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Open Access Article

1 - The comparison of the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Clomipramine in treating patients with obsessive compulsive disorders in men and women in the city of Shiraz
Ali Derakhtkar Fatmemeh Najian Tabriz Hanie Mordadi Arame SafiKhani

10.52547/.2.1.23

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of ACT and Clomipramine was used to treat OCD and to determine the most effective type of treatment in reducing the symptoms of patients with OCD. Methods: This research was an applied and research project More

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of ACT and Clomipramine was used to treat OCD and to determine the most effective type of treatment in reducing the symptoms of patients with OCD. Methods: This research was an applied and research project. It was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, follow-up, and control groups. The research population was obsessive-compulsive disorder referring to counseling centers in the summer of 2018 and received a definitive diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Sampling was done by the access method. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 15. Subjects were evaluated before and after the intervention by the Yale Brown questionnaire. To analyze the statistical data, analysis of variance (repeated measure) was used by SPSS software version 21. Findings: The findings of this study showed that both types of treatment in the short-term affects the improvement of symptoms of OCD (P<0/01), but in follow-up, ACT treatments maintained their therapeutic effect. Moreover, there was no significant difference between men and women statistically in this study. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a more lasting effect of treatment based on acceptance and commitment, and this seems to be important due to the combination of Eastern techniques and Western psychology that makes treatment more effective for Iranian patients. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Relation of Hafez to Ash'arite and Determinism Schools
Mohammad مشهدی نوش‌آبادی

One of the signifying issues about poetry and thought of Hafez, a Persian poet, is determinism and fatalism. Although a number of researchers have studied this topic from different aspects, it is still, like so many other issues about Hafez, seriously debatable. A part More

One of the signifying issues about poetry and thought of Hafez, a Persian poet, is determinism and fatalism. Although a number of researchers have studied this topic from different aspects, it is still, like so many other issues about Hafez, seriously debatable. A part of scholars have stressed on determinism in his poetry, even if they don’t reach to any common point about his being Ash’ari. Most of them have believed in not his being a part of these two schools. In this paper, firstly, a quick review of different standpoints about Hafez’s thought world will put forward. Then the discussion goes through the dissension of Ash’arite and Mu'tazilah schools, which based on the human’s intended or chosen’s act, considering that every deterministic belief is not attributed to Ash’arite or any kind of theological approach. Finally, through focusing on the freethinking behavior of Hafez toward the determinism, based on various examples from his poetry book, it is rendered that these reneges of poems are composed in reply to his reproachers who had charged him with the profligacy and love. At the end, the viewpoint of researchers who believed in determinism of Hafez is negotiated. As a result, most of Hafez’s poems which are apparently in harmony with determinism school, considered as his disputing with the reproachers as well as criticizing Ash’arite and Mu'tazilah in terms of ignoring freedom of choice. To come to the point, being a part of determinism and Ash’rite school not only could not explain Hafez as he is but also is against his disagreement with these schools. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Civil Liability of Minor Supervisor Against his detrimental Act in Iran and England’s Law
Maryam Tafazoli Mehrjardi Behshid Arfania

Minors cannot manage their affairs personally because of their age or physical disabilities and they need the help of others in the realm of life. The legislator has been supporting them, in addition to the stone that has been prescribed for the protection of their righ More

Minors cannot manage their affairs personally because of their age or physical disabilities and they need the help of others in the realm of life. The legislator has been supporting them, in addition to the stone that has been prescribed for the protection of their rights and interests, Has designated a person or persons to manage their affairs. The civil liability of the supervisor against a minor is either a law or a fault-based contract and he is held liable if the supervisor declines to keep the money. In the Iranian legal system under Article 1238 Civil Law and Article 7 Civil Liability Law if the supervisor fails to maintain custody and harm the child to others and common law system, it is the responsibility of the superintendent to fulfill the civil responsibility of the child, and he is held responsible for what he has done in the custody of the child. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Comparative study of moral damage in Iranian and Egyptian law
Hasan Ajdari Nejad Ali Almasi Iraj Pour Erfan

For a long time, a moral damage was not ratable to money. Morally, it was also harsh that moral damages be compensated with money. Therefore, compensation could not eliminate losses. Of course, now, also technically, compensation is an ultra-precise and difficult matter More

For a long time, a moral damage was not ratable to money. Morally, it was also harsh that moral damages be compensated with money. Therefore, compensation could not eliminate losses. Of course, now, also technically, compensation is an ultra-precise and difficult matter. But with the steady evolution of the civil liability concept, the principle is accepted that the purpose of civil liability is that, if possible, to find losses equivalent and then be compensated. Although compensation for moral damage is not limited paying money, but in financial compensation for moral damages, the loss does not disappear, but it is a relief to the injured. Reinforcing such views causes moral damage to be accepted in the legal systems of many countries. In the present study, we have tried to explain and analyze the place for moral damages, in Iran's rights compared to civil law in Egypt, as one of the most important rules in this field. The results suggest the Iranian legal system compared to the Egyptian legal system, despite the fact that, in various rules, moral damage is referred scatter, but no certain legal system can be considered for it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Compensation for Losses Caused by Increase in Prices of Object of Sale and Security against Faults in Tille
Pouria Razi

The mechanism envisaged by the Civil Code regarding the guarantor of a security against faults in tille, economically, makes a large part of the damage indemnified, especially damage caused by the difference in price of object of sale. The uniform practice verdict No. 7 More

The mechanism envisaged by the Civil Code regarding the guarantor of a security against faults in tille, economically, makes a large part of the damage indemnified, especially damage caused by the difference in price of object of sale. The uniform practice verdict No. 733, while posing the same question, has seen it as damages caused by the devaluation of currency. However, the fate of the possibility of obtaining compensation due to the difference in prices of object of sale is unclear. The remedies proposed by lawyers to compensate for these losses will remove the security against faults in tille from its original form. It seems that by studying the exact nature of today's currency as an exchange commodity not consumed, it would not only be possible to clarify the liability for this loss, but also to define the security against faults in tille in accordance with the new concept of currency. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Themes of Love and Determinism in the Naturalistic Stories by Sadegh Chubak
Nasrin Hallajan Parvin Dokht Mashhur Mehdi Norouz Mahboubeh Zia Khodadadian

Love and determinism ‎are the most prominent themes of Persian literature. Determinism ‎is opposite to the highly frequent term Free will. Love in its spiritual aspect is reminiscent of the mysticism of the Divine Atonement, both physically and according to its instinct More

Love and determinism ‎are the most prominent themes of Persian literature. Determinism ‎is opposite to the highly frequent term Free will. Love in its spiritual aspect is reminiscent of the mysticism of the Divine Atonement, both physically and according to its instinctual origin, and is known as earthly love. The current paper aims at examining, describing, and analyzing Sadegh Chubak Naturalist fictional works to study his view of Earthly and Physical Love and Human Fate. The animal nature of human in these stories as an overbearing, lustful creature is portrayed in a naturalistic view, and love is presented as a legitimate experience in the form of physical and gendered desire and determinism, that is, human beings - has to comply with biological requirements, and fails to exercise the will of man to submit since destiny is inevitable. In his stories, Chubak relies on the influence of modernism on fate, ambiguity and inheritance on characters Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Examining contract termination in Iranian law by comparative study with the principles of international trade agreements
Masoumeh Ghadirian Mozafar Bashokouh Alireza Lotfi Dudran

