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Open Access Article

1 - Epidemiology of lameness; economic importance, prevalence and incidence
Marzieh Faezi Reyhaneh Sangtarash

Herd health and comprehensive preventive medicine were notified since the last half of 20th century, as the farmers were better educated and the value of individual animals relative to veterinary fees has decreased. Restricted attention had been given to the above idea More

Herd health and comprehensive preventive medicine were notified since the last half of 20th century, as the farmers were better educated and the value of individual animals relative to veterinary fees has decreased. Restricted attention had been given to the above idea leads to misunderstanding of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Currently, veterinarians must support herd health programs designed to increase production by preventing disease, rather than just dispensing traditional treatment to clinically sick animals. Lameness as one of the costliest disorders in dairy herds, needs special attention. Both preventive costs (such as hoof trimming costs) and the losses due to heifer replacements and milk yield reduction should be counted as the economic losses of a disease. Indeed, local data play an important role in estimating lameness losses. Calculating measures of morbidity is a key point that helps the veterinarian and the farmer to know about the farm condition. So, in this article the economic importance of lameness and the concept of prevalence and incidence of it were reviewed. At the end there are some information about the prevalence and incidence of lameness in Iran and some other countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Urban Catalyst: Concepts and Requirements
Nahid Nematikutenaee Farzaneh Salami farideh Asadian

Today, urban transformations have led to general changes due to increasing sensitivities to human and environmental well-being. So far, there have been many approaches to urban transformation that most notably of them include urban revitalization, urban redevelopment, a More

Today, urban transformations have led to general changes due to increasing sensitivities to human and environmental well-being. So far, there have been many approaches to urban transformation that most notably of them include urban revitalization, urban redevelopment, and urban regeneration. Regeneration approach has a more comprehensive and integrated vision for solving urban problems, especially Brownfield which has many opportunities for urban transformation and improving people's quality of life. But its regeneration faces challenges in clean-up and redevelopment. To overcome these challenges, the strategy of urban catalyst can be applied due to being an instrument within the strategies of urban transformation that comes out of the texture and rehabilitates that. This research presents the concepts and basic requirements of urban catalyst projects and their planning (political, management and leadership, legal, economic, social and environmental), design (underlying factors, Sense of location and identity) and implementation (4Ps model or public-private-people partnership) components for the acceleration of urban development. At the end, with the knowledge that every city has unique characteristic and it is not possible to adopt a single instruction for all cities, however, regarding to the global experiences, a common Brownfield regeneration process with the help of urban catalyst projects is presented by a proposed model in this study. If projects are understood and developed in accordance with what the city needs, they can deeply affect on the inefficient urban areas regeneration especially Brownfield. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Satire and Social and Moral Criticism in Sheikh Bahaee's Persian Works
منوچهر جوكار

Sheikh Bahaee, the great religious scholar of the 10th and 11th centuries (A.H.), was also an architect, poet, mathematician, and astronaut. His high religious status as Sheikh- ul- Islam in the Safavid court and among the people makes it hard to think of the presence o More

Sheikh Bahaee, the great religious scholar of the 10th and 11th centuries (A.H.), was also an architect, poet, mathematician, and astronaut. His high religious status as Sheikh- ul- Islam in the Safavid court and among the people makes it hard to think of the presence of satire in his works. Nevertheless, the fact is that Sheikh Bahaee has strategically employed satire as an effective means of criticism of society and morality of his time, as well as promotion of social awareness. In addition to some satiric poems and writings found in his works, he has also two completely satiric works named Kashkool (collection of writings), and Moush- o- Gorbe (Mouse and Cat), a symbolic story. Existence of hese works alone shows how Sheikh Bahaee concerned with satire in criticizing deeds and sayings of particular groups of people. This study then is an attempt to show the potential of satire, as well as social and moral criticism in Sheikh's Bahaee's Persian works. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - From the Body Part Word “Face” to Conjunction
Sedigheh Poormaleki Mojtaba Monshizadeh Arsalan Golfam Ferdows Aghagolzadeh

