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Open Access Article
1 - Sustainability factors and capacities of university-industry relations In higher education system
rouhollah bagheri mirmohammad seyyed abbas zadeh Mohammad hasaniThe aim of this study was identification of Sustainability factors and capacities of university-industry relations in higher education system. The research method was descriptive survey. the research community, was including faculty members five universities country and MoreThe aim of this study was identification of Sustainability factors and capacities of university-industry relations in higher education system. The research method was descriptive survey. the research community, was including faculty members five universities country and industry representatives. Research sample, was selected in faculty members with random stratified of Morgan table 263 people and sample in industry representatives with randomly 12 people. Analysis procedures was multivariate regression, Manova and t with using the software SPSS. The research tools included two questionnaires sustainability factors Lee and capacities capacities of university-industry relations Ssebuwufu. According to the analysis Confirmatory validity and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha was appropriate. The results showed that sustainability factors, reasons and motivation and benefit in the university sector was positive and significant. But industry representatives, the sustainability benefits announced lower than optimal. Existing capacities has been a positive and significant relationship between university and industry. All components of capacities university-industry relations has been a positive and significant effect on Sustainability. All components of capacity, has predicted the reasons and motivations and benefit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Identifying Cloned Profiles on Online Social Networks by Identifying Nodes in Overlapping Communities and User Interactions
Zahra HamzehzadehWith the growing popularity of social networks, identifying Profile Cloning Attacks (PCAs) is an important challenge within the scope of privacy in the communications world. Until now, researchers have identified these attacks by using features such as profile informati MoreWith the growing popularity of social networks, identifying Profile Cloning Attacks (PCAs) is an important challenge within the scope of privacy in the communications world. Until now, researchers have identified these attacks by using features such as profile information, link information, and interactions information that are based on methods like similarities and network structure. Previously suggested approaches lack specific routine and logic to track an attacker, and begin identifying PCAs with victim direct requests or according to the time of a friend request from an attacker. This research offers a new approach with a total of two major steps. Step one emphasizes that legitimate users are attracted to interactions within their local communities; conversely, attackers are attracted to more dense areas. Step two was designed according to the analysis of the interactive behavior that is obtained from users 'earlier research. With this approach, according to a logic based on network structure, search cloned profiles can be identified. Finally, a list of suspicious nodes to cloned nodes has been introduced with their scores that show the accuracy of selection. During the research, a logical relation between the average degrees of social network graph and the selection of the appropriate suspicious nodes with high priority was extracted. Finally, a general framework is proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The interaction of academic and industrial institutions based On the National Innovation System
hojjatollah hajhosseini mehdi mohammadi farhad abbasiEstablishing and strengthening the relation between academic institutions and industrial enterprises has become the most important challenge for innovation policy in different countries. From the national innovation system perspective, establishing and enhancing the m MoreEstablishing and strengthening the relation between academic institutions and industrial enterprises has become the most important challenge for innovation policy in different countries. From the national innovation system perspective, establishing and enhancing the mentioned relations will contribute for creation, transfer, diffusion and utilization of knowledge resources. In different countries, formal and informal mechanisms are used to establish the relationship among the different scientific and industrial sectors which these experiences can be advantaged for our country. In this paper, the experiences of some other countries are analyzed regarding to promote the relations between the scientific institutions comprise the universities and research centers and the industrial sector Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Successful Cases of University and Industry Interaction
hedayatollah jamalipour masoud shafieein this paper the interaction between university and industry for developed country has been studied. For this, we First have identified the fundamental parameters, which are important for this cooperation. Second the advantage and weakness of there parameter were recog Morein this paper the interaction between university and industry for developed country has been studied. For this, we First have identified the fundamental parameters, which are important for this cooperation. Second the advantage and weakness of there parameter were recognized. We hope our officials and scientists would learn from these experiences and design a suitable model for university and industry relation for Islamic republic of Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Factors affecting urban creative city to create interactive space
monir mirzayi abbas arghan mohammad reza zand moghadamThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effective indicators for creating interactive spaces with an emphasis on the creative city. In this regard, according to the research topic, the scrolling method has been used. Regarding the level of study, two descriptive MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effective indicators for creating interactive spaces with an emphasis on the creative city. In this regard, according to the research topic, the scrolling method has been used. Regarding the level of study, two descriptive and explanatory levels (descriptive-analytical) were used. Also, for statistical analysis, statistical software such as SPSS and Super Decision software have been used. At the descriptive level, one-dimensional tables, percentages and abundance have been used. Also, at the inferential level, T-test was used to test the hypotheses, along with two independent samples, Pearson's path analysis. The ANP model is used to rank the factors influencing the realization of the creative city. Finally, the results of the research showed that social capital is a good predictor of explaining the level of the creative city in Ray. The creative city can meet the needs and aspirations of urban communities on a variety of dimensions. The needs of each city are influenced by the growth of the city. Urban space is realized when a person or people want to use it or be involved in this process. This process, on the one hand, contributes to the dynamism of the environment and, on the other hand, to the emergence of the creative class. Impact factors (human capital, innovation, social capital and quality of life) can be effective indicators of creativity and planning. In this research, it has been dealt with in general. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Design and construction of minipiezometers to determine surface water-groundwater interactions
Behzad Hammamipour BaranjiUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine MoreUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine ground water and surface water exchanges. Minipiezometers are simple instruments that measure flow direction and hydraulic gradients between ground water and surface water. Often temporarily installed, minipiezometers are essentially small-scaled versions of piezometers, which are commonly used to make groundwater level measurements. By combining water table data with surface water level measurements, flow direction can be determined. Minipiezometers are typically used in the areas where many measurements are required. Commercial minipiezometers are available, but they are very expensive. The purpose of this paper is to design and construc a low-cost minipiezometer for measuring ground water and surface water exchanges. In this study, a minipiezometer was made by simple and available materials such as steel pipe, steel 3NPSoft rob, clear plastic hose, gas valves, hand vacuum pump, hammer, U-shape clear tubing, graduated manometer board, and graduated transparent plastic cylinder and was successfully tested in the Soleghan River in the west of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Design and construction of minipiezometers to determine surface water-groundwater interactions
Behzad Hammamipour Baranji Gholam Abbas Fanaei Kheirabad Delkhahi Hatefi Mokhtar karami NajibiUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine MoreUnderstanding the interactions of ground water and surface water is one of the most important challenges among hydrogeologists. Hydraulic gradient between ground water and surface water, as well as hydraulic conductivity of streambed sediments are required to determine ground water and surface water exchanges. Minipiezometers are simple instruments that measure flow direction and hydraulic gradients between ground water and surface water. Often temporarily installed, minipiezometers are essentially small-scaled versions of piezometers, which are commonly used to make groundwater level measurements. By combining water table data with surface water level measurements, flow direction can be determined. Minipiezometers are typically used in the areas where many measurements are required. Commercial minipiezometers are available, but they are very expensive. The purpose of this paper is to design and construc a low-cost minipiezometer for measuring ground water and surface water exchanges. In this study, a minipiezometer was made by simple and available materials such as steel pipe, steel 3NPSoft rob, clear plastic hose, gas valves, hand vacuum pump, hammer, U-shape clear tubing, graduated manometer board, and graduated transparent plastic cylinder and was successfully tested in the Soleghan River in the west of Tehran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The Effectiveness of Rural Entrepreneurship in Developing Rural-Urban Linkages The Case of Villages of Dalahoo Area (Kermanshah)