The upward trend in the internationalization of contracts, especially international business contracts, requires the adoption of laws in harmony with other well-known legal systems. To avoid problems due to differences in the methods and methods used to regulate interna More

The upward trend in the internationalization of contracts, especially international business contracts, requires the adoption of laws in harmony with other well-known legal systems. To avoid problems due to differences in the methods and methods used to regulate international trade, the coordinator internal regulations are imperative with the passage of laws and other regulations. Regarding this issue, the present article deals with the comparative analysis of the guarantees of violations of contractual obligations in Iranian law and the principles of international trade agreements with the aim of explaining the rules governing the guarantee of implementation and its implementation with domestic law. Problems and issues related to the performance of contractual obligations are a series of substantive issues, and the most important part of the contracts is the guarantee, which is described in the Unidroit principles in chapter seven, which is discussed in the treatise. The performance bonus that is presented in most legal systems In case of violation of contractual obligations, they can be resorted to out of three categories. At first sight, it may require the execution of the same contractual obligations from the obligated party. The second one can request alternative compensation from a committed one, which is usually done by paying money and finally, it can cancel the contract, which seeks to examine the distinction and sharing of the guarantees of violations of contractual obligations in Iranian law and the principles of international commercial contracts. According to the research, despite the many similarities between the two, differences it is also seen that they are not so important and can be adjusted by using other institutions in Iranian law. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Moral approach to compensating for the spiritual damage caused by the decline of reason in jurisprudence and Iranian law
Mohammad Ferdosi Pour MOhammadReza Kazemi GolVerdi Hossein Ahmary

The development of moral principles has been one of the necessities of human society throughout history. Also, the most important point that should be addressed in the discussion of compensation for spiritual damage is the definition of moral damages. Jurists and jurist More

The development of moral principles has been one of the necessities of human society throughout history. Also, the most important point that should be addressed in the discussion of compensation for spiritual damage is the definition of moral damages. Jurists and jurists have tried to provide a logical definition of spiritual damage. Damage is not limited to financial losses, but spiritual damage damages and damages the most important dimension of human personality, which is its spiritual and spiritual dimension. However, in jurisprudence, compensation for material damages in both positive and negative types has been strongly and frequently considered and revised in Iranian jurisprudence and criminal law. However, the issue of "spiritual damage" still has much to do with the current laws and even jurisprudence. This article seeks to pay attention to the importance of reason in Islamic penal laws and criminal procedure and the methods of compensation for damages due to its loss or decline, using a descriptive-analytical method and considering jurisprudential and legal sources. Finally, with the aim of removing ambiguity from Qunin and emphasizing the spiritual rights of reason and by examining and analyzing the legitimacy of "spiritual damage" and how to compensate it by studying the current laws, especially the new criminal procedure and Islamic Penal Code, as well as civil liability and Its application to the rules of jurisprudence, such as the rule of no harm, the denial of hardship, pride and waste, as well as the examination of the rule of reason, we will conclude that spiritual damage can be claimed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Study Of Theoretical Philosophy Of History In Nahj Al-Balagha; Case Study Determinism And Authority
سید مهدی حسینی شیروانی Mohammad

Determinism And Free Will Of The Most Important And Oldest Theoretical Philosophy Of History. The Importance And Sensitivity Of This Issue From The Religious And Theological Issues Because That Is The Will, Ability, Power, Science Servants Of God Verbs, Especially Verbs More

Determinism And Free Will Of The Most Important And Oldest Theoretical Philosophy Of History. The Importance And Sensitivity Of This Issue From The Religious And Theological Issues Because That Is The Will, Ability, Power, Science Servants Of God Verbs, Especially Verbs And Destiny And The Will Of The People And Will Closely Tied. The Question That Arises Here Is Whether The Views Of Imam Ali (As) In Nahj Al-Human Beings Or Force And Whether This Autonomy Is In Contradiction With God's Will? Accordingly, The Findings Indicate That Imam Ali (As) In Nahj Al-Balagha Does Not Believe In Coincidence And Historical Determinism And Believed In The Cause And Effect Of Events And Historical Events. So That Human Philosophical Insight Of Imam Ali (As) A Victim Helplessly Against The God Of History, But Their Own History And Its Manufacturer And Can Be Across The Divine Decree, Lead To Welfare. Imam (AS) And The Traditions Of The Human Will To The Will Of God And Not The Dominant Force On The Date. Accordingly, Autonomous Being, Is One Of The Most Important Features Of The Nahj Al-Balagha. The Research Method In Collecting Library - Documentation And Analytical Judgment Is In Place Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Comparatively Surveys the Issue of "Determinism" and "Free Will" among Abraham Religions

This article comparatively surveys the issue of "determinism" and "free will" among holy religions. According to the heavenly religions, we want to distinguish the stand of free will in human being; moreover, whether Allah has created him in determinism or thoroughly gi More

This article comparatively surveys the issue of "determinism" and "free will" among holy religions. According to the heavenly religions, we want to distinguish the stand of free will in human being; moreover, whether Allah has created him in determinism or thoroughly given him free will is in the question. Separately surveying these issues in all three religions, this article distinguishably circulates theirs experts' verdicts; furthermore, it compares and adapts their verdicts to each, considering the differences, and finally it selects the appreciated and complete one. Initially we took a look at the verdicts of Ash'arīyūn, Mu'tazilah, and Shiite in the school of Islam, then the verdicts of jewish experts such as Sa'dīyā, Ibrāhīm ibn 'adhrā, and Ibrāhīm ibn dāvūd have been discussed. The verdicts of christian experts like Saint Augustines, Pelagius, and their companions have been examined at the end Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - A comparison of the philosophical views of Omar Khayyam and Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri

The summary of the article that you will read in these pages entitled: "philosophical views of Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri and Omar Khayyam" contains a comparison between these two great poets of Arab and Persia lands and it's among comparative literature research which has alwa More

The summary of the article that you will read in these pages entitled: "philosophical views of Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri and Omar Khayyam" contains a comparison between these two great poets of Arab and Persia lands and it's among comparative literature research which has always been of great interest to researchers of Arab and Persia literature world. Many articles have been written so far on the influence of Abul Ala Al-Ma'rri on Khayyam, because every researcher who studies on the life and works of these two great poets would undoubtedly find a close similarity between them, as in most cases, Khayyam's ghost appears in front of them by studying Abul Ala Al's words. Because these two poets with the same philosophical viewpoints were often unanimous, concordant and agreed. Although, they occasionally fell apart. Before entering the world of philosophy of these two poets, what should be considered in this comparison are the political, social, economic and intellectual conditions of the two poets' time which played an important role in the formation of their personality. As far as, it can be stated that all the ideas and thoughts of the two poets were rooted in their time's circumstances Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Theory of Acquisition and its Different Approaches