Grammaticalization is a process through which a lexical item changes into a grammatical morpheme. Semantic changes of a free morpheme along with the categorical and phonological changes result in structural function in the syntax of a language, and the former lexical it More

Grammaticalization is a process through which a lexical item changes into a grammatical morpheme. Semantic changes of a free morpheme along with the categorical and phonological changes result in structural function in the syntax of a language, and the former lexical items are used to express abstract grammatical concepts such as tense, aspect, and mood. In all languages, body part words as a part of lexical sources are very frequent, and have a vast semantic network. The role of these free lexical items in the process of grammaticalization has been documented by various researchers, and it has been shown that some of the body part words have been changed into adposition by moving through the continuum of grammaticalization and after a change in their core meaning. This research tries to investigate the body part word "face" and the pattern of changes in this free lexical item in Persian language system within the framework of the grammaticalization process. To do so, the different simple, derived and derived compound forms of "face" in Anvari Allegory Dictionary(1383) and FarsNet have been studied to answer the following questions: 1)what is the continuum of the changes in body part word "face" in the process of grammaticalization, and 2) what are the semantic, morphosyntactic, and categorical outcomes of grammaticalization of this word? The results show that this word has undergone the grammaticalization process like other body part words and even progressed more. This word not only refers to "face" (core meaning), it has also undergone semantic generalization and hierarchical pejoration, and participated in new structures and functions. The ending point of changes of this face is its function as compound subordinate conjunction in conditional forms and contrastive expressions. This word has gone so beyond its core meaning as subordinate conjunction that no sign of the former core meaning as body part word "face" is available. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Isolation and Determination of Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella and Staphylococcus Isolated from Dog and Cat Diets
Ebrahim Janmohammadi Firooz Mehdi Sharifi Soltani Atefeh Bozorgi

Bacterial contamination and widespread use of antibiotics lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella and Staphylococcus from diets used for dog and cat and to determine their antibiotic resistance. 50 samples More

Bacterial contamination and widespread use of antibiotics lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella and Staphylococcus from diets used for dog and cat and to determine their antibiotic resistance. 50 samples of dog and cat dry diets were collected. For isolation of Salmonella, culture in liquid Selenite-F, Bismuth sulfite, xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) and Salmonella Chromogenic agar were used and for the detection of Staphylococcus, Baird-Parker and mannitol-salt agar. Antibiogram testing was performed by disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software, chi-square test and independent t-test (p≤0.05). Salmonella and Staphylococcus infections were 72% and 20% in dog food and 26% and 80% in cat food, respectively. 100% of the dry bulk feed of cats infected with Salmonella and Staphylococcus and 100% of the samples of dry bulk feed of dogs were infected with Salmonella. 100% of Salmonella strains were resistant to all antibiotics. There was a significant relationship between the level of bacterial contamination and the type of diet (p≤0.05). The presence of bacteria along with antibiotic resistance was identified in this study. Hygiene principles and microbial evaluations are necessary to control and prevent food contamination with bacteria. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Anesthetic management differences between small animal and horse
Nasser Vesal

Veterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild ani More

Veterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild animals. In order to perform a safe sedation, analgesia, local and general anesthesia, adequate scientific knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of the species are required. The most common species that referred for surgical procedures are small animal (cat and dog) and horses. Although surgical procedure are also performed on ruminants, general anesthesia is not common in these species due to some specific reasons (economic costs, bloat, regurgitation and easily performed standing surgeries in cattle). There are several anatomical, physiological and pharmacological differences as well as difference in body weight and temperament between small animal and horses that should be considered before anesthesia. The present paper discusses the major differences that require appropriate preoperative preparation when conducting anesthesia in small animal and horses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Racism in Kant’s ethical view with accumbency on categorical imperative
mohsen javady

Racism in its broad sense, means the superiority of some others over the others on their race. Subjects about Racism has considerate in different fields including politics, sociology, law, psychology and especially in ethics. In some ethical systems, such as Kant's ethi More

