics, we first introduce the subject and the research method. After that, critical discourse analysis and Van Livon’s model are introduced as basic concepts. This is followed by explaining the two categories of explicit and implicit features involved in Van Leeuven’s model. Dividing textual structure of Gulestan into two groups of narrative discourse-based and informative discourse-based structures, we analyze a text from the first chapter of Gulestan . Text analysis shows that in Gulestan the discourse-based features of implicitness such as deletion, passivization, de-personalization, referential and classificatory types are of high frequency in comparison with the features of implicitness. Measuring and explaining the degree of mysteriousness, we conclude that one reason for the eternality of Sa’di’s Gulestan is his use of the discourse-based features of implicitness. (Notice that here we deal with implicitness from a discourse approach not Gnostic and poetic one). This has made it possible for Sa’di to de-contextualize his narratives temporally, spatially, historically, politically; to hide their agents, actors, and patients, so communicate his own message through their speech prominently and effectively, and thereby make his work eternal for all centuries and generations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Power Relations In "Shazdeh Ehtejab" Novel
محمدعلي غلامي‌نژاد Zainab Saberpour

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power More

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power from a CDA approach. To do this, we closely studied the artistic and fictional arrangements of the text, analyzed it as a discourse product of its historical context. Considering the events and the figures of the time when this novel was written, and its social- political context reveals that the contrast between the intellectuals and the totalitarian government has drawn the author toward the meaningful selection of historical events. Under the influence of the intellectual discourse of his time, Golshiri represents the power and violence, leading to the degradation of Qajar royal family. In this way he has set a balanced analogue between his work and the social- political conditions during Pahlavi's regime. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Discourse Analysis of the Poem Peygham-e Mahiha by Sohrab Sepehri
سهیلا فرهنگی

Discourse Analysis, is an interdisciplinary study analyzing speech. Using such method, this paper is intended to study the poem Peygham-e Mahiha (The Message of the Fishes) aimed at showing the fact that analysis of speech can lead to understanding the literary works p More

Discourse Analysis, is an interdisciplinary study analyzing speech. Using such method, this paper is intended to study the poem Peygham-e Mahiha (The Message of the Fishes) aimed at showing the fact that analysis of speech can lead to understanding the literary works profoundly. To achieve such an aim, we have described and interpreted the text, its objective, and its intrapersonal structure by studying the exact word frequency in details, based on which tables have been drawn. The results reveal that this poem enjoys a dynamic and changing atmosphere and its narrative structure is regarded as its main elements for coherence. The words employed, also reveal that the poet had a strong tendency toward nature. The processes of the poem lack human partnership, and thus symbols of the poem’s loneliness and Sepehri’s decisiveness reflects his strong belief in his speech and strength of his speech. Such a speech influences the degree of speech effectiveness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Analyzing Sōvashōn themes from the viewpoint of Literary Schools and Social Discourses
حسن شاهی‌پور

This essay tries to analyze the novels written by Simin Daneshvar, specially Sovashons which is the bestseller. The essay starts with analyzing this work from literary viewpoints. As the Persian literature works are not so much adopted with the West ones, the attempt More

This essay tries to analyze the novels written by Simin Daneshvar, specially Sovashons which is the bestseller. The essay starts with analyzing this work from literary viewpoints. As the Persian literature works are not so much adopted with the West ones, the attempt has been made to recognize the initiatives and Daneshvars’ works prominent features. The themes of her works have been also analyzed from social discourse viewpoints and further her viewpoints in the recent year’s interviews and meetings are considered. It seems that the secret of readers’ intention to read Daneshvar’s works lies in the fact that she has created the prominent works by reliance on her special literary ability, aesthetics knowledge, initiative and honesty in literature creations, and also enjoys the ability for artistic and literature recreation while taking advantage of mythic heritance and Islamic valuable cultural resources. The more exact point is that she could express the realities of the national and human facts, colonialism; clear and hidden occupations comprehensively through her initiative approach and make the contemporary literature localized. It was the case while these discourses were the imitation of the material export and Marxist modes or that of nothingness due to modernism wondering and found the way into the Persian contemporary fiction. So, the modern way opened by Daneshvar, is primarily upon the principles and Iranian and Islamic Mythical heritance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE STORY OF CONFLICT BETWEEN SAADI AND CLAIMER IN REFERENCE TO THE FACTORS OF DIALOGUE
mostafa gorji

Saadi is one of the five speakers of Persian culture and literature and one of the three prophets of Persian Poem and one of the most popular poets of the world. In his collected works, Saadi is interpreting some problem and factors, which in case of fulfillment, we wil More

Saadi is one of the five speakers of Persian culture and literature and one of the three prophets of Persian Poem and one of the most popular poets of the world. In his collected works, Saadi is interpreting some problem and factors, which in case of fulfillment, we will be having an utopia and a perfect man that all these characteristics such as tolerance, humility, virtue, introspection and moreover, attention to human kind and dialogue will be dominate. This article with articulating Saadi’s contradictions in the realm of theory and practice, analysis his approach towards dialogue and it’s elements. In my view, Saadi was not pro-dialogue in the sense of Aristotelian logic. The story of Saadi’s conflict with claimer is a obvious type of this. Though this conflict has elements of dialogue in itself, but it is only in the realm of description and expression, but not in the real life and practice. According to many evidences, Saadi was not a pro-dialogue poet. It is to be noted that it is not because of Saadi’s characteristics, but, the norms of classic societies of those days. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Pathology of Ascetic Behavior in Persian Sufi Literature
علی‌اکبر کیوانفر

Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the More

Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the domain of asceticism pathology, and have identified and fixed the damage from different angles. General account of this subject reveals that damages like falling into traps of arrogance, pride, an unfaithful and tradesman- like attitude towards ascetic efforts and using hypocrisy to gain public acceptance, have been noticed by the prominent characters of this domain since the first centuries of spreading Islamic asceticism and Sufism, and it has even been accelerated as the damages expanded more. This critical intra- discoursal view which is a prominent part of the Sufi literature has been much more successful in refining the Islamic asceticism. This article tends to display the unique and special role of pathological intra-discoursal view by refining it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Discourse in “The Guest-Killing Mosque” Story in Masnavi Based on Michel Foucault’s Ideas
Ali Dehghan nazila yakhdansaz

Language and discourse are the two important elements of life that sometimes generate other elements. One of these elements is the category of “power” which itself is the cause of the creation of other processes like “threat”, “resistance”, “blame”, and “terror”. Molana More

Language and discourse are the two important elements of life that sometimes generate other elements. One of these elements is the category of “power” which itself is the cause of the creation of other processes like “threat”, “resistance”, “blame”, and “terror”. Molana Jalal Adin Mohammad Balkhi, the great poet of seventh century (AH), has been able to state the cultural, political and ideological discourses of that time in an artistic and implicit way through the characters of Masnavi stories. The main goal and domain of this research is to analyze one of the stories in Masnavi from the recent historicism point of view to shed light on its features and functions within the new definition that Michel Foucault, the French philosopher, has proposed. The discourses discussed in this research indicate the plurality of power in texts of the stories under study, and consequently in Molavi’s era. Language as a power tool is considered to be a power factor in the relationship between story characters and the society. Believe in superstition and encouraging it is considered to be the main discourse and the main code in “The Guest- Killing Mosque”. According to the discourse under studied, Molavi lives in a society which is covered by the dust of darkness. This mysterious fable reveals Molavi’s concern for such atmosphere. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The Metamorphosis of Divine Power Discourse in Persian Literature from Avesta to Mystical Texts
هادی قلیزاده فیروز فاضلی محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور

The analysis of the discourse formation of Farrah-e Izadi (divine glory) in texts belonging to different periods, with a special focus on Avesta and Shahnameh, Shows that formation of this discourse has undergone various metamorphoses. From among the vast meanings and p More

The analysis of the discourse formation of Farrah-e Izadi (divine glory) in texts belonging to different periods, with a special focus on Avesta and Shahnameh, Shows that formation of this discourse has undergone various metamorphoses. From among the vast meanings and propositions in these two works, the gift of the divine glory among Iranian kings, being divine mediators, and having a divine right to govern the people have been articulated and foregrounded as special signifiers in an interrelated and interconnected network. Other meanings of the divine glory discourse have been kept on the periphery to harmonize other properties around this central point and to reduce or block their meanings. This study shows that divine glory discourse has been formed and fixed as an obvious truth, using language strategies such as repetition of the compatible propositions, otherness, finality of its own discourse, reductionism, elimination of the rival discourse, and marginalization of lots of properties. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - The Function of Myth in the Postcolonial Discourse of Persian Novels (Analyzing Savushun, Secrets of My Native Land, The Drowned)
Nafiseh Moradi maryam آخسسثهده

A number of contemporary Iranian writers in the pre and post Islamic Revolution period focused on explaining the western colonialism and the resistance to it as the theme in their novels. These writers tried to react to the political and cultural influences of the Weste More

A number of contemporary Iranian writers in the pre and post Islamic Revolution period focused on explaining the western colonialism and the resistance to it as the theme in their novels. These writers tried to react to the political and cultural influences of the Western colonialism and imperialism through the effective use of myths in post colonial discourse. Simin Daneshvar, Jalal Ale Ahmad, Reza Barahani, Shahrnush Parsipur, Moniru Ravanipur, and Ghulam Hussein Saʽedi are among the post colonial writers. In this inquiry, the use of myth will be analyzed in three novels, namely, Savushun (Daneshvar,1970) Secrets of My Native Land (Reza Barahani,1982) and The Drowned (Ravanipur, 1990). The results of this study show that the use of political and cultural myths created by novelists based on Iranian ancient myths has an essential role in the formation of the postcolonial discourse and representation of colonial period in Iran’s history. The writers of these three novels succeeded in depicting their abhorrence of Iran’s occupation by western colonizers, and they could well show the invaders’ face and the Iranians’ resistance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - An Analysis of the Relationship between Moral Discourse and Method of Expression in Two Stories of GholamHossein Saedi
Zahra Hayati

A moral critical approach to reading a literary text can be achieved by recognizing the moral concepts and themes in the text, or by grasping the relationship between the moral discourse of the text and its aesthetic structure. New approaches in criticism emphasize that More

A moral critical approach to reading a literary text can be achieved by recognizing the moral concepts and themes in the text, or by grasping the relationship between the moral discourse of the text and its aesthetic structure. New approaches in criticism emphasize that the artistic text is based on connotations, and the meaning of the text is hidden. For this, the method of expression in literary text is of more interest than the subject. This research seeks the answer to the question that how the writer of a literary story deepens his/her own and his/her audience’s moral understanding through narrative methods. The subject of the study is Gholam-Hossein Saedi’s works. By analyzing and reviewing the researches about this writer, several conclusions can be drawn: 1. the main semantic domains to which Saedi paid attention are political, social, and psychological. In these semantic domains, the basic theme of his works is the connection of social issues with damages to individuals as well as the immorality caused by society showing traces of Marxist morality; 2. In integrating new story writing methods with political and social ideals, Saedi formed his moral discourse by aesthetic expression and narrative devices; 3. Realism is the feature of Saedi's stories’ surface structure, and integrating this feature with symbolism in the inner structure of narrative enriches the moral or immoral aspects of events; 4. In most stories, character dominates the plot, and the effect of a sick society on the immorality of a person can be depicted by tracing the characters’ actions and reactions, and visualizing their complicated minds and souls; 5. Dramatic visualization dominates rhetorical and verbal ploys, and the negative influences of an immoral action are suggested by creating an atmosphere. At the end of this article, examples of Saedi’s moral discourse and his method of expression have been presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Religious Trend in Post-Revolutionary Persian Novel
داوود شادلو Zainab Saberpour

In contemporary fiction, a new trend in story writing emerged after revolution. Its agenda was to record the religious values as human virtues. This research aims at investigating the ups and downs and changes in this trend while the diversity and multiplicity of the wr More

In contemporary fiction, a new trend in story writing emerged after revolution. Its agenda was to record the religious values as human virtues. This research aims at investigating the ups and downs and changes in this trend while the diversity and multiplicity of the writers and the works have also been considered. In this research, 15 stories of three different time periods including Islamic revolution, reconstruction and reforms have been chosen and analyzed in a targeted way to illustrate all the aspects of Iranian writers’ efforts in writing religious novels. In doing so, in order to analyze the texts and explain their relation to historical, social and political contexts, methods introduced in discourse analysis have been used with a focus on narrative components. An overview of novels in these three decades shows the general trends related to the main political and social discourses. In 1980’s, some first time novelists mostly consisted of sensational revolutionary young writers published their novels. Revolution, war and the related values were the main themes in these writers’ works, and in most of their works, religious insights have been affected by the dominant political discourse. In the second period, religious novels targeted more diverse themes and audiences, and tried to communicate their insights in a more diverse and novel ways. In the third period, the writers paid more serious attention to the artistic form for reflecting the themes which match the writers’ worldviews and approaches. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - A comparative analysis of narratives about “Rostam” and “Goshtasb” in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh (Based on the Interaction of Cyclic and Lnear Patterns of Time, in the Formation and Critical Study of the Narratives)
محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور

In Persian literature, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has been used as the resource of many researches and an interesting subject for many literary and non-literary scholars. The special multidisciplinary structure of this masterpiece and the diversity and the extent of its nar More

In Persian literature, Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh has been used as the resource of many researches and an interesting subject for many literary and non-literary scholars. The special multidisciplinary structure of this masterpiece and the diversity and the extent of its narratives provide an opportunity for different interpretations using methods like historicism, discourse analysis and narratology in contemporary research arena. Searching in historical origins, this article aims at studying the way of narrative building in narratives about Rostam and Goshtasb, and they interacted in epic. The use of cyclic pattern in codification and organization of historical narratives mainly leads to the formation of narratives with mythical and epical contents that limits and transubstantiate events and historical characters in the predetermined substructure patterns. As much as the historiography method under the influence of cyclic pattern of time leads to the ambiguity of historical origins of events and characters, identification, and repetition in this method of historiography, the linear transition of events with story-like narrating ploys, provides narratives about events with different historical and temporal origins that appear to be coherent since they are formed under the domination of cyclic perception of time, and they do not transfer the whole past. For this reason, and according to neo-historicism perspective, every historical narrative is a story about the past which is not equal to the past. After matching the dual patterns of time perception with epistemology schools of history, by using discourse and narratology approaches, this article displays how the cyclic and linear patterns influence the narratives related to Rostam and Goshtasb, and their permutations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - An Analysis of Beihaghi’s Ppolitical and Religious Views

Abolfazl Beihaghi was a clerk and writer in Ghaznavid court (Mahmood and masud) and what he wrote in his book, Tarikh, sometimes is actually the justification of the Ghaznavid’s malfunctions. In this article, using a qualitative content analysis, Beihaghi’s political an More

Abolfazl Beihaghi was a clerk and writer in Ghaznavid court (Mahmood and masud) and what he wrote in his book, Tarikh, sometimes is actually the justification of the Ghaznavid’s malfunctions. In this article, using a qualitative content analysis, Beihaghi’s political and religious views are studied. Beihaghi’s main views which have been studied in this research are theocracy and fatalism, consolidation of the discourse of the higher power, stabilization of the governmental structure, confirming evaluations with compromise, repression of the opponents, and religious fanaticism. Abolfazl Beihaghi has shown in his book, that the principles and substructures of Ghaznavid government and empire are based on the political principles and biography (Sira) of the prophet of Islam and Islamic Caliphs. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - A Critical Review and Analysis of the Narrative Technique in a Story of the Golestan of Saadi
mostafa gorji