abbas saidi bahram fathiRural entrepreneurship can lead to more interaction between rural and urban centers and through the expansion of rural-urban flows (including the flow of people, goods, capital, information and technology), to bilateral relations and, ultimately, to rural-urban linkages MoreRural entrepreneurship can lead to more interaction between rural and urban centers and through the expansion of rural-urban flows (including the flow of people, goods, capital, information and technology), to bilateral relations and, ultimately, to rural-urban linkages. This process, in turn, leads over time to the dynamism of rural areas and the creation of more opportunities for business activities as well as the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of rural settlements. This article examines the possibility of expanding rural entrepreneurship in the villages of Dalahoo district (Kermanshah province) and tries to show that expanding these activities and the relationships connected with them can not only lead to more interaction and connection of the villages with urban centers, but in harmony with urban centers, to the prosperity and development of rural settlements. The statistical population of the study consists of 139 rural settlements in the area, which were examined descriptively and analytically. To this end, library and field methods were used with surveying tools such as questionnaires and interviews to collect the necessary data and information. The indicators used to measure rural entrepreneurship and its effectiveness for sustainable local development included increases in employment and income levels, access to services and efforts to protect the environment. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods and Spss and Excel software, as well as the t-test and the Pearson correlation test. The results of the study show that rural entrepreneurs in the rural Dalahu area, despite some of the area's natural potentials and socio-economic capabilities, have not been as successful and expanding as they should be, and apparently have not been able to properly bring about the rural-urban cohesion, to achieve relative sustainable development at the local level. It is mostly due to the unbalanced distribution of rural settlements and their critical distance from the regional centers, as well as lack of easy access to exchange Bazars, where improper mechanisms are overwhelming. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Evaluating the Cultural Anthropology of Artefacts of Computer Mediated Communication: A Case of Law Enforcement Agencies
Chukwunonso Henry Nwokoye Njideka N. Mbeledogu Chikwe UmeugojiThe renowned orientations of cultural models proposed by Hall and Hofstede has been the subject of criticisms. This is due to the weak, inflexible and old-fashioned nature of some designs resulting from them. In addition, is the ever-changing, formless and undefined nat MoreThe renowned orientations of cultural models proposed by Hall and Hofstede has been the subject of criticisms. This is due to the weak, inflexible and old-fashioned nature of some designs resulting from them. In addition, is the ever-changing, formless and undefined nature of culture and globalization. Consequently, these vituperations have resulted in better clarifications when assessing the cultural anthropology of websites. Based on these later clarifications and other additions, we seek to evaluate the cultural heuristics of websites owned by agencies of the Nigerian government. Note that this is verily necessary because older models did not include Africa in their analyses. Specifically, we employed the online survey method by distributing questionnaires to different groups of experts drawn from the various regions of Nigeria. The experts employed methods such as manual inspection and use of automated tools to reach conclusions. Afterwards, the results were assembled and using the choice of a simple majority, we decided whether a design parameter is either high or low context. Findings show that websites developers tend to favor low context styles when choosing design parameters. The paper attempts to situate Africa in Hall’s continuum; therein, Nigeria (Africa) may fall within French Canadian and Scandinavian and/or within Latin and Scandinavian for the left hand and right hand side diagram respectively. In future, we would study the cultural anthropology of African websites employing the design parameters proposed by Alexander, et al. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Rough Sets Theory with Deep Learning for Tracking in Natural Interaction with Deaf
Mohammad Ebrahimi Hossein Ebrahimpour-KomelehSign languages commonly serve as an alternative or complementary mode of human communication Tracking is one of the most fundamental problems in computer vision, and use in a long list of applications such as sign languages recognition. Despite great advances in recent MoreSign languages commonly serve as an alternative or complementary mode of human communication Tracking is one of the most fundamental problems in computer vision, and use in a long list of applications such as sign languages recognition. Despite great advances in recent years, tracking remains challenging due to many factors including occlusion, scale variation, etc. The mistake detecting of head or left hand instead of right hand in overlapping are, modes like this, and due to the uncertainty of the hand area over the deaf news video frames; we proposed two methods: first, tracking using particle filter and second tracking using the idea of the rough set theory in granular information with deep neural network. We proposed the method for Combination the Rough Set with Deep Neural Network and used for in Hand/Head Tracking in Video Signal DeafNews. We develop a tracking system for Deaf News. We used rough set theory to increase the accuracy of skin segmentation in video signal. Using deep neural network, we extracted inherent relationships available in the frame pixels and generalized the achieved features to tracking. The system proposed is tested on the 33 of Deaf News with 100 different words and 1927 video files for words then recall, MOTA and MOTP values are obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Use of conditional generative adversarial network to produce synthetic data with the aim of improving the classification of users who publish fake news
arefeh esmaili Saeed FarziFor many years, fake news and messages have been spread in human societies, and today, with the spread of social networks among the people, the possibility of spreading false information has increased more than before. Therefore, detecting fake news and messages has bec MoreFor many years, fake news and messages have been spread in human societies, and today, with the spread of social networks among the people, the possibility of spreading false information has increased more than before. Therefore, detecting fake news and messages has become a prominent issue in the research community. It is also important to detect the users who generate this false information and publish it on the network. This paper detects users who publish incorrect information on the Twitter social network in Persian. In this regard, a system has been established based on combining context-user and context-network features with the help of a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) for balancing the data set. The system also detects users who publish fake news by modeling the twitter social network into a graph of user interactions and embedding a node to feature vector by Node2vec. Also, by conducting several tests, the proposed system has improved evaluation metrics up to 11%, 13%, 12%, and 12% in precision, recall, F-measure and accuracy respectively, compared to its competitors and has been able to create about 99% precision, in detecting users who publish fake news. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Measurement of the relationship between religious and moral beliefs
manijeh ameli mohsen javady hamid malekmakan madi farmanyanMany philosophers believe that the history of the relationship between religion and morality is as old as philosophy itself. But since the time of Plato, Socrates' conversation with Othifron has taken on a more serious form. The discussion of the relationship between r MoreMany philosophers believe that the history of the relationship between religion and morality is as old as philosophy itself. But since the time of Plato, Socrates' conversation with Othifron has taken on a more serious form. The discussion of the relationship between religion and morality among Muslims has been considered as one of the important theological issues and less attention has been paid to its moral consequences. However, the relationship between religion and morality is imagined in different forms. In this article, three types of "religion contrast with morality", " religion opposition with moral " and "interaction of religion and morality" have been rationally evaluated. In order to explain the dependence of morality on religion, we examine the "semantic", "ontological", "epistemological" and "psychological" dependence of morality on religion among the different types of moral dependence on religion. In fact, the typology of the relationship between religion and ethics and the scientific-research approach leads us to the conclusion that morality is the most real source from which all goodness, interests and happiness come, and that is "religion". Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Editor's Note
Hossein Kalbasi Ashtariدربارة روابط و مناسبات ایران و فرهنگ ایرانی با اسلام و فرهنگ اسلامی، نوشتهها و تحقیقات مختصر و مفصلی در زبانهای فارسی و اروپایی صورت گرفته و میگیرد و البته موضوعی است که نه تنها کهنه نشده و به حد اشباع نرسیده، بلکه همواره بدلایلی، مورد توجه شماری از خاورشناسان و اسلام Moreدربارة روابط و مناسبات ایران و فرهنگ ایرانی با اسلام و فرهنگ اسلامی، نوشتهها و تحقیقات مختصر و مفصلی در زبانهای فارسی و اروپایی صورت گرفته و میگیرد و البته موضوعی است که نه تنها کهنه نشده و به حد اشباع نرسیده، بلکه همواره بدلایلی، مورد توجه شماری از خاورشناسان و اسلامشناسان و ایرانشناسان قرار دارد. گردآوری و سنجش و ارزیابی این آثار فینفسه کاری است بزرگ و البته با توجه به حجم و دامنه آن، نه کار یک تن، بلکه تنها از عهدة گروهی از پژوهشگران برمیآید. در میان آثار مشهور در زبان فارسی، بیش از پنج دهه است که از زمان نگارش کتاب خدمات متقابل اسلام و ایران، نوشته استاد مرتضی مطهری میگذرد و هر چند اکنون نیازمند ویرایش و بروزرسانی، بویژه از جهت برخی دادههای تاریخی است، اما بنوبة خود نشاندهندة دغدغه مهم یکی از اندیشمندان بزرگ معاصر است که به زوایایی از موضوع در زمان تصنیف آن پرتو افکنده است. بجز این اثر، آثار دیگری نیز در دهههای اخیر با رهیافتهایی متفاوت نگاشته شدهاند که بطور خاص بر نقش تشیع و انقلاب اسلامی ایران در تحولات یک قرن اخیر جهان تمرکز دارند. آنچه در این میان برای پژوهشگران فلسفه اهمیت مییابد، وضعیت علوم عقلی در منطقه شرق عالم اسلام با محوریت ایران، در این بازة زمانی است. اکنون بیاعتباری این سخن برخی مستشرقان و مورخان فلسفه، دائر بر همزمانی مرگ فلسفه در عالم اسلام با مرگ ابنرشد، کاملاً روشن شده و کمتر کسی است که دربارة گسترش خیرهکنندة فلسفه و علوم عقلی، حد فاصل قرن هفتم تا قرن یازدهم قمری و از آنزمان تا امروز یعنی چهارصد سال اخیر، در عالم اسلام و بویژه در قلمرو ایران و شعاع ایران فرهنگی، تردید کند. شاهد بر این معنا تألیف و تصنیف هزاران اثر در علوم عقلی و ظهور دهها مدرسه و مکتب فلسفی و حکمی در این پهنه و محدودة زمانی، با محوریت ایران و فرهنگ ایرانی است که صد البته جوهر معارف قرآنی و تعلیمات ائمه هدی را در خود جای داده و بمدد آن، به این مقام شامخ دست یافته است. همچنین سخن و تلاش برخی نویسندگان عربزبان در پوشاندن یا حتی انکار سهم ايرانيان در فلسفه، با داعیههایی چون عقل عربی و مانند آن، بیشتر از سر تعلقات ملیگرایانه یا اغراض سیاسی است که سستی و بیپایگی آن نیز روشن شده و تقریباً از گردونه گفتمان علمی معاصر خارج افتاده است. با نگاهی به وضعیت کنونی عالم و رویدادهای پرشتاب آن در تمامی سطوح، و بویژه مقایسه وضعیت علوم عقلی میان عمدة کشورهای اسلامی از یکسو و ایران از سوی دیگر، نتایج مهمی حاصل میشود که نزدیکترین این نتایج به زمینههای ظهور و بروز گرایشهای انحرافی و سلفی و تکفیری در برخی مناطق عالم اسلام بازمیگردد و به اذعان جمهور تحلیلگران سیاسی و اجتماعی، این گرایشها و متعاقب آن، رفتارهای خشونتبار و حتی غیر انسانی، عمدتاً در بستر انجماد فکری و در غیاب معارف عقلی و فلسفی شکل گرفته و میگیرد. از این جهت، سرزمین ایران هیچ استعدادی برای اینگونه گرایشهای افراطی و سلفی نداشته و ندارد. در دانشگاه هزار سالة الازهر، با آن سابقه درخشان علمی، اکنون نه از تعلیمات فلسفی خبری هست و نه حتی اجازه بحث فلسفی داده ميشود و در عوض، به جولانگاه افکار منجمد سلفی و تکفیری و صدور فتواهای آنچنانی بدل شده است. این وضعیت را باید با تحولات مدارس فلسفی شیراز و اصفهان و تهران در چند قرن اخیر و تعلیم و تدریس متون فاخر و اصلی حکمت در مدارس علمیه و دانشگاههای کشورمان مقایسه کرد. حاصل آنکه، در روح و ضمیر مردمان این سرزمین ویژگیهایی وجود داشته و دارد که همواره پذیرای خرد و عقلانیت و اجتناب از هر گونه جمود و تصلب نظری و عملی بوده است. با چنین ظرفیت و استعدادی که در اعماق تاریخ این سرزمین قابل جستجو و شناسایی است، اکنون بازخوانی سهم ایران و فرهنگ ایرانی در تاریخ جهان، فارغ از انگارههای میهنگرایانه و ناسیونالیستی، ضرورت مییابد، بویژه آنکه با ظهور انقلاب اسلامی ملت ایران، این مردمان بعنوان ملتی تأثیرگذار و نقشآفرین در تمامی سطوح در چهار دهة اخیر در کانون توجه محافل و مراکز علمی و سیاسی جهان قرار گرفتهاند. این بازخوانی از جهتی ناظر به جستجو در مدارک و شواهد مکتوب و غیر مکتوب و پژوهشهای علمی و میدانی معاصر است و از جهتی ناظر به تأملات و انظار تحقیقی اهل نظر، تا زوایایی از این تأثیر و تأثر را که مغفول مانده است، روشن نمايند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s Cultural Role in Interacting with Hulagu Khān
