Discourse

Open Access Article

1 - The Discoursive Function of Sentence Form in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi
لیلا سید قاسم حمیده نوح‌پیشه

“Form” of a sentence is one of its syntactical features that is frequently used in eloquence and discourse analysis of literary and non-literary text. This significance is caused by this fact that “form” is the chart and scheme of communicational aspect (interactional/ More

“Form” of a sentence is one of its syntactical features that is frequently used in eloquence and discourse analysis of literary and non-literary text. This significance is caused by this fact that “form” is the chart and scheme of communicational aspect (interactional/ interpersonal) in literature and clarifies the rate of certainty of author’s view and his/her relation with audience. Due to this, the form of sentence is one of most important subjects which will be discussed under the sections of predicate and composition. From 80th century in west that ideological and discourse analysis of literary (and non-literary) texts are paid due attention, modern critics emphasized that literature is non-personal and objective. They focused on the interactional function of language and considered form, the most important element in interactional function of language, worth investigating. We reviewed the condition of form of sentence in Tarikh-e Beyhaqi in limited and special manner (focusing on Zin and Saljuq/ Selçuk). Tarikh-e Beyhaqi is an artistic history that its author has a deliberate intention in keeping the mutual relation with his audience. In other hand, he had used the element of “Conversation” more than contemporary novelists. Due to this, the different forms of sentences have high frequency in his works. One can propose ideological and discourse analysis analyzing their qualities. Manuscript profile

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2 - Criticism of politicization in Contemporary Novels (Case Study of a Political Novel: My Homeland’s Secrets)1
ُseyyed ali seraj mostafa gorji

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political e More

Political Novel is one the fiction types of Persian literature with special features that is distinct from other movements of contemporary story writing. Due to its uniqueness of these kinds of stories, and their close interaction with society and social and political events, critical discourse analysis (CDA) method is an appropriate approach in analyzing this kind of fiction. This approach focuses on form and meaning and in analyzing literary texts, it focuses also on different cultural, social, and political factors that are effective in text formation; it is for this reason that CDA theoreticians maintain that we do not deal just with lexical elements forming sentences as the main criteria for explaining meaning, that is co-text, but also beyond that, factors outside of text, i.e. situational, cultural, social and so on context. Norman Fairclough is a CDA theoretician who reviews texts in three levels, descriptive, interpretive and expressive. This method of analyzing is so useful in discovering and expressing intellectual ideas of authors and their political and social approaches. Theoretical framework of this research is based on Fairclough CDA. Research method is descriptive-analytic and it tries, based on CDA, to reflect on and reread “My Homeland's Secrets” Novel by Reza Barahini which is one the most brilliant political novels after Islamic Revolution, and reviews and analyzes main political events in Iran focusing on psychological issues like personalities and brilliant elements in it like title semiotics, images and descriptions, story’s characters (agent, passive and narrator), type of narration, design and dominant theme of story and … . Results show that this novel, as a literary text, is in interaction with Fairclough method of Discoursal action and social action and dominant hegemony and has close affinities with hegemonic discourse of three decade ago. Manuscript profile

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3 - The Poetic Word Selection of Gheisar Aminpour by Critical Discourse Analysis Approach
پریسا صالحی

Each artist may picture his/her political, social and cultural attitude in a different way, so Gheisar Aminpour was not an exception. He was one of the early revolutionary poets, who had involved in a number of ideological and religious values and had a stable belief on More

Each artist may picture his/her political, social and cultural attitude in a different way, so Gheisar Aminpour was not an exception. He was one of the early revolutionary poets, who had involved in a number of ideological and religious values and had a stable belief on revolution’s principles and public ideality, to the extent that his poetry world was conceivably produced through a certain profound ideology. The interaction between the poet, Aminpour, and the political and social transformation in his society could make any individual study his poetry world by discourse analysis approach. Since any language could be supposed as a mirror of the thought (words as the mirror of the meaning), and the words’ role as well as their selection may certainly be significant in the process of analysis, this research is specified to the study of word selection of Aminpour’s poems by critical discourse analysis. Furthermore, it has focused not only on the study of Aminpour’s poetry world in terms of historical, political and social renovation of his era but also on his words’ selection, studied here, on three descriptive, interpretive and explanatory levels. In conclusion, the hidden meaning of the words are supposed to be revealed by critical discourse analysis tools to illustrate, more or less, the ideological attitude of the poet. Manuscript profile

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4 - Social Aspects of Islamic Sufism, and Public Interactions within it (With a Look at the Relationships between Sufism and the Sects of ‘Javanmardan’, ‘Malamatiyeh’ and ‘Ghalandariyeh’)
علی‌اکبر کیوانفر

Islamic Sufism which first developed with a devout and mortification-oriented approach, gradually, and in accordance with the needs of the time inclined towards theorization with main focus on issues like ‘sincerity of intention’ and ‘love and self-devotion. This new a More

Islamic Sufism which first developed with a devout and mortification-oriented approach, gradually, and in accordance with the needs of the time inclined towards theorization with main focus on issues like ‘sincerity of intention’ and ‘love and self-devotion. This new approach caused Sufi teachings to be more practical in its relation to the society. Since the sects of ‘futuwwa or javanmardan’ (the Generous, chivalry, generosity; literally 'youth'), ‘malamatiyeh’ (the people of blame, self-scrutiny) and ‘qalandariyeh’ (the folk of liberal interpretation of Shari’a), illustrate parts of the popular domain of Sufism, to study them can help to figure out social characteristics of Sufism. As the teachings of ‘the generous’ were linked with the principles of Suffism, it appeared as a school for teaching piety, and asceticism to the public. On the other hand, the influence of the generous on suffi folks raised the possibility of criticism among the discourses in the scope of Islamin Suffism. ‘Malamatiyeh’ can be considered as a trail for ‘the generous’, developed to stop the corruption among the ascetics. Firmness of the theoretical framework of the inter-discourse criticism resulted in strengthening its practicality, and the development of the movement of ‘qalandarieh’ against artificial and hypocritical asceticism. Manuscript profile

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5 - A Critical Study of the Validity of Gulestan Based on the Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis
سيامک صاحبي محمد‌ها‌‌‌‌دي فلاحي نسترن توكلي

With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitnes More

With a discourse analysis approach in the field of linguistic study of literature, the present article queries the distribution of discourse-based structures in Saadi’s Gulestan at the level of phrases, sentences and texts in order to explore the degree of explicitness and implicitness of linguistic features used to express ideas in Gulestan , and to find the mystery of eternality of Sa’di’s speech. Presupposing that taking account of discourse structure can be helpful for understanding and interpreting a text, and relying on the fact that discourse is a meaningful linguistic unit having four features of systematicality, intentionality, objectivity, and being macro-linguistics, here in this article we have applied linguistic aspect of Van Leeuven’s model (1996) to find an answer to the question that what makes a work live on in cultural construction of different generations due to its linguistic features. Hence, after brief review of the relationship between literature and linguistics, we first introduce the subject and the research method. After that, critical discourse analysis and Van Livon’s model are introduced as basic concepts. This is followed by explaining the two categories of explicit and implicit features involved in Van Leeuven’s model. Dividing textual structure of Gulestan into two groups of narrative discourse-based and informative discourse-based structures, we analyze a text from the first chapter of Gulestan . Text analysis shows that in Gulestan the discourse-based features of implicitness such as deletion, passivization, de-personalization, referential and classificatory types are of high frequency in comparison with the features of implicitness. Measuring and explaining the degree of mysteriousness, we conclude that one reason for the eternality of Sa’di’s Gulestan is his use of the discourse-based features of implicitness. (Notice that here we deal with implicitness from a discourse approach not Gnostic and poetic one). This has made it possible for Sa’di to de-contextualize his narratives temporally, spatially, historically, politically; to hide their agents, actors, and patients, so communicate his own message through their speech prominently and effectively, and thereby make his work eternal for all centuries and generations. Manuscript profile

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6 - Power Relations In "Shazdeh Ehtejab" Novel
محمدعلي غلامي‌نژاد Zainab Saberpour