One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest th More

One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest the value of the previous works, but also helps today’s writers in achieving the effective narrative techniques. Discovering the deeper layers of the Golestan of Saadi demands deep thinking, and through reviewing and reinterpreting it, new literary potentials can be found. This research aims at a critical study and analysis of narrative discourse and the structure of narration in the story about a young boxer in the third chapter of Golestan. It shows how much Saadi has been successful in induction of his beliefs through finding the proper forms related to them and based on the assimilation of form and content, he creates a piece of work which has different dimensions of a literary work all together, a work which satisfies the audience through different eras. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Critical Analysis of Governmental Discourse in the First Chapter of Saadi’s Bustan

Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”, and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten More

Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”, and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten chapters of Bustan, the first chapter “On Justice, council and administration of government” was selected for the analysis of the governmental discourse because many stories and anecdotes mentioned in this chapter are about the administration of government and social relationships while in the other eight chapters just a few number of stories address government and relations between the essential elements of the society. The data gathered (stories in the first chapter of Bustan) is analyzed based on a critical discourse analysis approach. Among the critical discourse analysis theories, the methodology introduced by Norman Fairclough is chosen according to which the analysis of the three dimensions of text, discourse and society is based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: Although Saadi’s Bustan is considered a book written to support the government of that time, and it’s not an anti-government text, Saadi’s point of view towards the government which is accompanied by the emphasis on the welfare of the poor, and the development of the country is very interesting. This can be perceived by considering both the discourse analysis data and the social conditions of that era. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Common Discourses in Suhrawardi's Era and the Narrative Construction of "Moones Al Oshagh"
gholamreza shamsi parsa yaghoobi janbesaraei

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from More

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from “the First Intellect” or “Aghl’ e Avval”, and mixed it with the names of the characters and the events in the romantic-mystical story of Joseph and Zoleikha. The researchers under the influence of Sheikh’s illuminationist viewpoint present a philosophical-mystical analysis of this narration without getting involved in the political and social aspects hidden in the deep structure of this work. Social and political events and generally the co-text and the context of situation reinforces the assumption of the existence of political and ideological thoughts in Sheikh's works, and in this story. Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach is one of the most comprehensive methods to study the ideological attitudes of the texts. Analyzing this story by this method in three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation shows that Suhrawardi has described and criticized three common discourses in his era in this story, which are manifested in mystical texts under the terms "Shariat", "Tariqat" and "Haghighat". Through selecting characters, places, collocations, opposite words and metaphoric and symbolic aspects, he enriches the discourse of the second group as the dominant discourse. The discourse of the second group is a symbol of his own ideological discourse that has been emerged through the allegorical character of love and the historical figure of Zoleikha. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Representation of Religious Characteristics of the Islamic Revolution Discourse in Top War Novels
hashem sadeghi manouchehr akbari

This study has aimed to examine the religious characteristics represented in Persian war novels from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysi. To do so, the religious identity of warriors in their conduct with prisoners of war, discursive presuppositions about such More

This study has aimed to examine the religious characteristics represented in Persian war novels from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysi. To do so, the religious identity of warriors in their conduct with prisoners of war, discursive presuppositions about such issues as sacrifice and martyrdom, and the attitude of warriors towards such issues as represented in Persian prominent war novels have been analyzed. The results of the study revealed that the interdiscursivity of Persian war novels is composed of religious teachings and defense strategies. Furthermore, it was found that the Islamic Revolution discourse has articulated a religious semantic system based on Islamic ideological signifiers such as Jihad, sacrifice, martyrdom etc., and that it has consolidated the meaning of discursive signifiers by modeling the ‘eventof Ashoura’ , reference to the Quran, and utilising positive comments about martyrdom and consecration of that, thus facilitating the hegemonization of this discourse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - A Critical Analysis of Women’s Role in Sindbad-Nameh
Shiva Kamali Asl Habibollah Abbasi effat neghabi esmat khoeini

Literature is a mirror that reflects the culture, and fictional texts are an appropriate ground upon which these cultural reflections in a variety of fields, including issues related to female status could be examined. In this research, two anecdotes were selected from More

Literature is a mirror that reflects the culture, and fictional texts are an appropriate ground upon which these cultural reflections in a variety of fields, including issues related to female status could be examined. In this research, two anecdotes were selected from Sindbad-Nameh to analyze the female role. Although the text of Sinbad-Nameh has been produced in a historical misogynistic context, there are many examples of the female power in it. This paper, with a descriptive-analytical approach, studies the text based on Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method, at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, to analyze the mechanisms of the representations of the female power. As a result, it was concluded that the women in this work have an active and powerful presence and that their active role in shaping the anecdote process is evident. Also, despite the negative attitude towards women, the signs of their hidden power can be observed. In this work, Women use intangible means of power such as language, tact, intelligence and politics to achieve their goals and if the ways to gain the constructive and lofty goals are closed to them, that power is sometimes misused. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Discourse analysis committed and social literature Based on the ideas of Akhavān-Sāles
Maryam Musharraf kulthum Miriasl

Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in More

Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in contemporary literature which is analyzed in this paper, using Laclau and Mouffe’s method. Here, the formation of this discourse and Akhavān-Sālesʾs approach to it has been studied. It is shown in this paper that the relationship between literature and society causes Akhavān-Sāles as subject to be influenced by linguistic and non-linguistic discourse functions and the power behind the discourse. He consolidated his discourse system by creating deconstruction in rival discourses (Moje-no, Individual Romance, and Formalist Literature) and understanding the empty pointers of non-own discourses (literature's attention and commitment to people and society). In the semantic system of his own discourse, he considers society and its needs (as an independent variable) including art and literature (as a dependent variable) and by emphasizing the centeral pointer of one’s own discourse, he defines other floating pointers (such as art, artist, Ghazal, poem and poet). Using some strategies mentioned in this research, he seeks to strengthen his own discourse and weaken non- own discourses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Rightward Scramblingin Translation (From Persian Language to English langugae)
Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam Vida Shaghaghi Mojtaba Monshizadeh Seyyed Hussein Piri

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents se More

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents seem essential to improve their translation accuracy and quality. Therefore, this study which is of descriptive-analytical and corpus based aims to investigate the impact of rightward scrambling on Persian clauses and analyze their English translated equivalents. To this end, 297 Persian rightward scrambled clauses out of 5247 clauses were collected and analyzed along with their English translated equivalents within Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014). The results show that rightward scrambling makes marked themes through rearrangements of themeta-functions. However, the translators have not paid enough attention to these clauses. In addition, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014) can be efficient means of evaluating the translation accuracy of these clauses into English. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Critical Discourse Analysis of Samad Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale
alireza moghadam

“Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing disco More

“Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing discourses and the social structure that produces these discourses, offers a different conception of education and how discourses reflect the concepts of education.This research attempts to show how children's fictional literature influenced by the existing discourses and the social structure producing these discourses, affords a different conception of education and how discourses play a role in reflecting the concepts of education. In this study, an attempt was made to review, analyze and explain the story of Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale from Norman Fairclough’s approach. Our goal is to show what discourse or discourses the text is referring to by accurately analyzing the story and what relationship does this text establish between education and the social and political dimensions? Situational context reinforces the assumption of the author's ideological point of view. The result of this research, based on the analysis of critical discourse, is that Behrangi in this story has described and criticized four common contemporary discourses, namely authoritarianism, nationalism, religion and the Marxist left. The fourth discourse is Behrangi’s dominant and dependence discourse. In this work, Behrangi tries to make his discourse superior to other discourses by choosing specific words, characters, places, and metaphorical aspects.The themes of education in this story are often influenced by the left discourse and other common confrontational discourses and are formed in opposition to the discourse of the system of domination (the discourse of tyranny). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - The Prammaticalization of the Verb "goftan" In New Persian
Mehrdad Meshkinfam Elham Izadi

One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This pap More

One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This paper aims to investigate the pragmmaticalization of the verb "goftan" (i.e. sayying) in New Persian. In order to investigate more exactly, we have divided New Persian into two separate periods: Early New Persian and Modern Persian.In early New Persian, the verb "goftan" functioned as the main lexical verb in the meanings of "to say" and "to name”, expressed the concept of inductive modality and also participated in impersonal constructions.In Modern Persian, in addition to conserve previous functions, this linguistic element is evolved into a discourse marker through pragmmaticalization.In this new function, "goftan" also appears in two other forms as "migam" and "begu" and functions as initiating discourse, changing the topic, and referring to new information. The token frequency of "migam" is more than "begu".The research data has been extracted from the books written in Early New Persian language, internet, and TV movies.Because discourse markers are mostly found in the spoken variety, the TV movies have been chosen in order to investigate functions of the verb "goftan" as a discourse marker in Modern Persian. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Representation of hegemony and anti-hegemony in thediscourse of Bahar's "Jomhoori"poem based on Antonio Gramsci's views
reza ghanbari abdolmaleki ailin firooziyan

Hegemony is generally defined as a kind of intellectual-cultural leadership that is applied to the majority of people by a dominant group. In the meantime, the anti-hegemonic groups have a kind of discourse that it conflicts with the accepted values of the government. I More

Hegemony is generally defined as a kind of intellectual-cultural leadership that is applied to the majority of people by a dominant group. In the meantime, the anti-hegemonic groups have a kind of discourse that it conflicts with the accepted values of the government. In order to advance goals, the dominant discourse tries to gain hegemony; and the marginal anti-hegemony groups also design some strategies to hegemonized their discourse. This study uses the content analysis method based on Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony in order to analyze the discourse of Malekalshara's Republic poem in which he produces both hegemony and anti-hegemony. In this poem which has two different meaning, Malekalshara apparently agrees with Reza Khan's Republican discourse, but in fact he challenges Reza Khan new political order through language strategies implicitly. The two different semantic faces of a text structure, leads to textual contradiction which is taken into the consideration in this poem. This article studies the hegemonic process of the republican system by approaching the bahar discourse and also examines Reza Khan's behaviors in cultural hegemonic processes in order to create a new political order. Our theoretical foundation for entering the channel of discussion, as stated earlier, is Antonio Gramsci's hegemony theory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Discursive function of "Zindiq": Pahlavi literature and Arabic and Persian Texts of
Alireza Heydari Mojtaba Monshizadeh Faezeh Farazandehpour

In this article, using the approaches related to "critical discourse analysis" (CDA), the function of the word "Zindiq" (heretic) over time has been studied.Apparently, this word was used for the first time in Sassanid Pahlavi literature in the inscriptions of Cartier ( More

In this article, using the approaches related to "critical discourse analysis" (CDA), the function of the word "Zindiq" (heretic) over time has been studied.Apparently, this word was used for the first time in Sassanid Pahlavi literature in the inscriptions of Cartier (Zoroastrian dogmatic priest) about the Manicheans who were oppressed and killed by this person.The word "Zindiq" was then used in Pahlavi, Arabic, and Persian literature to drive out and suppress ideological dissent.According to Foucault's classification of "exclusion" methods (in 1970), presumably, the derivation of "zand" to the Avestan root of zan- (to know) in "Zindiq" had been hidden by Zoroastrian priests in Sassanid period.In this study, it becomes clear that according to Fairclough (1995)'s three-layered model in discourse analysis and "intertextuality", relying on the texts of a period, the discourse function of words such as "Zindiq" is not understood or it is hardly possible to understand the discursive functions of this word in the texts of one area.It will also become clear that over time, Zandik's rejection of the discourse will expand, and that the leaders of any discourse, along with their followers, will often expel their opponents on Zandik charges in order to gain hegemony over their ideology.According to Laclau and Mouffe's (1985) theory of discourse, from during the juridical discourse of Sasanian period and later on, the new meanings were added to this word (Zindiq) by different "elements". Consequently, the function and meaning of "Zindiq" changed from “interpreter of Avesta” to innovator (heretic), sinister, magician, etc.Thus, the implications of lexical jurisprudence are useless without CDA for understanding the meaning and function of "Zindiq". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Post Marxism and "Post Marxism
Mohammadreza Tajik

Why shall we be rethinking Socialist project today? As the answer to this question, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe try to take an active, conscious, and not a passive, unconscious role in the contemporary history. They choose as their goal, a (relatively) clear separ More

Why shall we be rethinking Socialist project today? As the answer to this question, Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe try to take an active, conscious, and not a passive, unconscious role in the contemporary history. They choose as their goal, a (relatively) clear separation from the conflicts they take part in; and understanding the changes that happen in front of their eyes. At the last analysis, they find out that it is necessary to use Derrida's deconstruction method to challenge the structure and the foundation of Orthodox Marxism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Internet and Radical Democracy: Introduction to the Formation of Radical Virtual Democracy
Meisam Ghahreman Majid Abbaszadeh Marzbali

Pluralist radical democracy of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe is a way to end any kind of innate thought about political life; a way in which sporadic powers, parallel hegemonies and as a result various discourses are formed. Discourses whose predicates’ capacities t More

Pluralist radical democracy of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe is a way to end any kind of innate thought about political life; a way in which sporadic powers, parallel hegemonies and as a result various discourses are formed. Discourses whose predicates’ capacities to satiation and saturating can turn them to hegemonic discourse; but something which seems very important in this radical democracy is that as a result of cultural development due to post-modernism and language games, otherness and plurality in society must be reserved in contest form. Authors believe that against the real world, this kind of contest can be applied in virtual space; hence we call it radical virtual democracy; a radical democracy which has great abilities to affect social and political life; therefore, the main question of this article which we try to answer is that, how is the formation and realization of radical virtual democracy caused by Internet? The hypothesis of the current writing is that the virtual space of Internet with its unique features like hypertext, hyper-network, interactional action and the decentralization of medium power which is assured by two features of access possibility to virtual identity and technical and non-exclusive skilled facilities, has the ability to form radical virtual democracy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Political Sociological Analysis from Discourse Perspective: Rationale and Epistemological Outcomes
علي حسن‌پور Aliapshraf Nazari

In recent years, due to evolutions like globalization, expansion of communication, and the formation of new social movements, classic concepts of political sociology like state, ideology, power, groups and social system, class and so on undergone deep changes; so that i More

In recent years, due to evolutions like globalization, expansion of communication, and the formation of new social movements, classic concepts of political sociology like state, ideology, power, groups and social system, class and so on undergone deep changes; so that is seems Marxist theories, positivism and behaviorism theories, Weberian analysis of society and state, elitism, functionalism, pluralism and corporatism all seem to be unable to analyze the contemporary societies. In recent years, the discourse theory could make connections between elements like power, ideology and culture and found many applications in different areas of humanities especially political sciences. It is attempted in this article, after comprehending the discourse theory, the nature of state, the base of social groups’ formation, power, culture, “new social movements” and kinds of discourses quarrel in social area to turn into the hegemonic discourse, to review and analyze the role of subject in political struggles and “status of state” from the perspective political sociology. Some of the most significant results of this study include: the outweighing of culture as the arena of struggle and encounters, attending to “representations”, the plurality of views and interests, desegregation of different areas of society and bringing the power conflict into society and “street” spaces and so on. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Language, Power and Ideology in Norman Fairclough’s ‘Critical’ Approach to Discourse Analysis
جهانگیر جهانگیری علی بندرریگی‌زاده

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) started in the early 1990s and has become a well-established field in the social science in the twenty-first century .CDA can be defined as a problem-oriented interdisciplinary research program. In general, power, and especially institu More