Seyyed Mohsen Hosseini Einullah khademi Amirhosein Mansori Noori mohsen shamsThe present paper examines Khwajah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s cultural role in interacting with Hulagu Khān and the other elements involved in this cultural agreement. It also aims to explain how, through a correct perception of the cultural features and symbols of the Mong MoreThe present paper examines Khwajah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s cultural role in interacting with Hulagu Khān and the other elements involved in this cultural agreement. It also aims to explain how, through a correct perception of the cultural features and symbols of the Mongol ethnic group, Ṭūsī managed to overcome them in a cultural battle. At the same time, he exploited the Mongols’ interest in astronomy, which was a part of their culture, and strengthen the Imāmīyyah kalām regarding its epistemological dimension and the status of Shi‘ism in the political structure of Hulagu Khān’s government. The presence of Khwājah Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī meant that Imāmīyyah Kalām had now a representative in the political structure of the time after many centuries, and even some Mongols became interested in Islam. With the downfall of the caliphate of Baghdad, whether Ṭūsī played a role there or not, one of the supporters of Ash‘arī kalām disappeared, and Imāmīyyah groups were revived. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - vestigating the Effective Factors on Cultural Intelligence of Urban Managers in Cultural Interactions with Citizens
مجتبی امیری منیر عزیزی غلامرضا طالقانیThis research aims to investigate cultural intelligence in Tehran that includes many different cultures. With increasing number of immigrants having varying norms and cultural values, urban managers, who are planers and handlers of a city, need to recognize and boost cu MoreThis research aims to investigate cultural intelligence in Tehran that includes many different cultures. With increasing number of immigrants having varying norms and cultural values, urban managers, who are planers and handlers of a city, need to recognize and boost cultural intelligence in order to have a better interact with citizens and even their staff having different cultures. being and environment that deals with different cultures makes urban managers obtain the skills of cultural intelligence .by expansion of cities and an increase in immigrations, societies are changed to a mixture of religious and racial cultures and sub cultures. In a metropolis like Tehran, due to different cultures of citizens urban managers must be able to interact effectively in this multi-cultural city to satisfy people. in this research for the analysis of the gathered data from questionnaires, descriptive and deductive statistics methods are used, and the survey of relation s ships between research variables is done by employing structural equation modeling. Regarding the statistical results from R software, the most effective dimensions on cultural intelligence consequently are: cognitive, behavioral, metacognitive and motivational. The most powerful index is motivational dimension and the weakest index is cognitive dimension. Behavioral and cognitive dimension have a similar performance in relation to cultural intelligence. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - A model for analyzing the Creative organizational climate in research and development organizations
mansour sadeghi mal amiriThe importance of creativity in successful conservation organizations, this research has focused on the nature of creative organizational climate. So, what creative organizational climate heuristic approach based on multiple scientific literatures published in the field MoreThe importance of creativity in successful conservation organizations, this research has focused on the nature of creative organizational climate. So, what creative organizational climate heuristic approach based on multiple scientific literatures published in the field was investigated, leading to the discovery of the creative organizational climate. Dimension based on exploratory, assessment questionnaire, and the subjects that prepare and basic science research and development organizations, researchers are distributed, completed and collected. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, divergent validity and internal consistency shows that research and development in the country, five dimensions of freedom, trust, resources, encouragement and interaction assay ¬ size of the creative organizational climate are effective. The atmosphere of the current state of organizations based on five dimensions shows that the levels of organizational climate Tues ¬ tions (creative and non-creative medium) are the medium. The climate of these organizations is creative organizational climate from most to least encouragement, resources, trust, cooperation and freedom Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Identifying future trends and charting the ideal status of vocational technical education from the experts' point of view
sorur sefidgar sefidgar Hosein Aliahmadi Jeshfaghani Ali Reza Ali AhmadiAccording to the objectives, this research is an applied-developmental research. From a data gathering perspective, it is integrated. Interaction analysis method was used to collect, analyze and combine quantitative and qualitative data. The analytical research method w MoreAccording to the objectives, this research is an applied-developmental research. From a data gathering perspective, it is integrated. Interaction analysis method was used to collect, analyze and combine quantitative and qualitative data. The analytical research method was identified by analyzing the research literature related to the global trends of technical education development. From the point of view of educational experts, a group of 30 experts and experts in formal technical and vocational education, with a forward-looking and strategic perspective, with judicious and purposeful sampling, the most important global trends in technical and professional education development. Summarized and summarized the opinions, 22 trends were finalized. Then, the interaction effects, the effectiveness and impact of these trends were estimated. Findings show that variables such as "network community", "national competency framework", "orbital competence approach" and "population" are the most important factors influencing future educational attainment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Assessing the impact of passion on social media on intention of revisit tourists with a mediating role of customer interaction with customer (Case study: Tourists of Isfahan city)
Yazdan Shirmohammadi Ramadan Gholami Awati Maryam Mohammadi MoghaddamToday, social media has become an opportunity for organizations and tourism destinations and regarding to the importance of Customer Loyalty, Organizations are always looking for ways to reach this kind of customers. Including; Customer-to-customer interactions are very MoreToday, social media has become an opportunity for organizations and tourism destinations and regarding to the importance of Customer Loyalty, Organizations are always looking for ways to reach this kind of customers. Including; Customer-to-customer interactions are very important to marketers. To the extent that some researchers believe that positive interactions between customers with each other is one of the most effective and efficient ways to create loyalty to the organization. The present study seeks to evaluate the impact of passion on social media on the intention to revisit tourists with the mediating role of customer interaction with customer. The present research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the study is the tourists of Isfahan City in the first six months of 1398, whose number was estimated to be 210 by simple sampling method and through Cochran's formula. A researcher-made questionnaire was used in order to gathering information. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS and Amos software and the regression method was used in the hypothesis path analysis test. The findings show that, in general, the desire to work on the Facebook social media affects the intention of visiting tourists. And when the mediating role of the interaction of the tourist with each other is also considered, this effect still exists and in some cases this effect will be even greater. Among the research components; Customer satisfaction, perceived enjoyment, sense of usefulness and extraversion has a greater impact on the tourist's revisitability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Investigating the function of symbolism in corporate branding
maboud abbaszade Seyed mohammad tabatabaeenasabThe aim of this study is to systematically study the research literature in the field of symbolism, identify research gaps and and use the relevant findings to design a corporate branding model. This research is among secondary studies based on systematic review and MoreThe aim of this study is to systematically study the research literature in the field of symbolism, identify research gaps and and use the relevant findings to design a corporate branding model. This research is among secondary studies based on systematic review and grounded theory method. 130 articles were investigated through examining the keywords in the related databases as Emerald, sciencedirect, Sage, etc and according to the predetermined criteria. Quick review of the abstracts of the target articles helped delete the irrelevant articles, and then the content of reviewed, and finally the fulltext of 56 articles were selected to be reviewed. According to grounded theory approach, three coding steps were used in the present study: open coding, axial coding and selective coding for data analysis. In addition, MAXQDA software was used to organize the findings.The research findings were adapted with corporate branding theories and gaps in this field were identified. The results of adaptation in this study show that there is a structural and substantive relationship between the core categories and theories of corporate branding, in a way that meaning, symbol and value as interconnected constructs form the corporate brand ecosystem. The brand ecosystem has three levels of fundamental ideology, organizing ideology and consumption ideology. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Investigating effect of front-line of employees’ competences on customer satisfaction with the role of moderating situational conditions (case of study: hypermi of store mashhad
وجیهه هوشیار Seyede farnaz Ahmadi saeedAbstract Today, competition in the market is accelerating, organizations to be successful and take advantage of their competitive advantage must have the capabilities, which can be used with the resources they have, valuable performance and unparalleled. On the other h MoreAbstract Today, competition in the market is accelerating, organizations to be successful and take advantage of their competitive advantage must have the capabilities, which can be used with the resources they have, valuable performance and unparalleled. On the other hand, human resources are the most important assets of organizations that help the productivity of the organization by learning knowledge and are effective in creating a competitive advantage and success of the organization in competition. This study seeks to investigate the effect of queue 1 staff competencies on customer satisfaction with the role of moderator of situation 2. The population of this study were the customers of Hypermy store in Mashhad. The sampling of this study is using Cochran's formula and 385 customers, whose data were collected through the standard questionnaire of Palacius et al. (2020). The measurement of validity from the validity of the structure gave the validity of the validity and the validity of the structure and Cronbach's alpha test was used to measure the reliability coefficient and Cronbach's alpha test was validated for variables. In this study, smart pls software was used to test the hypotheses. Because the model has two modifiers, one of which is qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the interaction competency variable of queue employees has an effect on customer satisfaction. Also, the competency variable has an effect on customer satisfaction. Employee demand variable modulates the effect of queue staff competence on customer satisfaction, but queue employee demand variable does not moderate the effect of interaction competence on customer satisfaction. In addition, store swarm variable 6 moderates the effect of queue staff competence on customer satisfaction, but store swarm variable did not have a moderating effect on the effect of queue staff interaction competence on customer satisfaction. Therefore, hyperemia store managers should provide customer satisfaction with the hypermia store by training capable employees in providing information and customer-oriented behavior in the hyperemia store. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Qualitative Analysis of the Socio-Economic Impacts of Construction of ShahidBagheri Square Multi-storey Parking