Regarding man’s actions, from viewpoint of compulsion or volition, among religion researchers, there are different approaches. Ash’arites and its head believe in theory of acquisition and claimed man’s role in his actions is acquisition, not creation. But during history More

Regarding man’s actions, from viewpoint of compulsion or volition, among religion researchers, there are different approaches. Ash’arites and its head believe in theory of acquisition and claimed man’s role in his actions is acquisition, not creation. But during history Ash’arite ‘ulama, have got different ideas and readings concerning the reality of acquisition. Studying the Ash’arite works, the author found seven prominent approaches and then criticized and evaluated them. He demonstrated that the Ash’arite theories of compulsion or volition not only are not able to explain the reality of acquisition, but they lead to either compulsion or indeterminism. Therefore, some Ash’arite ‘ulama denied the theory of acquisition and accepted the Shi’i theory of intermediate position. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The structural model of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on maladaptive perfectionism and Parental psychological control in a nonclinical population
شهرام وکیلی هریس Sholeh Livarjani Naeimeh Moheb

The purpose of the current study is investigate the mediating role of Personal maladaptive perfectionism and parental psychological control in the relationship between parental maladaptive perfectionism whit obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), using structural equation More

The purpose of the current study is investigate the mediating role of Personal maladaptive perfectionism and parental psychological control in the relationship between parental maladaptive perfectionism whit obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), using structural equation modeling (SEM). The research design is descriptive-correlation study. The participants were 586 students of Islamic Azad University Tabriz Branch, University of Tabriz and Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in Iran whom were selected using cluster sampling method. Data were gathered by Obsessive Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R), Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale (DAPCS) and were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS V. 24. SEM confirmed the proposed model (χ2 /df = 1.94, RMSEA = 0.04, CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.94) and indicated that parental maladaptive perfectionism with Personal maladaptive perfectionism and parental psychological control mediation affects OCD with standard coefficient of 0.47 at a significant at the P˂0.05 level. The findings, supporting the theoretical model, proposes a suitable framework for psychopathology of the disorder that emphasizes Parental maladaptive perfectionism anticipates the obsessive-compulsive disorder through parental psychological control and Personal maladaptive perfectionism. These findings, can be useful in developing etiology, efficacious therapeutic interventions and the prevention for OCD. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - The Relationship between Self-Regulation Processes and Severity of Obsessive- Compulsive Personality Disorder Symptoms: the Role of Conscientiousness
Maryam Karimpour Mohammad Naghi Farahani Hamid Khanipour

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between self-regulation processes and the symptom severity of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder according to conscientiousness in non-clinical sample. 210 Iranian students of Tehran province universities (147 More

This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between self-regulation processes and the symptom severity of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder according to conscientiousness in non-clinical sample. 210 Iranian students of Tehran province universities (147 women and 63 men) were selected by available sampling and completed following scales: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale , Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Questionnaire, Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale and 10 questions of conscientiousness from Goldberg Big 5 Personality Scale. The analysis path method showed the mediator role of conscientiousness in relationship between mindfulness and self-control with symptom severity of OCPD. Mindfulness was directly related to symptom severity of OCPD and conscientiousness played the mediator role between mindfulness and self-control with symptom severity of OCPD. It can be concluded that mindfulness may play the protective role against the nonclinical OCPD symptoms and high level of self-control in the individuals with pathological levels of conscientiousness may underlie OCPD symptoms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The Structural Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Based on Maladaptive Perfectionism and Parental Psychological Control
Shahram Vakiliheris Sholeh Livarjani Naeimeh Moheb

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the mediating role of Personal maladaptive perfectionism and parental psychological control in the relationship between parental maladaptive perfectionism with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), using structural equat More

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the mediating role of Personal maladaptive perfectionism and parental psychological control in the relationship between parental maladaptive perfectionism with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), using structural equation modeling (SEM). The research design is descriptive-correlation study. The participants were 586 students of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, University of Tabriz, and Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University in Iran selected using the cluster sampling method. Data were gathered by Obsessive Compulsive Inventory Revised (OCI-R), Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), and Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale (DAPCS), and were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS V. 24. SEM confirmed the proposed model (χ2 /df = 1.94, RMSEA = 0.04, CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.94) and indicated that parental maladaptive perfectionism with Personal maladaptive perfectionism and parental psychological control mediation affects OCD with standard coefficient of 0.47 (P˂0.05). The findings, supporting the theoretical model, propose a suitable framework for psychopathology of the disorders that emphasize Parental maladaptive perfectionism anticipates the obsessive-compulsive disorder through parental psychological control and Personal maladaptive perfectionism. These findings, can be useful in developing etiology, efficacious therapeutic interventions and preventions for OCD. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The Problem of Predestination and Free Will and Mulla Sadra’s Innovative Solution
Akbar Faydei

The problem of Divine Decree and Ordinance and its relationship with human acts has occupied the minds of Muslim thinkers since long ago. The undeniable universality of God’s Decree and Ordinance and its consistency or inconsistency with man’s free will have resulted in More

The problem of Divine Decree and Ordinance and its relationship with human acts has occupied the minds of Muslim thinkers since long ago. The undeniable universality of God’s Decree and Ordinance and its consistency or inconsistency with man’s free will have resulted in the formation of the problem of predestination and free will and the rise of three major kalami and religious views of predestination, entrusting, and amr bayn al-amrayn (neither predestination nor entrusting, but something between them). Through explaining the problem of predestination and free will and rejecting the views of determinists and the followers of entrusting, the writer of this paper tries to demonstrate the consistency of the Divine Decree and Ordinance with man’s will based on the teachings of the Shi‘a school of thought and the truth of the theory of intermediate position and Mulla Sadra’s innovative interpretation of the issue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Predicting Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms Based on Personality Factors in Female College Students in Shiraz
shiva zare Seyed Mehdi Hosseini

10.52547/row.2.3.43

The present study was aimed to examine the personality factors as predictors of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical society of this study included all female college students studying at universities in More

The present study was aimed to examine the personality factors as predictors of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The present study was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical society of this study included all female college students studying at universities in Shiraz city during 2019-2020 among which 256 students were selected through multi stage cluster sampling and then questionnaires were distributed among them. In order to collect data were used the Padua Inventory-Washington State University Revision and Hexaco-60 questionnaire. The data were analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression with SPSS-16 software. The results of this study showed that among personality dimensions, honesty/humility, extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness have significantly negative correlation with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms and among them only conscientiousness (Beta=-0.18) could significantly predict Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms. Based on results of this study it can be concluded that conscientiousness has more important role in predicting Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms and in vulnerability to this disorder. Since mental health is an important factor in quality of life, psychotherapists can keep these information in mind during diagnosing and therapy sessions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Investigating the mediating role of cognitive flexibility and cognitive control in the relationship between mindfulness and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in women
reza chalmeh fatemeh abdolahi