Racism in its broad sense, means the superiority of some others over the others on their race. Subjects about Racism has considerate in different fields including politics, sociology, law, psychology and especially in ethics. In some ethical systems, such as Kant's ethics, racism, as well as many other topics, is not consider. But this does not mean that the system cannot consider and investigate on racism. In this paper, we try to investigate Kant’s point of view in his ethical system on racism by using his idea on triple rule of categorical imperative and finally this result will occur that Kant, on the basis of their moral system cannot be justified racism either. For Kant, moral virtue consists of duty or act according to the task, which cannot communicate with the race of the subject of the verb. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Effect of Sin on the Result of Natural Disasters in the Viewpoint of Islam
mohammad rasul ahangaran seyed mohammad hoseini pour

From the viewpoints of the followers of the Abrahamic religions according to the Qur'an and Holy book, one of the causes of the fall of natural disasters is sin. This is while the controversial hypothesis from the materialists indicates the impact of material factors on More

From the viewpoints of the followers of the Abrahamic religions according to the Qur'an and Holy book, one of the causes of the fall of natural disasters is sin. This is while the controversial hypothesis from the materialists indicates the impact of material factors on natural events and rejects the claims of the religiousists. In this paper, while reviewing these two views and explaining the non-conflict between the two theories about the cause of natural disasters, the existence of a meaningful relationship between sin and natural disasters in the Abrahamic processions was investigated and then, using quranic verses, different dimensions of this relationship were described in Islam. Is. Finally, from the point of view of Qur'an, it was proved that sin is a major non-monotheistic cause for the remediation of natural disasters and its scope is not tied to a specific time and place; however, this relationship is not subject to all sins, and in the case of the great sins of slander and unreliable sins committed to The face-off is possible. Of course, the above relation is a hindrance, and these types of punishments may be faded or postponed for reasons such as repentance, exile, and divine providence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - A Review of Mullā Ṣadrā’s Responses to the Problem of the Necessity of Subsuming One Quiddity into two Categories in the Discussion of Mental Existence
Mohammad Hadi Tavakkoli

Based on the theory of the qualitative nature of knowledge and the identity of mental and objective quiddities, the acceptance of the theory of mental existence poses the problem of the necessity of the inclusion of knowledge in two categories. In his works, Mullā Ṣadrā More

Based on the theory of the qualitative nature of knowledge and the identity of mental and objective quiddities, the acceptance of the theory of mental existence poses the problem of the necessity of the inclusion of knowledge in two categories. In his works, Mullā Ṣadrā has tried to solve this problem through distinguishing between common and primary predications, application of two categories to knowledge from two essential and accidental aspects, negation of the subsistence of inherence, and acceptance of the application of two categories to cognitive form due to the mentally-positedness of quiddity, and the possibility of its shadow-like realization in the form of multiple existences. Although a study of his responses indicate their incompleteness in resolving the issue, his principles have paved the ground for accomplishing this task through accepting the “predication of the indicator on the indicated”. According to this view, regardless of what the nature and category of the cognitive form is, the narration of the nature of an external thing is introduced as the ontological attribute of the cognitive form, which has nothing to do with its nature and is, rather, outside the realm of categories. Through this solution, we can both maintain the correspondence between the cognitive form and the nature of the external thing and, while accepting the realization of the cognitive form in the mind, resolve the problem of the necessity of the inclusion of knowledge in two categories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Investigating the structure and evolution of the innovation network of catching-up countries in the field of solar energy using patent citations analysis
Mahboubeh Nourizadeh Tahereh Saheb Shaghayegh Sahraee Ali Maleki

10.52547/jstpi.24265.18.72.52

Over the past three decades, research has focused on how and under what conditions latecomers have been able to become major producers of new technologies, such as renewable energy, and make technological catch-up in this area. This is emphasized for developing countrie More