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power More

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistic studies which deals with such concepts as power, domination and ideology. The present article surveys the relations between the power agents in "Shazdeh Ehtejab", and the changes in the shapes of applying power from a CDA approach. To do this, we closely studied the artistic and fictional arrangements of the text, analyzed it as a discourse product of its historical context. Considering the events and the figures of the time when this novel was written, and its social- political context reveals that the contrast between the intellectuals and the totalitarian government has drawn the author toward the meaningful selection of historical events. Under the influence of the intellectual discourse of his time, Golshiri represents the power and violence, leading to the degradation of Qajar royal family. In this way he has set a balanced analogue between his work and the social- political conditions during Pahlavi's regime. Manuscript profile

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7 - Discourse Analysis of the Poem Peygham-e Mahiha by Sohrab Sepehri
سهیلا فرهنگی

Discourse Analysis, is an interdisciplinary study analyzing speech. Using such method, this paper is intended to study the poem Peygham-e Mahiha (The Message of the Fishes) aimed at showing the fact that analysis of speech can lead to understanding the literary works p More

Discourse Analysis, is an interdisciplinary study analyzing speech. Using such method, this paper is intended to study the poem Peygham-e Mahiha (The Message of the Fishes) aimed at showing the fact that analysis of speech can lead to understanding the literary works profoundly. To achieve such an aim, we have described and interpreted the text, its objective, and its intrapersonal structure by studying the exact word frequency in details, based on which tables have been drawn. The results reveal that this poem enjoys a dynamic and changing atmosphere and its narrative structure is regarded as its main elements for coherence. The words employed, also reveal that the poet had a strong tendency toward nature. The processes of the poem lack human partnership, and thus symbols of the poem’s loneliness and Sepehri’s decisiveness reflects his strong belief in his speech and strength of his speech. Such a speech influences the degree of speech effectiveness. Manuscript profile

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8 - Discourse in “The Guest-Killing Mosque” Story in Masnavi Based on Michel Foucault’s Ideas
Ali Dehghan nazila yakhdansaz

Language and discourse are the two important elements of life that sometimes generate other elements. One of these elements is the category of “power” which itself is the cause of the creation of other processes like “threat”, “resistance”, “blame”, and “terror”. Molana More

Language and discourse are the two important elements of life that sometimes generate other elements. One of these elements is the category of “power” which itself is the cause of the creation of other processes like “threat”, “resistance”, “blame”, and “terror”. Molana Jalal Adin Mohammad Balkhi, the great poet of seventh century (AH), has been able to state the cultural, political and ideological discourses of that time in an artistic and implicit way through the characters of Masnavi stories. The main goal and domain of this research is to analyze one of the stories in Masnavi from the recent historicism point of view to shed light on its features and functions within the new definition that Michel Foucault, the French philosopher, has proposed. The discourses discussed in this research indicate the plurality of power in texts of the stories under study, and consequently in Molavi’s era. Language as a power tool is considered to be a power factor in the relationship between story characters and the society. Believe in superstition and encouraging it is considered to be the main discourse and the main code in “The Guest- Killing Mosque”. According to the discourse under studied, Molavi lives in a society which is covered by the dust of darkness. This mysterious fable reveals Molavi’s concern for such atmosphere. Manuscript profile

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9 - The Metamorphosis of Divine Power Discourse in Persian Literature from Avesta to Mystical Texts
هادی قلیزاده فیروز فاضلی محمدکاظم یوسف‌پور

The analysis of the discourse formation of Farrah-e Izadi (divine glory) in texts belonging to different periods, with a special focus on Avesta and Shahnameh, Shows that formation of this discourse has undergone various metamorphoses. From among the vast meanings and p More

The analysis of the discourse formation of Farrah-e Izadi (divine glory) in texts belonging to different periods, with a special focus on Avesta and Shahnameh, Shows that formation of this discourse has undergone various metamorphoses. From among the vast meanings and propositions in these two works, the gift of the divine glory among Iranian kings, being divine mediators, and having a divine right to govern the people have been articulated and foregrounded as special signifiers in an interrelated and interconnected network. Other meanings of the divine glory discourse have been kept on the periphery to harmonize other properties around this central point and to reduce or block their meanings. This study shows that divine glory discourse has been formed and fixed as an obvious truth, using language strategies such as repetition of the compatible propositions, otherness, finality of its own discourse, reductionism, elimination of the rival discourse, and marginalization of lots of properties. Manuscript profile

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10 - An Analysis of Beihaghi’s Ppolitical and Religious Views

Abolfazl Beihaghi was a clerk and writer in Ghaznavid court (Mahmood and masud) and what he wrote in his book, Tarikh, sometimes is actually the justification of the Ghaznavid’s malfunctions. In this article, using a qualitative content analysis, Beihaghi’s political an More

Abolfazl Beihaghi was a clerk and writer in Ghaznavid court (Mahmood and masud) and what he wrote in his book, Tarikh, sometimes is actually the justification of the Ghaznavid’s malfunctions. In this article, using a qualitative content analysis, Beihaghi’s political and religious views are studied. Beihaghi’s main views which have been studied in this research are theocracy and fatalism, consolidation of the discourse of the higher power, stabilization of the governmental structure, confirming evaluations with compromise, repression of the opponents, and religious fanaticism. Abolfazl Beihaghi has shown in his book, that the principles and substructures of Ghaznavid government and empire are based on the political principles and biography (Sira) of the prophet of Islam and Islamic Caliphs. Manuscript profile

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11 - A Critical Review and Analysis of the Narrative Technique in a Story of the Golestan of Saadi
mostafa gorji

One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest th More

One of the main subjects that has been a matter of attention to the literary researchers is reviewing the narrative techniques of the poets and writers who are well known in the field of narration. Discovering the mystery of these narratives, not only can manifest the value of the previous works, but also helps today’s writers in achieving the effective narrative techniques. Discovering the deeper layers of the Golestan of Saadi demands deep thinking, and through reviewing and reinterpreting it, new literary potentials can be found. This research aims at a critical study and analysis of narrative discourse and the structure of narration in the story about a young boxer in the third chapter of Golestan. It shows how much Saadi has been successful in induction of his beliefs through finding the proper forms related to them and based on the assimilation of form and content, he creates a piece of work which has different dimensions of a literary work all together, a work which satisfies the audience through different eras. Manuscript profile

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12 - Critical Analysis of Governmental Discourse in the First Chapter of Saadi’s Bustan

Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”, and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten More

Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”, and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten chapters of Bustan, the first chapter “On Justice, council and administration of government” was selected for the analysis of the governmental discourse because many stories and anecdotes mentioned in this chapter are about the administration of government and social relationships while in the other eight chapters just a few number of stories address government and relations between the essential elements of the society. The data gathered (stories in the first chapter of Bustan) is analyzed based on a critical discourse analysis approach. Among the critical discourse analysis theories, the methodology introduced by Norman Fairclough is chosen according to which the analysis of the three dimensions of text, discourse and society is based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: Although Saadi’s Bustan is considered a book written to support the government of that time, and it’s not an anti-government text, Saadi’s point of view towards the government which is accompanied by the emphasis on the welfare of the poor, and the development of the country is very interesting. This can be perceived by considering both the discourse analysis data and the social conditions of that era. Manuscript profile

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13 - Common Discourses in Suhrawardi's Era and the Narrative Construction of "Moones Al Oshagh"
gholamreza shamsi parsa yaghoobi janbesaraei