10.52547/row.2.3.67

The present study was conducted to investigate a causal model for identifying the prognosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on mindfulness, control and cognitive flexibility in women. The present study was a descriptive correlational study in which the assumed re More

The present study was conducted to investigate a causal model for identifying the prognosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on mindfulness, control and cognitive flexibility in women. The present study was a descriptive correlational study in which the assumed relationships between variables were investigated using the path analysis method. In this model, the mindfulness variable was considered as an exogenous variable, and cognitive control and flexibility were considered as mediating variables and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder as an endogenous variable. The statistical population included all women aged 18 and over living in Shiraz, of which 150 were selected as a sample group by random sampling. The tools used in this study included Yale Brown obsessive-compulsive disorder questionnaires, Freiburg mindset (short form), and cognitive control and flexibility. The results showed that mindfulness predicts the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder inversely and significantly (β = -0.35). Cognitive flexibility (β = -0.24) and cognitive control (β = -0.23) were also negative and significant predictors of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms. Mindfulness was a positive and significant predictor of cognitive control (β = 0.80) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0.60). Finally, cognitive flexibility and cognitive control were able to mediate the role of exogenous and intrinsic variables. Play a child. Accordingly, mindfulness can reduce the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder by affecting the two variables of cognitive flexibility and cognitive control. Mindfulness predicts the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder inversely and significantly. In addition, cognitive flexibility is a negative and significant predictor of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder; In addition, both cognitive flexibility and cognitive control variables could play a mediating role between exogenous and endogenous variables. Accordingly, mindfulness can reduce the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder by affecting the two variables of cognitive flexibility and cognitive control. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Optimum Design and Fabrication of Pen-Shaped Antenna
Mohammad Khalaj-Amirhosseini

In this paper, a pen-shaped antenna, called Vlasov antenna, is introduced. This antenna has a simple structure and can be constructed by creating a slant at the end of a circular waveguide. The main property of this antenna is its suitable radiation by excitation of som More

In this paper, a pen-shaped antenna, called Vlasov antenna, is introduced. This antenna has a simple structure and can be constructed by creating a slant at the end of a circular waveguide. The main property of this antenna is its suitable radiation by excitation of some modes such as TM01, which are symmetrical. The analysis of the antenna is done qualitatively and then the manner of its design is introduced. A pen-shaped antenna is designed in the X band and then is simulated, fabricated, and its performance is measured. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Design and Control of Three-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter Using the Sliding Mode Control and Energy Feedback
M. Nayeripour A. Yazdian Varjani M. Mohamadian H. R. mohammadi

The presence of nonlinear and unbalance loads in a three-phase network causes harmonics generation and dissipation in power network. One of the usual methods used for decreasing and eliminating these effects is the application of active and passive filter. The passive f More

The presence of nonlinear and unbalance loads in a three-phase network causes harmonics generation and dissipation in power network. One of the usual methods used for decreasing and eliminating these effects is the application of active and passive filter. The passive filter is designed for a particular kind of frequency and therefore eliminates a particular harmonics. Its weakness, however, is the possibility of its resonance with the equivalent network impedance and the large size of its elements. The active filter helps to remove the above problems. Moreover, this filter causes the harmonics to be rejected individually or all together and prohibits the occurrence of resonance with the network. One of the problems of these filters is the limited dynamics response that considers the steady state of harmonics. In this paper, unlike the previous methods on single phase analysis, the inverter used in active filter is analyzed more precisely, i.e., the simultaneous three- phase analysis. The ohmic effect of phase-inductances is also taken into account. The inverter control system makes use of two internal and external loops. The external loop produces suitable signal for on/off switching through sliding mode control. The internal loop utilizes energy feedback to adjust the capacitor voltages. This new method effectively improves the speed of dynamic filter response in comparison with the previously reported methods and is able to quickly compensate harmonics and load unbalancing. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Optimization of Shunt Active Power Filter and Load Current with an Improved Sliding Mode Control
M. Nayeripour A. Yazdian Varjani M. Mohamadian

In this paper, the compensation of load harmonic current is investigated using Lagrange function and minimization of load current active component. The results are compared with load harmonic current compensation using instantaneous three phase reactive power theory. N More

In this paper, the compensation of load harmonic current is investigated using Lagrange function and minimization of load current active component. The results are compared with load harmonic current compensation using instantaneous three phase reactive power theory. Next the PI and sliding mode controller are modified such that RMS value of error signal is minimized and state variables reach the sliding surface faster than conventional sliding mode controller. This improves the dynamic response of active power filter under load unbalance and harmonics conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Design of E-plane and H-plane Waveguide Filters Using a Genetic Algorithm and Mode-Matching Method
A. Akbari Khezri A. R. Attari

In the conventional method for design of waveguide filters, equivalent circuits such as impedance or admittance inverters are used to model the waveguide discontinuities. These inverters are useful for design of filters with narrow bandwidth. In this paper using a genet More

In the conventional method for design of waveguide filters, equivalent circuits such as impedance or admittance inverters are used to model the waveguide discontinuities. These inverters are useful for design of filters with narrow bandwidth. In this paper using a genetic algorithm and mode-matching (MM) method, and without using the equivalent circuits, two E-plane and H-plane bandpass waveguide filters are designed. To verify the validity of MM method, the frequency response of filters is obtained by the PML-FDTD method. The two filters are also analyzed by the HFSS software. The results of MM method are in excellent agreement with the results provided by FDTD method and HFSS software. An important characteristic of a waveguide filter is the sensitivity of its frequency response to fabrication errors. In this paper, by using the Monte Carlo statistical method, sensitivity of the frequency response of E-plane and H-plane filters to fabrication errors are determined and compared with each other. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - A New Combined Strategy for Estimation of Individual Power Quality Parameters Using Adaptive Neural Network
H. R. Mohammadi A. Yazdian Varjani H. mokhtari

With respect to increment of power quality problems and also increasing application of sensitive devices to such problems, the power quality enhancement becomes a serious concern. The series-shunt and combined compensators can be used for compensation of voltage, curren More

With respect to increment of power quality problems and also increasing application of sensitive devices to such problems, the power quality enhancement becomes a serious concern. The series-shunt and combined compensators can be used for compensation of voltage, current, or both voltage and current. One of the most important stages for precise and optimized compensation of power quality parameters is the fast and accurate estimation of individual parameters. In this paper, a new combined strategy based on a unified adaptive estimator is proposed which is capable of detection and accurate estimation of individual power quality parameters. In comparison to other estimation methods, the proposed method has a simple structure, low computation, high precision and is capable of individual power quality parameters estimation. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for on-line application such as selective compensation in series, shunt active power filters, and unified power quality conditioner. The exclusive properties of the proposed strategy will be shown by simulation results in transient and steady state conditions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - A Novel Structure for Fault Current Limiterمحدودکننده جريان عيب، راکتور غير فوق هادی، افت ولتاژ، مدار جبران‌کننده
M. abapour M. Sabahi