Aadel AbdollahiThis study was aimed to analyze the social and economic impacts of the construction of multi-storey parking in ShahidBagheri Square, South Yaftabad District, Tehran. The methodology of this study was qualitative and the data were collected through observation and interv MoreThis study was aimed to analyze the social and economic impacts of the construction of multi-storey parking in ShahidBagheri Square, South Yaftabad District, Tehran. The methodology of this study was qualitative and the data were collected through observation and interview techniques with a focus on the interpretations of the participants. The data collection process continued until it reached a theoretical saturation. In this process, 47 technical experts, officials, key informants and local residents were interviewed both in person and within a discussions group. The Findingsrevealed that not only the effectiveness of this construction project but also the manageability of its impacts depend on consideration of socio-economic status of Yaftabad neighborhood residents. Therefore, suggestions derived from present study are as follow:Renting parking lots based on the common price in the South Yaftabad neighborhood with a fair pricing mechanism;Strengthening intra- and inter-organizational coordination by emphasizing on social participation; Incorporating construction of a neighborhood hall -SarayeMahalle- into this project for addressing the social and cultural needs of the residents;Utilizing the parking building as a local cultural heritage bulletin; Preventing spaces from gettingunprotected and indefensibleby including green spaces or playgrounds in building plan; reinforcing social interactions and local identity byturning some parts of the parking to a local hangout as a hub of local and social communication. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Prioritizing obstacles of industry - university interaction in order to develop of intelligent urban transportation infrastructures using Fuzzy AHP
Hamzeh Amin-Tahmasbi aboozar ghorbaniAny society to achieve real and sustainable development goals requires continuous interaction between scientific and technical institutions, takes form in the template of university and industry. In fact, universities are generating knowledge and transferring it to scho MoreAny society to achieve real and sustainable development goals requires continuous interaction between scientific and technical institutions, takes form in the template of university and industry. In fact, universities are generating knowledge and transferring it to scholars, the industry also works to apply knowledge and shares its expectations to university research teams, and they present their ideas, findings and outcomes to the industry. Transportation science also is no exception, and in recent years, it has introduced and implemented new technologies called Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in universal level. Studies in Iran show that transferring knowledge between university and intelligent transportation industry face challenges and obstacles that have led industry owners to the direction of assembling imported components and escaping from universities. This study aims to explanation and interpretation of viewpoints of university and industry section experts about obstacles that affect transferring knowledge between these two institutions in line with implementation of intelligent urban transportation. In this research, firstgy determined effective indices of industry – university interaction obstacles by searching library and documentation resources. Fuzzy Delfi is used to sieve indices and identifying final submeasures. As 43 suggested obstacles were initially available to transportation science experts and by this technic, at first stage 27 obstacles and then, 15 obstacles were chosen for evaluation and ranking. Ranking was also done though fuzzy AHP. Results showed that lack of necessary infrastructures in ITS industry, and lack of applicability in science production areb the main obstacles of industry – university interaction in order to develop infrastructures of intelligent urban transportation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Study the Effect of Face to Face Communications in Electronic Mentoring and Students’ Career Path Decisions
marjan fayyazi مصطفی ایوب زادهTraditionally, mentoring process was very important and it seems to be more important than before with the use of information technology. This study was a quasi-experimental study and its aim is to investigate the effect of an electronic mentoring program on students’ c MoreTraditionally, mentoring process was very important and it seems to be more important than before with the use of information technology. This study was a quasi-experimental study and its aim is to investigate the effect of an electronic mentoring program on students’ career path decisions among graduates of management and also the effect of face to face communication to improve the outcomes of these relationships. In order to implement the study, a mentoring relationship was carried out between 12 mentors and 86 mentees and in order to examine the importance of face to face meeting among mentors and mentees, half of the mentees had the opportunity to meet their mentors. The results indicate that students’ career decisions in each of the five dimension of self-assessing, getting occupational information, goal setting, planning for the future, and problem solving has been promoted after mentoring courses compared to before holding course. Other results of the study indicate that the face to face meeting create higher satisfaction of mentoring relationship and promote the career path decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Exploring the Interaction between Mentor & Mentee in Mentoring of New Hired Faculty Members of Universities: Qualitative Approach
kourosh Fathi Vajargah Abasalt khorasani behrooz ghlichleeThis study explored the interventions between mentor & mentee in mentoring of new hired faculty members of universities. This research is a qualitative study. Hence, 20 professors and key informants of faculty mentoring were selected purposefully by criterion sampling s MoreThis study explored the interventions between mentor & mentee in mentoring of new hired faculty members of universities. This research is a qualitative study. Hence, 20 professors and key informants of faculty mentoring were selected purposefully by criterion sampling strategy. the data were analyzed thematically. To establish credibility of findings, member check and peer debriefing strategies were used and data were modified and reanalyzed continuously. Finding showed that the interaction strategies between mentor and mentee in mentoring of new hired faculty members are 3 categories which included: first interventions, learning-teaching interventions (developmental interventions) and feedback interventions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Identifying methods of creating Learner-content interactions for developing learner engagement in online learning environments
hamed hosseini zarrabi Abasalt Khorasani morteza rezaei zadehTraining is a employee developmental tool. Due to the expansion of e-learning in organizations, the learner engagement is a very important issue that through learning interaction, it is possible. Learning interaction concept is a crucial component in any learning envi MoreTraining is a employee developmental tool. Due to the expansion of e-learning in organizations, the learner engagement is a very important issue that through learning interaction, it is possible. Learning interaction concept is a crucial component in any learning environment and also in e-learning the importance of interaction had been accepted. Despite numerous studies on the types of interactions and the effects of each of them on different variables, a small share of research is devoted to identifying methods of creating interactions especially learner-content interactions. The purpose of this study is identifying methods of creating Learner-content interactions in online learning environments because the lack of interactions in online learning environment is one of the most important problems. The methods of this research are phenomenological focus group, semi-structured interview and qualitative content analysis which have been used in order to provide a systematic review of the previous research from the website of web of science from 2009 to 2019. For validity of data we used triangulation in research methods. The results showed nine way for creating interactions between learner and content. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Policy research interaction; The missing link in the process of Iran's development planning system
mohammadali ahmadi shapourabadi leila motaghiDespite the importance and position of scientific thinking and the prominent role of research in development policies, the reflection of the current situation and the pathology of the non-realization of documents and development plans of the country, due to some kind of MoreDespite the importance and position of scientific thinking and the prominent role of research in development policies, the reflection of the current situation and the pathology of the non-realization of documents and development plans of the country, due to some kind of dysfunction or malfunction or non-application of findings and recommendations Policy in the process of development decision-making and development decision-making and lack of interaction and interaction of policy research at upstream (transcendental) levels indicate that often the policies are not effective in the development process. However, the present paper, which is based on the documentary method and based on the secondary analysis of qualitative data obtained from the meta-analytical study on the pathologies of development programs in Iran (2014) in order to identify injuries associated with lack of interaction. Policy research in Iran's development programs on the one hand and identifying shortcomings related to the multiplicity and parallelism of institutions and agencies with policy research centers and incoherence of documents and development programs on the other hand Is. The most important findings show that out of 99 injuries and problems studied in the meta-analytical study on the pathology of Iran's development programs (2014), 38 injuries and problems related to the study and research aspects and the type of research policy identification Took. In other words, 38.4% of the damages of development plans and non-realization of documents and development plans of the country are directed to the shortcomings of studies in the levels of preparation of development plans; Prior to planning, there is a content level, a process level, and an implementation level. In this regard, the most shortcomings and damages of studies and research policy related to the content level of planning with 69.2% and the lowest with 24% related to the level of planning prerequisites have been identified. In order to build capacity and groundwork and prevent duplication, upstream (multifaceted) engineering interaction policy and research monitoring in the country's development policies as the first step in reviewing the development planning system in Iran is essential by emphasizing the Seventh Development Plan. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Identification of Organizational Capital and Its Evaluation in Covid-19 Conditions