Over the past three decades, research has focused on how and under what conditions latecomers have been able to become major producers of new technologies, such as renewable energy, and make technological catch-up in this area. This is emphasized for developing countries because, on the one hand, the greatest growth in energy demand in the coming years will be in these countries, and on the other hand, it is a green window of opportunity for other developing countries to learn and work towards catching-up in these areas. In this research, from the perspective of global innovation networks, the technological approach was investigated by analyzing the structure and evolution of the solar energy innovation network using patent citation analysis. For this purpose, patents in this field were extracted and cleared from the Derwent Innovation over a period 1980-2017. Then, a citation network was formed and the topological structure and country-level indicator were examined using social network analysis methods. The results showed that countries that were able to gradually increase their absorption capacity by joining the global innovation network and moving in the path of technology of leading countries by increasing citations to their patents, could able to be producers of knowledge and granted high quality patents which have been increasingly cited by other countries. These countries found a special place in the network as intermediaries for the diffusion of technology and succeeded in technological catch-up. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - A Study of the Theory of the Correspondence of Worlds and its Role in Explaining the Relationship Between Cognitive and Objective Existence of Possible Things in the Transcendent Philosophy
Ahmad Ghafari

Similar to most Muslim philosophers, Mullā Ṣadrā conceives of the divine essential knowledge of possible things as prior knowledge and maintains that it is of the type of active knowledge. However, the actuality of divine knowledge in the system of the Transcendent phil More

Similar to most Muslim philosophers, Mullā Ṣadrā conceives of the divine essential knowledge of possible things as prior knowledge and maintains that it is of the type of active knowledge. However, the actuality of divine knowledge in the system of the Transcendent philosophy has a different meaning from its well-known interpretation. The understanding of this different meaning demands paying attention to Mullā Ṣadrā’s particular perception of the theory of the correspondence of worlds, where he emphasizes the objective correspondence of cognitive and objective worlds instead of their categorical correspondence. Following a descriptive-analytic method, this paper aims to present an accurate explanation of Mullā Ṣadrā’s perception of the theory of the correspondence of worlds. It is worth mentioning that several philosophical principles, such as “the truth in its simplicity contains all things” and “identity of collective and detailed knowledge” in the Transcendent Philosophy have been developed under the influence of this theory. Mullā Ṣadrā’s concern regarding the ontological all-inclusiveness of particular existences is the portrayal of the ontological inclusion of collective existence through some truths, each of which embodies all the behaviors and evolutions of the inferior existence similar to an all-inclusive jewel. In such conditions, the knowledge of this ontological jewel, which is considered to be the truth of the inferior existence, is the same as the knowledge of all the states and aspects of the particular existence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Determination of Formal Methods Capabilities for Software Specification and Analysis
H. Banki V. Ahmadi Sabet

Software developers face the problem of adopting a suitable formal method to developing their software. We aim to determine capability level of formal methods in software specification and analysis in four steps. The first step introduces the criteria by which the forma More

Software developers face the problem of adopting a suitable formal method to developing their software. We aim to determine capability level of formal methods in software specification and analysis in four steps. The first step introduces the criteria by which the formal methods assess. The second and third ones deal with categorizing sorts of software and formal methods based on their solution methods. The fourth step determines fitness of some typical formal methods to specification and analysis of each software category. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Introduce of a Simple and Minimally Invasive Approach for Access to Epidural Space
Asma Asadian Mohammad mehdi Dehghan Majid Masudifard َAthena Salimi

Background: Although various researches have been conducted to improve therapeutic strategies in resolving spinal cord injuries, robust clinical treatment is not yet available. Developing a standard animal model is essential before treatment. Objectives: The present st More

Background: Although various researches have been conducted to improve therapeutic strategies in resolving spinal cord injuries, robust clinical treatment is not yet available. Developing a standard animal model is essential before treatment. Objectives: The present study was performed to introduce a simple, applicable, and minimally invasive approach for access to epidural space in cat. Methods: We used per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction for stainless steel cannula insertion to the epidural space. CT-scan, conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, tractography, and behavioral evaluation were used to assess the correct position of cannula and neurological condition of the patient. Results: MRI results showed no significant change in signal intensity index of neural structures under lumbosacral junction. These observations were further supported by tractography, and also behavioral examination during study. Conclusions: We found that per-cutaneous approach from lumbosacral junction is a simple and applicable approach which has no side effects and artifact formation in MRI evaluation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Photo-transformation of hydrogen sulfide environmental pollutant to hydrogen fuel using a carbon-based magnetic nanocomposite catalyst
Majid Ghanimati Mohsen Lashgari Mahchehreh Sabeti