In this paper a new structure for fault current limiter is proposed. In proposed structure the superconductor coil is replaced by a copper coil and the losses of copper coil and power electronic devices are compensated by an auxiliary circuit. The results show that the More

In this paper a new structure for fault current limiter is proposed. In proposed structure the superconductor coil is replaced by a copper coil and the losses of copper coil and power electronic devices are compensated by an auxiliary circuit. The results show that the proposed structure has less undesired effect on normal operation of system compared with ordinary superconductor type. The main advantageous of proposed structure are no need to superconductor technology and its control-less operation. The analytical analysis and designing characteristics for DC reactor are presented. Also, the simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of proposed structure in fault current limitation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - A New Configuration of Unified Power Quality Conditioner for Simultaneous Compensation in Adjacent Feeders
H. R. Mohammadi A. Yazdian Varjani H. mokhtari

In this paper a new configuration of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is proposed. In this new configuration, by adding a series converter in an adjacent feeder, the abilities of the UPQC are enhanced. The proposed configuration can be applied to adjacent feeder More

In this paper a new configuration of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is proposed. In this new configuration, by adding a series converter in an adjacent feeder, the abilities of the UPQC are enhanced. The proposed configuration can be applied to adjacent feeders to compensate for supply voltage and load current imperfections on the main feeder and fully compensation of supply voltage imperfections, especially interruption, on other feeder. In this configuration two series and one shunt converters are used which all are voltage source converters (VSC). All VSCs are connected back to back on the DC side and shared a common DC-link capacitor. The proposed configuration offers the following advantages: 1) Power transfer between two adjacent feeders for sag/swell and interruption compensation. 2) Using one shunt VSC for current compensation in main feeder and voltage regulation of common DC link capacitor between all VSCs. The simulation results obtained in PSCAD/EMTDC on a two bus/two feeder system show the effectiveness of the proposed configuration as well as the adopted control system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Design of PSS and STATCOM Parameters Simultaneously Using Intelligent Method (BRGA)
A. Rajaee A. Khodabakhshian M. R. Esmaili M. Mahmodi

This paper presents a new intelligent algorithm, named binary real genetic algorithm (BRGA) to design parameters of PSS and STATCOM controller simultaneously. The proposed algorithm has a strong search capability and high speed convergence to find the global optimum poi More

This paper presents a new intelligent algorithm, named binary real genetic algorithm (BRGA) to design parameters of PSS and STATCOM controller simultaneously. The proposed algorithm has a strong search capability and high speed convergence to find the global optimum points. The objective function used in this paper to be minimized is the time integral absolute error (ITAE). The objective will be minimizing the deviations of rotor speed () and the voltage of the bus in which STATCOM has been installed. The simulations are carried out on a two-area four-machine power system to show the superior performance of the proposed method, when compared with GA and PSO algorithms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Optimal and Simultaneously Compensation of Active, and Reactive Powers in Power System Using of Plug in Electric Vehicle
f. rashidi H. Feshki Farahani

Plug in electric vehicles besides environment pollution reduction can help power system operation. One of the most important capabilities of them is providing activeand reactive power. This paper considers grid constraints, technical concerns and market price and propos More

Plug in electric vehicles besides environment pollution reduction can help power system operation. One of the most important capabilities of them is providing activeand reactive power. This paper considers grid constraints, technical concerns and market price and proposes a framework to allocate the PEV capacity such that operational cost paid by distribution system operator (DSO) to power provider of active and reactive power is minimized. For this purpose, an objective function is defined that includes the payment for each power provider. This objective function is minimized based on particle swarm optimization subject to grid and vehicles constraints. In this framework, the PEVs compete with generator to produce active and reactive power. In order to accelerate the optimization process and prevent the algorithm from being trapped in local optima, new heuristic approaches are included to the original PSO algorithm. To evaluate the effectiveness of the propose method, it is implemented on the low voltage with 134 customer and including the other power providers and the amount of each participants production and payment cost to each component is determined. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Algebraic Stability Analysis and Stabilization by Proportional Controllers: Critical Inflection Point in Phase Diagram
kh. Neshat M. S. Tavazoei

This paper deals with algebraic stability analysis and investigating the existence of proportional stabilizing controllers on the basis of frequency response data. Firstly, it is shown that using the available results in this subject may yield in inconsistent subsequenc More

This paper deals with algebraic stability analysis and investigating the existence of proportional stabilizing controllers on the basis of frequency response data. Firstly, it is shown that using the available results in this subject may yield in inconsistent subsequences in the cases that there is a critical inflection point in phase diagram of the open-loop/process transfer function. Then, to solve this inconsistency problem some modifications are proposed. Finally, conditions for ensuring the existence of critical inflection point in phase diagram of a dynamical system are analytically found. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Robust Optimal Stable Fuzzy Controller Design for Stabilization of Electric Vehicle Speed, in Presence of Parametric Uncertainties and External Disturbances
Mohammad Veysi M. Shasadeghi M. R. Soltanpour

In electric vehicle’s nonlinear dynamic equations, some parameters has uncertainty such as the coefficient of rolling resistance, drag coefficient, armature resistance and field winding resistance. Design of a controller that is robust in the presence of these parametri More

In electric vehicle’s nonlinear dynamic equations, some parameters has uncertainty such as the coefficient of rolling resistance, drag coefficient, armature resistance and field winding resistance. Design of a controller that is robust in the presence of these parametric uncertainties and also in presence of external disturbances, and on the other hand simultaneously satisfies the optimality criteria, is a challenging issue. In practical applications, in addition to the above problem, the computational load of the control input should also be considered and provide a rational interaction between the controller's desirable performance and the calculations volume. In the present paper, a robust optimal stable fuzzy controller based on the parallel distributed compensation is designed, using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model of electric vehicle. The stabilizer feedback gains of fuzzy model, the upper bound of the uncertainties, the upper bound of the disturbances effect, and the upper bound of the cost function are obtained completely offline, through the solving of a minimization problem based on the linear matrix inequality. Therefore, the calculation volume of the control input is extremely low. This allows the practical implementation of the proposed controller. The favorable performance of the proposed controller is demonstrated in five-step simulations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Balancing the DC Bus Voltage of a Cascaded H-Bridge Converter with Adaptive Carrier Phase Shift Method
M. Rahali Asl M. Saradarzadeh A. R. Namadmalan

The cascaded H-bridge converter is one of the useful multilevel converters for high power applications. The unbalancing of cells DC bus voltages is a major issue in this topology especially when the capacitors are charged from the grid, which mainly is caused by the dif More

The cascaded H-bridge converter is one of the useful multilevel converters for high power applications. The unbalancing of cells DC bus voltages is a major issue in this topology especially when the capacitors are charged from the grid, which mainly is caused by the different losses of cells. In this paper a new method is proposed for balancing the cells DC bus voltages without need to measure the cells current. This method is named as “adaptive carrier phase shift”, which is based on the phase shift pulse width modulation. The balancing between the cells DC bus voltages is achieved by measuring the voltages and changing the carrier phase shift. This method is analyzed mathematically and is used to balance a 7-level cascaded H-bridge STATCOM. The feasibility and appropriate function of balancing method is investigated by the simulation studies in the MATLAB/Simulink software. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Coordinated Design of Power System Stabilizer and Variable Impedance Devices to Increase Damping of Inter-Area Modes Using Genetic Algorithm
m. zamani G. Shahgholian

