synthesis

Open Access Article

1 - Evaluation and comparison of some green methods for synthesis of silver nanoparticles
sepide hamedi seyed abbas shojaossadati

10.29252/.3.5.59

Nowadays, there is an increasing need to develop high-yield, low cost, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Therefore, the green synthesis methods become customary for synthesis of nanoparticles. Among metallic nanoparticles, na More

Nowadays, there is an increasing need to develop high-yield, low cost, nontoxic, and eco-friendly procedures for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Therefore, the green synthesis methods become customary for synthesis of nanoparticles. Among metallic nanoparticles, nanosilver has developed because of its therapeutic properties. So in this paper, polysaccharide, tollens and biological green methods were investigated. In polysaccharide and tollens methods, starch and β-D glucose were used as a satabilizer and reducer respectively. In biological method biomass and cell filtrate of the Fusarium oxysporum fungus were used for the synthesis of nanoparticles. SEM images and UV-visible absorbtion spectra of these procedures showed that the polysaccharide method produced smaller silver nanoparticles wih high productivity. The changes of NADH-dependant nitrate reductase enzyme activity was evaluated in growh duration by colorometric Harely method due to importance of this enzyme in extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Results showed that the changes of dry cell mass impact on the enzyme activity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A Historical Study of the Origins of the Problem of Method in Western Philosophy and its Reflection on the Methodologies of Descartes and Spinoza
Hossein Saberi Varzaneh

The present paper deals with the background and causes of the rise of the problem of method and its importance in the 17th century, particularly, in Descartes and Spinoza. The criticisms advanced against the different aspects of Aristotelian philosophy (such as the disc More

The present paper deals with the background and causes of the rise of the problem of method and its importance in the 17th century, particularly, in Descartes and Spinoza. The criticisms advanced against the different aspects of Aristotelian philosophy (such as the discussion of the universals, the re-emergence of Pyrrhonian skepticism, functionalism in sciences, and the development of exact sciences) wavered the foundations of previous philosophical schools and gave rise to discussions regarding the criteria for the truth and the correct methods of thinking. As a result, some logicians such as Zabarella and Eutyches decided to revise Aristotelian logic and began speaking of methods of analysis and synthesis, definition processes, and the cohesion and coherence of matters of discussion. Following the same tradition and, of course, under the influence of Aristotle’s critics, Descartes and Spinoza advocated the geometric method of analysis and synthesis. In this way, they tried to provide a guarantee for the truth of their words and transform the infertility of the Aristotelian categorical syllogism into an invaluable, fertile, and methodic kind of thinking. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Necessary Conditions for the Realization of the Union of the Intellect, the Intelligent, and the Intelligible in the Transcendent Philosophy
Mohammad Mehdi Gorjian Mojtaba Afsharpour

The principle of the union of the intellect, the intelligible, and the intelligent is one of the most important principles of the Transcendent Philosophy. It was a philosophical problem long before the history of Islamic philosophy, but Muslim philosophers have adopted More

The principle of the union of the intellect, the intelligible, and the intelligent is one of the most important principles of the Transcendent Philosophy. It was a philosophical problem long before the history of Islamic philosophy, but Muslim philosophers have adopted different approaches in dealing with it. Mulla Sadra, in addition to accepting this principle, made great efforts in order to demonstrate it and, in doing so, benefitted from the divine blessing. Moreover, owing to the fundamental principles of his own system of philosophy, he founded a new approach for explaining this principle at two levels which brought in its wake several important results. The acceptance of the idea that the rational soul wishes to become identical with its own intelligible at the time of absolute intellection initially seems to be impossible, and the human mind hesitates to accept any convincing proof in this regard without some necessary preparation and introductory explanations. That is why the writers have not examined the related proofs and arguments concerning this principle. Rather, they have presented eleven necessary premises before demonstrating it. In doing so, in each section, they have explained the intention of the Sadrian philosophers who believe in the union of the intelligent and the intelligible. After analyzing these premises and necessary conditions, the mind is ready for accepting an argument that can prove the related claim. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Designing Sustainability Comprehensive Framework for Banking: Using Meta Synthesis and Structural Modeling Interpretation
Emad Nobahar Mahmoud Dehghan Nayeri Adel Azar Ali RajabZadeh ghatari