hajieh rajabi farjadThe aim of the study was to identify organizational capital in the General Department of Documents and Property Registration in Khuzestan province and to evaluate it during the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach of this research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and appl MoreThe aim of the study was to identify organizational capital in the General Department of Documents and Property Registration in Khuzestan province and to evaluate it during the COVID-19 pandemic. The approach of this research is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and applied. The statistical universe of the research in the qualitative part included 15 experts from the General Department of Documents and Property Registration in Khuzestan province, who were selected in a non-random and purposeful way. The statistical universe in the quantitative section consisted of 153 employees of this department, who were selected based on the Cochran formula and a relative stratified random method according to the table. The instrument for data collection in the qualitative part was interviews, and in the quantitative part, a questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were checked and confirmed. The information obtained in the qualitative section was analyzed using thematic analysis, and in the quantitative section using structural equation modeling with Max Kuda and Smart PLS software. The results showed that organizational culture, knowledge management, systems and processes of management, organizational structure, financial management, research and development, intra-organizational interactions, perceived job security, and physical capital were identified as organizational capitals. On the other hand, the results of the T-test showed that the categories of job security, physical capital, internal interactions, and management processes have not been properly considered. Although the averages of other components were somewhat better, the overall situation is not suitable for the General Department of Documents and Property Registration in Khuzestan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The role of territorial behavior in improving the desirability of students' social interactions in academic environments (Case study: Shahid Rajaee University)
MONA MOHAMMADI hamidreza azematiThe desirability of students' social interactions plays a fundamental role in enhancing the quality of formal and informal academic spaces. The present study aims to investigate the territorial behavior in the academic environment concerning the concept of "boundary" to MoreThe desirability of students' social interactions plays a fundamental role in enhancing the quality of formal and informal academic spaces. The present study aims to investigate the territorial behavior in the academic environment concerning the concept of "boundary" to improve students' social interactions. This study is applied and mixed-method research, in which a survey study is applied to A) evaluate the individuals' views and develop the objective table and contents. Through data collection and employing written sources and semi-structured interviews with psychology and architecture professors B) develop a visual questionnaire, according to the table and distribute them among the research population. In the present study, to fill out the questionnaire, 17 professors are interviewed, and 45 architecture students of Shahid Rajaee University are asked. Data are collected using interviews, observations, and questionnaires. The statistical population includes architecture students of Shahid Rajaee University. Also, the samples are selected by a cluster sampling technique. After classifying the obtained data using SPSS software, they are investigated and analyzed to extract desired boundaries from the students' views utilizing a t-test. Findings indicate that students consider in-between boundaries to be more desirable for spatial privacy in the presence of individuals and friendly gatherings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A Comparative Study on Critical Thinking in Social Philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for Children Program”
yahya ghaedyThis article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 as MoreThis article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 aspects of foundations, aims and methods; and their relationship is studied. The result shows some similarities and differences between them. Similarities in foundations like being affected by Socrates, emphasize on thinking position in philosophy more than metaphysical subjects. About similarities in aims intellectual growth and to create better life is common in two approaches but the meaning of better life for them is different; for Horkheimer it means creating happiness for more people but in P4C program it means living in a democratic society with responsible and thoughtful citizens. Differences like adopting with social circumstances and the place of knowledge in social critic are mentioned. In methodology the main difference is to present certain and definable method for improving critical thinking in p4c but Horkheimer argue that critical thinking is a continuous process, so he doesn’t present a definite method only speaks of negative critique. The result of this study can be used for other researchers in philosophy and philosophy of education and other educational fields, curricula developer in educational systems, especially in developing an educational model for educating critical thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Investigating the Role of Interpretation in Politics-Cultural Heritage Interaction in Terms of Developing Islamic Republic of Iran’s Cultural Tourism
Mohammad reza salehi pour akbar pourfaraj Seyed Mojtaba Mahmodzadeh Ahmad golmohammadiThe development of cultural tourism depends on the interaction of a wide variety of factors. On the other hand, considering the fact that the process of cultural tourism is influenced by Politics and that cultural heritage is regarded as a constructive source for cultur MoreThe development of cultural tourism depends on the interaction of a wide variety of factors. On the other hand, considering the fact that the process of cultural tourism is influenced by Politics and that cultural heritage is regarded as a constructive source for cultural tourism, it could be argued that the success of cultural tourism is contingent upon the interaction of Politics and cultural heritage, between which interpretation can act as an intervening factor to establish such an interaction, playing different roles in this regard. This study, therefore, sought to investigate the functions of interpretation as a factor that establish an interaction between politics and cultural heritage and identify the status of such functions in this regard to help the IRI’s cultural tourism benefit from them. To this end, such potential functions were identified by reviewing the related literature and analyzing the qualified experts’ opinions as follows: recalling the spatial identity of historical sites, learning from the ancestors’ works and history, altering the politicians' attitudes towards cultural heritage, strengthening national identity, preserving the historical sites’ structure and spirit, bringing the stakeholders of historical sites closer to each other, fighting against racism and ethnocentrism, correcting historical misunderstandings, converging different cultures, and developing mutual understanding between politicians and the public. Moreover, the surveying phase of the study identified the aggregate opinions of experts concerning the priority of the aforementioned functions using the fuzzy Delphi method. The study’s results revealed that recalling the spatial identity of historical sites, strengthening national identity, and preserving the historical sites’ structure and spirit were those potential functions of interpretation in the interaction between politics and cultural tourism in which the experts had the highest consensus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Investigating the Role of Social Capital, Social Interaction, and Knowledge Sharing in E-Tourism Marketing
haydar mohammadi mosavi jad seyed mohammad yosra salehi seyede hayde nematiToday, the expansion of electronic tourism has decreased the intermediary role of travel agencies, and tourists themselves directly purchase travel packages. Therefore, travel agencies must develop new strategies to deal with this new situation and revive their business MoreToday, the expansion of electronic tourism has decreased the intermediary role of travel agencies, and tourists themselves directly purchase travel packages. Therefore, travel agencies must develop new strategies to deal with this new situation and revive their business, including the use of social capital, social interaction, and knowledge sharing in electronic tourism marketing. This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of methodology. The statistical population of the study comprised managers of travel agencies in Tehran, out of whom 110 participants were selected via non-probable quota sampling. The required data were collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire, whose content validity was confirmed by six expert professors and experts in the field of tourism and management. Moreover, the convergent and divergent validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. On the other hand, the total and composite reliability of the questionnaire was found to be over 0.7 and 0.8, respectively, which proved to be acceptable. The collected data were then analyzed under descriptive and inferential categories using the SPSS and SmartPLS software. The findings of the study indicated that social capital, social interaction, and knowledge sharing had a direct influence on e-tourism marketing. Moreover, social capital and social interaction were found to have a significant positive influence on knowledge sharing. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Investigating the effect of salespeople’s personal interaction on customers word- of - mouth with mediating role affective customer experience and moderating role of customer ethnocentrism and foreign product affinity (Case study of: customers of Janbo chain stores in Tabriz)
Ramin Bashirkhodaparasti Nasrin NematiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personal interaction of sellers on the tendency of customers to word-of-mouth marketing by considering the mediation of effective customer experience and moderation of customer ethnicity and the desire for forei MoreThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personal interaction of sellers on the tendency of customers to word-of-mouth marketing by considering the mediation of effective customer experience and moderation of customer ethnicity and the desire for foreign product among customers of Janbo chain stores in Tabriz. The statistical population is the customers of Janbo chain stores in Tabriz. To determine the sample size, considering that the target population is unlimited, the Cochran sample size determination formula was used and the sample size was 382 people. Sampling method is available in the present study. Data were collected through a questionnaire and to calculate the reliability of the questionnaire we used Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the value of which was calculated for the whole questionnaire 0.874. Also, SPSS software version 25 was used for data analysis and Smart PLS software was used for inferential statistics and hypothesis testing. The results of the study indicate a positive and significant effect of personal interaction of sellers on the desire to market word of mouth to customers and in this regard the effective customer experience has a mediating role and also the moderating effect of customer's ethnicity and desire for foreign product on effective customer experience. Took. Therefore, the main question of this research is whether the personal interaction of sellers affects the desire for word-of-mouth marketing through the mediation of effective customer experience and moderation of customer ethnicity and desire for foreign products among customers of Janbo chain stores in Tabriz? Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The United States of America and the International Criminal Court in Barack Obama Period: An Abstention or a Possibility