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from More

Sheikh Eshragh mixed the thoughts of the wise men of the East and the West of the world and called it, “Eternal Essence” or Khamyreh Azali”. In one of his symbolic treatises; “Moounes Al Oshagh” or “Fi Haghighat Al Eshgh”; He has changed the names of the creatures from “the First Intellect” or “Aghl’ e Avval”, and mixed it with the names of the characters and the events in the romantic-mystical story of Joseph and Zoleikha. The researchers under the influence of Sheikh’s illuminationist viewpoint present a philosophical-mystical analysis of this narration without getting involved in the political and social aspects hidden in the deep structure of this work. Social and political events and generally the co-text and the context of situation reinforces the assumption of the existence of political and ideological thoughts in Sheikh's works, and in this story. Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach is one of the most comprehensive methods to study the ideological attitudes of the texts. Analyzing this story by this method in three levels of description, interpretation, and explanation shows that Suhrawardi has described and criticized three common discourses in his era in this story, which are manifested in mystical texts under the terms "Shariat", "Tariqat" and "Haghighat". Through selecting characters, places, collocations, opposite words and metaphoric and symbolic aspects, he enriches the discourse of the second group as the dominant discourse. The discourse of the second group is a symbol of his own ideological discourse that has been emerged through the allegorical character of love and the historical figure of Zoleikha. Manuscript profile

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14 - A Critical Analysis of Women’s Role in Sindbad-Nameh
Shiva Kamali Asl Habibollah Abbasi effat neghabi esmat khoeini

Literature is a mirror that reflects the culture, and fictional texts are an appropriate ground upon which these cultural reflections in a variety of fields, including issues related to female status could be examined. In this research, two anecdotes were selected from More

Literature is a mirror that reflects the culture, and fictional texts are an appropriate ground upon which these cultural reflections in a variety of fields, including issues related to female status could be examined. In this research, two anecdotes were selected from Sindbad-Nameh to analyze the female role. Although the text of Sinbad-Nameh has been produced in a historical misogynistic context, there are many examples of the female power in it. This paper, with a descriptive-analytical approach, studies the text based on Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method, at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation, to analyze the mechanisms of the representations of the female power. As a result, it was concluded that the women in this work have an active and powerful presence and that their active role in shaping the anecdote process is evident. Also, despite the negative attitude towards women, the signs of their hidden power can be observed. In this work, Women use intangible means of power such as language, tact, intelligence and politics to achieve their goals and if the ways to gain the constructive and lofty goals are closed to them, that power is sometimes misused. Manuscript profile

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15 - Discourse analysis committed and social literature Based on the ideas of Akhavān-Sāles
Maryam Musharraf kulthum Miriasl

Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in More

Discourse analysis as a linguistic approach to social science examines how literary works relate to the social environment and how these environments influence their method and style. Discourse of “committed and social literature” is one of the well-known discourses in contemporary literature which is analyzed in this paper, using Laclau and Mouffe’s method. Here, the formation of this discourse and Akhavān-Sālesʾs approach to it has been studied. It is shown in this paper that the relationship between literature and society causes Akhavān-Sāles as subject to be influenced by linguistic and non-linguistic discourse functions and the power behind the discourse. He consolidated his discourse system by creating deconstruction in rival discourses (Moje-no, Individual Romance, and Formalist Literature) and understanding the empty pointers of non-own discourses (literature's attention and commitment to people and society). In the semantic system of his own discourse, he considers society and its needs (as an independent variable) including art and literature (as a dependent variable) and by emphasizing the centeral pointer of one’s own discourse, he defines other floating pointers (such as art, artist, Ghazal, poem and poet). Using some strategies mentioned in this research, he seeks to strengthen his own discourse and weaken non- own discourses. Manuscript profile

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16 - Rightward Scramblingin Translation (From Persian Language to English langugae)
Mohammad Dabirmoghaddam Vida Shaghaghi Mojtaba Monshizadeh Seyyed Hussein Piri

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents se More

Scrambling has optional nature and a significant contribution to the discourse functional interpretation of clauses in Persian. Since scrambling is, unlike English, one of the features of Persian, the analysis of the scrambled clauses and their translated equivalents seem essential to improve their translation accuracy and quality. Therefore, this study which is of descriptive-analytical and corpus based aims to investigate the impact of rightward scrambling on Persian clauses and analyze their English translated equivalents. To this end, 297 Persian rightward scrambled clauses out of 5247 clauses were collected and analyzed along with their English translated equivalents within Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014). The results show that rightward scrambling makes marked themes through rearrangements of themeta-functions. However, the translators have not paid enough attention to these clauses. In addition, Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2014) can be efficient means of evaluating the translation accuracy of these clauses into English. Manuscript profile

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17 - Critical Discourse Analysis of Samad Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale
alireza moghadam

“Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing disco More

“Samad Behrangi” is a critic of the children's literature as well as the education system before him and tries to use the capabilities of children's literature to achieve his ideological goals.This study seeks to show how children's fiction, influenced by existing discourses and the social structure that produces these discourses, offers a different conception of education and how discourses reflect the concepts of education.This research attempts to show how children's fictional literature influenced by the existing discourses and the social structure producing these discourses, affords a different conception of education and how discourses play a role in reflecting the concepts of education. In this study, an attempt was made to review, analyze and explain the story of Behrangi’s “Mahi Siah Kouchoulou”Tale from Norman Fairclough’s approach. Our goal is to show what discourse or discourses the text is referring to by accurately analyzing the story and what relationship does this text establish between education and the social and political dimensions? Situational context reinforces the assumption of the author's ideological point of view. The result of this research, based on the analysis of critical discourse, is that Behrangi in this story has described and criticized four common contemporary discourses, namely authoritarianism, nationalism, religion and the Marxist left. The fourth discourse is Behrangi’s dominant and dependence discourse. In this work, Behrangi tries to make his discourse superior to other discourses by choosing specific words, characters, places, and metaphorical aspects.The themes of education in this story are often influenced by the left discourse and other common confrontational discourses and are formed in opposition to the discourse of the system of domination (the discourse of tyranny). Manuscript profile

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18 - The Prammaticalization of the Verb "goftan" In New Persian
Mehrdad Meshkinfam Elham Izadi

One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This pap More

One of the language change processes is pragmaticalization, and among the products of this process are discourse markers.Discourse markers are the language elements that make the discourse homogeneous and do not allow discourse to deviate from its original path.This paper aims to investigate the pragmmaticalization of the verb "goftan" (i.e. sayying) in New Persian. In order to investigate more exactly, we have divided New Persian into two separate periods: Early New Persian and Modern Persian.In early New Persian, the verb "goftan" functioned as the main lexical verb in the meanings of "to say" and "to name”, expressed the concept of inductive modality and also participated in impersonal constructions.In Modern Persian, in addition to conserve previous functions, this linguistic element is evolved into a discourse marker through pragmmaticalization.In this new function, "goftan" also appears in two other forms as "migam" and "begu" and functions as initiating discourse, changing the topic, and referring to new information. The token frequency of "migam" is more than "begu".The research data has been extracted from the books written in Early New Persian language, internet, and TV movies.Because discourse markers are mostly found in the spoken variety, the TV movies have been chosen in order to investigate functions of the verb "goftan" as a discourse marker in Modern Persian. Manuscript profile

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19 - Language, Power and Ideology in Norman Fairclough’s ‘Critical’ Approach to Discourse Analysis
جهانگیر جهانگیری علی بندرریگی‌زاده

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) started in the early 1990s and has become a well-established field in the social science in the twenty-first century .CDA can be defined as a problem-oriented interdisciplinary research program. In general, power, and especially institu More

Critical discourse analysis (CDA) started in the early 1990s and has become a well-established field in the social science in the twenty-first century .CDA can be defined as a problem-oriented interdisciplinary research program. In general, power, and especially institutionally reproduced power, is central to CDA. The purpose of CDA is to analyze opaque as well as transparent structural relationships of dominance, discrimination, power and control as manifested in language. CDA states that discourse is an instrument of power. The way this instrument of power works is often hard to understand, and CDA aims to make it more visible and transparent. A critical discourse analysis should not be a discourse analysis that reacts against power alone. It should be an analysis of power effects, of the outcome of power, of what power does to people, groups, and societies, and of how this impact comes about. The deepest effect of power everywhere is inequality, as power differentiates and selects, includes and excludes. CDA is an approach to the analysis of discourse which views language as a social practice and is interested in the ways that ideologies and power relations are expressed through language. It wants to understand how language is used to create, maintain and challenge power relationships and ideologies. Norman Fairclough is one of the most famous thinkers of CDA. He seeks to develop ways of analyzing language which address its involvement in the working of contemporary capitalist societies. He is working in a tradition of critical social research which is focused on better understanding of how and why contemporary capitalism prevents or limits, as well as in certain respects facilitating, human well-being and flourishing. Such understanding may, in favorable circumstances, contribute to overcoming or at least mitigating these obstacles and limits. Manuscript profile