Today, bank Businesses are pressured by their stakeholders to address sustainability issues in their activities. Consequently, attention to sustainability and social responsibility in the banking business is increasing day by day. Accordingly, the main purpose of this s More

Today, bank Businesses are pressured by their stakeholders to address sustainability issues in their activities. Consequently, attention to sustainability and social responsibility in the banking business is increasing day by day. Accordingly, the main purpose of this study is to provide a framework for sustainability in bank Business. To this end, by using the Meta-synthesis approach, the 268 open codes related to sustainability in the banking industry were extracted from related articles and related studies and these open codes formed 59 axial codes. Then, these axial codes were categorized based on similarities in concepts to 10 themes of economic partnership, financial factors, energy use, environmental action, community participation, development of human resources, customer relationship, products and services, human rights issue , and governance. In the following, they were categorized into four including economic, social, and environmental and governance sustainability. Moreover, ISM structured the relationships between the themes while leveling them in a structural model based on the experts’ interprets. According to the results, the theme of human rights is at the lowest level and considered as the basis for bank sustainability. In addition, human rights, human resources, products and services, and customer relationship themes were placed in the independent area of the MICMAC chart that shows the key role and influence of these factors on other factors in the sustainability of bank business. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Study of Environmental Indicators of Performance Excellence Model (EFQM) in Steel Industry with Using Meta- Synthesis qualitative approach
omid golshan tafti Seyed Haidar Mirfakhradini

Given the increasing regulation and requirements of governments and the general public's awareness of environmental protection in the present age, organizations seeking to preserve their survival cannot ignore environmental issues. Given the environmental pollution that More

Given the increasing regulation and requirements of governments and the general public's awareness of environmental protection in the present age, organizations seeking to preserve their survival cannot ignore environmental issues. Given the environmental pollution that is present in the steel industry, ways of assessing and addressing environmental problems and reducing pollution must be reviewed. The purpose of this study was to identify the environmental indicators of performance excellence model in the steel industry using a Meta- Synthesis qualitative approach. Using a Meta- Synthesis sample of 40 articles, the research sample was identified and content analysis, categories, concepts and codes extracted. The Shannon entropy method was determined. The results of data analysis showed that EFQM environmental performance excellence model environmental indicators related to green leadership (3 components), green strategy (5 components), green staff (3 components), partnerships and green resources (5 components), processes, products and green services (8 components), customer green results (2 components), employee green results (4 components), community green results (3 components) and business green results (3 components) are the most important environmental factors in the steel industry are considered. Indicators such as adhering to environmental policies, green process planning, and use of up-to-date technologies, staff training, and recycling are the most important factors in implementation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Design and Implementation of a Text to Speech system for Kurdish Language with It's Quality Assessment
W. Barkhoda A. Bahrampour F. Akhlaqian H. Faili

In this paper the first text to speech system for Kurdish language has been introduced. Kurdish language has two standard scripts, Arabic and Latin. In the text analysis part besides treating common problems in various Kurdish texts, the problems involved in both standa More

In this paper the first text to speech system for Kurdish language has been introduced. Kurdish language has two standard scripts, Arabic and Latin. In the text analysis part besides treating common problems in various Kurdish texts, the problems involved in both standard scripts have been dealt with. Also, standard symbols have been introduced into which the system converts the input texts in each of the two scripts. For the first time for Kurdish language, intonation patterns for various sentence types have been determined. In the speech production part, three different synthesis systems based on allophone, syllable, and diaphone have been implemented. For quality assessment of the above mentioned systems and their comparison with each other, the four tests of MOS, Intelligibility, DRT, and MRT have been used. The test results show the high intelligibility of our systems, especially the system based on diaphone. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Improving Formant and Concatenative Speech Synthesis Techniques through Using Vocoders
N. Maghsoodi M. M. Homayounpour

In this paper an approach to improve the quality of synthetic speech in formant and concatenative synthesis techniques is described. To deal with this problem we focused on using vocoders. In concatenative speech synthesis the idea is based on post processing the genera More