رضا موسیزاده Hadi GolrizThe relationship between the United States and the International Criminal Court is a combination of confrontation and tension in various aspects, including legal considerations, political, national and security concerns and strategic interests. The existing tensions in MoreThe relationship between the United States and the International Criminal Court is a combination of confrontation and tension in various aspects, including legal considerations, political, national and security concerns and strategic interests. The existing tensions in relationship with the International Criminal Court have accentuated at some points and the United States has actively challenged the Court's existence. However, the challenges didn’t last for a long time, and at the end of George W. Bush’s presidency– recognizing the inherent values and potentialities of creating an International Criminal Court and the necessity to keep it– confrontations and tensions faded in favor of a constructive interaction. In the years which passed– especially during the administration of Barack Obama– the attitudes and the positions of the US towards the International Criminal Court have experienced a fundamental and comprehensive change and the United States is trying to compensate for the past measures, and to increase the interactions and cooperation with the International Criminal Court and to recognize its existence and capacity as an important international judicial institution in prosecuting the international violent crimes and to restart the relations with the International Criminal Court. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Exploring the interaction between man and the environment in Islam with emphasis on the teachings of the Ahsan system
morteza bayatThe interaction between humans and the environment is one of the topics that is emphasized by governments and people today. Examining this interaction by religions, especially Islam, is one of the issues that can be very important for the followers of this heavenly reli MoreThe interaction between humans and the environment is one of the topics that is emphasized by governments and people today. Examining this interaction by religions, especially Islam, is one of the issues that can be very important for the followers of this heavenly religion. The important point of Islam's approach is that this religion considers nature to have a perfect system as the noblest and best possible system that is under the rule of God and there is no defect or evil in it. The researchers in this article intend to find an answer to the question of what kind of interaction exists between humans and the environment from the Islamic point of view and should be done using the library method. The answer that has been given to this question is that according to the doctrine of Nizam Ahsan, which Islam emphasizes a lot, man does not have the right to destroy the natural course of the environment, and if he tries to change the environment at will, it will cause evil effects in It will be the whole system. Because in Ahsan's system, man is a part of the system and a part of its parts, and you have no right to consider what is good for him as good and what is not good for him as evil.. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - The studying on mechanism, properties and application of shape memory polymers
Hamidreza HaydariShape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a highly special class of materials. As one representative of the intelligent polymeric systems, these materials gained significant interest in recent years. SMPs are stimuli-responsive polymers, which act as stimulants like light, MoreShape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a highly special class of materials. As one representative of the intelligent polymeric systems, these materials gained significant interest in recent years. SMPs are stimuli-responsive polymers, which act as stimulants like light, temperature, PH changes, solvent changes, electrical fields or magnetic fields, and their output is strain. Also, these polymers are highly regarded as essential for fundamental research and technological innovation. The present review will provide a short overview with particular attention to structure, mechanisms and applications of SMPs, shape memory effects and, as well as the current developments and concepts for shape memory polymers. The applications of shape memory polymers can be noted in medical industries, commercial industries, S hape memory polymers (SMPs) represent a highly special class of materials. As one representative of the intelligent polymeric systems, these materials gained significant interest in recent years. SMPs are stimuli-responsive polymers, which act as stimulants like light, temperature, PH changes, solvent changes, electrical fields or magnetic fields, and their output is strain. Also, these polymers are highly regarded as essential for fundamental research and technological innovation. The present review will provide a short overview with particular attention to structure, mechanisms and applications of SMPs, shape memory effects and, as well as the current developments and concepts for shape memory polymers. The applications of shape memory polymers can be noted in medical industries, commercial industries, aerospace industries, self-healing polymers, etc. aerospace industries, self-healing polymers, etc. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Semi-Experimental Methods for Determination of Flory-Huggins Interaction Parameter in Polymeric Mixtures: A Review
Zahra Khoubi-AraniThe Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) is a crucial factor affecting the miscibility and morphology of components in polymer mixtures and their final properties and applications. The reliable measurement of the interaction parameter is worthwhile in fundamental und MoreThe Flory-Huggins interaction parameter (χ) is a crucial factor affecting the miscibility and morphology of components in polymer mixtures and their final properties and applications. The reliable measurement of the interaction parameter is worthwhile in fundamental understanding and quantitative determination of structure-performance relation and finally in practical applications of polymers in different fields. Different methods are used for evaluation of this parameter. In this study, six semi-experimental methods are reviewed: measurement of melting point depression, equilibrium swelling, contact angle, phase separation points, vapor pressure, and inverse gas chromatography. In these methods, equilibrium melting temperatures of pure polymer and its mixtures, degree of equilibrium swelling of the cross-linked polymer in the presence of swelling agent, surface energy of components in the polymeric mixtures, equilibrium components composition in the two-phase system, the ratio of partial vapor pressure of solvent to its saturated one and retention volume are experimentally measured, respectively. Then a proper equation is fitted on the data and the interaction parameter is obtained. In some methods, such as measurement of contact angle, only a positive interaction parameter at temperature of the test is obtained. But in some others, such as measurement of melting point depression, there is no constraint for the sign of interaction parameter. In addition, some methods can determine the composition dependency of the interaction parameter, such as determination of phase separation points. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Social constructivism and its educational implications for inclusive
mahin chenari Zohreh iranpoorThe purpose of this study is to explain the theory of social constructivism and infer the educational implications of this theory for inclusive education. The research method is deductive inference of Frankenna reconstructed model. The theory of social constructivism in MoreThe purpose of this study is to explain the theory of social constructivism and infer the educational implications of this theory for inclusive education. The research method is deductive inference of Frankenna reconstructed model. The theory of social constructivism in the field of goals, principles and methods of education had many implications for inclusive education. Among the educational goals that were achieved are: to elevate students 'learning according to individual, social and cultural contexts, to develop students' potential abilities, in the field of principles: to pay attention to individual, social and cultural differences of knowledge Students, flourishing students' potential talents with the help of the teacher, in the field of method: using self-assessment, using pre-organizers, using participatory method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Modeling of Traditional Iranian Bazaar in Designing Commercial Complexes with the Approach of Promoting Social Interactions
farzin tavakoli Saeed Azemati Sara ZohariTraditional markets have long been central to the presence of the people and are the core of organization and interaction in the social and economic environment of cities. Today, commercial complexes are a good platform and space for social relations. In these complexes MoreTraditional markets have long been central to the presence of the people and are the core of organization and interaction in the social and economic environment of cities. Today, commercial complexes are a good platform and space for social relations. In these complexes, the activity of guilds and being public can lead to the presence of people in the space and create an environment for promoting interactions, vitality, dynamism and social growth of the city. This letter aims to reach to solutions in promoting social interactions in commercial complexes regardiding the pattern of traditional markets. The hypothesis of this study is that there is a significant relationship between legibility patterns, sense of place, stillness, dynamics, motion, light, variety of form and geometry and patterns of activity in traditional Iranian markets with social interactions. The research method of this article is a combination, in the first part, the physical components of the market were extracted by using library studies and observing and examining a case study of the Isfahan market, and in the second part, through open interviews with twelve experts in the field of architecture, the effective components were determined using the snowball method. . In the next step, the data obtained from the case sample was analyzed in a quantitative way using a questionnaire that was distributed among the users of commercial spaces in Region 5, in order to identify the components that can be used in today's commercial complexes. The obtained results show that using the components of sense of place, vitality, and spatial permeability and diversity in the design of commercial complexes can improve social interactions among users of these spaces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Providing physical solutions in order to strengthen social interactions (case example: North Shahid Beheshti St.)