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20 - Discourse Analysis of Iran and Iraq War
Heidar Shahriari

Islamic revolution that provided a new discourse in Iran socio-political area carrying a new discourse in foreign policy too that it contained concepts like against-arrogance (Istekbarsetizi), Jihad, poor government and … . but it did not take long from beginning that I More

Islamic revolution that provided a new discourse in Iran socio-political area carrying a new discourse in foreign policy too that it contained concepts like against-arrogance (Istekbarsetizi), Jihad, poor government and … . but it did not take long from beginning that Iran encountered a destructive war from Iraq’s Baath’s regime that analyzing, explaining and interpreting it in different theories and approaches, can indicates its different aspects. In line with it, the main question is that what is the reason of occurring Iran-Iraq war? The forward hypothesis is that the area and context of conflict among Islamism discourse in Iran’s foreign policy and geopolitics discourse in Iraq’s foreign policy, on the one hand, and the conception and interpreting of Iraq’s commanders about Islamism discourse and its existing situation, on the other hand, caused the occurrence. The findings of this essay that is in form of library and documental method indicate that antagonism of Iraq’s geopolitics discourse (with revolution exportation contrast, Pan-Arabism and security signifiers) toward Islamism discourse of Islamic revolution (with revolution exportation, fighting against arrogance and national interestssignifiers) is clearly observable and what made Iraq as the war beginner, was Iraq’s officials conception aboutIran’s political instability situations at that time and the opposite discourse conflict with Iraq’s discourse. Manuscript profile

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21 - Discursive Analysis of Apartheid in Israel
محمدحسن شیخ الاسلامی صارم شیراوند ميلاد اديب سرشكي

Apartheid means separation and segregation and separate development of geographically diverse ethnic groups. In light of the passage of liberal and Marxist theories of discourse analysis, this article reviews the nature of apartheid policies in the occupied territories More

Apartheid means separation and segregation and separate development of geographically diverse ethnic groups. In light of the passage of liberal and Marxist theories of discourse analysis, this article reviews the nature of apartheid policies in the occupied territories since 1948. The article attempts to answer the question that what was the articulation and Israeli Apartheid discourse formation process? The research hypothesis is that Apartheid discourse in the time of articulation, exploited from identity making and equivalence by relying on Judaism to use as an instrument for achieving its political benefits. The dialogue seeks to create a new meaning system through the bond of various identities in a common project. Based on this , social order is comprised of different scattered elements. These different and sparse elements consist of the external elements and forces are immigrants who settled in Palestine. In fact, Zionism, integrated floating identities and deserted Jewish elements to create identity and meaning system in the Occupied Territories through power mechanisms for legitimizing and abrading. This article is in two parts, the first part is due to the emergence of ethnic groups and geographic expansion and In the second part Israeli society by addressing a public space and assess the gaps and crises, stagnation, discourse hegemony and the emergence of competing discourses of Post Zionism is checked. Manuscript profile

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22 - Siyasat-nama and Discursive Turn in Iranian Political Thought; the Speech Act Analysis of Siyar al-mulûk
hamdollah akvani

The relation between author and social context in discourse turn of Iranian and Islamic political thought is a matter of great concern. The social contexts of 7th to 9th centuries created new condition which in turn paved the ground for change and development of Irania More

The relation between author and social context in discourse turn of Iranian and Islamic political thought is a matter of great concern. The social contexts of 7th to 9th centuries created new condition which in turn paved the ground for change and development of Iranian and Islamic political philosophy and its discursive turn. In response to this change and political contexts of Iranian-Islamic society, emerged three schools of thought among the thinkers of this period. Al-Mawardi and introducing of caliphate system, Al-Ghazali with Islamic justification of authority of the Kings in order to reconcile between caliphate and kingship and, finally, Nizam al-Mulk by Siyasatnama (The Book of Government) who tried to pass the caliphate system and articulate a new discourse. Relying on the Iranian tradition of Ideal King, Nizam al-Mulk tries to justify kingship with an expedient approach. Such a conflict is distinguishable in Siyasatnama. Within this book, there is a conflict between three discourses: caliphate, kingship and religious discourse of resistance. This paper is going to verify the hypothesis that Nizam al-Mulk has played the role of “poiltical subjective” in the discursive transformation from writing Shariatnama (Islamic laws) to Andarzname (Book of advice). He uses three lingual strategies in order to play subjective situation role: to omit caliphate discourse by “concealing” it, and highlight the kingship discourse by excluding other discourses of resistance that are traceable in the book. The methodology of the article is a combination of Laclau and Mouffe discourse theory and micro-level approach of Van leeuwen discourse Analysis. Manuscript profile

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23 - Discourse Analysis of The Relation between Political Theory and Political Action in Ancient Greece
Ali Alihosseini r w alireza aghahosseini

Contemporary approaches interpreted political theory as ignoring political reality, lacking a real problem and more subject of the abstract and metaphysical dignity. The research is opposed to this view and attempting to interpret political theory as engaging in politic More

Contemporary approaches interpreted political theory as ignoring political reality, lacking a real problem and more subject of the abstract and metaphysical dignity. The research is opposed to this view and attempting to interpret political theory as engaging in political reality. For this purpose, this study intends to present a discursive conception of ancient Greek political theory and its relationship with political action - as a criterion of political reality. For this reason, the writers, first of all, look at the genealogy of the conditions for the emergence of political theory in ancient Greece. Then, by choosing the concept of polis as the central sign of ancient Greek political theory, explaining the centrality of this concept. The following section attempts to reveal the relation of discourse of the polis with the fundamental elements of the ancient Greek political theory. The last issue is about the quality and the relationship between political theory and political action in ancient Greece. This research uses the assumptions of discourse theory to support its claim. Manuscript profile

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24 - Political Psychoanalysis and Discourse:Traumatic Propositions and Hysterical Subjects in Neo-Reformist’s Discourse (2013-2019)
Mahsima Sohrabi Mohammad Reza Tajik Mansour Mirahmadi

Psycho-analysis has been concentrated on the unconscious dimensions of political subjects. Accordingly, the main political discourse of each society is considered as the “Other” in corresponding with Lacan’s psychoanalysis that is considered as the “Other” which can cre More

Psycho-analysis has been concentrated on the unconscious dimensions of political subjects. Accordingly, the main political discourse of each society is considered as the “Other” in corresponding with Lacan’s psychoanalysis that is considered as the “Other” which can create hysteric subjects due to traumatic propositions. In the other words, in the case of the existence of any divergence between the metaphorical space of the discourse as the “Other” with the concrete realities of the society, it will lead to the activation of its symptomatic aspect. In fact, such crisis is taken into consideration as the significant security penetration in pluralist societies under the classification of passive defense by virtue of triggering dynamic energy of the mass and their canalization by the external and aggressive counter-discourses. This condition can jeopardize the “National Security” in each society. The current survey by recognizing the prominence of this subject has focused its duty to anatomize and find out the traumatic statements in the Neo-Reformist’s discourse, in the course of 6 years (2013-2019) to scrutinize the reason for the formation of hysteric subjects. To do so, this research has examined the Neo-reformist's discourse based on Lacanian psycho-analysis school and Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse analysis as its method. The results of this article demonstrated the conspicuous divergence between the metaphorical constellation of the Neo-reformist’s discourse in confrontation with the concrete realities of Iran’s society that terminated in transformation its statements into traumatic ones and hence, creation of hysteric subjects that displayed their protestation towards malfunction of this discourse within different reincarnating movements. Manuscript profile

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25 - Discourse analysis of Persian language and literature education based on semantics, in order to Expand Cultural Diplomacy (case study: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Georgia)
soheila Rezaie Mehr Abbas Ali Vafaei davood sparham gholamreza mastaliparsa