In this paper an approach to improve the quality of synthetic speech in formant and concatenative synthesis techniques is described. To deal with this problem we focused on using vocoders. In concatenative speech synthesis the idea is based on post processing the generated speech to reduce discontinuities. The post processing is consists of integrating Straight method to synthesis system in order to smooth the boundary between units. On the other hand, in formant synthesis we used multi excitation linear predictive method to replace simple excitation signal in Klatt method with multiband excitation. Our synthesis techniques were evaluated with respect to naturalness, fluidity and intelligibility based on subjective methods. These experiments clarified that the naturalness of synthetic speech can be improved by using our smoothing methods and multiband excitation signal. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Presentation Leaders' Self-Development Model: A Synthesis of Research
mahdi sahraei beiranvand Gholamreza Shams Morkani Abasalt Khorasani Mohammad sadegh Khayatian yazdi

10.52547/istd.31011.8.28.137

This research aims to present a model of leaders' self-development based on the synthesis of past research. The research method is qualitativeand it's kind of a synthesis. The statistical population of the study includes researches and studies conducted in the period 19 More

This research aims to present a model of leaders' self-development based on the synthesis of past research. The research method is qualitativeand it's kind of a synthesis. The statistical population of the study includes researches and studies conducted in the period 1970-2020 in the field of self-development leadership 2890 that after various stages of elimination and reduction, 61 research samples were selected. Related resources were coded by three-step open, axial, and selective coding. Reliability, validity and credibility of the findings were used to evaluate the quality of coding, and the Kappa coefficient of coefficient for agreement between the evaluators was 0.75. According to the findings of this study, the model of leaders' self-development process is that self-development factors through one of a variety of self-development (structured, guided or individual) and using one of self-development mechanisms (self-leadership, self-management, self-regulation and self-directed learning) shapes the process of leaders' self-development. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Applying a Meta-Synthesis Qualitative Approach to Provide a Model of Unlearning Outcomes in the Organization
Roya Shakeri

10.52547/istd.31382.8.30.240

Organizational learning and unlearning have attracted the attention of many researchers and this has become an important element of innovation and processes of sustainable individual and organizational change. This study aims to identify the consequences of organization More

Organizational learning and unlearning have attracted the attention of many researchers and this has become an important element of innovation and processes of sustainable individual and organizational change. This study aims to identify the consequences of organizational unlearning using the meta-synthesis method. In line with this method, after filtering the articles, finally, 40 researches that directly dealt with the implications of organizational unlearning implications entered the analysis stage in Maxqda software. After the integration step, 28 distinct codes were identified, and among the identified codes were; Outputs of innovation with 6 references, unlearning and organizational flexibility with 4 references, and radical innovation and overall performance with 3 references had the highest number of references in research texts, respectively. At higher levels of abstraction, codes were categorized into 11 concepts and finally into 6 categories (innovative capabilities, competitive value chain promotion, organizational entrepreneurship, organizational agility and transformation, participatory knowledge management, and human resource empowerment). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Broadband Low-cost Reflectarray based on a New Phase Synthesis Technique and a Class of Cross Bow-Tie Cells
Mahmood Rafaei-Booket Mahdieh Bozorgi Seyed Mostafa Musavi

10.52547/jist.32487.11.42.75

In this paper, a class of Bow-tie unit cell on FR4 substrate is designed and investigated to be used in implementing a single-layer broadband Reflectarray Antenna (RA). In the analyzing step, two different parameters (length and angle) of the grounded Cross Bow-Tie (CBT More

In this paper, a class of Bow-tie unit cell on FR4 substrate is designed and investigated to be used in implementing a single-layer broadband Reflectarray Antenna (RA). In the analyzing step, two different parameters (length and angle) of the grounded Cross Bow-Tie (CBT) are varied to obtain the phase diagrams. Various degrees of freedom in the CBT structure are very helpful in designing a broadband RA. In the antenna design procedure, an efficient phase synthesis technique is applied to minimize the adverse effects of frequency dispersion causing by the differential space phase delay at different frequencies. This technique optimizes the metallic CBTs arrangement on the aperture of RA, and reduces the dependency of RA design to the CBT’s phase variation. Consequently, combination of the CBT’s phase behavior and the phase synthesis technique leads to designing a broadband RA with a good frequency response. In addition to, the Side Lobe Level (SLL) of the resultant RA is reduced remarkably. For validation of the obtained numerical results, an RA is designed and fabricated in 8.7~12.3GHz frequency bandwidth. The measurements show 27.03 dB as a maximum gain value at 10.2 GHz with a 1.5dB gain bandwidth of 34%. It is also shown that the implemented RA exhibits a reduced SLL (<-18dBi) within its operating bandwidth. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - High Level Synthesis of Decimal Arithmetic on Coarse Grain Reconfigurable Architectures
Samaneh Emami