Vajihe Sehatpoor ramezanali naderi mayvanAs an urban space, the street is one of the most important places where face-to-face encounters and the arena of social interactions of citizens are considered. The presence of vehicle traffic crisis and low physical quality has caused a severe lack of public space with MoreAs an urban space, the street is one of the most important places where face-to-face encounters and the arena of social interactions of citizens are considered. The presence of vehicle traffic crisis and low physical quality has caused a severe lack of public space with the ability to accept social interactions. Enhancing public spaces is a means of dealing with this fragmentation and related concerns. It is possible to strengthen the feeling of togetherness by creating a variety of public spaces. On the other hand, the presence of untouched natural environments inside the cities is one of the important potentials of the city in creating a new urban public space and strengthening the civic life and social connections among the city residents. Therefore, organizing these spaces, while transforming them from a defenseless space into a safe urban space, provides a basis for being present in the space and strengthening communication and social interactions in cities and among residents, which leads to the establishment and strengthening of civil life in the city. The phenomenon of an urban defenseless space and the effect it has on the collective conscience can turn the healthy human-city relationship into a disconnected and sometimes hostile relationship with the environment. Because until a person does not feel calm in the environment and space and always lives in worry as a victim, he cannot display his capabilities and values and fulfill his social role in a desirable way. In this research, the aim of which is to promote social interactions in the North Shahid Beheshti axis (between Shahid Square and Charah Safa Square), a combined research method (analytical-descriptive) has been used. The results of the research show that increasing comfort and healing for the people present in the area, creating beautiful and appropriate flooring, creating a favorable permeability for the area can greatly help to increase social interactions in this area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Assistant Professor of Management Department, Attar Institute of Higher Education, Mashhad, Iran; Drbehboodi@attar.ac.ir (Corresponding author)
Nastaran Dabaghzadeh Shirazi omid behboodiThe major role of the media in shaping public opinion has led to the great importance of the media. In other words, due to the increase in interactions that people have with each other in various ways, including through the online social network, these interactions caus MoreThe major role of the media in shaping public opinion has led to the great importance of the media. In other words, due to the increase in interactions that people have with each other in various ways, including through the online social network, these interactions cause people to be culturally and socially close to each other, and consequently these commonalities create interests and choices. Become subscribers; therefore it can be important to examine the impact of these interactions on customers' perceptions of trust in the brand in question. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is among the descriptive-survey research. The research community is Vitex brand customers located in Mashhad. The sampling of this research is using Morgan table and 384 customers that the data were collected through the questionnaire of Parmita et al. (2021). In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was done with pls software. The results showed that the brand experience has a great effect on the social interactions of Vitex brand consumers. Also, the general trend towards online social interaction has had a positive and significant effect on social interaction. General tendency towards online social interaction moderates the effect of brand experience on social interaction, and finally, consumers' social interactions did not have a significant effect on their Verbal communication. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.
Sanaz Deghat Mohammad Hossein ُُُُSharafzadeh Leila Saberi Zahra Rastegar Haghighi Shirazi<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> More<p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:TargetScreenSize>1024x768</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">The present research analyzes the metadiscourse markers in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani, one of the prominent authors of children and young adult literature.It examines the trend of changes in these markers over the period from 1971 to 2021.This study, based on Hyland's (2005) model of metadiscourse, investigates the interactional and interactive metadiscourse markers in Moradi Kermani's works over five decades.The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were extracted using the AntConc software.Statistical analysis of the data using Kendall's test shows that over time, the use of interactional metadiscourse elements in Kermani's works has increased, while interactive elements have decreased.This trend indicates the author's effort to strengthen the connection with the reader and personalize literary texts over time.The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the rhetorical changes in children's and young adults' literature and show how authors in this field adapt their writing style to cultural and social changes.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Introduction</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">The oldest and most valuable text in which metadiscourse markers can be studied is the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani.Metadiscourse arises from the need to establish more effective communication between the author and the reader, and as such, it has become one of the important elements in text analysis.In these works, metadiscourse markers are a clear indication of how the author uses linguistic and rhetorical tools to strengthen their connection with readers and effectively convey their ideas.This research aims to answer the question of how historical and cultural changes in Moradi Kermani's works have affected the distribution and function of metadiscourse elements and how these changes have contributed to the reader-friendliness of his texts.Examining this issue can provide a new model of the author's interaction with the reader and the role of metadiscourse in improving the quality of communication in children and adolescents' literature.This research hypothesizes that Moradi Kermani's works, through the intelligent use of metadiscourse, have succeeded in creating a deeper and more effective connection with the audience.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Literature Review</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Hyland and Jiang (2018) conducted a historical study on the markers of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse over fifty years in the top journals of four disciplines and found that there has been a significant increase in the frequency of oppositional metadiscourse markers and a noticeable decrease in the distribution of interactive metadiscourse markers over these fifty years in the journals.The markers of oppositional metadiscourse aim to organize and define the boundaries of the text to ensure that readers can more easily retrieve and understand the author's interpretations and objectives in the scientific discourse, and authors of scientific texts use these markers to guide their audience.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Rezaei Keramati et al. (2019) conducted a study on the markers of interactive metadiscourse in three leading journals of applied linguistics.To analyze the historical evolution of stance and engagement markers, the subcategories of interactive metadiscourse in different sections of research articles (introduction, methodology, discussion, and conclusion) were examined using Hyland's (2005b) model.The findings indicate a significant decrease in the frequency of interactive metadiscourse markers in all sections of the articles.This decrease is generally related to the reduction of stance markers in the conclusion and methodology sections.As previously mentioned, the scope of this research pertains to the analysis of scientific texts (research articles) and does not include literary genres or stories.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Bagheri (2020) conducted a study on the historical evolution of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse markers in doctoral dissertations in the fields of hard sciences and soft sciences over three time periods: 1966, 1986, and 2016, based on Hyland's (2005) theory.The findings show that interactive metadiscourse (stance and engagement) has decreased in soft sciences and increased in hard sciences.This indicates that in soft sciences, academic writing is moving towards neutrality, impartiality, and greater responsibility towards the reader, i.e., more reader-oriented and less persuasive, and in hard sciences, scientific discourse is moving towards greater persuasiveness and reader-friendliness.This research also focuses on scientific discourse (doctoral dissertations) and does not include literary genres or stories.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Liu and Yang (2021) conducted a study based on Hyland's model to examine interactive and oppositional metadiscourse in 240 research articles in hard sciences (mechanical engineering and physics) and soft sciences (education and history) over sixty years.They found that metadiscourse markers have generally shown a declining trend over time.This has been accompanied by a noticeable increase in oppositional markers and a significant decrease in interactive markers, indicating that authors in scientific texts tend to use more oppositional metadiscourse and less interactive metadiscourse over time to write clearer and more convincing texts and adopt a more objective and scientific approach.This study, like previous research, pertains to the analysis of research articles and scientific texts.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Theoretical Framework</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">The term metadiscourse was first introduced by Harris (1959), referring to the author's or speaker's efforts to ensure the audience's understanding of the spoken text.Metadiscourse serves as an important tool for facilitating communication, supporting the author's position, and engaging the reader (see Hyland, 2015).To analyze the metadiscourse elements in the scope of this research, Hyland's (2005) theory was used because his classification is new, clear, and comprehensive (see Abdi et al., 2010).As shown in Table 1, this theory has two dimensions: interactional and interactive.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt; margin: 0cm 14.2pt .0001pt 14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt; text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Table 1 - Subcategories of Interactional and </span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt; text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">interactive Metadiscourse</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt; margin: 0cm 14.2pt .0001pt 14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" dir="rtl" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-dir: bidi; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 235.