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) started in the early 1990s and has become a well-established field in the social science in the twenty-first century .CDA can be defined as a problem-oriented interdisciplinary research program. In general, power, and especially institutionally reproduced power, is central to CDA. The purpose of CDA is to analyze opaque as well as transparent structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and control as manifested in language. CDA states that discourse is an instrument of power. The way this instrument of power works is often hard to understand, and CDA aims to make it more visible and transparent. A critical discourse analysis should not be a discourse analysis that reacts against power alone. It should be an analysis of power effects, of the outcome of power, of what power does to people, groups, and societies, and of how this impact comes about. The deepest effect of power everywhere is inequality, as power differentiates and selects, includes and excludes. CDA is an approach to the analysis of discourse which views language as a social practice and is interested in the ways that ideologies and power relations are expressed through language. It wants to understand how language is used to create, maintain and challenge power relationships and ideologies. Norman Fairclough is one of the most famous thinkers of CDA. He seeks to develop ways of analyzing language which address its involvement in the working of contemporary capitalist societies. He is working in a tradition of critical social research which is focused on better understanding of how and why contemporary capitalism prevents or limits, as well as in certain respects facilitating, human well-being and flourishing. Such understanding may, in favorable circumstances, contribute to overcoming or at least mitigating these obstacles and limits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Discourse Analysis of Iran and Iraq War
Heidar Shahriari

Islamic revolution that provided a new discourse in Iran socio-political area carrying a new discourse in foreign policy too that it contained concepts like against-arrogance (Istekbarsetizi), Jihad, poor government and … . but it did not take long from beginning that I More

Islamic revolution that provided a new discourse in Iran socio-political area carrying a new discourse in foreign policy too that it contained concepts like against-arrogance (Istekbarsetizi), Jihad, poor government and … . but it did not take long from beginning that Iran encountered a destructive war from Iraq’s Baath’s regime that analyzing, explaining and interpreting it in different theories and approaches, can indicates its different aspects. In line with it, the main question is that what is the reason of occurring Iran-Iraq war? The forward hypothesis is that the area and context of conflict among Islamism discourse in Iran’s foreign policy and geopolitics discourse in Iraq’s foreign policy, on the one hand, and the conception and interpreting of Iraq’s commanders about Islamism discourse and its existing situation, on the other hand, caused the occurrence. The findings of this essay that is in form of library and documental method indicate that antagonism of Iraq’s geopolitics discourse (with revolution exportation contrast, Pan-Arabism and security signifiers) toward Islamism discourse of Islamic revolution (with revolution exportation, fighting against arrogance and national interestssignifiers) is clearly observable and what made Iraq as the war beginner, was Iraq’s officials conception aboutIran’s political instability situations at that time and the opposite discourse conflict with Iraq’s discourse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - From Class Paradox to Discursive Gap: Reviewing the Classic Marxist from Laclau and Mouffe Post-marxist View
سید صدرا حسینی

Any school of thought throughout its history undergoes many changes and fluctuations. The complexity of the recent modern capitalist societies made the new Marxists to revive the opponents’ position of capitalist system. Laclau and Mouffe are among post-Marxists who are More

Any school of thought throughout its history undergoes many changes and fluctuations. The complexity of the recent modern capitalist societies made the new Marxists to revive the opponents’ position of capitalist system. Laclau and Mouffe are among post-Marxists who are engaged in this attempt. Their criticism of the classical Marxism is due to its dogmatic features and its one-sided and biased analyses. By proposing the concepts of discourse, articulation, mobile identities, hegemony and discursive gaps and conflicts, Laclau and Mouffe try to compensate for the one-sidedness of Classical Marxism which summarizes in economic determinism, class identities, class struggles, and social class gap. These changes are made to increase the effectiveness of Marxism in their analysis of recent modern and complex capitalist societies. The aim of this article is to survey the process of change of Classical Marxist thoughts to Laclau and Mouffe’s post-Marxism. Firstly, there will be a discussion about decentralization of the society following the Post-Marxist perspective, which substitutes the economic determinism in the formation of social order, and secondly, the study points to the idea of antagonism which is a shared concept in both Marxism and Post-Marxism views. The Classical Marxism viewed politics as the class conflict which is lost in the ultimate Communism of class conflict that resulted in a classless society. However, Laclau and Mouffe’s post-marxism points to the endless political conflict and considers it as an everlasting element of the society, and it deems the radical democratic policy as an element that preserves such a conflict. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Discursive Analysis of Apartheid in Israel
محمدحسن شیخ الاسلامی صارم شیراوند ميلاد اديب سرشكي

Apartheid means separation and segregation and separate development of geographically diverse ethnic groups. In light of the passage of liberal and Marxist theories of discourse analysis, this article reviews the nature of apartheid policies in the occupied territories More

Apartheid means separation and segregation and separate development of geographically diverse ethnic groups. In light of the passage of liberal and Marxist theories of discourse analysis, this article reviews the nature of apartheid policies in the occupied territories since 1948. The article attempts to answer the question that what was the articulation and Israeli Apartheid discourse formation process? The research hypothesis is that Apartheid discourse in the time of articulation, exploited from identity making and equivalence by relying on Judaism to use as an instrument for achieving its political benefits. The dialogue seeks to create a new meaning system through the bond of various identities in a common project. Based on this , social order is comprised of different scattered elements. These different and sparse elements consist of the external elements and forces are immigrants who settled in Palestine. In fact, Zionism, integrated floating identities and deserted Jewish elements to create identity and meaning system in the Occupied Territories through power mechanisms for legitimizing and abrading. This article is in two parts, the first part is due to the emergence of ethnic groups and geographic expansion and In the second part Israeli society by addressing a public space and assess the gaps and crises, stagnation, discourse hegemony and the emergence of competing discourses of Post Zionism is checked. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - The multi-layer model of analysis of 11th presidential elections
saeed nariman

the presidential elections in Iran have always surprised the political analysts and experts. Through the analytical investigations of 11th presidential elections of Iran , both at the level of Iranian and also foreign analysts, it has become clear that the most of this More

the presidential elections in Iran have always surprised the political analysts and experts. Through the analytical investigations of 11th presidential elections of Iran , both at the level of Iranian and also foreign analysts, it has become clear that the most of this surprise is due to the one-factor and one- dimensional analyses and there is no model that can investigate all effective layers and dimensions in the elections’ results. So this essay is determined to study the 11th elections by means of 3-layer model that its most internal layer is discursive level of elections, its medial layer is based on the relative deprivation theory that tries to illustrate the social and economic circumstances of society and its outset layer, studies the description of the field level of elections and presents the personal, political and social factors that are effective in the elections results Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Siyasat-nama and Discursive Turn in Iranian Political Thought; the Speech Act Analysis of Siyar al-mulûk
hamdollah akvani

The relation between author and social context in discourse turn of Iranian and Islamic political thought is a matter of great concern. The social contexts of 7th to 9th centuries created new condition which in turn paved the ground for change and development of Irania More

The relation between author and social context in discourse turn of Iranian and Islamic political thought is a matter of great concern. The social contexts of 7th to 9th centuries created new condition which in turn paved the ground for change and development of Iranian and Islamic political philosophy and its discursive turn. In response to this change and political contexts of Iranian-Islamic society, emerged three schools of thought among the thinkers of this period. Al-Mawardi and introducing of caliphate system, Al-Ghazali with Islamic justification of authority of the Kings in order to reconcile between caliphate and kingship and, finally, Nizam al-Mulk by Siyasatnama (The Book of Government) who tried to pass the caliphate system and articulate a new discourse. Relying on the Iranian tradition of Ideal King, Nizam al-Mulk tries to justify kingship with an expedient approach. Such a conflict is distinguishable in Siyasatnama. Within this book, there is a conflict between three discourses: caliphate, kingship and religious discourse of resistance. This paper is going to verify the hypothesis that Nizam al-Mulk has played the role of “poiltical subjective” in the discursive transformation from writing Shariatnama (Islamic laws) to Andarzname (Book of advice). He uses three lingual strategies in order to play subjective situation role: to omit caliphate discourse by “concealing” it, and highlight the kingship discourse by excluding other discourses of resistance that are traceable in the book. The methodology of the article is a combination of Laclau and Mouffe discourse theory and micro-level approach of Van leeuwen discourse Analysis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - The Ratio of Globalization and Justice in the Political Thought of Anthony Giddens and Emmanuel Wallerstein
hassan abniki

Globalization is one of the key concepts in political science and sociology, which has become one of the major discourses in the literature of these two areas of social sciences. Many thinkers referred to it as the “Discourse of Globalization,” which is a discourse that More

Globalization is one of the key concepts in political science and sociology, which has become one of the major discourses in the literature of these two areas of social sciences. Many thinkers referred to it as the “Discourse of Globalization,” which is a discourse that can measure the proportion of many concepts in political thought in relation to it. One of these concepts is justice. Justice, with any definition, is the starting point for discussing globalization. Is it possible, in principle, to expect justice to be realized under the globalization discourse? In other words, what is the relation between justice and globalization? To answer the question, this paper addresses the views of the two thinkers of the globalization era, Anthony Giddens and Emmanuel Wallerstein. Essentially, I argue that Giddens believes in the Kantian assumption that justice is inherent in globalization, and only with the creation of a civil society in the current era, societies can attain globalization. On the other hand, Wallerstein rejected this claim and placed justice in the age of globalization under the overshoot of the capitalist system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - Discourse Analysis of The Relation between Political Theory and Political Action in Ancient Greece
Ali Alihosseini r w alireza aghahosseini

Contemporary approaches interpreted political theory as ignoring political reality, lacking a real problem and more subject of the abstract and metaphysical dignity. The research is opposed to this view and attempting to interpret political theory as engaging in politic More

Contemporary approaches interpreted political theory as ignoring political reality, lacking a real problem and more subject of the abstract and metaphysical dignity. The research is opposed to this view and attempting to interpret political theory as engaging in political reality. For this purpose, this study intends to present a discursive conception of ancient Greek political theory and its relationship with political action - as a criterion of political reality. For this reason, the writers, first of all, look at the genealogy of the conditions for the emergence of political theory in ancient Greece. Then, by choosing the concept of polis as the central sign of ancient Greek political theory, explaining the centrality of this concept. The following section attempts to reveal the relation of discourse of the polis with the fundamental elements of the ancient Greek political theory. The last issue is about the quality and the relationship between political theory and political action in ancient Greece. This research uses the assumptions of discourse theory to support its claim. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - Political Psychoanalysis and Discourse:Traumatic Propositions and Hysterical Subjects in Neo-Reformist’s Discourse (2013-2019)
Mahsima Sohrabi Mohammad Reza Tajik Mansour Mirahmadi

Psycho-analysis has been concentrated on the unconscious dimensions of political subjects. Accordingly, the main political discourse of each society is considered as the “Other” in corresponding with Lacan’s psychoanalysis that is considered as the “Other” which can cre More

Psycho-analysis has been concentrated on the unconscious dimensions of political subjects. Accordingly, the main political discourse of each society is considered as the “Other” in corresponding with Lacan’s psychoanalysis that is considered as the “Other” which can create hysteric subjects due to traumatic propositions. In the other words, in the case of the existence of any divergence between the metaphorical space of the discourse as the “Other” with the concrete realities of the society, it will lead to the activation of its symptomatic aspect. In fact, such crisis is taken into consideration as the significant security penetration in pluralist societies under the classification of passive defense by virtue of triggering dynamic energy of the mass and their canalization by the external and aggressive counter-discourses. This condition can jeopardize the “National Security” in each society. The current survey by recognizing the prominence of this subject has focused its duty to anatomize and find out the traumatic statements in the Neo-Reformist’s discourse, in the course of 6 years (2013-2019) to scrutinize the reason for the formation of hysteric subjects. To do so, this research has examined the Neo-reformist's discourse based on Lacanian psycho-analysis school and Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse analysis as its method. The results of this article demonstrated the conspicuous divergence between the metaphorical constellation of the Neo-reformist’s discourse in confrontation with the concrete realities of Iran’s society that terminated in transformation its statements into traumatic ones and hence, creation of hysteric subjects that displayed their protestation towards malfunction of this discourse within different reincarnating movements. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Discourse analysis of Persian language and literature education based on semantics, in order to Expand Cultural Diplomacy (case study: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Georgia)
soheila Rezaie Mehr Abbas Ali Vafaei davood sparham gholamreza mastaliparsa

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra- More

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors. Discourses are a kind of language of power relations due to the use of language and linguistic power. Since coherent and common meanings and themes (Semantics-based) that are crystallized in language are also prominent manifestations of cultural power; the authors of this article sought to explain it on the basis of semantics and discourse analysis in the development of cultural relations. The most important findings of this study indicate that in the approaches of semantic discourse analysis based on common celebrities in the field of common (non-linguistic) civilization, themes, mental and especially mystical schemes between common Iranian and Turkmen celebrities are evident. It also has mystical and moral schemas for Iran and Uzbekistan, which can be of interest for the public. The themes and mental schemas of the Shahnameh and the themes of some of the love poems or even the themes of Omar Khayyam's poems, which have been most welcomed by Georgian scholars, can be considered in writing Persian language textbooks in Georgia to provide deep cultural ties with friendly countries in the field of common civilization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Analysis and Evaluation of Techniques for Myocardial Infarction Based on Genetic Algorithm and Weight by SVM
hojatallah hamidi Atefeh Daraei

10.7508/jist.2016.02.003

Although decreasing rate of death in developed countries because of Myocardial Infarction, it is turned to the leading cause of death in developing countries. Data mining approaches can be utilized to predict occurrence of Myocardial Infarction. Because of the side effe More

Although decreasing rate of death in developed countries because of Myocardial Infarction, it is turned to the leading cause of death in developing countries. Data mining approaches can be utilized to predict occurrence of Myocardial Infarction. Because of the side effects of using Angioplasty as main method for diagnosing Myocardial Infarction, presenting a method for diagnosing MI before occurrence seems really important. This study aim to investigate prediction models for Myocardial Infarction, by applying a feature selection model based on Wight by SVM and genetic algorithm. In our proposed method, for improving the performance of classification algorithm, a hybrid feature selection method is applied. At first stage of this method, the features are selected based on their weights, using weight by Support Vector Machine. At second stage, the selected features, are given to genetic algorithm for final selection. After selecting appropriate features, eight classification methods, include Sequential Minimal Optimization, REPTree, Multi-layer Perceptron, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors and Bayesian Network, are applied to predict occurrence of Myocardial Infarction. Finally, the best accuracy of applied classification algorithms, have achieved by Multi-layer Perceptron and Sequential Minimal Optimization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - Confidence measure estimation for Open Information Extraction
Vahideh Reshadat maryam hourali Heshaam Faili

10.7508/jist.2018.21.001

The prior relation extraction approaches were relation-specific and supervised, yielding new instances of relations known a priori. While effective, this model is not applicable in case when the number of relations is high or where the relations are not known a priori. More

The prior relation extraction approaches were relation-specific and supervised, yielding new instances of relations known a priori. While effective, this model is not applicable in case when the number of relations is high or where the relations are not known a priori. Open Information Extraction (OIE) is a relation-independent extraction paradigm designed to extract relations directly from massive and heterogeneous corpora such as Web. One of the main challenges for an Open IE system is estimating the probability that its extracted relation is correct. A confidence measure shows that how an extracted relation is a correct instance of a relation among entities. This paper proposes a new method of confidence estimation for OIE called Relation Confidence Estimator for Open Information Extraction (RCE-OIE). It investigates the incorporation of some proposed features in assigning confidence metric using logistic regression. These features consider diverse lexical, syntactic and semantic knowledge and also some extraction properties such as number of distinct documents from which extractions are drawn, number of relation arguments and their types. We implemented proposed confidence measure on the Open IE systems’ extractions and examined how it affects the performance of results. Evaluations show that incorporation of designed features is promising and the accuracy of our method is higher than the base methods while keeping almost the same performance as them. We also demonstrate how semantic information such as coherence measures can be used in feature-based confidence estimation of Open Relation Extraction (ORE) to further improve the performance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

48 - Agency and Passivity of women in the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab"
زينب صابرپور

In the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab", the confrontation of tradition and modernity in the contemporary history of Iran in relation to the status of women is in the focus.In this paper, the female characters of this novel,especially the novel’s heroine, Toubaa, have be More