The increasing capabilities of integrated circuits and the complexity of applications have led hardware design methods and tools to higher levels of abstraction and high-level synthesis is one of the key steps in increasing the level of abstraction. In recent years, ext More

The increasing capabilities of integrated circuits and the complexity of applications have led hardware design methods and tools to higher levels of abstraction and high-level synthesis is one of the key steps in increasing the level of abstraction. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on the design of decimal arithmetic reconfigurable architectures. Since, on the one hand, the effective use of these architectures depends on the existence of appropriate algorithms and tools to implement the design on the hardware, and on the other hand, research on the development of these algorithms has been very limited, this paper will present methods for the automated synthesis of decimal arithmetic circuits on a coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture. The platform chosen to execute the proposed algorithms is the DARA coarse-grained reconfigurable architecture, which is optimized for decimal arithmetic. The algorithms proposed for resource allocation of synthesis include a heuristic method and an ILP algorithm. The results show that, as expected, for the limited architectural dimensions used, the ILP algorithm performs significantly (about 30%) better than the heuristic algorithm. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Multi-Objective Logic Synthesis of Quantum Circuits
Arezoo Rajaei Mahboobeh Houshmand Seyyed Abed Hosseini

Quantum computing is a new method of information processing that is based on the concepts of quantum mechanics and leads to strange and powerful events in the quantum field. The logic synthesis of quantum circuits refers to the process of converting a given quantum gate More

Quantum computing is a new method of information processing that is based on the concepts of quantum mechanics and leads to strange and powerful events in the quantum field. The logic synthesis of quantum circuits refers to the process of converting a given quantum gate into a set of gates that can be implemented in quantum technologies. The most famous logic synthesis methods are CSD and QSD. The main goal of this study is to present a multi-objective logical synthesis method combining the above two methods in the quantum circuit model with the aim of optimizing the evaluation criteria. In this proposed method, the solution space is created from different combinations of CSD and QSD decomposition methods. The created solution space is a space with a very large exponential size. Then, using a bottom-up approach of multi-objective dynamic programming, a method is presented to search only a part of the entire solution space to find circuits with the optimal Pareto costs. The obtained results show that this method creates a balance between the evaluation criteria and produces many optimal Pareto solutions that can be selected according to different quantum technologies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Strategic Planning Model Based on Innovation: An Approach for The Development of Human Resources of the Organization
Mohammad Tafreshei Alireza Manzari tavakkoli sanjar salajeghe ayob sheikhy

In the leading organizations and multinational companies, attending to the new approaches of strategic organizational planning is the main concerns regarding the development of human resources. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to identify the strategic plannin More

In the leading organizations and multinational companies, attending to the new approaches of strategic organizational planning is the main concerns regarding the development of human resources. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to identify the strategic planning model based on organizational innovation for the development of human resources. The approach adopted was qualitative and its method was research synthesis. The research corpus included all articles (124 articles) accessible from 2012 to 2023 that were published in specialized and scientific databases about strategic planning based on organizational innovation. The final sample of the research was 31 articles, which have been selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical saturation of data, and in a purposive way. The research data was collected from the qualitative analysis of the documents under study. By analyzing the data, the components and indicators of the strategic planning model based on organizational innovation were organized in 6 dimensions, 18 axes and 60 categories. The selected axes in this field included six selected components of managerial components, functional components in the organization, strategic evaluation, ethical-cultural components, structural components and identification of organizational challenges and resources. Therefore, considering the results for strategic planning, it is important to pay attention to internal and external indicators. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Succession by attracting and developing academic talent in an engineering firm: A meta- synthesis study
Abbas abbas pour Vadood Ghasem Talebi Morteza Taheri Hamid Rahimian Saeed Ghiasi Nodooshan

Abstract: The succession planning is an effective strategic approach to maintain and develop human resources within organizations. Although succession is an effective strategy to focus on creating a regular structure for organizations, many companies lack regular succe More