Hydrogen sulfide is a dangerous, corrosive and flammable environmental pollutant that is generated at large scale in sour oil and gas industries. One of the sustainable strategies to remove this environmental pollutant and convert it into hydrogen clean fuel is the use More

Hydrogen sulfide is a dangerous, corrosive and flammable environmental pollutant that is generated at large scale in sour oil and gas industries. One of the sustainable strategies to remove this environmental pollutant and convert it into hydrogen clean fuel is the use of a renewable energy source (photon) and synthesis of semiconducting nanoenergy materials. To this end, in the present project, a nanostructured magnetic semiconducting MgFe2O4 compound was synthesized and applied for the production of hydrogen fuel through photocatalytic splitting of an alkaline H2S solution. The empirical evidence revealed that the synthesized material has an appropriate potency to reduce proton and produce hydrogen. Furthermore, by the synthesis of CNT/MgFe2O4 magnetic nanocomposite, the boosting effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) on the activity of the aforementioned photocatalyst was examined. A significant promotion in hydrogen production was observed in the presence of CNT and justified in terms of increasing the photocatalyst surface area, retarding the electron-hole recombination process and enhancing the photon absorption. The rate of hydrogen evolution was 1284 µmole/h per 0.2 g photocatalyst, indicating that the synthesized nanocomposite material has a high ability to remove the pollutant and produce hydrogen fuel. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - The efficiency of crude enzyme extracted from horseradish root in oxidation of catechol
Soheila Amiri Hosseini Fatemeh Nejatzadeh Eesmaeil Babanezhad fathollah gholami

Catechol is one of the phenolic compounds (with chemical formula (C6H6O2) which is used as a raw material or final product of chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries. In this study, the efficiency of horseradish extract as a gross enzyme and removal of catechol from More

Catechol is one of the phenolic compounds (with chemical formula (C6H6O2) which is used as a raw material or final product of chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries. In this study, the efficiency of horseradish extract as a gross enzyme and removal of catechol from industrial wastewater was investigated. In order to study the efficiency of variable enzyme processes (20, 10, 40, ml / l), oxygenated water concentrations (0.58, 1.17, 2.35 mol / l) were evaluated for 20 minutes. The output catechol concentration of the process was measured by HPLC at a wavelength of 275 nm. The results of this study showed that with increasing the volume of oxygenated water and keeping the concentration of the enzyme constant, an increasing trend was observed at first, but after a while with a further increase in hydrogen peroxide, no significant change in efficiency was observed. For concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.58, 1.17, 1.78 mol / L) and hydrogen peroxide (10, 20, 40 ml / L), removal efficiencies of 45%, 60% and 80% were obtained, respectively. However, with the values of oxygenated water concentrations (1.17, 2.35, 3.53 mol / l) and fixed oxygenated water concentrations, the removal efficiency was 42%, 58% and 81%, respectively. Enzymatic treatment process as a suitable process can be used for catechol and its compounds from wastewater. To obtain the appropriate efficiency, it is better to set it in the optimal conditions under optimal conditions and add variables in the reaction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Removal of Methylene blue dye from water by using Fe-BTC
reza alizadeh

Fe-BTC (benzene tricarboxylic) synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation as a novel photo catalyst was investigated for degradation of methylene blue (MB)by UV/ photo catalyst system. In this study, for the first time, a facile ultrasonic method was employed to prepare Fe-B More