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra- More

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors. Discourses are a kind of language of power relations due to the use of language and linguistic power. Since coherent and common meanings and themes (Semantics-based) that are crystallized in language are also prominent manifestations of cultural power; the authors of this article sought to explain it on the basis of semantics and discourse analysis in the development of cultural relations. The most important findings of this study indicate that in the approaches of semantic discourse analysis based on common celebrities in the field of common (non-linguistic) civilization, themes, mental and especially mystical schemes between common Iranian and Turkmen celebrities are evident. It also has mystical and moral schemas for Iran and Uzbekistan, which can be of interest for the public. The themes and mental schemas of the Shahnameh and the themes of some of the love poems or even the themes of Omar Khayyam's poems, which have been most welcomed by Georgian scholars, can be considered in writing Persian language textbooks in Georgia to provide deep cultural ties with friendly countries in the field of common civilization. Manuscript profile

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26 - Agency and Passivity of women in the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab"
زينب صابرپور

In the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab", the confrontation of tradition and modernity in the contemporary history of Iran in relation to the status of women is in the focus.In this paper, the female characters of this novel,especially the novel’s heroine, Toubaa, have be More

In the novel "Tubaa and Manaay-e shab", the confrontation of tradition and modernity in the contemporary history of Iran in relation to the status of women is in the focus.In this paper, the female characters of this novel,especially the novel’s heroine, Toubaa, have been analyzed from the perspective of agency or passivity in relation with tradition andit has been shown that the desire for women autonomy and activism is suppressed through the processes of education and punishment.This paper is in the field of critical discourse analysis and its theoretical framework has been driven from Simone de Beauvoir’s views on femininity in her book, "The Second Sex", and the textual analysis has been done based on systemic-functional linguistics.The achievements of this research show that in this novel the contrasting pair of agency and passivity is represented in relation to the duality of tradition and modernity,and the process that Beauvoir calls "learned passivity" is institutionalized in the existence of women from childhood by the agents of tradition, in various social institutions, the most important of which is the family.Also, textual analysis indicates that this passivity has been best reflected in the language of the text. Manuscript profile

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27 - The discourse of the quran in order to fight hoard
Masoumeh Mirzajani Bijar,pasi Roghayyeh Sadeghi Nayyeri Alireza Abdul,Rahimi

This research, using a documentary method and using a descriptive-analytical method, has investigated the stages of Qur'anic discourse on the fight against economic corruption in hoard. The nature of the hoard was explained in such a way that it is Stocking goods and g More

This research, using a documentary method and using a descriptive-analytical method, has investigated the stages of Qur'anic discourse on the fight against economic corruption in hoard. The nature of the hoard was explained in such a way that it is Stocking goods and goods needed by the people for the purpose of shortage of goods and price increase, in which one of the most important economic mistakes that the Holy Qur'an introduced to the society of the society, and its prevalence and promotion in warning communities It provides the basis for the collapse of societies through the violation of the rights of individualsa and Increase inflation.The results of the research show that in spite of the novelty of the Qur'anic discourse problem in the fight against hoard, considering the importance of the economy in human societies and all aspects of human development, and the consistency of society in its economy, The incidence the consequences of this mistake are discussed. Discourse designing the design of economic utility identified is based on the teachings of the Qur'an in order to maintain the Quranic values and norms in the community and become a religious thought to the common literature of society and people's lives. To this end, the Qur'an's discourse is to combat the corruptions of the hoard by a gradual approach which first began with the knowledge and introduction of society and then, through the promotion and modeling of values and culture, and the explanation of the consequences of discourse. Manuscript profile

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28 - The analysis of the discourse of Imams' Imams by the Taqiyah method based on John Searle's Theory of Speech Action
marzieh barzan Karim Najafi Barzegar azghar quedan Shsan Qurishi

In this article, we intend to examine the discourse of the Imams (as) on the issue of taqiyya, relying on John Searle's theory of speech action, which is within the domain of discourse analysis. Taqiyya is a Shi'a theological-jurisprudential doctrine and a historical ap More

In this article, we intend to examine the discourse of the Imams (as) on the issue of taqiyya, relying on John Searle's theory of speech action, which is within the domain of discourse analysis. Taqiyya is a Shi'a theological-jurisprudential doctrine and a historical approach to preserving the existence of a minority against the majority. One of the Imam's (AS) campaigns in the Umayyad and Abbasid era is the method of 'taqiyyah'. According to the requirements of time and place, the Imams used taqiyyah to fight the enemy and advance the cause. John Searle has explored the relationship between language and society from a philosophical perspective. Searle's theory of spoken action has different functions, and one must pay attention to their secondary meaning in understanding fragments. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question of how the Imams (as) used discourses with their secondary meanings and more than what actions. Have they spoken a word? Examination of the research data shows that according to the theory of "verbal verbs", Sir Imam (AS) has used expressions that have a secondary meaning in mind and that the spoken, emotional speech acts have been used to further their goals. And persuasion was most used, while not benefiting from declarative and accrual action. Manuscript profile

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29 - Syntactic Stylistics of Ahmad Gazali's Sawanih- Al-Oshaq & Ruzbehan Baqli’s Abhar- Al-Ashiqin
azadeh sharifi

Sawanih- Al-Oshaq by Ahmad Gazali is the first Persian Sufi masterpiece written about Love. The writer has redefined love beyond its divine or earthly meaning and built a Sufi discourse with love as its central concept. This love discourse was followed and grown up by n More

Sawanih- Al-Oshaq by Ahmad Gazali is the first Persian Sufi masterpiece written about Love. The writer has redefined love beyond its divine or earthly meaning and built a Sufi discourse with love as its central concept. This love discourse was followed and grown up by next writers such as Ruzbehan Baqli, who wrote Abhar-Al-Ashiqin. Complicated language and literary values caused the content of those treatises to be neglected, so in Persian Sufi research tradition these texts were introduced as poematic, personal treatises without a specified ideological frame. Utilizing the devices of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) such as " context of situation' and the analysis of ideational metafunction, has shown the declaratory and theoretical aspect of these two texts. Moreover, the formation of love discourse in 6th century A.H. was represented by comparing both texts. Manuscript profile

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30 - Liberal rationality and the Formation of environmental crises (with emphasis on the Rio+20 document)
osman hedayat asrin faizi

From the early decades of the twentieth century, the pressures of industrial and agricultural development visibly threatened the environment and environmental issues were rethought simultaneously with development issues. The history of development issues as a specific s More

From the early decades of the twentieth century, the pressures of industrial and agricultural development visibly threatened the environment and environmental issues were rethought simultaneously with development issues. The history of development issues as a specific subject dates back to the after of World War II, and development theories in this period have emerged in the form of economic development and modernization. This issue is derived from Western modernity and its dominant ideology i.e. liberalism, tends to move toward the unification of humanity based on liberal values and the elimination of diversity in the world by claiming the universality of their values. The basic hypothesis of this study revolves around this idea that with the advent of Western modernity and capitalism and their dominant ideology i.e. liberalism, changes have taken place both in this school and in the developmental discourses that were born and emerged of liberal rationality over development of the environment. Presumably, we have shown that this has been achieved through the self-examination and rethinking of liberalism itself. Using the analysis of Laclau and Mouffe discourse and development theories in the field of environment, ie theories - production treadmill, metabolic theory and degradation treadmill theory - to a reading of sustainable development and its manifestation, the Rio+20 document as a buoyancy sign that in that discourse of liberalism, there is a crisis and a break, we have dealt. The results show that liberalism as a rationality that has sought to formulate environmental, economic and social crises in the dimension of sustainable development, has failed and this has caused the environmental crisis. Manuscript profile

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31 - Discourse Analysis: Ideology or Method? Reflections on the Philosophical-Ideological Foundations of Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis
Mari Eftekharzade Farhad soleiman-nezhad

In this paper, it will be argued that, contrary to the prevailing practice in Iran from the mid-1990s to the present, Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis (FDA) cannot be used separatelyas a mere method in various fields of humanities andwithout considering its philosop More