Abstract: The succession planning is an effective strategic approach to maintain and develop human resources within organizations. Although succession is an effective strategy to focus on creating a regular structure for organizations, many companies lack regular succession planning, so that people with the necessary skills and expertise cannot be placed in specific positions. Based on this, the aim of this article is to find the effective components on succession with the approach of attracting and developing academic talents in engineering companies. In this research, a qualitative meta- synthesis method has been used. After conducting a keyword search in reputable national and international databases from 1997 to 2023, a total of 2,181 studies are identified, and 91 studies are selected for the purpose of analysis and information extraction. After conducting analysis, succession planning with a focus on attracting and developing university talents at engineering companies is categorized into 5 dimensions Including: creating commitment, determining policy, attracting and developing academic talent, leadership improvement program and program evaluation and 11factors and 30 sub-factors. Based on the finding, it is worthwhile mentioning that the components of succession planning are determined with a focus on attracting and developing university talents, due to which this research can assist companies to formulate and implement succession planning programs having employed university talents. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Aristotelean Roots of the Soul’s Corporeal Origination in Mullā Ṣadrā’s View
Hamideh Ansari Hassan Fathi Morteza Shajari

Philosophers have presented different views about the whatness and truth of the soul based on dualism (immateriality of the soul based on the pre-eternity and origination of the soul before the existence of the body or along with it) or monism (corporeal origination of More

Philosophers have presented different views about the whatness and truth of the soul based on dualism (immateriality of the soul based on the pre-eternity and origination of the soul before the existence of the body or along with it) or monism (corporeal origination of the soul). Mullā Ṣadrā believes that the soul is corporeally originated. The principles of the Transcendent Philosophy, including the trans-substantial motion, the principiality and gradedness of being, and the corporeal origination of the soul, have made it possible to demonstrate corporeal resurrection. Aristotle also believes that the origination of the soul is corporeal. However, the extent to which Mullā Ṣadrā is influenced by Aristotle’s ideas in this regard has never been studied so far. This paper is intended to explain the Aristotelean roots of Mullā Ṣadrā’s discussion of corporeal origination following a comparative-analytic method. The findings of this study indicate that in defining the soul as a “natural and organic body” and, following it, considering the soul as a formal substance and a primary perfection of the body, as well as believing in the unitary synthesis of the body and the soul and the unity of the faculties of the soul, all indicating the corporeal origination of the soul, Mullā Ṣadrā is under the influence of Aristotle. Nevertheless, Aristotle’s approach suffers from some ambiguity because of the existing implicitness in some of his words and not referring to an explicit standpoint regarding the principiality of existence or quiddity, presence of motion in substance, and gradedness of existence. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Polymer metal-organic framework (PolymerMOF) hybrids and composites synthesis techniques and applications
Mohsen Sadroddini Amin Alamdari

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are formed through the self-assembly of metal nodes and organic bonds, resulting in a nanoporous crystalline framework. High porosity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size and good stabil More

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are formed through the self-assembly of metal nodes and organic bonds, resulting in a nanoporous crystalline framework. High porosity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size and good stability are some of their most significant attributes. Hybridization with flexible materials like polymers is an emerging trend in MOF research. Polymers possess distinctive characteristics, including softness, thermal and chemical stability, suitable optical properties, and ease of processing. These properties can be combined with MOFs to produce hybrid structures with intricate architecture and distinctive characteristics. Among the most important novel applications of the polymer/MOF hybrids are gas separation and adsorption, ion exchange membranes and nanofiltration, sensors, catalysts, biomedical, etc. The objective of this article is to investigate the hybridization technique of MOFs and polymers, as well as the attractive applications of these hybrid materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) or porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are formed through the self-assembly of metal nodes and organic bonds, resulting in a nanoporous crystalline framework. High porosity, high specific surface area, adjustable pore size and good stability are some of their most significant attributes. Hybridization with flexible materials like polymers is an emerging trend in MOF research. Polymers possess distinctive characteristics, including softness, thermal and chemical stability, suitable optical properties, and ease of processing. These properties can be combined with MOFs to produce hybrid structures with intricate architecture and distinctive characteristics. Manuscript profile

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