In the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab", the confrontation of tradition and modernity in the contemporary history of Iran in relation to the status of women is in the focus.In this paper, the female characters of this novel,especially the novel’s heroine, Toubaa, have been analyzed from the perspective of agency or passivity in relation with tradition andit has been shown that the desire for women autonomy and activism is suppressed through the processes of education and punishment.This paper is in the field of critical discourse analysis and its theoretical framework has been driven from Simone de Beauvoir’s views on femininity in her book, "The Second Sex", and the textual analysis has been done based on systemic-functional linguistics.The achievements of this research show that in this novel the contrasting pair of agency and passivity is represented in relation to the duality of tradition and modernity,and the process that Beauvoir calls "learned passivity" is institutionalized in the existence of women from childhood by the agents of tradition, in various social institutions, the most important of which is the family.Also, textual analysis indicates that this passivity has been best reflected in the language of the text. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - Rational Fundamentals for Absoluteness of Collective Knowledge
Seyed Abolqasem Naqibi Mohammad Hossein Soheily

Abstract:The fundamentals of absoluteness of collective knowledge can be accurately explained in two separate categories: First, absoluteness of collective knowledge in rational terms, i.e. free from practical canonical principles. Second: Absoluteness of collective kno More

Abstract:The fundamentals of absoluteness of collective knowledge can be accurately explained in two separate categories: First, absoluteness of collective knowledge in rational terms, i.e. free from practical canonical principles. Second: Absoluteness of collective knowledge in terms of Sharia law and with a view on those principles. This paper intends to study the first section. To that end, prohibition of the conclusive discord and the necessity of the conclusive consent has been studied. In the course of these discussions, it will become clear that although the prohibition of the conclusive discord is easily provable, proving of the necessity of conclusive consent has only two logical solutions: First, the rule of incumbency that is attributable only according to Mohaqeq Araqi’s theory of interpretation of collective knowledge. Second, absoluteness of the probability of religious duty in each segment of the collective knowledge that will be accurate only based on the negation of the rule of indecency of punishing the one who has not received the penal warrant. Also in this paper, attempts have been made to provide responses to the doubts posed by the opponents of the prohibition of the conclusive discord and the necessity of conclusive consent and the refutation expressed by Shahid Sadr to the rule of punishment of the one who has not received the penal warrant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

50 - Searle and the Logical Status of Fictional Stories
Gholamreza Hosseinpour

Searle basically draws attention to the subtle differences that exist between different types of verbal verbs.According to him, speaking or writing in a language is the performance of a very specific type of spoken verb, which is called illocutionary acts.In this respec More

Searle basically draws attention to the subtle differences that exist between different types of verbal verbs.According to him, speaking or writing in a language is the performance of a very specific type of spoken verb, which is called illocutionary acts.In this respect, the existence of a narrative discourse poses a problem for one who believes in such a view; That is, how can we understand a work of fiction, even if the author's seemingly violates some important rules of language use?Searle's great effort, in this context, is to analyze the concept of fiction but not the concept of literature. In fact, the aim is to explore the difference between fictional and serious utterances not to explore the difference between figurative and literal utterances.According to Searle, The author of a work of fiction pretends to perform a series of illocutionary acts, normally of the assertive type. He believes what makes fiction possible, is a set ofextralinguistic, nonsemantic conventions that break the connection between words and the world established by the semantic rules of speech acts and in the same sense, the pretended performances of illocutionary acts which constitute the writing of a work of fiction consist in actually performing utterance acts with the intention of invoking the horizontal conventions that suspend the normal illocutionary commitments of the utterances. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine, analyze and critiqe Searle's view of the logical status of fictional discourse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - Psychology of Egyptian Nationalism Based on the Discourse Analysis of "Yousef Shahin" Autobiographical Films
Naeem Sherafat Valiollah Barzegar Klishomi Mohammad Reza Jalali Seyed Abdul Amir Nabavi

This article, by accepting the hypothesis of confusion of the soul and mind of the Arab intellect in the nationalist revolutions of the Arab countries, seeks to analyze the behaviors and actions of the Arab nationalist man in the face of others in the revolutionary disc More

This article, by accepting the hypothesis of confusion of the soul and mind of the Arab intellect in the nationalist revolutions of the Arab countries, seeks to analyze the behaviors and actions of the Arab nationalist man in the face of others in the revolutionary discourse of Nasserism. Arab nationalism in the four autobiographical films of Egyptian director Youssef Shahin Based on the method of discourse analysis and in the theoretical framework of Jacques Lacan's subject psychology. The young revolutionary intellectual of Egypt in the 1950s and 1960s is attracted to the signifiers of the discourse of Nassirist nationalism due to ideological and identical cleavages resulting from centuries of domination by transnational and proxy systems; A discourse that was initially thought of as an infinite matter (reality) and the manifestation of the utopia and the place of realization of the repressed desires of the Arab man (subject), but over time, the contradictions between the slogan and practice in the mentioned discourse became known to all and as a Discourse and the imposed (symbolic dimension) were forcibly accepted by the emerging dictatorship of Arab nationalism. The young revolutionary intellectual who was once fascinated by this discourse, after seeing the defeat and humiliation of Arab nationalism in the war with Israel and the financial and moral scandal of its commanders, suffers a lot of pain and longing (jouissance). But, because of their fascination with this discourse, hides them and after a while, like his father (Nasserist discourse), he experiences a similar tyranny. The main question of this article is why the behavior of the Egyptian revolutionary intellectuals changed from freedom-seeking to tyranny? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

52 - Disciple relationship and meaning in asrar nameh and elahe nameh
Mansour Nik Panah

Attar and mysticism two strings are woven together for the development of both the other groups. In fact, the evolution and development of the Persian mystic Attar through mysticism, particularly through the efforts of Attar's poetry. Henchman place and meaning in the w More

Attar and mysticism two strings are woven together for the development of both the other groups. In fact, the evolution and development of the Persian mystic Attar through mysticism, particularly through the efforts of Attar's poetry. Henchman place and meaning in the works of Attar and the type of interaction and dialogue were the encapsulation of a strong manifestation of his works. Therefore, in this article we are going to work in a divine meaning and purpose Asrarnamh to Attar's view of the status of our deal and how discerning disciple Guidance. What is certain though narrative anecdotes and quotes the poet can be flexible in this regard affect. In this regard, the tables have tried to show how this relationship. In total, thanks to a narrative that is both visible effect of the differences between the two poles of mysticism in these two indices achieved. Finally, the distinctions of the attitude expressed in the above worksy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

53 - Exemption from punishment in Islamic jurisprudence between ethical, educational and legal interactions
mahmood malmir

One of the criminological aims of the criminal is to target social reform and train the offender, in addition to reducing the effects of crime. Experience has also shown that it is more than just the size and weight of the upper body that has the unpleasant consequences More

One of the criminological aims of the criminal is to target social reform and train the offender, in addition to reducing the effects of crime. Experience has also shown that it is more than just the size and weight of the upper body that has the unpleasant consequences of unnecessary, unnecessary, unnecessary consequences. Therefore, the criminal justice system, by adopting an auspicious penal policy in light crimes, in addition to reducing the density of criminal cases, increasing the time of judges to handle more precise cases, reducing the number of criminal cases, reducing the burden on the government. And refusing to be labeled in the first place has been ethical and educational orientation and social reform. In this descriptive-analytic article, we discuss what constitutes impunity in Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic law and its relation to ethics and personal education and social reform Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

54 - Discourse-Quran Based Reasons of the Polarity of Trinity and Monotheism
Ahmad Mohammad

This paper clarifies that: on the one hand ,the holg book Quran confirms Gospel and it also ratifies the Jesus Christ,s phrophesy , his divine invitation and his being created.The divine teachings of the Christ in the Gospel carrespond with Qoran. On the other hand,i More

This paper clarifies that: on the one hand ,the holg book Quran confirms Gospel and it also ratifies the Jesus Christ,s phrophesy , his divine invitation and his being created.The divine teachings of the Christ in the Gospel carrespond with Qoran. On the other hand,it negates the matter of Trinity and the distortion of monotheism (believing in One God) done by Christians during the process of time . From the discourse point of riew ,in some verses as they deal with mono theism and christranity ( Knowing of Hi jesus Christ) ,it explicitly and critically falsifies believing in Trinity and God,s bringing children and that the jesus Christ is the son of God with presenting ten rational and traditional reasons . Quran also proves that this belicf is nothing but blasphemy and various Gods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - The discourse of the quran in order to fight hoard
Masoumeh Mirzajani Bijar,pasi Roghayyeh Sadeghi Nayyeri Alireza Abdul,Rahimi

This research, using a documentary method and using a descriptive-analytical method, has investigated the stages of Qur'anic discourse on the fight against economic corruption in hoard. The nature of the hoard was explained in such a way that it is Stocking goods and g More

This research, using a documentary method and using a descriptive-analytical method, has investigated the stages of Qur'anic discourse on the fight against economic corruption in hoard. The nature of the hoard was explained in such a way that it is Stocking goods and goods needed by the people for the purpose of shortage of goods and price increase, in which one of the most important economic mistakes that the Holy Qur'an introduced to the society of the society, and its prevalence and promotion in warning communities It provides the basis for the collapse of societies through the violation of the rights of individualsa and Increase inflation.The results of the research show that in spite of the novelty of the Qur'anic discourse problem in the fight against hoard, considering the importance of the economy in human societies and all aspects of human development, and the consistency of society in its economy, The incidence the consequences of this mistake are discussed. Discourse designing the design of economic utility identified is based on the teachings of the Qur'an in order to maintain the Quranic values and norms in the community and become a religious thought to the common literature of society and people's lives. To this end, the Qur'an's discourse is to combat the corruptions of the hoard by a gradual approach which first began with the knowledge and introduction of society and then, through the promotion and modeling of values and culture, and the explanation of the consequences of discourse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - The analysis of the discourse of Imams' Imams by the Taqiyah method based on John Searle's Theory of Speech Action
marzieh barzan Karim Najafi Barzegar azghar quedan Shsan Qurishi

In this article, we intend to examine the discourse of the Imams (as) on the issue of taqiyya, relying on John Searle's theory of speech action, which is within the domain of discourse analysis. Taqiyya is a Shi'a theological-jurisprudential doctrine and a historical ap More

In this article, we intend to examine the discourse of the Imams (as) on the issue of taqiyya, relying on John Searle's theory of speech action, which is within the domain of discourse analysis. Taqiyya is a Shi'a theological-jurisprudential doctrine and a historical approach to preserving the existence of a minority against the majority. One of the Imam's (AS) campaigns in the Umayyad and Abbasid era is the method of 'taqiyyah'. According to the requirements of time and place, the Imams used taqiyyah to fight the enemy and advance the cause. John Searle has explored the relationship between language and society from a philosophical perspective. Searle's theory of spoken action has different functions, and one must pay attention to their secondary meaning in understanding fragments. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question of how the Imams (as) used discourses with their secondary meanings and more than what actions. Have they spoken a word? Examination of the research data shows that according to the theory of "verbal verbs", Sir Imam (AS) has used expressions that have a secondary meaning in mind and that the spoken, emotional speech acts have been used to further their goals. And persuasion was most used, while not benefiting from declarative and accrual action. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - The meaning of life from the Islamic point of view and its relation to lifestyle
zari pishegar Morteza Samanun mohamad esmaeil said hashemi enayat sharifi

Does life have meaning? What is the meaning of life? Question about the meaning of life has a history as long as human’s life. One of the most important meanings in the phrase “the meaning of life" believed by Abrahamid's religions is that the meaning of life is equival More

Does life have meaning? What is the meaning of life? Question about the meaning of life has a history as long as human’s life. One of the most important meanings in the phrase “the meaning of life" believed by Abrahamid's religions is that the meaning of life is equivalent to the very purpose of life. The next question is that whether humans generate the meaning in their lives? Or the meaning exists per se and should be discovered by human? In the first case, the meaning of life becomes a fake matter and in the other case it becomes a real one. The divine religions, with the most decisive responses, are the best means to save humans from uncertainty and vanity in life. In the present study, the chosen viewpoint is that life becomes meaningful by the recognition of God and being connected to him. When the meaning becomes clear, then it would be the time for selecting the manner and type of behaviors and objectives in life. There is a strong connection between the meaning and the style of life. In this regard, some of the intellectuals’ opinions and viewpoints have been provided here. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - The meaning of life from the Islamic point of view and its relation to the lifestyle
zari pishegar Morteza Samanun mohamad esmaeil said hashemi enayat sharifi

Does life have meaning? What is the meaning of life? Question about the meaning of life has a history as long as human’s life. One of the most important meanings in the phrase “the meaning of life" believed by Abrahamid's religions is that the meaning of life is equival More

Does life have meaning? What is the meaning of life? Question about the meaning of life has a history as long as human’s life. One of the most important meanings in the phrase “the meaning of life" believed by Abrahamid's religions is that the meaning of life is equivalent to the very purpose of life. The next question is that whether humans generate the meaning in their lives? Or the meaning exists per se and should be discovered by human? In the first case, the meaning of life becomes a fake matter and in the other case it becomes a real one. The divine religions, with the most decisive responses, are the best means to save humans from uncertainty and vanity in life. In the present study, the chosen viewpoint is that life becomes meaningful by the recognition of God and being connected to him. When the meaning becomes clear, then it would be the time for selecting the manner and type of behaviors and objectives in life. There is a strong connection between the meaning and the style of life. In this regard, some of the intellectuals’ opinions and viewpoints have been provided here. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - The Configuration of Time and Narration in Asfar-e-kateban by Aboutorab Khosravi
parvin salajegheh

Thinking about the issue of "time" and trying to make tangible the type of its passage on man, has always been the attention of scientists of various sciences, especially, thinkers in the field of humanities. However, showing the passage of this concept, especially in t More

Thinking about the issue of "time" and trying to make tangible the type of its passage on man, has always been the attention of scientists of various sciences, especially, thinkers in the field of humanities. However, showing the passage of this concept, especially in the field of understanding it in the cycle of seasons and the transition of life from youth to old age, gives a sort of understanding of the presence and impact of time on phenomena, but more than anything, its traces can be found in works of art and literature, especially in stories and novels, which depict events with the help of narration. In this regard, this article is an attempt to investigate, analyze and track the way time works in the novel "Asfar Kateban", written by Abu Torab Khosravi. By using special narrative techniques and using the discourse of history, narrative and literature, this work has succeeded in displaying a special type of structuring of time in a kind of transhistorical discourse. This article is done in two parts. The theoretical part was written based on the theories of time from scientists in this field, and the second part has analyzed the type of function of time in this novel, considering the theoretical issues. The results obtained in this study indicate the type of function of time, history and narrative in a transhistorical discourse in this novel. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - Dominant Discourses on Childhood and Childhood Studies: A Review of Iranian Society
Maryam Sha’ban

Background and Aim: The current research seeks to identify different discourses in the field of childhood and childhood studies, as well as to discover the dominant discourse on the field of childhood in Iranian society. Method: The method of the research is qualitativ More

Background and Aim: The current research seeks to identify different discourses in the field of childhood and childhood studies, as well as to discover the dominant discourse on the field of childhood in Iranian society. Method: The method of the research is qualitative and was done using document analysis. Results: In this research, after identifying different discourses in the field of childhood from the perspective of thinkers and texts in the field of childhood, the Iranian society have been investigated; The results show that in the Iranian society, among the three discourses, needs, law (legal) and quality of life, in the field of childhood, the legal discourse is dominant. Therefore, the dominant discourse of childhood in contemporary Iranian society is the legal discourse. Conclusion: The dominance of legal discourse on childhood and childhood studies in Iran has led to the creation of structural constraints and popular demands for more legal protection for children. The most important structural and active situation in the discourse of children's rights in Iran is the formation of the national authority of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the expansion of associations for the protection of children and their rights. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - Syntactic Stylistics of Ahmad Gazali's Sawanih- Al-Oshaq & Ruzbehan Baqli’s Abhar- Al-Ashiqin
azadeh sharifi