In this paper, it will be argued that, contrary to the prevailing practice in Iran from the mid-1990s to the present, Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis (FDA) cannot be used separatelyas a mere method in various fields of humanities andwithout considering its philosophical-ideological bases. FDA stems from his particular ideological perspective of the course of modern times from the renaissance to the end of the enlightenment (14th to the 18th century) and derives from particular philosophical and ontological sources that Foucault deeply believed them. In other words, there is an organic unity between FDA, as a method, and its philosophical content, and the fact that Foucault turned to Discourse Analysis and adopted it as a seemingly new method in analyzing the history of the new age was notarbitrary but a deliberate choice. In fact, it came from his own philosophical logic; alogic that is consistent with G. W. F. Hegelian historicism, which Foucault ostensibly opposed.Hegelianism, with its deterministic logic, develops an organic view of history that is consistent with Foucault's structural and institutional view of power. . On the other hand, Hegelian historicism does not place importance on the role of humans in the formation of historical events, and this feature is also fully compatible with Foucault's theory of the subject's death.Thus, one can use Foucault's discourse analysis only as a method of analyzing various subjects if one firmly believes in its ideological foundations, such as the death of man. Manuscript profile

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32 - Critical Analysis of Educational Justice Components in Ideologicalization and Constructive Discourses
yahya ghaedy akbar salihie

The present article has been written with the aim of analyzing and criticizing the components of educational justice in the discourses after the Islamic Revolution with emphasis on the discourse of ideological and constructive. For this purpose, some of the direct state More

The present article has been written with the aim of analyzing and criticizing the components of educational justice in the discourses after the Islamic Revolution with emphasis on the discourse of ideological and constructive. For this purpose, some of the direct statement and some governmental and educational texts and approvals in the two mentioned periods have been studied and criticized by Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis method. As can be seen from the analysis and interpretation of the texts, these discourses, although somewhat different in terms of educational justice, political and value positions, but in terms of textual and hyper-textual analysis, act more on the need and in the dimension of justice. Lack of budget, maintaining relations of hierarchical order, centralism, ambiguity and contradiction in opinion and practice, weakness in functionalist use of religion along with other ideas, internal and external unrest, limited internal and external interactions, conservatism, dominance and superiority of intellectual and value positions of the upper echelons of the system and as the most important factor and obstacle compared to other cases, including the most significant internal constraints and external barriers in providing the requirements for educational justice, especially at the qualitative level and it shows the inconsistency of the goals and programs proposed with the real relations and goals of the government. Consequently, If, in terms of motivation and cognition, there is no change in the intellectual positions of the ruling group as a source of authority and policy at all levels, change at other levels will not be possible as requirements for the effective realization of educational justice, especially at the qualitative level. Manuscript profile

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33 - Discourse Analysis of Teacher Education in the Rule of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Reza Haqverdi Susan Keshavarz Alireza Mahmoudnia

In this paper, teacher education discourse has been analyzed in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Research assumes the governance discourses that have been articulated after the Islamic revolution, have defined teachers' semantic systems that have placed the political, econ More

In this paper, teacher education discourse has been analyzed in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Research assumes the governance discourses that have been articulated after the Islamic revolution, have defined teachers' semantic systems that have placed the political, economic, and social position of teachers in power structures. These semantic systems include a central signifier for teacher education discourse that other signs being articulated around it. The research questions are: what have been the central signs of teacher education in the governance discourse formed after the Islamic Revolution? And what were the backgrounds of teacher education discourses after the Islamic Revolution? This research is based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory mode through document mining. According findings of the research, the central sign of teacher education in the governance discourses after the Islamic revolution of Iran are: Revolutionary teacher training, teacher training as a government agent, political development of teacher, fundamental reform in teacher education, teacher education as a theoretical and practical model according to the Islamic standard system. The wide discourse of the Islamic Revolution has had a lasting impact on the process of teacher education. Also after drafting the Fundamental Reform Document of Education (FRDE) and the Document of Teacher Education and the Provision of Human Resources in the Formal and Public Education Subsystem, teacher education has been viewed as a strategic position in the education system with a long-term and forward-looking approach. Manuscript profile

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34 - The Multiple Formations of Religious Education`s Curricula Against Social Forces in Islamic Schools During the Second Pahlavi Period
irandokht fayyaz zahra minaei narges sajadeh mohammadreza javadi yehaneh

This article illustrates how the curricula of religious education were formed vis-a-vis social forces in the Islamic schools during the second Pahlavi reign. Utilizing historical discourse analysis and examining four schools as case studies, we argue that these encoun More

This article illustrates how the curricula of religious education were formed vis-a-vis social forces in the Islamic schools during the second Pahlavi reign. Utilizing historical discourse analysis and examining four schools as case studies, we argue that these encounters led to four kinds of knowledge formation: "the generalization of religious knowledge" in the schools of the Islamic Education Society, "rational verification of religious knowledge" in Alavi School, "scholarly comparison of religious knowledge" in Kamal School, and "the systematization of religious knowledge" in the Refah school. The first formation faced the foundations of other rival religious discourses by emphasizing the Qur'an, the confrontation of jurisprudence against popular religion and superstitions, and confronting civil laws to eliminate corruption and achieve progress. The second formation was shaped along with a philosophical approach in encountering with the principles of Marxism and of Baha'iism, and providing a wise religion for immunity from corruptive lifestyles and using Islamic ethics against human social laws. The third formation was shaped by looking for compromise between science and religion versus religious superstitions and the materialists, a chosen jurisprudence versus the formal jurisprudence, and the confrontation with the modern state through a militant religion. The final formation was formed by using theology against other competing discourses, designing efficient social systems versus the modern government, and self-making for providing a good environment as opposed to isolated individual life forms. According to the results of each formation, there can be four inspirations as follows: turning from the internal religious language to the general and extra-religious language, turning from the affirmative language in Muslim philosophy to the speculative language in general philosophy, turning from the necessary relationship between science and religion to a possible relationship, and turning from the absolute inclusion of morality in religion to mutual partial relationship between them. Manuscript profile

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35 - A Prospective Analysis of the Discourse of War in the Novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine": Reader-Response Criticism
Ali Taghizadeh Mahmoud Kamali