Power system stabilizer (PSS) does not have a significant impact on inter-area modes and FACTS devices are used to damping these modes and to enhance power system stability. In this article, an objective function based on different and variable weight coefficients accor More

Power system stabilizer (PSS) does not have a significant impact on inter-area modes and FACTS devices are used to damping these modes and to enhance power system stability. In this article, an objective function based on different and variable weight coefficients according to eigenvalues condition is proposed and optimization parameters of power system stabilizer and variable impedance parameters include static VAR compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), (Including amplifying gain rate and time constant of phase-compensating blocks) is done using genetic algorithm in harmony. Also, in the process of optimization, the location of the FACTS devices and the control signal are considered as optimization parameters. Simulation results on IEEE 68-bus system show improvement damping of inter-area modes using the proposed method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Analysis of Slew Rate and Settling Time in Two Stage CMOS Operational Amplifiers with Cascode Compensation
hannane Gholamntaj habib Adarang seyed saleh Mohseni seyed saleh Ghoreishi

Slew rate and settling time are the important parameters in opamps with feedback. In this paper, the slew rate and settling time of the fully differential two stages folded cascade architecture amplifier with cascade compensation is analyzed. An important characteristic More

Slew rate and settling time are the important parameters in opamps with feedback. In this paper, the slew rate and settling time of the fully differential two stages folded cascade architecture amplifier with cascade compensation is analyzed. An important characteristic of the proposed analytical model is that the behavior of the transistors is examined in detail after applying the step in the input, and it is shown that the settling time as well as slew rate would depend on the size of the input step. The performed analysis can be beneficial for design and manual calculations in integrated circuits. Moreover, circuit level simulation is used to validate the analytical results with particular emphasis on slew rate and settling time. Simulations results show excellent conformance between the analytical equations and the simulation results. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Design and Simulation of an ESIW H-plane Horn Antenna with High Gain and Improved Bandwidth
سید حسین حقیرالسادات محمدحسن نشاطي

In this paper by using the radiation slots, the half power beam width (HPBW) of the SIW horn antenna is reduced in E-plane and the radiation pattern is improved. In addition to keeping the dimensions of the structure constant, these slots can have a significant effect o More

In this paper by using the radiation slots, the half power beam width (HPBW) of the SIW horn antenna is reduced in E-plane and the radiation pattern is improved. In addition to keeping the dimensions of the structure constant, these slots can have a significant effect on the characteristics of the antenna. Also placing the reflector plate at a suitable distance from aperture and slots leads to improve side lobe levels (SLLs) and front to back ration (FTBR). Then, to improve the impedance matching and increase the bandwidth of the antenna, the dielectric of the structure is completely removed and non-radiation slots added to the upper and lower plate of the antenna. Removing the insulation, increasing the bandwidth of the antenna compared to a conventional SIW horn and adding radiation slots significantly improves the gain of the antenna. The simulation results shows that the proposed antenna in this paper covers the frequency range of 27.2 GHz to 28.3 GHz and its gain changes between 10.1 dBi to 15.3 dBi with 98% radiation efficiency in this range. Finally, in order to increase the gain of the antenna, a two-dimensional array of the proposed antenna with suitable feeding structure is designed in the H-plane. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Design, Simulation and Implementation of Compact and Wideband Microwave Filter Using Semi-Hexagonal Cavity by Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology
m.h. n. Rasoul Rahmani

In this paper, a compact wideband microwave filter in X band using substrate integrated waveguide technology is designed, simulated and implemented. At first, the structure of hexagonal and semi-hexagonal microwave resonators is studied and their resonate modes, resonan More

In this paper, a compact wideband microwave filter in X band using substrate integrated waveguide technology is designed, simulated and implemented. At first, the structure of hexagonal and semi-hexagonal microwave resonators is studied and their resonate modes, resonance frequencies and field distribution inside these resonators are investigated. Then, a second order Chebyshev filter is designed by coupling matrix of two semi-hexagonal cavities with center frequency of 10 GHz and fractional bandwidth of 20%. The first designed filter based on theoretical modeling is simulated by a full wave simulator and the geometrical parameters of the structure are adjusted for the required response. A prototype of the designed filter is implemented by TLY031 substrate and its characteristics are successfully measured. The results show that the measured results agree well with those obtained by simulation. The center frequency of the implemented filter is 8.7 GHz and it provides 27.3% bandwidth, with maximum insertion loss of 2.1 dB. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Energy Management of Micro-Grids and Their Harmonic Compensation Through Shunt Active Filter Based on Multi-Agent Systems
Mohammad-Reza Salehi Rad Mohammad Mollaie Emamzadeh

In this paper, a new energy management strategy is presented by using shunt active power filter (SAPF) in a multi-agent structure. This strategy is applied to a micro-grid connected to the grid and includes the problem of harmonic compensation. By examining the advantag More

In this paper, a new energy management strategy is presented by using shunt active power filter (SAPF) in a multi-agent structure. This strategy is applied to a micro-grid connected to the grid and includes the problem of harmonic compensation. By examining the advantages and disadvantages of shunt active power filters and passive filters, as well as their efficiency in the multi-agent structure for power micro-grids, the reason for using shunt active power filters in the proposed method has been determined. Also, the performance of these filters for compensating current harmonics has been compared by examining the FFT results. In the used micro-grid, wind turbine generator and solar cell generator are used as renewable energy sources (RES) and two fuel cells are used to compensate for sudden and unplanned changes in the production power of these two generators. The energy management unit manages the active and inactive state of the two fuel cells according to the production power and consumption power of the micro-grid in such a way that the power exchanged between the micro-grid and the main grid is limited within an acceptable range. The simulation results show that the proposed method using local continuous controllers (in each agent) and central discrete controller (energy management system) has been able to perform well and while providing the required power of the micro-grid, at the same time, it performs the current harmonics compensation issue correctly. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Principles of State Civil Liability for Environmental Pollution
Sayed Ahmad Asgari Arjnky

Today, with the expansion of international relations and relationships, the issue of environmental law has been at the forefront of international attention, and all governments and individuals are working to maintain environmental conditions in a healthy environment. On More