Sawanih- Al-Oshaq by Ahmad Gazali is the first Persian Sufi masterpiece written about Love. The writer has redefined love beyond its divine or earthly meaning and built a Sufi discourse with love as its central concept. This love discourse was followed and grown up by n More

Sawanih- Al-Oshaq by Ahmad Gazali is the first Persian Sufi masterpiece written about Love. The writer has redefined love beyond its divine or earthly meaning and built a Sufi discourse with love as its central concept. This love discourse was followed and grown up by next writers such as Ruzbehan Baqli, who wrote Abhar-Al-Ashiqin. Complicated language and literary values caused the content of those treatises to be neglected, so in Persian Sufi research tradition these texts were introduced as poematic, personal treatises without a specified ideological frame. Utilizing the devices of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) such as " context of situation' and the analysis of ideational metafunction, has shown the declaratory and theoretical aspect of these two texts. Moreover, the formation of love discourse in 6th century A.H. was represented by comparing both texts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - Constitutive discourse and triple discovery; rationality, ideology and power )Case study of 25 journals from Tabriz constitutional revolution (
DR abolfazl ghanizadeh

Discourse is a force that emanates from a relationship of three, rationality, ideology, and power, and is used for political action. With the identification of triples, rationality, ideology and power, one can discover the ontology of discourse, and vice versa, through More

Discourse is a force that emanates from a relationship of three, rationality, ideology, and power, and is used for political action. With the identification of triples, rationality, ideology and power, one can discover the ontology of discourse, and vice versa, through the discovery of discourses, it can be traced to the trios of time. Since the introduction of the term Constitutionalism into the political literature and the quadruple functions of discourse, whether compulsion, critique, concealment and eventually legitimization or decriminalization in the interaction of rationality, ideology and power in the field of literary competence, especially the field of press, was realized through analysis and analysis The discourses that were heated through congressional publications in Tabriz were trivial in the constitutional period. In this regard, in the present study, 25 journals from the period of constitutionalism between the peak years have been selected and selected from different perspectives, content, approach and goals. Conclusion: Monarchism, intellectuals, including liberalism and socialism, clergy, including orthodox, jurisprudential recitations and the dominant triune of modern society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - The conceptual metaphor and socio-political discourse of Samad Behrangi (A case study of the " Beetroot boy " story)
DR abolfazl ghanizadeh

Metaphor is the mapping between the corresponding realms (origin and destination) in the conceptual system. Metaphor using primary, secondary and final validation as well as persuasive power, by enhancing knowledge confidence in metaphorical cognitive system, using sou More

Metaphor is the mapping between the corresponding realms (origin and destination) in the conceptual system. Metaphor using primary, secondary and final validation as well as persuasive power, by enhancing knowledge confidence in metaphorical cognitive system, using source domain and employing effective communication channel, as well as adhering to textural indices and applying rhetorical auxiliary strategies to development and enhancement. The semantic coefficient (conceptualization and discourse) of the text helps. The present study examines the persuasive role of Samad Behrangi as a metaphor in the creation of socio-political discourse in "The Little Boy's Story". After presenting a brief introduction to the research concepts and explaining the persuasive role of metaphor in producing socio-political discourse The story concludes that the source (intuitive) source of Samad Behrangi's metaphors in "The Little Boy's Tale" is the cruelty of the target and the scope of the social inequality and the overwhelming class distances stemming from the social-democratic political system. By producing these mappings in public opinion, the author contributes to the development of social justice by changing the ruling system of society. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - Revisiting Social Discount Rate and its Calculating & Applying Approaches
َAmir Hossein Mozayani

In most inter temporal analysis in order to make current and future figures comparable, discounting is inevitable. It is applicable not only in private sector analysis but in public ones. But due to intrinsic differences among these two sectors (such as projects time ho More

In most inter temporal analysis in order to make current and future figures comparable, discounting is inevitable. It is applicable not only in private sector analysis but in public ones. But due to intrinsic differences among these two sectors (such as projects time horizon and intergeneration affairs, externalities, market failure and …) discount rate would be different in public sector as it is known as Social Discount Rate. It defined as the rate in which society evaluate current welfare/ consumption regarding to future one. The nature, scope and approaches to the social discount rate calculation and the countries experiences (including Iran) is the main theme of this article. Finally we led to some applied recommendations, as follows: Countries should take into account their own economic, social, institutional and social conditions in calculating discount rate. Finally, having the unique procedure at the national level in the field of choosing social discount rate is highly recommended for public sector institutions and organizations Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

65 - Liberal rationality and the Formation of environmental crises (with emphasis on the Rio+20 document)
osman hedayat asrin faizi

From the early decades of the twentieth century, the pressures of industrial and agricultural development visibly threatened the environment and environmental issues were rethought simultaneously with development issues. The history of development issues as a specific s More

From the early decades of the twentieth century, the pressures of industrial and agricultural development visibly threatened the environment and environmental issues were rethought simultaneously with development issues. The history of development issues as a specific subject dates back to the after of World War II, and development theories in this period have emerged in the form of economic development and modernization. This issue is derived from Western modernity and its dominant ideology i.e. liberalism, tends to move toward the unification of humanity based on liberal values and the elimination of diversity in the world by claiming the universality of their values. The basic hypothesis of this study revolves around this idea that with the advent of Western modernity and capitalism and their dominant ideology i.e. liberalism, changes have taken place both in this school and in the developmental discourses that were born and emerged of liberal rationality over development of the environment. Presumably, we have shown that this has been achieved through the self-examination and rethinking of liberalism itself. Using the analysis of Laclau and Mouffe discourse and development theories in the field of environment, ie theories - production treadmill, metabolic theory and degradation treadmill theory - to a reading of sustainable development and its manifestation, the Rio+20 document as a buoyancy sign that in that discourse of liberalism, there is a crisis and a break, we have dealt. The results show that liberalism as a rationality that has sought to formulate environmental, economic and social crises in the dimension of sustainable development, has failed and this has caused the environmental crisis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - A Critical Analysis of Abdulrazzaq Lahiji’s View of the World of Suspended Ideas
Zakaria Baharnezhad

Believing or not believing in the world of suspended Ideas is one of the philosophical problems which affects philosophers’ approaches and methods in conducting their studies. Hence, it is necessary to examine this problem more profoundly following a new approach and be More

Believing or not believing in the world of suspended Ideas is one of the philosophical problems which affects philosophers’ approaches and methods in conducting their studies. Hence, it is necessary to examine this problem more profoundly following a new approach and benefitting from original and authentic sources. In the same vein, the present paper is intended to, firstly, present a clear picture of the “world of suspended Ideas” and its difference from “Platonic Ideas” in Suhrawardi’s view. Next, the author explains Hakim Abdulrazzaq Lahiji’s view of Suhrawardi’s world of suspended Ideas and presents his critique in this regard. Finally, he tries to respond to Lahiji’s criticisms. The author does not believe that he has covered all the details with respect to the theme of this paper; however, he can claim that no reliable research or critical study has ever been conducted on Hakim Lahiji’s view of the theory of suspended Ideas. Mulla Hadi Sabziwari, the theologian philosopher, provided some responses to Lahiji’s criticisms in his book of Asrar al-hikam; nevertheless, his responses are not conclusive, and they are very difficult to understand. It is hoped that this study opens the way for a new series of research activities in this regard. The author also hopes that future studies on the world of suspended Ideas will not suffer from the potential deficits of this study. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

67 - Determination of Private DG Energy Sourced Electricity Purchasing Price by DISCOs with Considering the Capacitor Placement and ENS Costs
B. Rezaei M. S. Ghazizadeh V. Vahidinasab

After the restructuring and privatization of the electricity industry, the main purpose of the DISCOs is to increase their income, according to the existing laws. The existence of private distributed generation (DG) units in the distribution network and the possibility More

After the restructuring and privatization of the electricity industry, the main purpose of the DISCOs is to increase their income, according to the existing laws. The existence of private distributed generation (DG) units in the distribution network and the possibility to buy additional electricity of DG with a less price than the wholesale market, capacitor installation, payment of energy not supplied to customers, the cost of energy losses and voltage drop problem in the distribution network, has created opportunities and challenges for DISCOs that are looking for adopting a suitable strategy for higher profits. In this paper, as the first scenario, it is depicted that when there is no DG unit in the network the increasing in the DISCO’s income is achievable by optimal allocation of both fixed and switched capacitors. In the second scenario, this is done by determination of the maximum acceptable DG energy sourced electricity purchasing price with a known location, and in the third one, by determination of the purchase price from the DG while the locating has been done by the DISCO. Simulation studies are done on a 20kV 18-bus distribution network in Rasht city, and the results are presented at the end. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - Social and cultural impact assessment of city of Tehran’s homeless shelters
سمیه مومنی هادی درویشی

The purpose of the study is to assess social and cultural impacts of Homeless Housing Assistance Center of Tehran Naft District 5th District Municipality And providing Corrective and compensatory solutions to make this project work better. The descriptive-analytical met More

The purpose of the study is to assess social and cultural impacts of Homeless Housing Assistance Center of Tehran Naft District 5th District Municipality And providing Corrective and compensatory solutions to make this project work better. The descriptive-analytical method has been used with stakeholder analysis approach to achieve this goal. On the one hand, it can be said the negative impact of Farahzad Valley’s neighborhoods on the function and the image of the businessman by regarding the geographical scope of the impact of the surrounding environment of Homeless Housing Assistance Center On its function as The main focus of the social damage is the Naft area By creating urban defenseless spaces, The presence of homeless people And trash exacerbation On the function and the image of Homeless Housing Assistance Center And on the other hand, in the social domain, one can claim that If one of the main goals of the construction of Homeless Housing Assistance Center is to prevent the deaths of addicted and homeless people in public roads and to preserve urban furniture and to eliminate these people from the city’s face rather than rehabilitation, The findings and data of the research indicate the success of the 5th District Municipality in creating a comfortable dormitory space for clients. But, in the end, two main damage to the function of the Homeless Housing Assistance Center can be identified: 1. becoming Homeless Housing Assistance Center to Permanent residence of clients and their precipitate and 2. Discontinuing the Empowerment Cycle of Clients and as a result the loss of Retrospective nature of the collection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - Discourse Analysis: Ideology or Method? Reflections on the Philosophical-Ideological Foundations of Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis
Mari Eftekharzade Farhad soleiman-nezhad

In this paper, it will be argued that, contrary to the prevailing practice in Iran from the mid-1990s to the present, Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis (FDA) cannot be used separatelyas a mere method in various fields of humanities andwithout considering its philosop More

In this paper, it will be argued that, contrary to the prevailing practice in Iran from the mid-1990s to the present, Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis (FDA) cannot be used separatelyas a mere method in various fields of humanities andwithout considering its philosophical-ideological bases. FDA stems from his particular ideological perspective of the course of modern times from the renaissance to the end of the enlightenment (14th to the 18th century) and derives from particular philosophical and ontological sources that Foucault deeply believed them. In other words, there is an organic unity between FDA, as a method, and its philosophical content, and the fact that Foucault turned to Discourse Analysis and adopted it as a seemingly new method in analyzing the history of the new age was notarbitrary but a deliberate choice. In fact, it came from his own philosophical logic; alogic that is consistent with G. W. F. Hegelian historicism, which Foucault ostensibly opposed.Hegelianism, with its deterministic logic, develops an organic view of history that is consistent with Foucault's structural and institutional view of power. . On the other hand, Hegelian historicism does not place importance on the role of humans in the formation of historical events, and this feature is also fully compatible with Foucault's theory of the subject's death.Thus, one can use Foucault's discourse analysis only as a method of analyzing various subjects if one firmly believes in its ideological foundations, such as the death of man. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

70 - Pathology of Religious Education Discourse in the System of Formal Education of Iran

Religious education with its concomitant attempt at shaping a single, uniform identity among the younger generation has always been the concern of our educational system over the past thirty years.To deal with this matter, the aim of this study is, first, to survey the More

Religious education with its concomitant attempt at shaping a single, uniform identity among the younger generation has always been the concern of our educational system over the past thirty years.To deal with this matter, the aim of this study is, first, to survey the dominant discourse of religious education with its subsidiary discourses of campaign against cultural invasion and the localization of sciences in post revolutionary Iran and, second, to investigate the pathology of the above discourse, particularly from the perspective of religious education. To achieve this purpose, the present investigation, using an analytical approach, surveying the history of the above discourse and categorizing the data thus obtained, attempted to review the Islamic education discourse over the past thirty years and critically evaluate its consequences. The results of the survey point to the fact that excessive emphasis on social engineering and attempt at forming a single uniform religious identity, the inculcation of an attitude for imitation through indoctrination, formalism, and a “quarantined” education are the dire consequences of the above discouse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

71 - Historical Discourse Analysis of the Birth of Modern School in Terms of Power Relations

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the historical discourse of the birth of the modern school in terms of power relations around the lives of children. The method used in this essay is Critical Discourse Analysis of Michel Foucault. In order to achieve the pur More

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the historical discourse of the birth of the modern school in terms of power relations around the lives of children. The method used in this essay is Critical Discourse Analysis of Michel Foucault. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the formation of new schools is analyzed from Foucault's point of view and his commentators. According to this description, a transformation has occurred from a body-based abstinence to institutional development of child care and school development. The most important discourse developments include the advent of modern childcare practices, the concealment of punitive care around children, and ultimately the expansion of modern power over the child's soul. Then, the power relations were analyzed based on a documentary analysis of the discursive approach to childhood and education. The results show that the birth of modern school and different branches of knowledge such as child psychology and sociology that shaped educational knowledge were the result of the evolution of the underlying social, economic, and demographic policies and disciplinary technologies and did not necessarily lead to the freedom of children. Therefore, the lives of children depend on the liberation not from institutions, but from the domination systems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

72 - Critical Analysis of Educational Justice Components in Ideologicalization and Constructive Discourses
yahya ghaedy akbar salihie

The present article has been written with the aim of analyzing and criticizing the components of educational justice in the discourses after the Islamic Revolution with emphasis on the discourse of ideological and constructive. For this purpose, some of the direct state More

The present article has been written with the aim of analyzing and criticizing the components of educational justice in the discourses after the Islamic Revolution with emphasis on the discourse of ideological and constructive. For this purpose, some of the direct statement and some governmental and educational texts and approvals in the two mentioned periods have been studied and criticized by Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method. As can be seen from the analysis and interpretation of the texts, these discourses, although somewhat different in terms of educational justice, political and value positions, but in terms of textual and hyper-textual analysis, act more on the need and in the dimension of justice. Lack of budget, maintaining relations of hierarchical order, centralism, ambiguity and contradiction in opinion and practice, weakness in functionalist use of religion along with other ideas, internal and external unrest, limited internal and external interactions, conservatism, dominance and superiority of intellectual and value positions of the upper echelons of the system and as the most important factor and obstacle compared to other cases, including the most significant internal constraints and external barriers in providing the requirements for educational justice, especially at the qualitative level and it shows the inconsistency of the goals and programs proposed with the real relations and goals of the government. Consequently, If, in terms of motivation and cognition, there is no change in the intellectual positions of the ruling group as a source of authority and policy at all levels, change at other levels will not be possible as requirements for the effective realization of educational justice, especially at the qualitative level. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

73 - Discourse Analysis of Teacher Education in the Rule of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Reza Haqverdi Susan Keshavarz Alireza Mahmoudnia

In this paper, teacher education discourse has been analyzed in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Research assumes the governance discourses that have been articulated after the Islamic revolution, have defined teachers' semantic systems that have placed the political, econ More