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In recent periods, reader-response criticism has challenged traditional and author-centered criticism, and by giving importance to the reader's position, it has changed its absolutist approach to a relativistic one.Wolfgang Iser believes that each reader obtains a new meaning from the text, which indicates the relative nature of meaning.He turns reading fiction into an activity that results in the formation of "literary text" as a phenomenological structure in the reader's mind.In contemporary Iran and under the influence of the imposed war, many texts have addressed the issue of war; among them, the widely read novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh, with its new and different approach and perspective, has managed to gain a good position in this field.The present study examines the relativism of war discourse in this novel based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-response criticism and shows that the discourse of the novel, which is the result of the interaction between the text and the reader, is interactive and relativistic.The findings of this research show that although one side of this novel presents a jihad-oriented discourse, the other side cultivates a revisionist discourse that wants the reader to look at the war from a new perspective.In addition, the novel succeeds in attracting the reader and interacting with him, and the reader can fill in the empty spaces of the text, which are often hidden, by reasoning and inferring.       Introduction   Relativism in literary criticism came out of Husserl's phenomenology, and of course, it was Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser who expanded this concept.Following this type of view, Jauss proposes the concept of "reader's expectation horizon", which means that the reader's expectation from the text changes in different periods according to the specific conditions of the reader.Like Jauss, Wolfgang Iser is one of the new hermeneutic thinkers and supporters of the theory that he explained in his book “Act of Reading ".The novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh is one of the works that narrate the events of the war with its special perspective.       Research Background   Yahya Talebian and Mona Sadat al-Sayed (2021) in an article entitled "Critical Examination of the Novel Chess with Doomsday Machine based on Theodore Adorno's Theory" conclude that the critical analysis of the text shows the reflection of the society's situation in the narrative and the submission of the text to socially imposed correlations, and makes the tension between dualities a place for reflection.Mohammadreza Yousefi and Tahereh Ahmadi Varzaneh (2019) in a research study of the female characters in four novels including Chess with Doomsday Machine conclude that Ahmadzadeh has been completely successful in characterization based on behavior, dialogue, description of appearance, and environment.Mohammad Alijani (2018) in the article "The Quality of Reflecting Myths in the Doomsday Chess Novel", believes that the author of the novel focuses on the Iran-Iraq war and recreates the mythological narratives of the conflict between God and Satan, creation, and The fall of Adam, the legend of the fight between the dragon and the hero of the Last Supper, Jesus raised some archetypal human concerns such as the suffering and death of humans and whether they are free or forced in the context of destiny and the conflict between good and evil.Sahar Ghaffari (2015) in research entitled "The effect of paratexts on the formation or distortion of the text (an examination of the duality of the novel Chess with Doomsday Machine through the lens of paratexts)" observes a kind of "duality" in Ahmadzadeh's novel, which this work is based on on the one hand It is included in the category of sustainable literature, but on the other hand, it is "in the ranks of nihilistic and predestination works" that considers man to be forced and captured by fate and consider war as a historical force and a product of the rule of fate, an ominous and reprehensible phenomenon.Sahar Ghaffari and Soheila Saeedi (2014) in "Carnivalism in Chess with the Doomsday Machine" include this novel among the works that match Bakhtin's definition of carnivalism in polyphonic novels.It matches and is the center of multilingual performance that emerges from the interaction of different sounds.Hijazi (2013) in research entitled "Analysis of the Polyphonic Novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" discussed the functions of the language of the novel and different voices based on Milan Kundera's opinion.From Hijazi's point of view, this work is a philosophical realist novel whose wise philosophical dialogues between the characters arouse the audience's curiosity to receive and understand the answers to the questions that are his mental conflict.Razi and Abdulahian (2011) in "Analysis of story elements in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" examine things such as scene design, character design, plot, style, and language of the novel believe that the skill of using story elements in this novel, It has made it a valuable work.In research entitled "Criticism: Chess with a Warrior Who Wanted to Checkmate / Criticism of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Zanouzi-e Jalali (2006) considers the remarkable score of the novel to be the appropriate point of view of the author and the honesty of the narrator.       Theoretical Framework   The present study examines the discourse of war in Ahmadzadeh's story.This story avoids dogmatism and one-sidedness and moves towards discursive relativism, which will be analyzed based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-centered criticism.Therefore, the main approach of this review is reader-response and interactive.Although it discusses the semiotics of the story to some extent, however, semiotics will be a secondary discussion in this review.Despite this, because in the relativistic discourse of Ahmadzadeh's novel, the possibilities of Iser's aesthetic criticism are well provided, the present review of some of the categories and methods proposed in Iser's theory, including "reading experience", the action of the text and the reader will trace and examine the phenomenological text (virtual text) and the designed process in this novel.Therefore, in this research, "accurate reading" of the main source and other sources is very important, and an effort is made to make the research discussion textual and objective by bringing several examples of novels and some theoretical works of Iser.       Data Analysis   Although the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" is in the genre of "Resistance literature", it has fundamental differences from other works of this genre; Because with the issue of war, he prepares a discourse that avoids dogmatism and absolutism and turns to relativism; Because wants the reader make a cultural and discursive review of the war.The text rejects the traditional and predestined views of war and considers it the will of those who want war, and therefore considers it the duty of man to refrain from war to enjoy the blessings of peace.Therefore, it fosters the discourse that contemporary man has the responsibility to control and refuse this phenomenon through understanding in reasoning and interaction in the discourse, which implies a kind of cultural behavior with war.In Chess with the Doomsday Machine, the "reading experience" is an interpretive and productive thing that causes the interaction between the text and the reader.In the article "Reading Process: Phenomenological Approach", Iser argues that the formation of new experiences in the text is the result of the interaction of the sides of this discourse triangle; Although the literary text does not refer the reader to the external reality, its sentences, and other linguistic factors are productive units whose correlation and interaction create a series of claims, statements, and observations in the text; This means that they determine the direction and nature of reading.In this way, reading and understanding are the result of the interaction of factors such as linguistic structures and their effect on the reader's mentality, fictional characters, lanterns that the characters carry with them, shadows on the wall, and even the circulation of the narrator's memory in the ceremony of lamenting by his friends.Now, if the narrator is the representative of the author, and if Mahtab and his mother are the objects of the reader, the giant shadows on the wall are the embodiment of the literary text, and like this type of text, they are borrowed and phenomenological.Icons such as jinn and shadow are intermediate and although they are non-existent, they are considered phenomena; because their existence depends on being presented to our minds, just as the text is the result of the interaction of linguistic structures and the reasoning mentality of the reader and is formed during reading.Discourse relativism is formed in a way that in this work, a three-day section of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran is designed in such a way that its narrative is a space for the interaction of the text and the reader.This process only happens in reading.Its purpose is to achieve tolerance and discourse interaction to avoid dogmatism in the approach of war, and it cultivates a discourse that is not necessarily the same as the discourses of the author, the text, and the reader but is the result of their communication and interaction.Therefore, the story of chess is the literature of discursive relativity of war, which is built in a critical and debated atmosphere.       Conclusion   The novel "Chess with the Doomsday Machine" has a two-sided and incongruous structure, one side of which creates an ideological and jihad-oriented discourse.In contrast, the other side presents a doubt-oriented and revisionist discourse.This novel, in the revisionist direction, refuses to adopt a definite and emphatic position about the war; because its dual discourse includes a space that does not put concepts such as good/evil and light/darkness in conflict with each other, but even prepares the desire for solidarity and compromise between them.Therefore, the dominant discourse of this story, while refraining from dogma, moves towards relativity and tolerance.       Keywords: Chess with the Doomsday Machine, Reader-Response criticism, Discourse relativism, Wolfgang Iser, Response-seeking structure       References   Alijani, Mohammad (2017) "The quality of the reflection of myths in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Narratology Journal, Year 2, Number 4, pp.115-145.   Abjadian, Amrullah (2012) History of English literature, ninth volume, poetry and literary criticism of the 20th century.Second edition.Shiraz: Shiraz University Publishing Center.(First edition: 1387).   Ahmadzadeh, Habib (2008) Chess with the doomsday machine.Tehran: Surah Mehr Publications.   Arvin, Shokofeh, Abulqasem Dadvar and Maryam Hoseini (2019) "The novel of war in Iran from the perspective of the presence of the "other" based on Bakhtin's views".Literary Text Research, No.79, 31-53.   Barthes, Roland (1998) Criticism and truth.Translated by Shirin Dokht Daqiqiyan.First edition.Tehran: Nashre Markaz.   Bennett, Andrew (2013) Readers and Reading, London, and Newyork: Routledge.   Eliot, T.S. 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Open Access Article

36 - Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.
Sanaz Deghat Mohammad Hossein ُُُُSharafzadeh Leila Saberi Zahra Rastegar Haghighi Shirazi