Today, with the expansion of international relations and relationships, the issue of environmental law has been at the forefront of international attention, and all governments and individuals are working to maintain environmental conditions in a healthy environment. One could consider one of the components of a good state or good governance as an environmental issue and, in particular, a clean air. In fact, one of the most important environmental issues is the issue of air pollution, which today is inevitable to find solutions to tackle and mitigate this phenomenon. It should be noted that the right to a healthy environment, except for human rights, including rights Is inherent in human beings. In order to deal with this phenomenon, civil liability was raised, according to which the loss factor should be compensated. One of the foundations of civil responsibility is the theory of fault that this theory is less used because of the lack of recognition of the actual cause of the damage, and to solve this problem, theories of liability are blamed and blamed on the responsibility of the majority of European countries. The remedies in this area are also restoring the state of the past, eliminating the source of losses, compensating for losses, and committing to non-contamination. In the area of civil liability caused by pollution, there are complexities such as the multiplicity of features, gradual and hidden losses, the difficulty of assessing damages, and the ability to prove the relationship between the causation. Therefore, it is necessary in this regard, It will be possible to first develop preventive measures against people, as well as by adopting precise and comprehensive laws and regulations in this area, these issues can be reduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Locus of Control in Quran’s View, with an Emphasis on Concept of Determinism & Free Will
maryam

Man’s health in all areas is deeply affected by his lifestyle. On the other hand, lifestyle and actions and conducts originate from man’s mental and psychological processes and his style of thinking. The locus of control of man’s character is among personality traits More

Man’s health in all areas is deeply affected by his lifestyle. On the other hand, lifestyle and actions and conducts originate from man’s mental and psychological processes and his style of thinking. The locus of control of man’s character is among personality traits that significantly affect the way one thinks and behaves. Research findings show that many of men’s problems and troubles are rooted in a belief in external control on individuals. But what affects does internal control have on individuals? Does external control not have any positive effects? A study of Quranic concepts, especially those related to the issue of determinism and free will point to the fact that Quranic discourse rules out absolute free will on the one hand and considers limited effects from external determinism on individuals, on the other. Hence, Quran’s view of the locus of control is something in the middle of internal and external control. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Role of Free Will Versus Taghdir (Destiny) in View of Quran, Psychology and Neurology
AKRAM jahangir farzaneh maftoon

The issue of predestination and free will has long been among the most basic issues in philosophy and debated by philosophers and thinkers. Some have believed in absolute predestination and some others, like Muʿtazila, believe in absolute free will. However, the saying More

The issue of predestination and free will has long been among the most basic issues in philosophy and debated by philosophers and thinkers. Some have believed in absolute predestination and some others, like Muʿtazila, believe in absolute free will. However, the saying “La jabr wala ikhtiar, bal amr-i bayn al-amrayn” (There is no free will or predestination, but the station in between) we have received from the Infallible Imams (AS) has been proven to be true in specialized neurology labs. In this paper, neurological studies about free will, related Quranic verses, and other psychological and neurological views related to the issue have been taken into consideration. Benjamin Libet is a neurophysiologist who discovered a new understanding of consciousness during his studies on the brain. He writes that the brain begins responding to an external stimulus before making a conscious decision (i.e., the response is already there, and this is what we call predestination). This paper cites from verses of the Quran, views of Carl Jung, and interpretations of poets Rumi and Hafiz on the issue of sublime predestination and destiny and then investigates neurology of transcendence in neuroscience. One can develop humanity’s horizons in terms of religious understandings by reflecting on them and their relation with new sciences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - The study of Attar's deterministic thought based on Unity of acts (tawhid al-af'al (and Nearness to God via supererogatory worships (Qurb al-Nawafil)
Abolfazl Afshari Pour reza Haidari Nori reza fahimi

The subject of determinism and free will, among the various philosophical, theological and mystical issues, is one of the topics that has always been considered by various religions and sects. In this regard, philosophers and non-philosophers also agree on this question More

The subject of determinism and free will, among the various philosophical, theological and mystical issues, is one of the topics that has always been considered by various religions and sects. In this regard, philosophers and non-philosophers also agree on this question of whether the actions and behaviors that occur to man or what happens to him are all in the hands of man himself or under the influence of other factors and forces. The belief that man is a free or compelled has always influenced man's social vision. Its importance is such that great men, artists and virtuous people like Attar with all their scientific insight and taste and intuitive understanding seek to answer this question to get an appropriate answer on the issue of human determinism and free will. Attar is a Ash'ari in theology and is also a Sufi. But unlike the Ash'arites and the Sufis, who are absolute determinists, he has expressed different views on determinism and free will. Attar does not accept verbal, reprehensible and disgusting determinism and in many cases he means determinism, as a mystical point of view and describing the attribute of the tyranny of God, and explaining the satisfaction of the servant against the truth and Unity of acts. Hence, Attar's view of Unity of acts, which is one of the monotheistic levels, has caused his thought to be similar to the theological beliefs of the Ash'arites. The results of this research, which has been obtained by library method, descriptive-analytical method and document research, show that Attar in the universe, according to the principle of Unity of acts, sees God as the only agent in the universe and The issue of determinism from a mystical point of view by depriving man of any power and will is explicitly raised and in many of his poems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Victims of Peace: UN Responsibility and Remedial Mechanisms
ghasem zamani

Occasional violations of international law occur as the United Nations and its peacekeeping forces carry out their important responsibility and mission for protecting global peace and security. Remedial mechanisms become more complicated when the actions of peacekeeping More

Occasional violations of international law occur as the United Nations and its peacekeeping forces carry out their important responsibility and mission for protecting global peace and security. Remedial mechanisms become more complicated when the actions of peacekeeping forces are attributed to the UN as a result of certain principles of international responsibility. On the one hand, the UN’s responsibility toward victims of such violations requires the world body to be answerable while, on the other hand, its immunity to trial in national and transnational courts, has barred victims from taking legal action. Although the UN has taken steps to solve this problem in order to restore the credit it has lost as a result of the actions of its forces as well as its immunity, the proposed mechanisms have posed new challenges, thus, making the UN target of new criticism. Such criticism seems even more justified as a result of the promotion of human rights in international community and alterations in the aforesaid immunity. The present paper discusses the necessity of introducing new mechanisms or reforms by the UN which would make the existing mechanisms more efficient and fairer Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Government civil liability for damages resulting from terrorist acts
Naheed Barakzehi

Terrorism has become one of the most important issues in today's world community. Although there is no specific definition for it, this does not diminish the importance of this issue. In recent decades, a wide range of terrorist acts have been committed in the world and More

Terrorism has become one of the most important issues in today's world community. Although there is no specific definition for it, this does not diminish the importance of this issue. In recent decades, a wide range of terrorist acts have been committed in the world and in Iran. According to the research, the most important question of the present dissertation is: What is the basis of the government's responsibility for compensation for terrorist incidents? The hypothesis that arises from the heart of the main question is: It seems that the main basis of the government's responsibility for compensation for terrorist acts is the theory of fault. Victims of terrorist incidents must first prove the government's negligence or failure to ensure public order and security so that they can turn to the government and claim damages from terrorist incidents, and then compensate the victims materially and spiritually through insurance or charities. And provide the necessary medical support and during the proceedings, by providing the necessary facilities and guarantees to file a lawsuit, pave the way for the victims of these incidents to achieve their rights, and take the necessary measures to prevent re-victimization, consolation and creating a sense of security. Explaining the civil liability of the government and the concept of terrorist acts and finally identifying ways to compensate the government for terrorist acts is one of the most important objectives of the present study Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - A Critical Look at Judges' Civil Liability in Iranian Jurisprudence and Law
Shaghayegh Shaghayegh shamsi Abedin momeni