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" colspan="2" width="314"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Metadiscourse</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Interactional</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Interactive</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Attributes</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Stance markers</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Hedges</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Endophoric markers</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Boosters</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Frame markers</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Engagement markers</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Evidentials</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Self-mentions</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="LTR" style="text-align: center; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Transitions</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt; margin: 0cm 14.2pt .0001pt 14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Markers of interactive metadiscourse are used to organize the information present in the text and guide the reader through it.On the other hand, markers of interactional metadiscourse are used to engage with the reader and involve them in the text (see Hyland, 2005).Each of the subcategories of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers, briefly displayed in Table 2, has its specific function.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: 14.2pt; text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Table 2 - Hyland's (2005) Theory</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 53.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" width="459" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="127"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Types of Metadiscourse</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Classification</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Function</span></strong></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Example</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Interactional metadiscourse</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Establishing an effective connection with the reader</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Attitude markers</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Author's attitude towards the text</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Agree, very important, with surprise</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Self-mentions</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Explicit reference to the author's presence</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Author, I, we, researcher</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Engagement markers</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Addressing the reader explicitly</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">You, pay attention, assume</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Boosters</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Indicating the speaker's degree of certainty about the statement</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Without a doubt, certainly, clearly</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Hedges</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Indicating the author's doubt about the statement</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Perhaps, almost, probably</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Interactive metadiscourseOrganizing information in a sentence and guiding the reader through the text</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></p> </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Transitions</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Connecting the sentences of the text</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">But, moreover, therefore</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Frame markers</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Defining the boundaries of the text and providing a framework for elements</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">First, second, as a result</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Endophoric markers</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Referring the reader to other parts of the text</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">In the next section, below</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Evidentials</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Referring to information provided in other texts and attribution</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">According to, as stated, as said</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Code glosses</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">Providing further explanation about the meaning</span></p> </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 130.55pt;" align="center"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-no-proof: yes;">First, second, as a result</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Data Analysis</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">The data analysis revealed that in Houshang Moradi Kermani's children's and young adult literature from 1971 to 2021, the use of interactive metadiscourse markers increased while the use of interactional metadiscourse markers decreased.Interactive metadiscourse, which indicates the author's explicit presence and engagement with the audience, was increasingly employed over time, particularly through self-mentions and engagement markers.On the other hand, interactional markers like transitions, which help manage the flow of information in the text, were used less frequently.These changes suggest that Moradi Kermani gradually developed a stronger inclination toward creating a more personal and effective connection with his readers.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Conclusion</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">In this research, the role of metadiscourse in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani in the field of children and young adult literature was examined.The results showed that Moradi Kermani extensively used metadiscourse markers, especially interactional markers, to establish an effective connection with his audience.The use of these markers has increased over time, while interactive markers have decreased.This tendency to use more interactional markers indicates the author's effort to engage the readers and create a more personal connection with them.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">These findings contrast with the results of previous research in scientific discourse, which has moved towards less use of interactional metadiscourse and more use of interactive metadiscourse.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Keywords: </span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: kashida; text-kashida: 0%; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin: 0cm 14.2pt .0001pt 14.2pt;"><strong><span lang="FA" style="font-family: 'B Nazanin'; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> </span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">References</span></strong></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Abdi, R., Tavangar, M., & Tavakoli, M. (2010) “The cooperative principle in discourse communities and genres: A framework for the use of metadiscourse”.Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1669-1679.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Aghayari, K. (1994) Introduction to children's and young adult literature.Tehran: Mahya.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">---------------- (1996) Introduction to children's and young adult literature and criteria for book critique and review.Tehran: Saramad Kavosh.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Ahangari, S.& Kazemi, M. (2014) “A Content Analysis of ‘Alice in Wonderland’ Regarding Metadiscourse Elements”.International Journal of Applied Linguistics and 76 IJALEL 8 (3): 66-77 English Literature.3 (3) 10-18.https: //doi.org/10.7575/ aiac.ijalel.v.3n.3p.10</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Aljazrawi, D.A., &Aljazrawi Z, A.(2019) “The use of metadiscourse: an analysis of interactive and interactional markers in English short stories as a type of literary genre”.International journal of applied linguistics and English literature, 8 (3), 66.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Amouzadeh Khalili, F. (2002) A descriptive dictionary of young adult fictional characters (Vol.2) Tehran: Aftabgardan. </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Anthony, L. 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text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">------------------------ (1999) Pomegranate's smile.Tehran: Moein.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">------------------------ (2003a) Like a full moon.Tehran: Moein.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">------------------------ (2003b) Neither wet nor dry.Tehran: Moein.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">------------------------ (2007) Rice and stew.Tehran: Moein.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; 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text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Rezaei Keramati, S., Kuhi, D., & Saeidi, M.(2019) Cross-sectional diachronic corpus analysis of stance and engagement markers in three leading journals of applied linguistics.Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies, 6 (2), 1-25.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;">Soltani, R., & Shokrpour, N.(2021) The status of metadiscourse markers use in Iranian medical articles: A comparative study.Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 31(196), 92-100.</span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 25.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.0pt; tab-stops: center 170.05pt right 340.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Nazanin'; color: black;"> </span></p> <p> </p> Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Repetitive Propositions in the Concept of Space Dialectic in Architecture
Mahmoud Azhdari<p>The term "dialectic of space" in architecture refers to the contradictions and interactions present within spaces. These contradictions may encompass elements such as lightness and darkness, density and spatiality, as well as mutual aspects like internal and external More<p>The term "dialectic of space" in architecture refers to the contradictions and interactions present within spaces. These contradictions may encompass elements such as lightness and darkness, density and spatiality, as well as mutual aspects like internal and external factors. In architecture, this concept mostly addresses the design of spaces and their influence on human behavior and emotions. One of the most frequently cited propositions in the context of space dialectics is the pursuit of balance amidst contradictions. Designing spaces involves striving to achieve a balance among different elements including light and darkness, open and closed space, indoor and outdoor space, and more, which is considered as one of the basic principles. This balance can contribute to harmonizing people's moods and emotions while facilitating optimal utilization of space. Another important aspect of space dialectic is the interference and interaction among diverse elements. Spaces can be more attractive by creating interference and interaction between different components. In other words, spaces with diversity and multiplicity factors exert the greatest impact on people's behavior and emotions, potentially generating attractive and dynamic qualities within spaces. Additionally, a recurring proposition emphasizes the connection with the environment. Spaces should establish links with their surroundings and cultivate positive relationships with them, achieved through the integration with natural landscapes, connectivity with adjacent spaces, or even integration with urban spaces. According to these frequent propositions, architectural designers can develop spaces that exert a greater impact on the residents’ behavior and emotions, fostering environments that are both appealing and diverse. These principles aid designers in creating high-quality and suitable spaces for human life and work.</p> Manuscript profile
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