In this paper, teacher education discourse has been analyzed in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Research assumes the governance discourses that have been articulated after the Islamic revolution, have defined teachers' semantic systems that have placed the political, economic, and social position of teachers in power structures. These semantic systems include a central signifier for teacher education discourse that other signs being articulated around it. The research questions are: what have been the central signs of teacher education in the governance discourse formed after the Islamic Revolution? And what were the backgrounds of teacher education discourses after the Islamic Revolution? This research is based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory mode through document mining. According findings of the research, the central sign of teacher education in the governance discourses after the Islamic revolution of Iran are: Revolutionary teacher training, teacher training as a government agent, political development of teacher, fundamental reform in teacher education, teacher education as a theoretical and practical model according to the Islamic standard system. The wide discourse of the Islamic Revolution has had a lasting impact on the process of teacher education. Also after drafting the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) and the Document of Teacher Education and the Provision of Human Resources in the Formal and Public Education Subsystem, teacher education has been viewed as a strategic position in the education system with a long-term and forward-looking approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

74 - The sociologically study of the Cohabitation in Tehran City
Masoumeh Motlaq mahdieh ghoreishi

The purpose of this research is the sociologically study of cohabitation phenomenon in Tehran city. In recent years, family institution has experienced many changes which one of them is known cohabitation as a new emerging style of common life. According to nature and s More

The purpose of this research is the sociologically study of cohabitation phenomenon in Tehran city. In recent years, family institution has experienced many changes which one of them is known cohabitation as a new emerging style of common life. According to nature and subject qualitative research is considered and a purposeful method of sampling and snowball sampling are applied for achieving to theoretical saturation; therefore, in this research 60 person of that experienced cohabitation in 17th Area of Tehran were interviewed. The analyzing of data is based on grounded theory method. The impact factors in the phenomenon of cohabitation can be classified in three categories. The findings show that the following factors have the most impact, including; economic factors (unemployment, lack of job security, costs of marriage) legal factors (the responsibility of marriage, unfair contract between partners and so on) social factors (social changes, generation oppositions, sexual abnormalities and the increasing of conflicts in the society). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

75 - Place of Intuitive Method in Islamic Philosophy
Rasoul Naderi

Islamic philosophy is mainly identified by its use of demonstration and method. However, a study of philosophical texts in Islamic tradition indicates that the intuitive method holds an important place in this field. This method employs gnostic intuition and unveiling i More

Islamic philosophy is mainly identified by its use of demonstration and method. However, a study of philosophical texts in Islamic tradition indicates that the intuitive method holds an important place in this field. This method employs gnostic intuition and unveiling in order to attain certain knowledge. The intuitive method was used in all the three major schools of Islamic philosophy; nevertheless, it was employed systematically and in an organized fashion for the first time in the Transcendent Philosophy. While emphasizing the use of rational method, Mullā Ṣadrā has also benefitted from the intuitive method to a large extent. The functions of this method are employed in two contexts: discovery and justification. In the context of discovery, Muslim philosophers have utilized the intuitive method to explain new philosophical problems and present a correct picture of some philosophical issues. In the context of justification, they have used it to discover middle terms, unveil fallacies, reconstruct demonstration, amend conclusions, and demonstrate rational arguments. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

76 - Critical Discourse Analysis of the Peace in Afghanistan Education Based on The Constitution of the Islamic Republic Period
alishah fayegh Ramazan Barkhordari Alireza mahmmudnia

In the current study, the problem of peace in the education of Afghanistan, based on the official documents of Islamic Republic period has been analyzed. But because the use of language has different complexities and is related to external areas, this study has used the More

In the current study, the problem of peace in the education of Afghanistan, based on the official documents of Islamic Republic period has been analyzed. But because the use of language has different complexities and is related to external areas, this study has used the method of critical discourse analysis according to Fairclough's approach along with considerations of Laclau and Mouffe. The main source of this analysis is the document of The Constitution of Afghanistan in the period of the Islamic Republic. At the same time, other authoritative documents and texts have been used to develop and deepen the analysis. The result obtained from this analysis shows that the official documents do not have a single discourse; rather, they contain various discourses without having a specific central signifier, in the form of a discourse order. The most important discourses identified in these documents consist of "Islamism", "democracy", "racism", and "nationalism", which are formed around the main signifiers of "Islam", "people", "race" and "nation". This multiplicity of discourses causes the construction of the identity of peace in the documents to be composed of various signifiers and multiple and incoherent constructs, that cannot be actualized because of the antagonism involved among these signifiers and constructs, consequently, it does not fulfill peace education. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

77 - The Multiple Formations of Religious Education`s Curricula Against Social Forces in Islamic Schools During the Second Pahlavi Period
irandokht fayyaz zahra minaei narges sajadeh mohammadreza javadi yehaneh

This article illustrates how the curricula of religious education were formed vis-a-vis social forces in the Islamic schools during the second Pahlavi reign. Utilizing historical discourse analysis and examining four schools as case studies, we argue that these encoun More

This article illustrates how the curricula of religious education were formed vis-a-vis social forces in the Islamic schools during the second Pahlavi reign. Utilizing historical discourse analysis and examining four schools as case studies, we argue that these encounters led to four kinds of knowledge formation: "the generalization of religious knowledge" in the schools of the Islamic Education Society, "rational verification of religious knowledge" in Alavi School, "scholarly comparison of religious knowledge" in Kamal School, and "the systematization of religious knowledge" in the Refah school. The first formation faced the foundations of other rival religious discourses by emphasizing the Qur'an, the confrontation of jurisprudence against popular religion and superstitions, and confronting civil laws to eliminate corruption and achieve progress. The second formation was shaped along with a philosophical approach in encountering with the principles of Marxism and of Baha'iism, and providing a wise religion for immunity from corruptive lifestyles and using Islamic ethics against human social laws. The third formation was shaped by looking for compromise between science and religion versus religious superstitions and the materialists, a chosen jurisprudence versus the formal jurisprudence, and the confrontation with the modern state through a militant religion. The final formation was formed by using theology against other competing discourses, designing efficient social systems versus the modern government, and self-making for providing a good environment as opposed to isolated individual life forms. According to the results of each formation, there can be four inspirations as follows: turning from the internal religious language to the general and extra-religious language, turning from the affirmative language in Muslim philosophy to the speculative language in general philosophy, turning from the necessary relationship between science and religion to a possible relationship, and turning from the absolute inclusion of morality in religion to mutual partial relationship between them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

78 - Explaining Social Innovation in the Country with Emphasis on Entrepreneurial Discourse
Abazar Ashtari Mehrjardi

Social innovation, as a new and interdisciplinary concept that is less than a decade old, has been able to attract the attention of politicians and statesmen to academics. In the meantime, many categories and formulations have been made with different approaches, each o More

Social innovation, as a new and interdisciplinary concept that is less than a decade old, has been able to attract the attention of politicians and statesmen to academics. In the meantime, many categories and formulations have been made with different approaches, each of them seeking their goals and implementing their policies in the society in the form of a discourse. In spite of the different and sometimes contradictory formulations, its ideal goal, regardless of different discourses, is to reduce the existing gaps between the classes, which have been created by the implementation of inappropriate socio-economic policies, which will ultimately end in a civil society with a middle class. The most important goal of this article is to build the concept of social innovation and then to explain it in the form of existing three discourses (government, entrepreneurship and academic) and finally to apply the entrepreneurship discourse (with a view to the point that in the conditions of our country, the only possibility of creating and reproducing society and ultimately innovation and breaking out of the existing conditions is the strengthening of the middle class) in the "narrative of existing events" method. Based on this, while categorizing and evaluating entrepreneurial actions, we have explained and drawn its practical type in the existing conditions of the society Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

79 - A Comparative Analysis of the Novels "Farewell to Arms"and "Dar SholehāyeĀb" Based on Bakhtin's Theory of Dialogism
fahimeh shafiee Zahra Ghoroghi hengamh Ashouri

Dialogism, a key concept in Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of polyphony, posits that the author's voice is parallel to the voices of the characters and is reflected in the text through various techniques.The current research, which is based on the descriptive-analytical meth More

Dialogism, a key concept in Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of polyphony, posits that the author's voice is parallel to the voices of the characters and is reflected in the text through various techniques.The current research, which is based on the descriptive-analytical method and based on library documents, compares the two novels "Farewell to Arms" written by Ernest Hemingway and "Dar SholehāyeĀb" written by MortezaMardiha.The purpose of this research is to explore the techniques employed by Iranian and American writers in the texts to convey their voices, as per Bakhtin's theory.The research findings reveal that both novelists although have some differences, they convey their intentions through character naming. In the novel "Dar SholehāyeĀb" the characters are archetypes and their names reflect this, while in "Farewell to Arms", the Catherine’s discourse and behavior, along with the narrator's indifferent attitude towards war, create a contrasting effect.In "Dar SholehāyeĀb", the indifferent voice of Ahanj conflicts with the sacred and serious voice of war. Military and religious discourse dominate the oral communication in "Farewell to Arms", whereas in "Dar SholehāyeĀb", the text is surrounded by the discourse of the fifth column, the Gurdian Corps, and the military. The hidden argumentative discourse in "Farewell to Arms" represents the voice of the military and religion, whereas in"Dar SholehāyeĀb", the voices of doubt and the military serve a similar purpose. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

80 - A Prospective Analysis of the Discourse of War in the Novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine": Reader-Response Criticism
Ali Taghizadeh Mahmoud Kamali

<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> More

In recent periods, reader-response criticism has challenged traditional and author-centered criticism, and by giving importance to the reader's position, it has changed its absolutist approach to a relativistic one.Wolfgang Iser believes that each reader obtains a new meaning from the text, which indicates the relative nature of meaning.He turns reading fiction into an activity that results in the formation of "literary text" as a phenomenological structure in the reader's mind.In contemporary Iran and under the influence of the imposed war, many texts have addressed the issue of war; among them, the widely read novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh, with its new and different approach and perspective, has managed to gain a good position in this field.The present study examines the relativism of war discourse in this novel based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-response criticism and shows that the discourse of the novel, which is the result of the interaction between the text and the reader, is interactive and relativistic.The findings of this research show that although one side of this novel presents a jihad-oriented discourse, the other side cultivates a revisionist discourse that wants the reader to look at the war from a new perspective.In addition, the novel succeeds in attracting the reader and interacting with him, and the reader can fill in the empty spaces of the text, which are often hidden, by reasoning and inferring.       Introduction   Relativism in literary criticism came out of Husserl's phenomenology, and of course, it was Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser who expanded this concept.Following this type of view, Jauss proposes the concept of "reader's expectation horizon", which means that the reader's expectation from the text changes in different periods according to the specific conditions of the reader.Like Jauss, Wolfgang Iser is one of the new hermeneutic thinkers and supporters of the theory that he explained in his book “Act of Reading ".The novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh is one of the works that narrate the events of the war with its special perspective.       Research Background   Yahya Talebian and Mona Sadat al-Sayed (2021) in an article entitled "Critical Examination of the Novel Chess with Doomsday Machine based on Theodore Adorno's Theory" conclude that the critical analysis of the text shows the reflection of the society's situation in the narrative and the submission of the text to socially imposed correlations, and makes the tension between dualities a place for reflection.Mohammadreza Yousefi and Tahereh Ahmadi Varzaneh (2019) in a research study of the female characters in four novels including Chess with Doomsday Machine conclude that Ahmadzadeh has been completely successful in characterization based on behavior, dialogue, description of appearance, and environment.Mohammad Alijani (2018) in the article "The Quality of Reflecting Myths in the Doomsday Chess Novel", believes that the author of the novel focuses on the Iran-Iraq war and recreates the mythological narratives of the conflict between God and Satan, creation, and The fall of Adam, the legend of the fight between the dragon and the hero of the Last Supper, Jesus raised some archetypal human concerns such as the suffering and death of humans and whether they are free or forced in the context of destiny and the conflict between good and evil.Sahar Ghaffari (2015) in research entitled "The effect of paratexts on the formation or distortion of the text (an examination of the duality of the novel Chess with Doomsday Machine through the lens of paratexts)" observes a kind of "duality" in Ahmadzadeh's novel, which this work is based on on the one hand It is included in the category of sustainable literature, but on the other hand, it is "in the ranks of nihilistic and predestination works" that considers man to be forced and captured by fate and consider war as a historical force and a product of the rule of fate, an ominous and reprehensible phenomenon.Sahar Ghaffari and Soheila Saeedi (2014) in "Carnivalism in Chess with the Doomsday Machine" include this novel among the works that match Bakhtin's definition of carnivalism in polyphonic novels.It matches and is the center of multilingual performance that emerges from the interaction of different sounds.Hijazi (2013) in research entitled "Analysis of the Polyphonic Novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" discussed the functions of the language of the novel and different voices based on Milan Kundera's opinion.From Hijazi's point of view, this work is a philosophical realist novel whose wise philosophical dialogues between the characters arouse the audience's curiosity to receive and understand the answers to the questions that are his mental conflict.Razi and Abdulahian (2011) in "Analysis of story elements in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" examine things such as scene design, character design, plot, style, and language of the novel believe that the skill of using story elements in this novel, It has made it a valuable work.In research entitled "Criticism: Chess with a Warrior Who Wanted to Checkmate / Criticism of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Zanouzi-e Jalali (2006) considers the remarkable score of the novel to be the appropriate point of view of the author and the honesty of the narrator.       Theoretical Framework   The present study examines the discourse of war in Ahmadzadeh's story.This story avoids dogmatism and one-sidedness and moves towards discursive relativism, which will be analyzed based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-centered criticism.Therefore, the main approach of this review is reader-response and interactive.Although it discusses the semiotics of the story to some extent, however, semiotics will be a secondary discussion in this review.Despite this, because in the relativistic discourse of Ahmadzadeh's novel, the possibilities of Iser's aesthetic criticism are well provided, the present review of some of the categories and methods proposed in Iser's theory, including "reading experience", the action of the text and the reader will trace and examine the phenomenological text (virtual text) and the designed process in this novel.Therefore, in this research, "accurate reading" of the main source and other sources is very important, and an effort is made to make the research discussion textual and objective by bringing several examples of novels and some theoretical works of Iser.       Data Analysis   Although the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" is in the genre of "Resistance literature", it has fundamental differences from other works of this genre; Because with the issue of war, he prepares a discourse that avoids dogmatism and absolutism and turns to relativism; Because wants the reader make a cultural and discursive review of the war.The text rejects the traditional and predestined views of war and considers it the will of those who want war, and therefore considers it the duty of man to refrain from war to enjoy the blessings of peace.Therefore, it fosters the discourse that contemporary man has the responsibility to control and refuse this phenomenon through understanding in reasoning and interaction in the discourse, which implies a kind of cultural behavior with war.In Chess with the Doomsday Machine, the "reading experience" is an interpretive and productive thing that causes the interaction between the text and the reader.In the article "Reading Process: Phenomenological Approach", Iser argues that the formation of new experiences in the text is the result of the interaction of the sides of this discourse triangle; Although the literary text does not refer the reader to the external reality, its sentences, and other linguistic factors are productive units whose correlation and interaction create a series of claims, statements, and observations in the text; This means that they determine the direction and nature of reading.In this way, reading and understanding are the result of the interaction of factors such as linguistic structures and their effect on the reader's mentality, fictional characters, lanterns that the characters carry with them, shadows on the wall, and even the circulation of the narrator's memory in the ceremony of lamenting by his friends.Now, if the narrator is the representative of the author, and if Mahtab and his mother are the objects of the reader, the giant shadows on the wall are the embodiment of the literary text, and like this type of text, they are borrowed and phenomenological.Icons such as jinn and shadow are intermediate and although they are non-existent, they are considered phenomena; because their existence depends on being presented to our minds, just as the text is the result of the interaction of linguistic structures and the reasoning mentality of the reader and is formed during reading.Discourse relativism is formed in a way that in this work, a three-day section of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran is designed in such a way that its narrative is a space for the interaction of the text and the reader.This process only happens in reading.Its purpose is to achieve tolerance and discourse interaction to avoid dogmatism in the approach of war, and it cultivates a discourse that is not necessarily the same as the discourses of the author, the text, and the reader but is the result of their communication and interaction.Therefore, the story of chess is the literature of discursive relativity of war, which is built in a critical and debated atmosphere.       Conclusion   The novel "Chess with the Doomsday Machine" has a two-sided and incongruous structure, one side of which creates an ideological and jihad-oriented discourse.In contrast, the other side presents a doubt-oriented and revisionist discourse.This novel, in the revisionist direction, refuses to adopt a definite and emphatic position about the war; because its dual discourse includes a space that does not put concepts such as good/evil and light/darkness in conflict with each other, but even prepares the desire for solidarity and compromise between them.Therefore, the dominant discourse of this story, while refraining from dogma, moves towards relativity and tolerance.       Keywords: Chess with the Doomsday Machine, Reader-Response criticism, Discourse relativism, Wolfgang Iser, Response-seeking structure       References   Alijani, Mohammad (2017) "The quality of the reflection of myths in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Narratology Journal, Year 2, Number 4, pp.115-145.   Abjadian, Amrullah (2012) History of English literature, ninth volume, poetry and literary criticism of the 20th century.Second edition.Shiraz: Shiraz University Publishing Center.(First edition: 1387).   Ahmadzadeh, Habib (2008) Chess with the doomsday machine.Tehran: Surah Mehr Publications.   Arvin, Shokofeh, Abulqasem Dadvar and Maryam Hoseini (2019) "The novel of war in Iran from the perspective of the presence of the "other" based on Bakhtin's views".Literary Text Research, No.79, 31-53.   Barthes, Roland (1998) Criticism and truth.Translated by Shirin Dokht Daqiqiyan.First edition.Tehran: Nashre Markaz.   Bennett, Andrew (2013) Readers and Reading, London, and Newyork: Routledge.   Eliot, T.S. (1919) “Tradition and the Individual Talent.” The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism.Edited by Vincent B.Leitch.New York: W.W.Norton and Company.pp.1092-1098.   Fluck, Winfried (2000) The Search for Distance: Negation and Negativity in Wolfgang Iser's Literary Theory, New Literary History, Vol.31, No.1, pp.175-210.   Ghasemi Esfahani, Niko and Elmira Dadvar (2023) "The application of reception theory to the analysis of the concept of war in the novel "Pruning".Persian Language and Literature Research, No.68, 127-151.   Ghafari, Sahar (2015) "The influence of paratexts on the formation or distortion of the meaning of the text: examining the duality of the chess novel with the doomsday machine through the lens of paratexts".Literary criticism No.32.85-104.   Ghaffari, Sahar, and Soheila Saidi (2014) "Carnivalism in Chess with the Doomsday Machine".Literary criticism No.25.100-119.   Habib, M.A.R. (2011) Literary Criticism from Plato to the Present: An Introduction. West Sussex: Wiley- Blackwell Publication.PDF.   Harkin, Patricia (2005) “The Reception of Reader-Response Theory.” College Composition and Communication, Vol.56, No.3, pp.410-425.   Hijazi, Behjat al-Sadat.(2013) "Analysis of the multi-phonetic novel Chess with the Machine of Resurrection". Persian language and literature research.No.29.145-172.   Holland, Norman N. (1976) “The New Paradigm: Subjective or Transactive?” New Literary History, Vol.7, No.2, pp.335-346.   ------------------------- (1989) The Dynamics of Literary Response.New York: Columbia UP.PDF.First Published in 1968.   Iser, Wolfgang (1972) “The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach”, New Literary History, Vol.3, No.2, pp.279-299.   ------------------ (1978) the Act of Reading: A Theory of Aesthetic Response, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.   ---------------- (1980) The Implied Reader; Patterns of Communication in Prose Fiction from Bunyan to Beckett, Baltimore, and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.   ---------------- (1984) “The Interplay between Creation and Interpretation”.New Literary History, Vol.15, No.2, pp.287-395.   Iser, Wolfgang, & Michel Meyer (1987) “On Reading and Meaning: An Exchange”.Revue Internationale de Philosophie.Vol.41, No.162, pp.414-419.   Jauss, Hans Robert (1982) Toward an Aesthetic of Reception, Translation from German by Timothy Bahti, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.   Meqdadi, Bahram.(1999) Glossary of Literary Criticism Terms: From Plato to the Present Age.Tehran: Fekr Rooz Publications.   Milner, Andrew, and Jeff Bravitt (2006) an introduction to contemporary cultural theory.Translated by Jamal Mohammadi.Tehran: Qoqnus Publications.   Payandeh, Hossein.(2008) "Relativism in new literary criticism".Literary Review, No.1.73-90.   Razi, Ahmad, and Faiqa Abdullahian.(2011) "Analysis of story elements in the novel Chess with Doomsday Machine".Sustainability literature.No.4.203-231.   Rosenblatt, Louise M.(1994) The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of the Literary Work.Carbondale: Suthern Illinois University Press.PDF.First Published in 1978.   Selden, Raman et al. (2005) A Reader’s Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory.Fifth Edition.London: Pearson Education Limited.PDF.First Published in 1985.   Selden, Raman (1989) Practicing Theory and Reading Literature: An Introduction.New York: Prentice Hall.   Shi, Yanling (2013) Review of Wolfgang Iser and His Reception Theory, Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol.3, No.6, pp.982-986.   Talebian, Yahya & Mona Sadat al-Sayed (2021) "Critical examination of the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" based on Theodore Adorno's theory".Contemporary Persian literature, 11th year, number 2, 215-237.   Yousefi, Mohammad Reza and Tahira Ahmadi Varzaneh.(2018) "The characterization of women in the novel Defense of the Holy One based on four novels (winter 62, Night of the Locust, Journey to 270 Degrees, and Chess with the Doomsday Machine)", Journal of Islamic Humanities Studies, No.17, PP. 105-122.   Zanoozi Jalali, Firooz (2006) "Criticism: Chess with a warrior who wanted to checkmate/ Criticism of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine".Fiction literature, No.103, PP. 32-41.       Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