10.61186/ahrar.38611.2.4.68

According to Article 171 of the Constitution, if a judge causes damage to another as a result of a mistake or fault in a case or in a sentence or in the application of a sentence to a particular case, he is the guarantor in case of fault. Otherwise, the compensation i More

According to Article 171 of the Constitution, if a judge causes damage to another as a result of a mistake or fault in a case or in a sentence or in the application of a sentence to a particular case, he is the guarantor in case of fault. Otherwise, the compensation is done by the government. It seems that the principle of government responsibility for the judge's mistake in jurisprudential books was due to the necessity of ijtihad in judges, and jurists based on this condition the verdict issued by the judge was considered his fatwa and they believed that the judge rules by his ijtihad, so they put the responsibility for compensation on the treasury. But the important point is that he should not be granted judicial immunity, because everyone has a responsibility wherever he is, and he should be held accountable for that position and his mistakes, and the judge, like other members of society, is paid for the act of judging and this does not cause the government, which has no worker-employer relationship with the judge, accept compensation for the damages caused by act them. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to critique the judicial process in the civil liability of judges and to compensate the damages from the government. The research method in this study is analytical-descriptive and the method of collecting information is library and documentary. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - Examining The Methods Of Compensation For Minor Damages In Iranian And British Law
Maryam Tafazoli Mehrjardi Behshid Arfania

10.61186/ahrar.38612.2.4.82

The purpose of civil liability is to compensate the injured party. If the terms and conditions of civil liability of the minor guardian are met, the injured party has the right to seek compensation from the guardian. In Iranian law, the purpose of compensating the inj More

The purpose of civil liability is to compensate the injured party. If the terms and conditions of civil liability of the minor guardian are met, the injured party has the right to seek compensation from the guardian. In Iranian law, the purpose of compensating the injured party is to return him/her to his/her former state. This means that the damage caused should be compensated and restored in a way as if it has not been occurred at all. The minor guardian, like any other civil responsible person, is only liable for the attributable damages resulting from the minor’s act. In the common law system, civil liability arises from the act or omission, which has caused damage to the other, mainly due to the negligence of the perpetrator, and he/she must take action to compensate it. If in order to determine the pattern of care and compliance, the performance of the harmful person is evaluated with the performance of the normal person, which is sometimes related to the action of the harmful person such as probability of loss and probable damage and sometimes related to the injured person. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - Rumi's rational methodology in order to prove human free will in Masnavi
Abolfazl Afsharipour reza Haidari Nori reza fahimi

The issue of determinism and free will is one of the most complex points of theology in the religion of Islam. According to the diverse interpretations of different theological sects and intellectual and religious schools, including mystics, from the verses of the Holy More

The issue of determinism and free will is one of the most complex points of theology in the religion of Islam. According to the diverse interpretations of different theological sects and intellectual and religious schools, including mystics, from the verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Prophet; it has been followed different and sometimes contradictory interpretations; to the extent that each of the intellectual societies, including the Ash'arites and Mu’tazilites, have been in constant search to prove their beliefs according to their own intellectual and ideological basis. Meanwhile, Muslim mystics, including Maulana Jalaluddin, due to his great work, Masnavi, mentions one of the strong and convincing reasons in order to prove free will and human will that the use the rational method of the thought power is in absorbing desires and seeking phenomena which is referred to as "common value". By the rational methodology, Rumi seeks to prove the subject of free will and the negation of determinism, and in the light of human free will, he proves the power of thought. The findings of this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library and documentary studies, show that the power of thought in human has been considered as a force to prove the power of free will in Rumi's theology. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Examining the theory of Ash'ari acquisition and some theological topics in Khaghani's Diwan
Shahrokh Hekmat

Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Ismail Ash'ari (260-330 AH) in order to find a middle way between the ideas of Mu'tazili devolution and Ash'ari determinism, proposed the theory of "earning" and declared that God is the creator of human voluntary actions and man is the earner of thes More

Abul Hasan Ali Ibn Ismail Ash'ari (260-330 AH) in order to find a middle way between the ideas of Mu'tazili devolution and Ash'ari determinism, proposed the theory of "earning" and declared that God is the creator of human voluntary actions and man is the earner of these actions. He considered acquisition to be the combination of the power of God and man, and he believed that voluntary action takes place following this combination. Based on this, man has no influence on the existence of his voluntary act and is only the place of his act. For this reason, the flow of God's habit causes the emergence of power and authority in man, and his voluntary action is performed. Many scholars have considered the theory of acquisition as another interpretation of the theory of determinism and determinism. Of course, there was a development in Ash'ari determinism and acquisition, and some Ash'ari scholars tried to interpret it in a different way. Khaqani Shervani (520-595 AH) is one of the greatest Iranian poets and one of the first-class speakers of the Persian language who, despite following the Sunni religion, respects Shia beliefs and holy things. Khaqani is biased in religion, but avoids being classist; Despite all this, he tends to Ash'ari theological mashrab, especially Ash'ari Kasbah, and in many cases he prefers moderate algebra. The results of this research, which is based on a library method and descriptive-analytical method, show that Khaqani, while accepting predestination in human destiny, also talks about free will in some cases, and at the same time as a religious religion, in writing some poems, he expresses a way of thinking. And the teachings of Ash'ari thought are based on the Ash'ari theory of acquisition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Criticism and review of the views of theologians about the creation of actions based on the theory of Sadr al-Mutalahin Shirazi
Ozra Yousefi Seyyed Hassan Bothaie Mohammad Reza Motaqian Rohollah NadAli

The issue of "deterrence and free will" is one of the important theological and philosophical issues of human voluntary actions. The thinkers tried to explain the truth and dimensions of this issue based on their religious, scientific and epistemological foundations and More

The issue of "deterrence and free will" is one of the important theological and philosophical issues of human voluntary actions. The thinkers tried to explain the truth and dimensions of this issue based on their religious, scientific and epistemological foundations and assumptions. Some were inclined to the theory of determinism and others to the theories of free will. Acknowledging the monotheism of verbs, Ash'ari theologians believe that all the verbs of the servants are God's creation and man is the only current acquirer that God creates by man's hand. Mu'tazila, motivated by the negation of evils from God, have denied the issuance of the verb ``Abd'' from God, and consider ``Abd'' as the origin of optional verbs. Sadr al-Mutalahin, by using rational reasons and revealed principles, has sought to gather the will of man and monotheism of actions. In this research, the Ash'areh principles and Mu'tazila principles about the voluntary actions of man are explained and the analysis and criticism of Mulla Sadra's principles about the voluntary actions of man are explained and its relationship with the monotheism of verbs is analyzed and researched according to rational and narrative reasons. It will be said that the authentic view of Imamia is Mulla Sadra's view. Manuscript profile

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