Fe-BTC (benzene tricarboxylic) synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation as a novel photo catalyst was investigated for degradation of methylene blue (MB)by UV/ photo catalyst system. In this study, for the first time, a facile ultrasonic method was employed to prepare Fe-BTC. The effects of temperature (50 and 70 °C) and irradiation time (90 and 120 min) were investigated to get the optimum photo catalyst. The nanoparticles of the synthesized Fe-BTC obtained were smaller and more homogeneous than those previously reported. The synthesized Fe-BTC samples showed good photocatalytic performance. The Fe-BTC 70-120 sample has shown the highest photocatalytic activity. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was related to two important factors which are the inhibition of the recombination process of the charge carriers and also the increase in the total area of the photo catalyst. The kinetics of degradation in this study has followed Langmuir-Hinshelwood pseudo-first-order theory. The Fe-BTC70-120 sample due to smaller particles and lower electron-hole recombination showed the highest photocatalytic degradation. The results of the mechanism showed the reactivity of hydroxyl radical oxidation in methylene blue degradation. The stability test also showed the high stability of Fe-BTC70-120 sample for three cycles. Photocatalytic degradation of MB by Fe-BTC with high activity and recycling stability may provide a new choice for wastewater treatment Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Cesarean section procedure in cattle
Khosro Safari Nikroo Negin Rahimdoust Mozhdehi Samaneh Ghasemi

Cesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most import More

Cesarean operation is one of the oldest surgical procedures in veterinary medicine. In farm animals practice, especially in meat producing animals, this technique is a relatively frequent and performed when normal parturition is not possible. Dystocia is the most important reason for cesarean procedure and survival of the cow and the calf, and maintenance of fertility are the main aims of cesarean in cattle. In this article, the history of this technique has been briefly mentioned and the aim of this article is to describe the indications of cesarean, decision making for surgery, preparaton of the patient, different cesarian surgical approaches, as well as post-operative cares and complications in cattle. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Septic arthritis in cattle and calf
Seyed Mousa Mousavi Samaneh Ghasemi

Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. Th More

Septic arthritis is an important cause of lameness in cattle and calves and delay in treatment, can lead to early culling, a decrease in production, and economic losses in herd. Although responsible for septic arthritis but can also be caused by other microorganisms. This condition occurs when joint space affects by invasion of various microorganisms. Failure of transfer of passive immunity, penetrating wounds, septicemia, and therapeutic or diagnostic interventions are the causes of septic arthritis. Lameness, joint effusion, pain, and fever are the most important of clinical signs of septic arthritis. One or more joints may be affected. Complete physical examination, synovial fluid and blood analysis, and imaging studies techniques are used as diagnostic tools for septic arthritis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of septic arthritis are necessary to improve prognosis. Treatment strategy of septic arthritis includes antimicrobial therapy, anti-inflammatories, and joint lavage. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of septic arthritis are described in this article. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Local anethetic techniques of distal limbs in cattle
mohammad ali sadeghi Samaneh Ghasemi

Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are rela More

Cattle usually tolerate physical restraint so, many surgical or therapeutic techniques including limbs procedures can be performed by using a combination of mild sedation and local or reginal anesthesia. These techniques avoid the risk of general anesthetic and are relatively simple and inexpensive with low side effects. Local or reginal anesthesia involve the local anesthetic drug that provide the absence of sensation in a region of body. Use of appropriate of local anesthesia is an important tool to perform different therapeutic and surgical procedures in limbs of cattle. It is important that local anesthesia provides sufficient analgesia for pain management. Lidocaine is the most common local anesthetic drug used in cattle. Before injection, the skin should be cleaned to reduce the chance of introducing pathogens. There are several techniques of local and reginal anesthesia including nerve block, ring block, four-point and, intravenous regional anesthesia for distal limbs in cattle. In nerve block, an anesthetic drug injects near specific nerves while ring block performs by injection of an anesthetic drug circumferentially around the mid-metacarpus or metacarpus region. In low four-point block, local anesthetic drug is injected in four sites to anesthetize the lower limb from pastern distally. During intravenous regional anesthesia, an anesthetic drug is intravenously injected by a catheter followed by the placement of a tourniquet around the limb. Consideration to the volume of used local anesthetic drug is necessary for prevention of toxic effect of these drugs. In this article, the most common local anesthetic techniques of the distal limbs in cattle are described. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Digit amputation in cattle
Sajjad Pishbin Farzad Hayati

Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the majo More

Lameness of limbs is one of the most important problems of today's cattle farms, which causes irreparable economic losses, so that about 60% of cows in each herd are lame at least once a year (finger injuries in Iran are 31.8%). Injuries of the digits is one of the major causes of lameness in cattle. Bones of the digits in cattle include the first, second and, third phalanx. Two vestigial digits are existed in cattle. The medial digit and the lateral digit are the main weight bearing structures on the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. One of the practical treatments for injuries of the digits is its amputation. Among the most important causes of digit amputation, can mention osteomyelitis of finger and navicular bones, septic arthritis of interdigital joints, fractures and hoof traumas that have not responded to other conservative treatment. Most of digit amputation procedures perform under local anesthetic techniques with the cattle standing position. Selection of digit amputation techniques depends on several factors, such as the lesion type and the extent of involved anatomical structures. The most common surgical method is to amputate the digit through the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx without the need for a skin flap, which usually has a good prognosis and is effective in improving the economic life of the animal. Todays, limb amputation and the use of prosthesis are indicated in cattle or calf with untreatable musculoskeletal trauma or infection. General anesthesia is recommended for limb amputation. Although the short-term prognosis for limb amputation is good, the long-term prognosis depends on the weight of the animal and caring condition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Management of fractures in cattle
Nasim Qaemifar Faezeh Alipour

Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fractu More

Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fracture and recovery. Generally, fractures which occur in ruminants and generally in large ruminants are of great importance for treatment because according to experiences, despite the cost incurred, the treatment of these complications is a good result .Often fractures occur in hind limb and fore limb parts of the animals and fewer cases are reported from the other parts. Selection of appropriate treatment method and control of these complications is affected by several factors, but in general, economic factors in patients can be considered as one of the most effective factors in this selection. About fracture management, some factors such as physical examination, prevention of subsequent secondary infection and etc, are discussed. In general, from 1950 onwards, the use of internal fixation in the treatment of fractures increased. The costs that are used to provide internal fixation instruments, preparation of radiographs, the salary of surgeons, postoperative cares and etc, may be considered for the owner, therefore, it should be considered before the beginning of surgery. Although there are many studies about the modification of fractures with external fixation, but there is a little data about the use of this system in large animals. In this article, the principles of treatment of internal and external fixation fractures are mentioned. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Mechanisms and promising applications of mussel-inspired hydrogels
AKBAR MIRZAEI shahrzad javanshir ghalzaleh MIRZAEI

mussel-inspired chemistry has become a powerful tool for the rational design and synthesis of hydrogels with modified properties and applications due to their unique functionalities. Hydrogels are cross-linked three-dimensional polymer networks with high water content a More

mussel-inspired chemistry has become a powerful tool for the rational design and synthesis of hydrogels with modified properties and applications due to their unique functionalities. Hydrogels are cross-linked three-dimensional polymer networks with high water content and flexible structure, and due to their mechanical and chemical similarities with biological tissues, as well as the existence of mechanical and electrical properties, they are used in various fields of medical engineering, soft robotics, Electronics and environmental science have many applications. Despite the extensive progress in this field, conventional hydrogels still face many problems, such as the lack of general strategies to program the chemical/physical properties and the difficulty in meeting some specific application requirements, especially in the diverse and complex working environment that limit their application. severely restricts. Therefore, the modification of hydrogels according to different purposes can lead to their more and better use in various industries. Adhesive hydrogels are gaining interest for biomedical applications due to their high adhesion, tunable structure, high water content, and biocompatibility. Meanwhile, the modification of normal hydrogels with the help of oyster-inspired chemistry, such as the use of dopamine and tannic acid, can give unique properties to the gels and their application in many fields, including biomedical engineering, electronics, stimuli and sensors. Wider wearable. Our aim in this review article is to investigate the hydrogel made with the help of mussel-inspired compounds. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - studing two important technologies of propane dehydrogenation technology and the necessity of using this technology in the Iranian petrochemical industry
Mohammad Mehdi Barjesteh Hossein Zamani