81 - tructural equation modeling of the tendency to divorce based on sexual dysfunction beliefs, relationship beliefs with the mediation of marital dissatisfaction
hana asadi foad sharifi Hossein Ghamari Kiwi

The purpose of this study was to present a model for predicting the inclination toward divorce based on dysfunction sexual beliefs and relational beliefs with the mediation role of marital discontent in women and men seeking to counseling centers in Ardabil. In terms More

The purpose of this study was to present a model for predicting the inclination toward divorce based on dysfunction sexual beliefs and relational beliefs with the mediation role of marital discontent in women and men seeking to counseling centers in Ardabil. In terms of methodology, this research is among correlational research. The statistical population comprised all individuals seeking counseling services in Ardabil's counseling centers, from which a sample of 290 people was chosen using the convenience sampling method. The required data were collected through the Nobreh, Penito &Vagoya Dysfunctional Sexual Beliefs Questionnaire (2007), Idelson and Epstein Relational Beliefs Questionnaire (1981), Pines' marital Discontent Questionnaire (1996) and Rosbolt and Zambrot's Divorce Propensity Questionnaire (1983). Data analysis was performed using structural equation model method and the AMOS-24 software. The results showed that according to the provided fit indices, the research model has a good fit after modification. Additionally, the direct effect of dysfunction sexual beliefs and relational beliefs on the inclination toward divorce was significant, and and marital discontent played a mediating role in the relationship between dysfunctional sexual beliefs, relational beliefs, and the inclination toward divorce. The results of the study indicated that dysfunctional sexual beliefs and relational beliefs directly contribute positively to the likelihood of divorce. Additionally, dysfunctional sexual beliefs indirectly influence divorce inclination through the mediation of marital discontent. Similarly, relational beliefs exhibit an indirect and positive impact on divorce inclination through the marital discontent mediation. In other words, marital discontent, characterized by emotional detachment, feelings of alienation, indifference, and the replacement of negative emotions for positive ones, significantly predicts the inclination of couples toward divorce. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

82 - Analyzing Ethic Values in Samak-e-Ayyar: a Semiotic Approach
Effat Sarlak Fatemeh Seyed Ebrahimi Nejad HamidReza Shairi Ali Karimi firoozjaee

<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> More

The present research has investigated the value system of Ethics in Samak-e-Ayyar using the analytical descriptive method and relying on the semiotics approach.The main problem of the research is: what mechanisms are used for the production of EthicValues in Ayyari discourse? How Ayyari has changed the boundaries between reality and idealism that leading to changing the normal and common values to idealistic and even mythical ones? The data have been selected purposefully and based on action discourses from Samak-e-Ayyar.The results indicated that Ayyari divides the social and cultural functions and even the usual value system into extra-value types such as collectivism, myth-centric, risk acceptability, adaptability, renewability, and other pioneering values in the lifestyle of actors.   Keywords: semiotic, value system, Ethic, action discourse, ayyari.       Introduction   The oldest and most valuable book in which the value system of Ayyari discourse can be searched is the story of Samak-e-Ayyar which has been written by Faramarz Ebn Arrajani. The word “Ayyari” is derived from the Persian word “yar” (korban, 2004: 170). Semantically, Ayyari refers to the brotherhood and friendship among them (means the Ayyar). Samak-e-Ayyar forms value spaces where values enter into challenges with each other, compete, prove, or disapprove of each other, and at the end, a more valuable space is formed. This new value space or value system belongs to the Ayyari discourse. The present research seeks to find the answer to this main question: How do Ayyari action discourses produce Ethic values through which they will be able to achieve their goals? finding an answer to this question, and the mechanisms used to form the Ethic value system by the Ayyar is the goal of the present research. The hypothesis of the present research is that the Ethic value system in Ayyari produces an ideal transactional morality system which is very important in this discourse.       Research Background   Ghobadi and Nouri (2007) believed that works such as Samak-e-Ayyar and Hossein Kurd Shabestari have been influenced by Shahnameh. Qanadzadeh (2007) believed that Heroic and Ayyari discourses can be found in the culture of Iranian even before Islam and up to now, they remained a social value in different periods in different forms. Panahi (2009) has concluded that the term chivalry is rooted in the Quran and Hadith and its most important components are not seeing fairness and forgiveness. Pushneh (2012) examines the value system in ethical discourse with a semiotic approach and in a descriptive-analytical way. This study shows that the flow of meaning-making or the formation of values is dynamic and in this way, the subject passes over ordinary human beings. Alavimoghadam and Jafarpour (2013) investigated the epic narratives of Ayyarin. They also studied the historical background of chivalry and Ayyari in Samak-e-Ayyar and Darabnameh and they concluded that Ayyari is a social and moral movement whose formation dates back to the pre-Islamic Period. After Islam, it took an Islamic color. Ayyari has transformed over time and has been supported by the people of Iran and the West. Bahamani (2017) investigated the narrative and semantic features of Ayyari in AbuMuslimname based on the semiotic approach. The results showed that Ayyar changes their actions for the benefit of another one based on his logical calculation. It should be noted that these actions are done voluntarily.       Theoretical Framework    The theoretical framework of the current study is semiotics, especially the value system from the semiotic point of view. Semiotics is a combination of semantics and semiology that integrates meaning and perception to produce meaning in different formats. In the semiology tradition of structuralism, the relationship between the signifier and the signified is studied without the presence of a human agent (Shairi and Vafai 2018).   Shairi and Seyedebrahimi (2021) believed that we should tend the title of the semiotics of value so that based on it, we would be able to explain the value-oriented aspects of the actions of the actors as well as their presences. Semiotics of the value teaches us that the universe needs care, therefore to realize such care it is necessary to be an interpreter and to participate in the creation of situations that open the way to interpret the world (Shairi and Seyedebrahimi2021: 194). They also believed that three kinds of value can be found in the discourse: Linguistic, Ethical, and Aesthetic.   From Saussure's point of view value is obtained by differentiation and meaning is a product that exists between words. Saussure divides the relationships and differences between the elements of a language into two areas: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Each of them creates a certain category of values based on Saussure (2001: 176-177).   Shairi (2011) believes that value can be considered as the smallest unit of meaning which is the product of the system of opposition. He considers effective factors such as dissymmetry, orientation, reversibility, and supplementary conditions for the formation of values.       Data Analysis   After analyzing the data, the following values were found in the Ayyari discourse. These features are shown in the table 1 below:   Table 1: Structural and semantic forms of Ethic values in Ayyari discourse   <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 347.3pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" width="463" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; height: 17.5pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.5pt;" width="175"> Semantic form </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.5pt;" width="142"> Structural form </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.5pt;" width="146"> The values produced by Samak </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; height: 24.1pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.1pt;" width="175"> Collectivism- respect for the others </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.1pt;" width="142"> Partnership Additive </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.1pt;" width="146"> we-centered instead of I-centered/ Reversibility </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; height: 58.85pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 58.85pt;" width="175"> Creating a new perspective-collective wisdom, Dedication, self-sacrifice for serving the society, and collectivism </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 58.85pt;" width="142"> Inaugural Multifaceted (Chivalry such as-other courage, thought, empowerment) </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 58.85pt;" width="146"> Generalizability value permeability value/ Risk-taking value/ pioneer value </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; height: 17.85pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.85pt;" width="175"> Expansion-supra ideational </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.85pt;" width="142"> Multifaceted (Respect, greatness, thought) </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.85pt;" width="146"> Myth-centered value </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; height: 24.15pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.15pt;" width="175"> Guarantee of action- Continuation of action </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.15pt;" width="142"> Belief certainty birth </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.15pt;" width="146"> Elevation- oriented/ oath to Superior force- centered (God)/ renewable value </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; height: 23.25pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 23.25pt;" width="175"> Achieving the goal and fixing the defect </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 23.25pt;" width="142"> Thought-oriented </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 23.25pt;" width="146"> Value of wisdom and prudence </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 30.85pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 30.85pt;" width="175"> Righteousness- Alignment with thought and honesty </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 30.85pt;" width="142"> The sameness of the power relationship/ Conformity of words and actions </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 30.85pt;" width="146"> The value of justice, chivalry, honesty, and trustworthiness </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Conclusion   This research was looking for an answer to the question of which mechanisms are used to produce the Ethic value system in Ayyari discourse. For this purpose, after examining the active discourses of Samak-e-Ayyar it was shown that the value system in Ayyari first of all is something cultural that can be spread in society. Meta-values are formed by Ayyari discourse such as chivalry and gallantry. Ethics does not forget the cultural perspective and draws a vision for itself according to the cultural accumulations to lead to idealization. Risk-taking is among the value criteria in the discourse that Ethics produces in Ayyari. In the inner layers of the discourse, there are many social and cultural themes such as pioneering, risk-taking, trustworthiness, myth-centered, penetration and wisdom, merit of justice, and truthfulness.       Keywords: semantic sign, value system, Ethique, action discourse, ayyari.       References   Afshari, Mehran (2015) Obituaries and Khaksarieh’s treatise (30 years), Tehran Cheshmeh publishing.   Alavimoghadam, Mahyar, and Milad Jafarpour (2013) the theme of ayari and chivalry and its inductive educational teaching in the textual epics of Persian literature, fifth volume, number 3, PP. 13-36 University of Esfahan.   Al-rrajani faramarz ebn Abdullah al-katib (1984) Samak-e-Ayyar, volume (1-5) Introduction and Correction: Parviz Natel Khanlari, Tehran, publications of Iran culture foundation.   Babak, Moein, Morteza (2014) meaning as a lived experience Tehran Sokhan.   Bahar, Mehrdad (2014) Ancient sports of Iran and its roots, year 1, number 2, p 140.   Bahmani, Kobra (2016) Narrative analysis of ayyaran and presentation of its semantic model based on abu Muslim nameh” two. Narratology Quarterly, year 1, number 1, PP. 27-50.   Ferdinand, de Sussour (2001) Basics of constructivism in linguistics translated by Koresh Safavi in constructivism, post-structuralism and literary studies by Farzansojodi, Tehran, art department.   Fontanille, J (2008) Pratique et éthique: la théorie du lien, Protée, 36(2), 11- 26.&rlm;   Fontanille, J & Zilberberg, C (1998) Tension and signification, Sprimont- Belgique, Pierre Mardaga.&rlm;   Greimas, A, J (1987) De l’imperfection (Périgueux: PierreFanlac) Trad: Raúl Dorra, De la imperfección.&rlm;   Landowski, E (2004) Passions sans nom: essais de socio- semiotique III, Presses universitaires de France   Levinas, S, E (1994) Theorie de L'Intuition Dans La Phenomenologie de Husserl, paris, Librarie Philosophique.   Panahi, Mahin, (2008)” Chivalry, synonyms and its components in mystical texts” Literature research journal, number 4, pp21-220.   Pushneh, Athena (2012) Value system in ethic discourse based on the story of “dar khame rah”. the second. conference national literary criticism with the semiotic approach, Tarbiat Modares.   Qanadzadeh, Siddique (2007) investigation of ayari ritual in the history of Iran, teaching and learning researches. 2, number 7, consecutive 7, PP. 1-16.   Qobadi, Hosseinali and Ali Nouri (2007) “The effect of ferdowsi’s shahnameh on ayyari literature”. Persian language and literature quarterly of the former publication of Tabriz University faculty of literature in 1971 spring and summer 2007, no, 201, PP. 63-96.   Saki, mohammadreza and Reza Komasi (2014) comparative study of ayyari religion in Iran and chivalry in the West. Comparative literature studies. number 32, year 8, PP. 79-96.    Shairi, Hamidreza (2006) Semantic analysis of discourse, Tehran, samt publication.   Shairi, Hamidreza & Taraneh Vafaei (2009) Phoenix, a way to the sign of fluid semantics, Tehran company scientific and cultural publication.   Shairi, Hamidreza & Fatemeh Seyed Ebrahimi (2021) criticism of the translation of the semiotics book, from Hard Semiotics to soft anthropological signs, a critical research paper on humanities texts and programs of the year 21st number one. PP. 177-199.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