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The present research analyzes the metadiscourse markers in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani, one of the prominent authors of children and young adult literature.It examines the trend of changes in these markers over the period from 1971 to 2021.This study, based on Hyland's (2005) model of metadiscourse, investigates the interactional and interactive metadiscourse markers in Moradi Kermani's works over five decades.The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were extracted using the AntConc software.Statistical analysis of the data using Kendall's test shows that over time, the use of interactional metadiscourse elements in Kermani's works has increased, while interactive elements have decreased.This trend indicates the author's effort to strengthen the connection with the reader and personalize literary texts over time.The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the rhetorical changes in children's and young adults' literature and show how authors in this field adapt their writing style to cultural and social changes.   Introduction   The oldest and most valuable text in which metadiscourse markers can be studied is the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani.Metadiscourse arises from the need to establish more effective communication between the author and the reader, and as such, it has become one of the important elements in text analysis.In these works, metadiscourse markers are a clear indication of how the author uses linguistic and rhetorical tools to strengthen their connection with readers and effectively convey their ideas.This research aims to answer the question of how historical and cultural changes in Moradi Kermani's works have affected the distribution and function of metadiscourse elements and how these changes have contributed to the reader-friendliness of his texts.Examining this issue can provide a new model of the author's interaction with the reader and the role of metadiscourse in improving the quality of communication in children and adolescents' literature.This research hypothesizes that Moradi Kermani's works, through the intelligent use of metadiscourse, have succeeded in creating a deeper and more effective connection with the audience.       Literature Review   Hyland and Jiang (2018) conducted a historical study on the markers of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse over fifty years in the top journals of four disciplines and found that there has been a significant increase in the frequency of oppositional metadiscourse markers and a noticeable decrease in the distribution of interactive metadiscourse markers over these fifty years in the journals.The markers of oppositional metadiscourse aim to organize and define the boundaries of the text to ensure that readers can more easily retrieve and understand the author's interpretations and objectives in the scientific discourse, and authors of scientific texts use these markers to guide their audience.   Rezaei Keramati et al. (2019) conducted a study on the markers of interactive metadiscourse in three leading journals of applied linguistics.To analyze the historical evolution of stance and engagement markers, the subcategories of interactive metadiscourse in different sections of research articles (introduction, methodology, discussion, and conclusion) were examined using Hyland's (2005b) model.The findings indicate a significant decrease in the frequency of interactive metadiscourse markers in all sections of the articles.This decrease is generally related to the reduction of stance markers in the conclusion and methodology sections.As previously mentioned, the scope of this research pertains to the analysis of scientific texts (research articles) and does not include literary genres or stories.   Bagheri (2020) conducted a study on the historical evolution of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse markers in doctoral dissertations in the fields of hard sciences and soft sciences over three time periods: 1966, 1986, and 2016, based on Hyland's (2005) theory.The findings show that interactive metadiscourse (stance and engagement) has decreased in soft sciences and increased in hard sciences.This indicates that in soft sciences, academic writing is moving towards neutrality, impartiality, and greater responsibility towards the reader, i.e., more reader-oriented and less persuasive, and in hard sciences, scientific discourse is moving towards greater persuasiveness and reader-friendliness.This research also focuses on scientific discourse (doctoral dissertations) and does not include literary genres or stories.   Liu and Yang (2021) conducted a study based on Hyland's model to examine interactive and oppositional metadiscourse in 240 research articles in hard sciences (mechanical engineering and physics) and soft sciences (education and history) over sixty years.They found that metadiscourse markers have generally shown a declining trend over time.This has been accompanied by a noticeable increase in oppositional markers and a significant decrease in interactive markers, indicating that authors in scientific texts tend to use more oppositional metadiscourse and less interactive metadiscourse over time to write clearer and more convincing texts and adopt a more objective and scientific approach.This study, like previous research, pertains to the analysis of research articles and scientific texts.       Theoretical Framework   The term metadiscourse was first introduced by Harris (1959), referring to the author's or speaker's efforts to ensure the audience's understanding of the spoken text.Metadiscourse serves as an important tool for facilitating communication, supporting the author's position, and engaging the reader (see Hyland, 2015).To analyze the metadiscourse elements in the scope of this research, Hyland's (2005) theory was used because his classification is new, clear, and comprehensive (see Abdi et al., 2010).As shown in Table 1, this theory has two dimensions: interactional and interactive.       Table 1 - Subcategories of Interactional and   interactive Metadiscourse       <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" dir="rtl" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-dir: bidi; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 235.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" colspan="2" width="314"> Metadiscourse </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Interactional </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Interactive </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Attributes </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Stance markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Hedges </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Endophoric markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Boosters </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Frame markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Engagement markers </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Evidentials </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Self-mentions </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Transitions </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Markers of interactive metadiscourse are used to organize the information present in the text and guide the reader through it.On the other hand, markers of interactional metadiscourse are used to engage with the reader and involve them in the text (see Hyland, 2005).Each of the subcategories of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers, briefly displayed in Table 2, has its specific function.       Table 2 - Hyland's (2005) Theory   <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 53.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" width="459" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="127"> Types of Metadiscourse </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Classification </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Function </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Example </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> Interactional metadiscourse Establishing an effective connection with the reader </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Attitude markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Author's attitude towards the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Agree, very important, with surprise </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Self-mentions </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Explicit reference to the author's presence </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Author, I, we, researcher </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Engagement markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Addressing the reader explicitly </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> You, pay attention, assume </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Boosters </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Indicating the speaker's degree of certainty about the statement </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Without a doubt, certainly, clearly </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Hedges </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Indicating the author's doubt about the statement </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Perhaps, almost, probably </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> Interactive metadiscourseOrganizing information in a sentence and guiding the reader through the text   </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Transitions </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Connecting the sentences of the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> But, moreover, therefore </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Frame markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Defining the boundaries of the text and providing a framework for elements </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> First, second, as a result </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Endophoric markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Referring the reader to other parts of the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> In the next section, below </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Evidentials </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Referring to information provided in other texts and attribution </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> According to, as stated, as said </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Code glosses </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Providing further explanation about the meaning </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> First, second, as a result </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Data Analysis   The data analysis revealed that in Houshang Moradi Kermani's children's and young adult literature from 1971 to 2021, the use of interactive metadiscourse markers increased while the use of interactional metadiscourse markers decreased.Interactive metadiscourse, which indicates the author's explicit presence and engagement with the audience, was increasingly employed over time, particularly through self-mentions and engagement markers.On the other hand, interactional markers like transitions, which help manage the flow of information in the text, were used less frequently.These changes suggest that Moradi Kermani gradually developed a stronger inclination toward creating a more personal and effective connection with his readers.       Conclusion   In this research, the role of metadiscourse in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani in the field of children and young adult literature was examined.The results showed that Moradi Kermani extensively used metadiscourse markers, especially interactional markers, to establish an effective connection with his audience.The use of these markers has increased over time, while interactive markers have decreased.This tendency to use more interactional markers indicates the author's effort to engage the readers and create a more personal connection with them.   These findings contrast with the results of previous research in scientific discourse, which has moved towards less use of interactional metadiscourse and more use of interactive metadiscourse.       Keywords: Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.       References   Abdi, R., Tavangar, M., & Tavakoli, M. 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(2004) Disciplinary discourses: Social interactions in academic writing.Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.   -------------- (2005) Metadiscourse: Exploring writing in interaction, London, Continuum.   -------------- (2005b) stance and engagement: A MODEL OF interaction in academic discourse, discourse studies, 7 (2), PP. 173-192.   ------------ (2015) Metadiscourse.In Tracy, K.(ed) International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction.Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.   Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (2016) Change of attitude? A diachronic study of stance.Written Communication, 33 (3), 251-274.   ---------------------------- (2018) “In this paper we suggest”: Changing patterns of disciplinary metadiscourse.English for Specific Purposes, 51, PP. 18-30.   Hyland, K., & Tse, P.(2004) Metadiscourse in academic writing: A reappraisal.Applied Linguistics, 25 (2), 156-177.   Khani, R., & Changizi, M. 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(1979) Majid's stories.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1980) The carpet weaving house children.Tehran, Moein.   ------------------------ (1982) The palm tree.Tehran: Sahab.   ------------------------ (1989) The jar.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1992) Fist on skin.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ 1994) The oven.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1996) Mom's guest.Tehran: Ney.   ------------------------ (1998) Sweet jam.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (1999) Pomegranate's smile.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2003a) Like a full moon.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2003b) Neither wet nor dry.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2007) Rice and stew.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2009) Soft pillow.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2012) Water reservoir.Tehran: Moein.   ------------------------ (2019) Teaspoon.Tehran: Moein.   Mostafavi, M.& Tajalli, G.(2012) Metadiscoursal Markers in Medical and Literary Texts.International Journal of English Linguistics.2 (3) 64.   Rezaei Keramati, S., Kuhi, D., & Saeidi, M.(2019) Cross-sectional diachronic corpus analysis of stance and engagement markers in three leading journals of applied linguistics.Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies, 6 (2), 1-25.   Soltani, R., & Shokrpour, N.(2021) The status of metadiscourse markers use in Iranian medical articles: A comparative study.Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 31(196), 92-100.           Manuscript profile

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