Petrochemical industry is a branch of chemical industry that uses raw materials in the form of oil and gas to produce industrial products. Various chemical or physical processes are used to produce optimal products. Among the key and strategic products in the petrochemi More

Petrochemical industry is a branch of chemical industry that uses raw materials in the form of oil and gas to produce industrial products. Various chemical or physical processes are used to produce optimal products. Among the key and strategic products in the petrochemical industry, we can mention propylene and polypropylene. Propane dehydrogenation (PDH-Propane dehydrogenation) is a highly efficient catalytic technology that is used to convert propane into propylene and finally polypropylene, and it has received wide attention today. Propylene is one of the intermediate products used in many petrochemical applications, such as the production of polypropylene resins, acrylic acids, propylene glycol, acrylonitrile, cumene/phenol and other industrial products. Usually, propylene is obtained by cracking naphtha derived from oil and is a byproduct of ethylene production, but currently, in order to produce propylene more widely, propane dehydrogenation process is used. With the increase in global demand for propylene in the automotive sector, the production of bottle caps, fabrics, packaging materials and the production of chemicals, the petrochemical industry is inevitably moving towards the targeted production of propylene. This goal will be achieved mainly through propane dehydrogenation, where propane is selectively hydrogenated (removal of hydrogen from the propane stream). The results of this research, in addition to identifying the most suitable method of producing propylene from propane (Oleflex or Catofin), indicate that the implementation of PDH projects in the country, in addition to meeting the needs of domestic industries, completing the chains It will also bring value to the country's petrochemical industry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Car pollution control using catalyst
khodadad behrozi

The emission of pollutants from vehicles is generally low, but the number of vehicles on the road increases, so the environmental pollution also increases. About 35% of CO, 30% of HC and 25% of NOx produced in the atmosphere are from the transportation sector. These pol More

The emission of pollutants from vehicles is generally low, but the number of vehicles on the road increases, so the environmental pollution also increases. About 35% of CO, 30% of HC and 25% of NOx produced in the atmosphere are from the transportation sector. These pollutants have adverse effects on the environment and human health. Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles generally depend on the air-to-fuel ratio. Control techniques for exhaust emissions include engine modifications, fuel pretreatment, fuel additives, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), positive crankcase ventilation (PCV), and the use of catalytic converters. A catalytic converter is a device that converts more toxic exhaust gases into less toxic pollutants. There are different types of catalysts used in the purification of car exhaust gases, such as catalysts of noble metals and basic metals, etc. The catalytic converter was effective and compatible in reducing harmful exhaust gas emissions so that it can be used in trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles and other equipped constructions. This article will discuss various types of recent advances in catalysts for controlling vehicle exhaust pollution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The components of Aristotelian tragedy in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
shirin ghaderi Mirjalaluddin Kazazi خلیل بیگ‌زاده

<p>Tragedy as a kind of dramatic literature is one of the most important components of Aristotle's thought in the philosophy of art and his book " Poetics". According to Aristotle, the first person to explain its constituent parts, tragedy has several components that he More

<p>Tragedy as a kind of dramatic literature is one of the most important components of Aristotle's thought in the philosophy of art and his book " Poetics". According to Aristotle, the first person to explain its constituent parts, tragedy has several components that help to understand tragedy as well as possible, and it has characteristics that create balance and spiritual balance in the viewer, and put it in a higher place than the epic. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh has stories that can be measured with the components of Aristotelian tragedy and understand its hidden dimensions. This research aims to explain the components of Aristotelian tragedy in the Shahnameh with a descriptive-analytical method, and it has shown that there are many of these components in the Shahnameh that are in line with Aristotle's opinions in the Poetic, although some minor differences can be seen, which are rooted in fundamental differences such as literary genre, cultural, climatic, religious differences, etc.</p> Manuscript profile

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