83 - Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.
Sanaz Deghat Mohammad Hossein ُُُُSharafzadeh Leila Saberi Zahra Rastegar Haghighi Shirazi

<!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> More

The present research analyzes the metadiscourse markers in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani, one of the prominent authors of children and young adult literature.It examines the trend of changes in these markers over the period from 1971 to 2021.This study, based on Hyland's (2005) model of metadiscourse, investigates the interactional and interactive metadiscourse markers in Moradi Kermani's works over five decades.The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were extracted using the AntConc software.Statistical analysis of the data using Kendall's test shows that over time, the use of interactional metadiscourse elements in Kermani's works has increased, while interactive elements have decreased.This trend indicates the author's effort to strengthen the connection with the reader and personalize literary texts over time.The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the rhetorical changes in children's and young adults' literature and show how authors in this field adapt their writing style to cultural and social changes.   Introduction   The oldest and most valuable text in which metadiscourse markers can be studied is the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani.Metadiscourse arises from the need to establish more effective communication between the author and the reader, and as such, it has become one of the important elements in text analysis.In these works, metadiscourse markers are a clear indication of how the author uses linguistic and rhetorical tools to strengthen their connection with readers and effectively convey their ideas.This research aims to answer the question of how historical and cultural changes in Moradi Kermani's works have affected the distribution and function of metadiscourse elements and how these changes have contributed to the reader-friendliness of his texts.Examining this issue can provide a new model of the author's interaction with the reader and the role of metadiscourse in improving the quality of communication in children and adolescents' literature.This research hypothesizes that Moradi Kermani's works, through the intelligent use of metadiscourse, have succeeded in creating a deeper and more effective connection with the audience.       Literature Review   Hyland and Jiang (2018) conducted a historical study on the markers of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse over fifty years in the top journals of four disciplines and found that there has been a significant increase in the frequency of oppositional metadiscourse markers and a noticeable decrease in the distribution of interactive metadiscourse markers over these fifty years in the journals.The markers of oppositional metadiscourse aim to organize and define the boundaries of the text to ensure that readers can more easily retrieve and understand the author's interpretations and objectives in the scientific discourse, and authors of scientific texts use these markers to guide their audience.   Rezaei Keramati et al. (2019) conducted a study on the markers of interactive metadiscourse in three leading journals of applied linguistics.To analyze the historical evolution of stance and engagement markers, the subcategories of interactive metadiscourse in different sections of research articles (introduction, methodology, discussion, and conclusion) were examined using Hyland's (2005b) model.The findings indicate a significant decrease in the frequency of interactive metadiscourse markers in all sections of the articles.This decrease is generally related to the reduction of stance markers in the conclusion and methodology sections.As previously mentioned, the scope of this research pertains to the analysis of scientific texts (research articles) and does not include literary genres or stories.   Bagheri (2020) conducted a study on the historical evolution of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse markers in doctoral dissertations in the fields of hard sciences and soft sciences over three time periods: 1966, 1986, and 2016, based on Hyland's (2005) theory.The findings show that interactive metadiscourse (stance and engagement) has decreased in soft sciences and increased in hard sciences.This indicates that in soft sciences, academic writing is moving towards neutrality, impartiality, and greater responsibility towards the reader, i.e., more reader-oriented and less persuasive, and in hard sciences, scientific discourse is moving towards greater persuasiveness and reader-friendliness.This research also focuses on scientific discourse (doctoral dissertations) and does not include literary genres or stories.   Liu and Yang (2021) conducted a study based on Hyland's model to examine interactive and oppositional metadiscourse in 240 research articles in hard sciences (mechanical engineering and physics) and soft sciences (education and history) over sixty years.They found that metadiscourse markers have generally shown a declining trend over time.This has been accompanied by a noticeable increase in oppositional markers and a significant decrease in interactive markers, indicating that authors in scientific texts tend to use more oppositional metadiscourse and less interactive metadiscourse over time to write clearer and more convincing texts and adopt a more objective and scientific approach.This study, like previous research, pertains to the analysis of research articles and scientific texts.       Theoretical Framework   The term metadiscourse was first introduced by Harris (1959), referring to the author's or speaker's efforts to ensure the audience's understanding of the spoken text.Metadiscourse serves as an important tool for facilitating communication, supporting the author's position, and engaging the reader (see Hyland, 2015).To analyze the metadiscourse elements in the scope of this research, Hyland's (2005) theory was used because his classification is new, clear, and comprehensive (see Abdi et al., 2010).As shown in Table 1, this theory has two dimensions: interactional and interactive.       Table 1 - Subcategories of Interactional and   interactive Metadiscourse       <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" dir="rtl" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-dir: bidi; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 235.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" colspan="2" width="314"> Metadiscourse </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Interactional </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Interactive </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Attributes </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Stance markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Hedges </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Endophoric markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Boosters </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Frame markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Engagement markers </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Evidentials </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Self-mentions </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Transitions </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Markers of interactive metadiscourse are used to organize the information present in the text and guide the reader through it.On the other hand, markers of interactional metadiscourse are used to engage with the reader and involve them in the text (see Hyland, 2005).Each of the subcategories of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers, briefly displayed in Table 2, has its specific function.       Table 2 - Hyland's (2005) Theory   <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 53.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" width="459" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="127"> Types of Metadiscourse </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Classification </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Function </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Example </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> Interactional metadiscourse Establishing an effective connection with the reader </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Attitude markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Author's attitude towards the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Agree, very important, with surprise </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Self-mentions </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Explicit reference to the author's presence </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Author, I, we, researcher </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Engagement markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Addressing the reader explicitly </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> You, pay attention, assume </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Boosters </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Indicating the speaker's degree of certainty about the statement </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Without a doubt, certainly, clearly </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Hedges </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Indicating the author's doubt about the statement </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Perhaps, almost, probably </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> Interactive metadiscourseOrganizing information in a sentence and guiding the reader through the text   </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Transitions </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Connecting the sentences of the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> But, moreover, therefore </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Frame markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Defining the boundaries of the text and providing a framework for elements </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> First, second, as a result </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Endophoric markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Referring the reader to other parts of the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> In the next section, below </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Evidentials </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Referring to information provided in other texts and attribution </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> According to, as stated, as said </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Code glosses </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Providing further explanation about the meaning </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> First, second, as a result </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Data Analysis   The data analysis revealed that in Houshang Moradi Kermani's children's and young adult literature from 1971 to 2021, the use of interactive metadiscourse markers increased while the use of interactional metadiscourse markers decreased.Interactive metadiscourse, which indicates the author's explicit presence and engagement with the audience, was increasingly employed over time, particularly through self-mentions and engagement markers.On the other hand, interactional markers like transitions, which help manage the flow of information in the text, were used less frequently.These changes suggest that Moradi Kermani gradually developed a stronger inclination toward creating a more personal and effective connection with his readers.       Conclusion   In this research, the role of metadiscourse in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani in the field of children and young adult literature was examined.The results showed that Moradi Kermani extensively used metadiscourse markers, especially interactional markers, to establish an effective connection with his audience.The use of these markers has increased over time, while interactive markers have decreased.This tendency to use more interactional markers indicates the author's effort to engage the readers and create a more personal connection with them.   These findings contrast with the results of previous research in scientific discourse, which has moved towards less use of interactional metadiscourse and more use of interactive metadiscourse.       Keywords: Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.       References   Abdi, R., Tavangar, M., & Tavakoli, M. (2010) “The cooperative principle in discourse communities and genres: A framework for the use of metadiscourse”.Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1669-1679.   Aghayari, K. (1994) Introduction to children's and young adult literature.Tehran: Mahya.   ---------------- (1996) Introduction to children's and young adult literature and criteria for book critique and review.Tehran: Saramad Kavosh.   Ahangari, S.& Kazemi, M. (2014) “A Content Analysis of ‘Alice in Wonderland’ Regarding Metadiscourse Elements”.International Journal of Applied Linguistics and 76 IJALEL 8 (3): 66-77 English Literature.3 (3) 10-18.https: //doi.org/10.7575/ aiac.ijalel.v.3n.3p.10   Aljazrawi, D.A., &Aljazrawi Z, A.(2019) “The use of metadiscourse: an analysis of interactive and interactional markers in English short stories as a type of literary genre”.International journal of applied linguistics and English literature, 8 (3), 66.   Amouzadeh Khalili, F. (2002) A descriptive dictionary of young adult fictional characters (Vol.2) Tehran: Aftabgardan.   Anthony, L. (2011) AntConc 4.2.0.<a href="http://www.Laurenceanthony.net/software.html">http: //www.Laurenceanthony.net/software.html</a>   Bagheri, F.(2020) A Diachronic Study of Metadiscourse in Doctoral Dissertations (Doctoral dissertation, Wuhan University (People's Republic of China)).   Deng, L., Fatemeh, B., & Gao, X.(2021) “Exploring the interactive and interactional metadiscourse in doctoral dissertation writing: A diachronic study”.Scientometrics, 126 (8), 7223-7250.   Gillaerts, P.(2014) Shifting metadiscourse: Looking for diachrony in the abstract genre.In M.Bondi & R.Lores Sanz (Eds.), Abstract in academic discourse: Variation and change (pp.271-286) Switzerland: Peter Lang.   Gillaerts, P., & Van de Velde, F.(2010) “Interactional metadiscourse in research article abstracts”.Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9 (2), 128-139.   Harris, Z.(1959) The transformational Model of language structure.Anthropological Linguistics.1: 1.27-29.   Hyland, K. (2004) Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing.Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.   -------------- (2005) Metadiscourse: Exploring writing in interaction, London, Continuum.   -------------- (2005b) stance and engagement: A MODEL OF interaction in academic discourse, discourse studies, 7 (2), PP. 173-192.   ------------ (2015) Metadiscourse.In Tracy, K.(ed) International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction.Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.   Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (2016) Change of attitude? A diachronic study of stance.Written Communication, 33 (3), 251-274.   ---------------------------- (2018) “In this paper we suggest”: Changing patterns of disciplinary metadiscourse.English for Specific Purposes, 51, PP. 18-30.   Hyland, K., & Tse, P.(2004) Metadiscourse in academic writing: A reappraisal.Applied Linguistics, 25 (2), 156-177.   Khani, R., & Changizi, M. (2016) Comparison of metadiscourse markers in international and domestic English journals (Case study: Articles in applied linguistics), Language Research (Humanities), 8(18), PP. 77-102.   Kouhi, D., & Mojoud, M. (2012) A contrastive study of metadiscourse in Persian and English newspaper editorials.Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 5(10), 137-162.   Liu, G., & Yang, Y.(2021, May) A Diachronic Study of Multi-Disciplinary Metadiscourse in Research Articles.In 2021 the 6th International Conference on Distance Education and Learning (pp.121-132).   Merati, A.(2009) Examining the position of national and religious identity in children's and young adult poetry [Unpublished master's thesis].Payame Noor University of Qazvin.   Moradi Kermani, H. (1979) Majid's stories.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1980) The carpet weaving house children.Tehran, Moein.   ------------------------ (1982) The palm tree.Tehran: Sahab.   ------------------------ (1989) The jar.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1992) Fist on skin.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ 1994) The oven.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1996) Mom's guest.Tehran: Ney.   ------------------------ (1998) Sweet jam.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1999) Pomegranate's smile.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2003a) Like a full moon.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2003b) Neither wet nor dry.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2007) Rice and stew.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2009) Soft pillow.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2012) Water reservoir.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2019) Teaspoon.Tehran: Moein.   Mostafavi, M.& Tajalli, G.(2012) Metadiscoursal Markers in Medical and Literary Texts.International Journal of English Linguistics.2 (3) 64.   Rezaei Keramati, S., Kuhi, D., & Saeidi, M.(2019) Cross-sectional diachronic corpus analysis of stance and engagement markers in three leading journals of applied linguistics.Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies, 6 (2), 1-25.   Soltani, R., & Shokrpour, N.(2021) The status of metadiscourse markers use in Iranian medical articles: A comparative study.Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 31(196), 92-100.           Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

84 - Plato’s Symposium and its Background
Hamidreza Mahboobi Arani

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roma More

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Plato’s Symposium is an unparalleled philosophical-literary masterpiece, which demands a serious approach to rereading it because of its quality of expression, linguistic style, powerful narration and reasoning, and synthesis of mythology and philosophy, as well as dealing with certain important subjects such as love, immortality, and eternal happiness. The present paper aims to explore and elucidate some of the historical, cultural and social backgrounds of Symposium because any negligence in this regard will render the analysis of its content incomplete and inaccurate. In this study, the author initially deals with the tradition of symposium in ancient Greece, its formation, and the cultural changes it underwent over time. Then he investigates Plato’s approach in his other works as to the nature of symposium and his re-evaluation and re-formulation of this concept. This analysis reveals Plato’s extent of loyalty to his own criticisms of this tradition in the dialog of Symposium and provides a model for future symposia. Finally, reference is made to one of the most important themes in symposia, Eros, which plays the main role in symposia and functions as the link connecting other philosophical concepts in this dialog. In this section, while avoiding to delve into Plato’s extensive and accurate discussions regarding Eros in Symposium, the author has tried to describe the cultural and social context of Eros as perceived by Plato. Manuscript profile

List of Articles DISCO

Rimag

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages