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Open Access Article
1 - To study the relationship between political connections, value-based management and performance efficiency: Theory of Political Economy Test
Hossien JannatMakanThe purpose of the present research is to study the effect of political connections on the value-based management and performance efficiency indicators. In this research, the indicators such as public companies and percentage of institutional ownership of affiliated com MoreThe purpose of the present research is to study the effect of political connections on the value-based management and performance efficiency indicators. In this research, the indicators such as public companies and percentage of institutional ownership of affiliated companies (quasi-public) were used to evaluate the political relations of the companies and to measure the performance efficiency of both indicators ( manpower and investment productivity). For this reason, the data related to the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were collected for a 10-year period during the years of 2008- 2017 for 113 companies and the regression modeling of combined data using ordinary least squares method and the dymamic combined data using the generalized method of moment (GMM) were used by the EVIEWS 9.5 software. The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the public companies and the value-based management ranking. The results also showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the affiliated companies with institutional ownership and the value-based management ranking . There is also a positive and significant relationship between the public companies and the performance efficiency in both indicators (manpower and investment productivity) . In addition to the results, the hypothesis 2 about the relationship between the quasi-public companies and the performance efficiency shows a negative and significant relationship between the quasi-public companies and the manpower productivity and conversely a positive and significant relationship with the investment productivity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Correlation of Social Capital, Institutional Efficiency and National Development
ataollah sinaei masoud shafieeThe ongoing development process is the most important mindset of human societies and determines the degree of difference between countries. So the important question that is going on in the current world is how and why some countries have reached a higher level of devel MoreThe ongoing development process is the most important mindset of human societies and determines the degree of difference between countries. So the important question that is going on in the current world is how and why some countries have reached a higher level of development indicators, while others are at the bottom of the table? From this angle, the factors and dimensions of development and the formulation of questions and assumptions in this regard are a common method for discovering and opening up the development paths of societies. The general objective of this research is to examine social capital, its relationship with the formation of institutional efficiency and then with the fluctuations of national development. The research studies the impact of these two-way, successive and pre-requisite volatilities on the path to national development. Reviewing the path and fluctuations show that the relationship between these three factors has a synergy. The theoretical framework of this research is a combination of theories of social capital, institutionalism and development; and thinkers such as Putnam, Fukuyama, Huntington, North, Schumpeter, Mirdal, and Todaro, in relation to the variables involved in the formation of the subject of research. The main hypothesis of the research is that there is a positive correlation between the three variables of social capital, institutional efficiency, and national development. This research is a fundamental objective and in terms of library, documentary and exploratory method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Windows - based transactions and market growth: Case Study of Tehran Stock Exchange Case Study
ABDOL HOSSEIN TALEBI NAJAFABADIthe development of the countrys financial market with regard to global transformations, especially in financial markets, is essential . the reorganization and development of the iranian capital market is based onregulation of the financial market structure tailored to t Morethe development of the countrys financial market with regard to global transformations, especially in financial markets, is essential . the reorganization and development of the iranian capital market is based onregulation of the financial market structure tailored to the macro economic characteristics and the micro - coordinates of house holds and firms operatingin the countrys economy. the goal of this research is to explore the strategy and methodology for developing and developing financial markets. accordingly, in this study, the impact of technological developments on the developmentof financial markets in 84 accepted and active companies in tehran stock exchange between 1390 and 1395 has been studied. literature and literature were collected through library studies and data from kodal ,www.rdis.ir, www.tse.ir, www.tse.tmc.com and dadepardaz and rahavardenovin softwares werecollected in terms of collection and analysis of EWiews statistical software. the results of the hypotheses test show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the establishment of Pam system with total marketefficiency, individual share holders ' final efficiency, stock return on smaller firms, trading volume and information asymmetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Investigating the Effect of Hardware Parameters Adjustments on Energy Consumption in Thin Matrix Multiplication Algorithm on GPUs
mina ashouri Farshad KhunjushMultiplication of thin algorithmic matrices is a simple but very important part of linear and scientific algebra programs in mathematics and physics, and due to its parallel nature, GPUs are one of the most suitable and important options. To select its executive platfor MoreMultiplication of thin algorithmic matrices is a simple but very important part of linear and scientific algebra programs in mathematics and physics, and due to its parallel nature, GPUs are one of the most suitable and important options. To select its executive platform. In recent years, due to the emphasis of researchers to consider energy consumption as one of the main design goals along with efficiency, very little effort has been made to improve the energy consumption of this algorithm on the GPU. In this article, this issue is addressed from the perspective of energy efficiency in efficiency obtained. Utilizing the configuration capability introduced in modern GPUs, by statistically examining the behavior of this algorithm when using different thin matrix storage formats and different hardware settings for more than 200 matrices Slim example, the best configuration settings for the thin matrix multiplication algorithm with different storage formats on the GPU are obtained. This configuration for each storage format is selected to give the best configuration in all samples tested. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigation of Using Ultrafiltration and Fenton Combined treatment method for pulp and paper wastewater Treatment
niloofar Abedinzade alireza pendashteh Fariba OstovarIn this study, the treatability of pulp and paper wastewater has been studied using a combined method (ultrafiltration and fenton) in a laboratory scale. First, the effect of membrane filtration on the removal of turbidity and COD, as well as membrane flux and membrane MoreIn this study, the treatability of pulp and paper wastewater has been studied using a combined method (ultrafiltration and fenton) in a laboratory scale. First, the effect of membrane filtration on the removal of turbidity and COD, as well as membrane flux and membrane fouling were investigated, and then the advanced oxidation method was used to supplement the treatment and increase the removal efficiency of the pollutants. At the end of the membrane filtration operation, the removal efficiency of turbidity was 99%. Based on the results, the average COD of the filtration process with 41.8% removal efficiency was 906 mg/ l. Under optimal pressure conditions bar-1, the amount of membrane flux in the first backwash was equal to 1/99 L.m-2.h-1 which this amount reached to 1/26 L.m-2.h-1after the fourth backwash. the Fenton process removed 862/5 mg /L COD from the pretreated wastewater by UF membrane with an optimal dose of 1.5 mM for Fe +2 and 6 mM for a hydrogen peroxide at an initial pH of 3 and at a 17minute reaction time .In these conditions, the removal efficiency of COD, BOD5 and color was 95%, 90.3% and 92.1% respectively, These results shows high efficiency of the advanced oxidation process to remove contaminants in pulp and paper wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Evaluation of natural adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment
Mohadeseh TavakoliWith increasing industrial activities and discharging untreated wastewater which contains various environmental pollutants to aquatic environments, problems such as reducing the penetration of light, anaerobic conditions and complications such as allergies and cancer fo MoreWith increasing industrial activities and discharging untreated wastewater which contains various environmental pollutants to aquatic environments, problems such as reducing the penetration of light, anaerobic conditions and complications such as allergies and cancer for humans and other living organisms will occur. Surface absorption is one of the most effective and efficient methods for the removal of environmental pollutants and among the common methods for treatment of wastewater, applying natural adsorbents are more efficient than the other methods and is more economic. Since there are many natural adsorbents in nature, they are very inexpensive, they are even free in some cases; adsorption of contaminants by these materials can be a suitable way to remove the toxic substances of contaminated water and industrial wastewater. In this paper, we study some of bioactive adsorbents in order to remove contamination from industrial wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Theory of Domination in the Political Views of Ibn- Farra’ Hanbali
مهدي فدائي مهربانيAbu Yaala Mohammad Ibn Al-Hossain Ibn Mohammad Ibn Khalaf Ibn Mohammad known as “Ibn Farra” (990- 1066) is an Islamic Jurisprudent who played a great role in expansion of Hanbali school of Islam. His works portray him as a strict Sunni jurisconsult. In his book named “ MoreAbu Yaala Mohammad Ibn Al-Hossain Ibn Mohammad Ibn Khalaf Ibn Mohammad known as “Ibn Farra” (990- 1066) is an Islamic Jurisprudent who played a great role in expansion of Hanbali school of Islam. His works portray him as a strict Sunni jurisconsult. In his book named “ Al-Ahkam Al-Sultanniah” he attempts to provide a religious jurisprudential justification for political dominations of the rulers. He can be considered as one important figure of domination theory (Istiilla and Taqallub) among the Sunni. He has not been introduced or studied to and in Farsi. In this article we survey various aspects of his political views. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Factors and barriers affecting the Rolling of civic institutions In the efficiency of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Civic institutions play an important role in the efficiency of governments. The World Bank data and the emphasis of global theorists on the role of civic institutions demonstrate the importance of these institutions. In Iran, too, civil society organizations are more or MoreCivic institutions play an important role in the efficiency of governments. The World Bank data and the emphasis of global theorists on the role of civic institutions demonstrate the importance of these institutions. In Iran, too, civil society organizations are more or less active in various fields and can play an effective role in government efficiency. But for effective rolling, we need to fully understand the obstacles and factors affecting this rolling according to the experience of civil society activists. In this article, using the available documentary sources, the existing civil institutions with national scope were identified. Then, with the opinion of experts in this field and using the Delphi technique, eleven civil institutions were selected in three groups: cultural, social and economic. In the next stage, eleven focus group meetings were held with at least five activists from each of the civil institutions and government experts in the relevant field and academic experts. In these meetings, the effective factors and obstacles of the role of civic institutions in the efficiency of the government were discussed, and the discussions were put on paper and coded, and the coding went to the stage of saturation. According to the data obtained in the previous stage, the key points of the focus meetings were extracted, which finally in a separate category of effective factors and effective barriers, 23 effective factors and 46 effective barriers in the rolling of civic institutions on government efficiency were extracted. According to the results of the previous stage, it was found that the most important factor in the role of civic institutions in government efficiency is the government itself and the government is not interested in playing an effective role of civic institutions and if the government allows, civil institutions will play a very effective role in government efficiency. Also, according to the results of this study, barriers affecting the role of civic institutions in government efficiency are more important than effective factors. This shows a kind of distrust and pessimism of the government towards civil institutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Consequences and Implications of the Decline of Political Capital
Ali Karimi MalehThe concept of political capital is a relatively new term in politics. This concept is the intersection of various disciplines so that political stability, social solidarity, and national integration in the vast, complex, and impersonal modern political systems depend o MoreThe concept of political capital is a relatively new term in politics. This concept is the intersection of various disciplines so that political stability, social solidarity, and national integration in the vast, complex, and impersonal modern political systems depend on it more than ever. However, despite its fundamental and practical importance, not much independent research has been conducted about it yet in the Persian language. From the perspective of the institutional approach, political capital is a socio-political construct, a contingent, contextual and time-laden phenomenon, whose decline has profound consequences for the political order and stability of societies. With this point in mind, the present article concentrates on this main question, what are the consequences and implications of the decline of political capital? The hypothesis is that the reduction of political capital has multifaceted consequences such as increasing the cost of political transactions, reducing civil participation, increasing corruption, increasing the government's interference, the prevalence of political anomie and disobedience, and the erosion of political legitimacy and its important implication is the necessity of serious changes in various fields of the polity. Inspired by the political institutionalism approach and with a descriptive-analytical method in the combined theoretical framework of Bourdieu and others, this article examines the conceptual dimensions of political capital and the consequences and implications of its decline. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A Combination Method of DEA, DEMATEL and ANP for Evaluation of ERP Systems
amir amini alireza alinezhadIn this study Data envelopment analysis is used for the assessment of enterprise resources planning systems of 18 manufacturing companies, to determine whether the defined goals for ERP systems have been able to affect the performance after the implementation of the sys MoreIn this study Data envelopment analysis is used for the assessment of enterprise resources planning systems of 18 manufacturing companies, to determine whether the defined goals for ERP systems have been able to affect the performance after the implementation of the system. Considering the identification of effective factors in implementing ERP systems and using the previous researches, the performance evaluation criteria of this system were identified. Then, using experts’ views the most important input indicators were ranked by fuzzy DEMATEL and output indicators by ANP. In this ranking, time spent on implementation, the implementation infrastructure, training and user support were identified as top input indicators, and three indicators of productivity increase, proper resource management and user satisfaction were selected as top output indicators. Using selected indicators, the performance of ERP systems of selected companies was evaluated. The results of this research will be useful in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of companies compared to top ones and making their ERP system even better. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Toward an Enhanced Dynamic VM Consolidation Approach for Cloud Datacenters Using Continuous Time Markov Chain
Monireh Hosseini Sayadnavard Abolfazl Toroghi HaghighatDynamic Virtual Machine (VM) consolidation is an effective manner to reduce energy consumption and balance the resource load of physical machines (PMs) in cloud data centers that guarantees efficient power consumption while maintaining the quality of service requirement MoreDynamic Virtual Machine (VM) consolidation is an effective manner to reduce energy consumption and balance the resource load of physical machines (PMs) in cloud data centers that guarantees efficient power consumption while maintaining the quality of service requirements. Reducing the number of active PMs using VM live migration leads to prevent inefficient usage of resources. However, high frequency of VM consolidation has a negative effect on the system reliability and we need to deal with the trade-off between energy consumption and system reliability. In recent years many research work has been done to optimize energy management using power management techniques. Although these methods are very efficient from the point of view of energy management, but they ignore the negative impact on the system reliability. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to achieve a reliable VM consolidation method. In this way, a Markov chain model is designed to determine the reliability of PMs and then it has been prioritized PMs based on their CPU utilization level and reliability status. Two algorithms are presented to determining source and destination servers. The efficiency of our proposed approach is validated by conducting extensive simulations. The results of the evaluation clearly show that the proposed approach significantly improve energy consumption while avoiding the inefficient VM migrations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Standard Deviation Characterization of a Small Size Reverberation Chamber by Using Full-wave Simulation and E-Field Probe
Ehsan Poodineh Farhad Ghorbani Reza Asadi Hadi AliakbarianReverberation Chamber (RC) is a new type of measurement equipment used in electromagnetic compatibility and antenna tests and capable to produce an almost uniform electric filed inside a Working Volume (WV). In this paper, the field uniformity of an actual small size RC MoreReverberation Chamber (RC) is a new type of measurement equipment used in electromagnetic compatibility and antenna tests and capable to produce an almost uniform electric filed inside a Working Volume (WV). In this paper, the field uniformity of an actual small size RC is studied. At first, the mode density of the chamber which should be larger than unity is investigated. In the next step, the Standard Deviation (SD) of a small size RC, as a field uniformity criterion is investigated in an existing RC. A highly detailed three-dimensional model of chamber including its stirrers, antenna, WV, and its door create to verify the field uniformity of a RTS60 reverberation chamber. The removal of reverberation chamber’s stirrers shows that they have a direct effect on the uniformity of field. As the stirrer moves during the test, the effect of three different position of stirrer on the field uniformity is investigated. The transmission antenna, as an important component of these rooms, is simulated and investigated separately. The reflection coefficient of that antenna fit the working frequency band of the chamber. In a real scenario, the SD of the chamber is measured by using an electric field probe. A comparison between the simulation and measurement also is done in order to confirm the uniformity of the electric fields. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - A New Power Control Algorithm in MMSE Receiver for D2D Underlying Massive MIMO System
Faezeh Heydari Saeed Ghazi-Maghrebi Ali Shahzadi Mohammad Jalal Rastegar FatemiDevice to device (D2D) underlying massive MIMO cellular network is a robust deployment which enables network to enhance its throughput. It also improves services and applications for the proximity-based wireless communication. However, an important challenge in such dep MoreDevice to device (D2D) underlying massive MIMO cellular network is a robust deployment which enables network to enhance its throughput. It also improves services and applications for the proximity-based wireless communication. However, an important challenge in such deployment is mutual interference. Interference, in the uplink spectrum, reusing the same resource with cellular user, is caused by D2D users. In this paper, we study a distributed power control (DPC) algorithm, using minimum mean square error (MMSE) filter in receiver, to mitigate the produced interference in this deployment scenario. For the DPC algorithm, employing the coverage probability of D2D links, an optimal power control approach is proposed, which maximizes the spectral efficiency of D2D links. Using this modeling approach, it is possible to derive closed-form analytical expressions for the coverage probabilities and ergodic spectral efficiency, which give insight into how the various network parameters interact and affect the link. Also, the DPC algorithm is modeled by stochastic geometry and receiver filter is designed by estimation theory that a new structure in this robust network is an approach to improve spectral efficiency. Simulation results illustrate enhancing coverage probability performance of D2D links in term of the target (signal to interference ratio) SIR with respect to different receiver filter and other parameters which are existing in D2D links. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Optimal Clustering-based Routing Protocol Using Self-Adaptive Multi-Objective TLBO For Wireless Sensor Network
Ali Sedighimanesh Hessam Zandhessami Mahmood Alborzi Mohammadsadegh KhayyatianWireless sensor networks consist of many fixed or mobile, non-rechargeable, low-cost, and low-consumption nodes. Energy consumption is one of the most important challenges due to the non-rechargeability or high cost of sensor nodes. Hence, it is of great importance to a MoreWireless sensor networks consist of many fixed or mobile, non-rechargeable, low-cost, and low-consumption nodes. Energy consumption is one of the most important challenges due to the non-rechargeability or high cost of sensor nodes. Hence, it is of great importance to apply some methods to reduce the energy consumption of sensors. The use of clustering-based routing is a method that reduces the energy consumption of sensors. In the present article, the Self-Adaptive Multi-objective TLBO (SAMTLBO) algorithm is applied to select the optimal cluster headers. After this process, the sensors become the closest components to cluster headers and send the data to their cluster headers. Cluster headers receive, aggregate, and send data to the sink in multiple steps using the TLBO-TS hybrid algorithm that reduces the energy consumption of the cluster heads when sending data to the sink and, ultimately, an increase in the wireless sensor network’s lifetime. The simulation results indicate that our proposed protocol (OCRP) show better performance by 35%, 17%, and 12% compared to ALSPR, CRPD, and COARP algorithms, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the limited energy of sensors, the use of meta-heuristic methods in clustering and routing improves network performance and increases the wireless sensor network's lifetime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Explaining the position of the President in the Constitution from the perspective of the efficiency of political institutions in the Islamic Republic of Iran
seyedreza shakeriPolitical institutions in the light of the evolution of political thought and theories can show new possibilities and limitations. The President has an important and decisive position in the Iranian Constitution, which stems from the direct vote of the people, the ratif MorePolitical institutions in the light of the evolution of political thought and theories can show new possibilities and limitations. The President has an important and decisive position in the Iranian Constitution, which stems from the direct vote of the people, the ratification of the Supreme Leader, the representation of Iran's national sovereignty in relation to other countries, and its symbolic national face.Today, when the power of states and governments has diminished and, instead, human and individual responsibilities have been highlighted in various spheres of society, politics, and economy and in common human issues, the position of the President, according to new readings, acquires such capacities.Today, as the power of states and governments has diminished and, instead, human and individual responsibilities have been highlighted in various spheres of society, politics, and economics and in common human issues, the position of the President, according to new readings, acquires such capacities.The question of this research is what is the role and position of the president in the constitution according to the efficiency indicators and how can this position be promoted in practice to increase his efficiency? The position of the President is studied in this article with the aim of recognizing and explaining the new possibilities of political action.This effort is based on the components of efficiency within the normative institutional theory. The results show that all the human and cultural content of Constitution can show and reveal new functional aspects for president according to those components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Analysis of Effect of Technology in Industries Efficiency by DEA Approach
Ezatollah Abbasiyan Mohammad reza Dehghanpour Babak Deo mobedTrend of increasing competition leads to promotion of technical economy. Cost reduction and quality improvement has been introduced as bases for survival in global markets. What make this easier and accelerate it, are technical changes and improving efficiency and produ MoreTrend of increasing competition leads to promotion of technical economy. Cost reduction and quality improvement has been introduced as bases for survival in global markets. What make this easier and accelerate it, are technical changes and improving efficiency and productivity. On the one hand, technology has a special position in theories of economic growth and in regard to constraints in economy and optimal use of available resources has an important role. Technology is divided into different levels with different features and effects. One of these effects is the differences of efficiency between the different levels of technology that this paper intends to compare the efficiency of industries with different technologies. For this purpose, data from firms with 10 employees or more from Iran Statistical Center has been used. In this study, the efficiency of industries with various technology levels (high tech industries, medium tech industries and low tech industries) using data envelopment analysis (DEA) has been measured. Industries with different technologies have different production functions, so in order to estimate production functions of these industries, econometric panel data method has been used. Results of the research indicate that managerial efficiency of low technology industries, in comparison with other industries, is lower and technical efficiency of high technology industries is lower than other industries. However, industries with medium level of technology have appropriate level of technical efficiency, technological efficiency, and managerial efficiency and also scale efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Technology Performance Measurement Using Hybrid Model
Safar Fazli Vahed AgheshloueiIn the present competitive age, the organizations try to gain competitive edge. In order to gain competitive edge, the managers need to have some information about the function of their organizations and to decide how to improve them. Therefore it is necessary to use a MoreIn the present competitive age, the organizations try to gain competitive edge. In order to gain competitive edge, the managers need to have some information about the function of their organizations and to decide how to improve them. Therefore it is necessary to use a method to gather the information about the performance. There are various methods to evaluate the performance in which the criteria for efficiency of units is that they should be placed in efficiency frontier. These methods ignore the role of no-zero input slack and output slack variables in production and consequently lead to lack of enough accuracy in evaluating the units functions. In this article, the Hybrid model is used in six Decision Making Units (DMUs) and according to results, it is presented as a more accurate and comprehensive measure of evaluation, and efforts have been made to present more realistic results for making decisions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Evaluation efficiency of the internal structure of decision making units in the past, present and future using dynamic network data envelopment analysis and artificial neural network
javad niknafs mphammadali keramati jalal haghighatmonfaredNetwork data envelopment analysis models and dynamic network data envelopment analysis models cannot evaluated the future performance of the internal structure of decision-making units .In other words, all NDEA and DNDEA models evaluate the past performance of their DMU MoreNetwork data envelopment analysis models and dynamic network data envelopment analysis models cannot evaluated the future performance of the internal structure of decision-making units .In other words, all NDEA and DNDEA models evaluate the past performance of their DMUs and their internal structure, and measure their efficiency and inefficiency, and ultimately rank them based on that assessment .In this paper, we are going to evaluation the future efficiency of deposit and lending sections in bank branches. In order to notified inefficiencies in the internal structure of a unit before the occurrence, we will prevent it.This approach can change the role of managers from the evaluator to the planner .First, using the literature of the subject and opinion of the experts, the structure of the bank branches and the network variables were determined .Then, the values of variables are forecasted using the artificial neural network for the next two periods.Finally, a DNDEA model is formulated using the values of past periods and predicted values.Using its efficiency, its branches and its internal structure have been evaluated in the past, present and future. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Investigating the effective factors on the effectiveness of electronic signature in the prosperity of inter-firm business environment (Case study: Oil industry)
In the current study, identification and analysis of the factors affecting the electronic signature effect on the prosperity of the job area between the institutions (case study: oil industry) had been studied.In this study, in order to analyze the resulted data, the de MoreIn the current study, identification and analysis of the factors affecting the electronic signature effect on the prosperity of the job area between the institutions (case study: oil industry) had been studied.In this study, in order to analyze the resulted data, the descriptive and deductive statistical methods have been used, and the SPSS Software is used in this regard. For choosing the test of the hypotheses, first, the data normality test (Kolmogrov-Smirnov) was used for the calculation. The results of the normality test showed that there is no condition for the equality of the variances and the data are not normal. Therefore, in order to perform the test, the non-parametric tests were used, because the conditions related to the parametric tests were not available. For performing the test of the mean difference between the education and using the digital (electronic) signature, regarding the fact that the education level was in the form of categories, and it was higher than two categories, the one-way variance analysis test was used. To compare the means with each other and to determine the level of the meaningfulness of the differences, Tookie Test was used. Regarding the point that all the persons are inside two categories from the viewpoint of the job backgrounds, the T-Test of the independent groups is used in order to review the job backgrounds of the people. Eventually, the final result of the test of the hypotheses showed that considering all the variables, excluding verifying the identity and being undeniable in the process of job units, the effect of utilizing the electronic signature in juicing up the job in two institutes is too much, and the effect of these two ingredients is lower than the average. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The effect of professional ethics model of higher education managers on improving their efficiency
Ameneh Rabiee عصمت مسعودی amineh ahmadiAbstract: Aim: The present study was the effect of professional ethics model of higher education managers on their performance. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive (survey) in terms of data collection. Methods: The statistical population stu MoreAbstract: Aim: The present study was the effect of professional ethics model of higher education managers on their performance. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive (survey) in terms of data collection. Methods: The statistical population studied in this study included specialists, academic and organizational experts including officials of the central organization, heads and deputies of departments, heads of faculties and group managers and experts and directors of higher education of the Islamic Azad University of Tehran. Based on morgan table and simple random sampling method, 300 of them were selected as the sample size. To collect data, the professional ethics questionnaire of higher education managers and the performance questionnaire were used. Results: The path coefficients, which are interpreted as “standardized regression beta coefficients”, were used to test the research and to determine the effect of the two variables, and the t-value was used to evaluate the significance of the effect. The value of coefficient of significance (t-statistic) for the two research variables is more than 1.96 and the calculated t-test is larger than the critical t-test at the level of error of 1%. Therefore, the professional ethics of managers is effective on their organizational efficiency and its effect is 0.913 and its direction is positive. Conclusion: The results showed that the professional ethics model of higher education managers has a positive and significant effect on improving their efficiency. Therefore, improving the efficiency of employees depends on having a knowledgeable, competent and artistic manager with professional ethics. An efficient and effective manager will be able to improve the level of efficiency of employees by removing obstacles and creating the necessary conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Energy-Efficient User Pairing and Power Allocation for Granted Uplink-NOMA in UAV Communication Systems
Seyed Hadi Mostafavi-Amjad Vahid Solouk Hashem KalbkhaniWith the rapid deployment of users and increasing demands for mobile data, communication networks with high capacity are needed more than ever. Furthermore, there are several challenges, such as providing efficient coverage and reducing power consumption. To tackle thes MoreWith the rapid deployment of users and increasing demands for mobile data, communication networks with high capacity are needed more than ever. Furthermore, there are several challenges, such as providing efficient coverage and reducing power consumption. To tackle these challenges, using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) would be a good choice. This paper proposes a scheme for uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in UAV communication systems in the presence of granted and grant-free users. At first, the service area users, including granted and grant-free users, are partitioned into some clusters. We propose that the hover location for each cluster is determined considering the weighted mean of users’ locations. We aim to allocate transmission power and form NOMA pairs to maximize the energy efficiency in each cluster subject to the constraints on spectral efficiency and total transmission power. To this end, the transmission powers of each possible pair are obtained, and then Hungarian matching is used to select the best pairs. Finally, finding the flight path of the UAV is modeled by the traveling salesman problem (TSP), and the genetic algorithm method obtains its solution. The results show that the increasing height of the UAV and density of users increases the spectral and energy efficiencies and reduces the outage probability. Also, considering the quality of service (QoS) of granted users for determining the UAV's hover location enhances the transmission's performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Introducing a Fog-Based Algorithm for Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
E. Mirzavand Borujeni D. Rahbari M. NickrayWireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of thousands of small nodes. The small and inexpensive parts of these nodes have led to their widespread use in various fields. However, these networks have constraints on energy consumption, processing resources, and storage whic MoreWireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of thousands of small nodes. The small and inexpensive parts of these nodes have led to their widespread use in various fields. However, these networks have constraints on energy consumption, processing resources, and storage which have caused many studies to find solutions to reduce these constraints. In recent years, with the advent of the concept of Fog computing, many new and effective solutions are represented for routing in wireless sensor networks. Since in WSNs it is important to save alive nodes and reduce the energy consumption of nodes, fog computing is useful for this purpose. In most WSN routing protocols, the best way to send data to cluster heads and the base station is the major part of their studies. In the new protocols, the Fog computing have been used to find the best way. In these methods, we have seen decreasing energy consumption and increasing network lifetime. In this paper, we represent a fog-based algorithm for routing in WSNs. According to the simulation results, the proposed protocol improved energy consumption by 9% meanwhile the number of alive nodes is increased by 74%, compared to the reviewed method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Advanced Spatial Modulation
A. Abbasfar H. TafreshianIn this paper, we present a new scheme named advanced spatial modulation for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. Advanced spatial modulation achieves more spectral efficiency than ordinary spatial modulation with using power divider and set the phase of activ MoreIn this paper, we present a new scheme named advanced spatial modulation for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. Advanced spatial modulation achieves more spectral efficiency than ordinary spatial modulation with using power divider and set the phase of active transmit antennas. Using Power divider enable us to have more than one active antenna in a time slot with only one RF-chain in transmitter. Additionally, we can allocate more spatial bits with map information bits into the phase of the transmit antenna. Then, the performance of the proposed system is simulated and is compared with ordinary spatial modulation and some MIMO techniques such as orthogonal space time block code and V-BLAST. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - A Novel High-Efficiency Soft-Switching Structure for Induction Heatin
Mohamad Reza Banaei sajad gabeli sani khalil monfarediIn this paper, a novel structure and a control method to improve the performance of inductive heating circuits is proposed. In the presented structure, with the combination of the performance of a half-bridge resonant converter with voltage-boost capability, the reducti MoreIn this paper, a novel structure and a control method to improve the performance of inductive heating circuits is proposed. In the presented structure, with the combination of the performance of a half-bridge resonant converter with voltage-boost capability, the reduction in output efficiency at low power and at high power is compensated to an acceptable level. The use of the low number of switches and diodes, the use of the high-quality capacitors with low capacities, good quality of the input current and also high power factor ensures the proper operation of the proposed converter. The switching of high frequency switches in the proposed structure is carried out as soft-switching where resulting in very low switching losses. In this converter, the design of the input filter in order to prevent the effects of electromagnetic interference has been prepared. Finally, to demonstrate the proposed structure operation, the simulation and experimental results are presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Energy Efficiency in Secrecy Multi-Antenna Two-Way Relay Networks
F. B. soroush akhlaghipaper investigates the energy-efficiency in secrecy two-way relay networks. It is assumed that in the presence of several multi-antenna amplify-and-forward relays and a single eavesdropper, two single-antenna users exchange their confidential messages during two hops. I Morepaper investigates the energy-efficiency in secrecy two-way relay networks. It is assumed that in the presence of several multi-antenna amplify-and-forward relays and a single eavesdropper, two single-antenna users exchange their confidential messages during two hops. In the first hop, both users send their messages to the relay nodes and during the second hop, the relays send the received signal to the users by using the beamforming matrix, to minimize the received information by the eavesdropper .In this way, using two beamforming strategies, named as Null-Space Beamforming (NSBF) and Information Leakage Alignment Beamforming (ILABF), the secrecy energy efficiency that is the ratio of total secrecy sum-rate to the total power consumption of the network is calculated. It is shown that the aforementioned problem is non-convex so it will be converted to the convex form, using the Semi-Definite Relaxation (SDR). This problem has not closed-form and is solved using the interior point method.In numerical results, it is observed that by using the information leakage alignment beamforming (ILABF) method, energy efficiency is allocated more value than the null-space beamforming (NSBF) approach that was used in previous studies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Comparison of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Three Methods: Electronic training, Electronic Performance Support System, and Combination of Electronic Training with Electronic Performance Support System to Improve Employee Performance (Case Study: Employees of Day Insurance Company)
Marjan Zahedian Hashem Fardanesh Javad Hatami kiumars taghipourThe purpose of the present study was to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of three methods: training, electronic support system, the combination of training and electronic performance support system, for improving performance and increasing employee efficiency. T MoreThe purpose of the present study was to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of three methods: training, electronic support system, the combination of training and electronic performance support system, for improving performance and increasing employee efficiency. The research method was semi-experimental, and the post-test with the control group was used to measure the performance and efficiency of the staff. The statistical population in this research was 570 insurance agents of the Day insurance company throughout the country. Among them, 60 insurance agents were selected by cluster sampling method and randomly divided into three groups: "Electronic training," "Electronic Performance Support System" And "Combination of electronic training and electronic performance support system.” A questionnaire was designed with the help of subject specialists to measure the actual performance of the participants. Content validity was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire, and the reliability of the sculptors (correlation coefficient was 0.79) was used to assess the reliability of the questionnaire. To measure the efficiency (amount of time spent completing the job task), the arrival time of the insurance agents to the Electronic Performance Support System and the moment of their departure from this environment is estimated. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and post hoc tests. The results of the data analysis showed that the insurance agents who participated in the "Combination of Electronic training and the Electronic Performance Support System" group had better performance compared to the insurance agents in the other two groups, and they did their job activity in a shorter time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Studying the interaction methods of the central bank supervision department with the audit and internal inspection units of banks and evaluating its impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of banking supervision
seyed mojtaba hasani shahi sara Seyed Mohammad Reza Raiszadeh Ali FallahThe aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of the central bank supervision department with the audit and internal inspection units of banks and to evaluate its impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of banking supervision. This research is applied in MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of the central bank supervision department with the audit and internal inspection units of banks and to evaluate its impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of banking supervision. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of descriptive-survey approach. In this study, all senior managers of bank branches in Tehran were considered as a statistical population of 150 people. According to Krejcie and Morgan's table, a society of this size required at least 108 statistical samples. In this study, simple random sampling method was used to select statistical samples. The main tool used in this study was a questionnaire based on experts' opinions which contained 22 items. In this questionnaire, the answers were designed based on a five-point Likert scale (from strongly disagree to strongly agree). The validity and reliability of this questionnaire were evaluated and confirmed in different ways. After distributing and collecting questionnaires and extracting data, descriptive and inferential analyzes through SPSS and LISREL software were on the agenda. In this process, descriptive analyzes were performed on the research variables, KMO test, Kolmograph-Smirnov test, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. Finally, the results showed that the interaction of the central bank supervision department with the internal audit units of banks has a strong and significant positive effect on the efficiency and effectiveness of banking supervision. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - بررسی رابطه بین کارایی هیات مدیره و حق الزحمه حسابرسی در شرکت های سرمایه گذاری پذیرفته شده در بورس اوراق بهادار تهران
خدیجه رئیسیان پروریThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the efficiency of the company's board of directors and the company's audit costs. The present study is post-event in terms of descriptive research method and applied in terms of purpose because its res MoreThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the efficiency of the company's board of directors and the company's audit costs. The present study is post-event in terms of descriptive research method and applied in terms of purpose because its results will be used by beneficiaries. The statistical population of this study is all investment, financial and insurance companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange with 40 companies, which has formed a sample size of 33 companies through the systematic elimination method. In order to collect the required financial information, it was extracted through financial statements during the 5-year period of 1397-1393 by the data panel method, which was analyzed by SPSS software and Ivyuz. Various statistical tests, including regression, have been used for inferential analysis of variables for statistical analysis of data. Three hypotheses have been examined and the results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the size of the board of directors, the number of independent board members and the efficiency of the audit committee and audit fees. And research hypotheses were confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Exploring the Effect of Perceived Forgiveness Climate on Female Practitioners of Tourism Industry
Fariborz Rahimnia Farshad GhaderiAs Women who form almost half of each society’s population significantly contribute to the fulfillment of national goals, their effective role in the service sector of societies is becoming increasingly important. While the positive impact of forgiveness climate on orga MoreAs Women who form almost half of each society’s population significantly contribute to the fulfillment of national goals, their effective role in the service sector of societies is becoming increasingly important. While the positive impact of forgiveness climate on organizational performance has been confirmed, many organizations have neglected this factor in their performance improvement. This applied survey research, therefore, sought to investigate the effect of perceived forgiveness climate on the efficiency of service recovery through the mediating role of psychological safety and organizational fairness. The population of the study consisted of 390 female employees who were selected from four and five-star hotels of Mashhad. The findings of this study indicated that perceived forgiveness climate had a positive and significant impact on women’s psychological safety and organizational fairness. It was also found that psychological safety and organizational fairness were effective in the efficiency of service recovery. Moreover, the mediating role of psychological safety and organizational fairness was also confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Investigating the Efficiency of Iran's Tourism Industry in Different Climates
maryam asadpour kordi hamid amirnejad seyed hadi naseri ojaki somayeh shirzadi laskukalayehAs a service industry that has significantly expanded in recent years, tourism plays an important role in developing many countries, including Iran, which enjoys various unique historical, religious, cultural, and natural sites and a four-season climate. Therefore, this MoreAs a service industry that has significantly expanded in recent years, tourism plays an important role in developing many countries, including Iran, which enjoys various unique historical, religious, cultural, and natural sites and a four-season climate. Therefore, this study set out to examine the efficiency of Iran's tourism industry using tourism data regarding its 31 provinces during the years 2011 to 2017, including the information concerning the budget allocated to the tourism sector, the number of accommodation places, the number of tourist attraction sites in each province, and the number of domestic and foreign tourists. To this end, Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The study's results showed that Ardabil, Tehran, Kohkiluyeh Boyer-Ahmad, and Gilan had had the efficiency in terms of tourism throughout the study period, with their average efficiency as a primary criterion for assessing the efficiency of the country's tourism industry reported as average. Moreover, the analysis of the tourism industry's efficiency in different climates suggested that the highest efficiency belonged to the temperate and humid climate, and the lowest one was related to the hot and dry climate. Therefore, it seems that facilitating transportation infrastructure and providing welfare facilities, especially in provinces with low efficiency, could help use the potentials of different provinces to develop the country's tourism industry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Obstacles to achieving inclusive growth due to the inefficiency of the technical-executive system of the country
abolfazl mirghasemiThe purpose of the technical and executive system of the country is to establish an integrated military, to create investment plans and projects, within the framework of the economic, social and cultural development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, taking into acc MoreThe purpose of the technical and executive system of the country is to establish an integrated military, to create investment plans and projects, within the framework of the economic, social and cultural development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, taking into account the increase of efficiency and effectiveness of plans and projects. Investment with a result-oriented approach, with the ability to follow and evaluate and based on the quality management system, is appropriate to the economic, social, climatic and environmental conditions of the country. Inclusive growth seeks to achieve goals and aspirations that bring about justice, equal opportunities for all, the preservation of the environment, and greater attention to the poor and disadvantaged in society. In other words, in the shadow of good governance, a principled and stable relationship between the economic, social and environmental conditions of each society should be provided. At the same time, the exploitation of natural resources and the environment should not lead to the destruction of resources or the unfair distribution of wealth. Although the principles and foundations of the technical-executive system approved in 2006 are based on a progressive approach and compatible with world literature and sustainable development, but unfortunately in practice and implementation, it has distanced itself from the ideal goals and problems in the areas of employer, consulting, There are supervisors and contractors described in this article. It is hoped that by reviewing the bylaws and instructions, as well as preparing and implementing an appropriate action plan to implement the technical-executive system, formulate and complete the required technical criteria and standards, as well as modify methods and workflow, these problems have been resolved and efficiency and effectiveness Increase the system to provide the basis for achieving inclusive growth, achieving greater social justice, reducing discrimination and abuse, preventing rent-seeking, providing opportunities for all, and paying special attention to the poor and deprived. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Reviewing and analyzing the content of separate and integrated curriculum in Iranian schools
محمد ایلخانی پورBuilding information modeling as an efficient tool to optimize, manage and plan construction projects has created a revolution in the construction industry in recent years. But the slow expansion of this powerful technology in third world countries, including Iran, has MoreBuilding information modeling as an efficient tool to optimize, manage and plan construction projects has created a revolution in the construction industry in recent years. But the slow expansion of this powerful technology in third world countries, including Iran, has caused many concerns in this field and it has many problems and obstacles in front of it, and with the passage of several years since the introduction of BIM in it, an effective action to inform and introduce This process has not been done by the government to the country's construction industry, as well as the evaluation and creation of grounds for its implementation and application. Considering the importance of the topic, the purpose of the research was to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency and use of building information modeling (BIM) in Shiraz city. The research method was applied and of the descriptive-correlation type. In this research, using library studies and interviews with experts, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of building information modeling were identified. Then, using the DEMATEL technique, the internal relationship between the identified components was determined. Identified parameters were calculated by applying the network analysis method (ANP) in the form of pairwise comparisons and the weight of each factor, which shows their influence, was calculated in the Superdesign software. The results regarding determining the weight of the criteria and prioritizing the effective factors indicate that among the factors, financial criterion with a weight of 0.31, technical criterion with a weight of 0.38, human resources criterion with a weight of 0.13, and time criterion with a weight of 0.19 respectively have They were the highest ranks. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The Effect of Social Trust on Organizational Efficiency: Study Employees of 15th District Municipality
Akhtar ShiriThe present study was conducted to investigate of social trust in the efficiency of employees and managers of municipalities in the 15th district of Tehran. Applied survey method used to data collection. The questionnaire was indexed based on Giddens' theory and four ty MoreThe present study was conducted to investigate of social trust in the efficiency of employees and managers of municipalities in the 15th district of Tehran. Applied survey method used to data collection. The questionnaire was indexed based on Giddens' theory and four types of basic, interpersonal, abstract and generalized social trust. The statistical population based on the statistics provided by Tehran Municipality was 982 people (856 employees, 118 managers and 8 deputies) and the sample size was estimated to be 276 people using Cochran's formula and 302 questionnaires were completed taking into account the sample error. The results showed that 26% of the changes in the efficiency of employees and municipal managers can be explained by the social trust variable. Apart from interpersonal trust, other types of trust directly explained the dependent variable. In the study of relationships, it was observed that religiosity has no significant relationship with employee efficiency is inversely related to managers' efficiency. All four types of social trust showed a significant relationship with the performance of employees and managers that the strongest relationship was related to generalized trust and the weakest relationship was related to interpersonal trust. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Investigating the effects of intelligent architecture in the interior design of the house on energy saving
Seyedeh Maryam Mojtabavi Behnaz Bananezhad MashhadiToday, with the advancement of technology, it is possible to update building components to increase the level of human-technology interaction, provide more comfort, achieve security, safety, comfort and better control in the residential space. Also, the energy shortage MoreToday, with the advancement of technology, it is possible to update building components to increase the level of human-technology interaction, provide more comfort, achieve security, safety, comfort and better control in the residential space. Also, the energy shortage crisis around the world has become one of the most serious human problems, and smart architecture can reduce the consumption of fossil fuels, reduce electricity and gas consumption, reduce greenhouse gas production, and reduce harmful environmental effects, for this reason it is necessary to Intelligence should be used in interior architecture. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of using technology in the building and the impact of smart elements on the lives of residents, especially in optimizing energy consumption. The present research method is qualitative in nature and practical in terms of purpose. In the first step, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and research background in the field of intelligentization and energy optimization, information was collected through library-documentary studies, analyzed through content analysis, then the elements of intelligentization were extracted in the form of a conceptual model. In the second step, the effects of intelligentization on improving the quality of residents were investigated, and in the last step, the performance of indicators of intelligentization that reduce energy consumption was analyzed. The findings showed that one of the effects of technology on building construction is intelligentization, which through "smart materials and materials", "sensors", "security and safety control system and monitoring" and "service equipment" can improve economic, psychological and physical components. and the environment to improve the quality of life of the residents and it can be implemented by two methods, wired and wireless. One of the most important effects of intelligentization is the reduction of energy consumption from the environmental component, the performance of each of the elements is presented in a diagram. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Assessment of organization efficiency using an integrated model of EFQM-network data envelopment analysis
Alireza Khosravi Mohammad Fallah Esmaeil NajafiEstablishment of the modern managerial systems is one of the most important steps for the excellence of organizations. The European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM) is one of the technics that has started from Europe during the two recent decades and nowadays man MoreEstablishment of the modern managerial systems is one of the most important steps for the excellence of organizations. The European Foundation of Quality Management (EFQM) is one of the technics that has started from Europe during the two recent decades and nowadays many organizations are in the process of implementing this model with- in their managerial domain. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a known nonparametric tool for evaluating the organization’s efficiency. In addition to having the capability to measure the total efficiency of a system, network DEA is able to calculate the efficiency of system components. Since EFQM can be considered as a multi-stage system, existence of network DEA along with it can improve the analysis. In this paper, an integrated model has been suggested based on EFQM and Network DEA for assessing the organization’s operation. For this purpose, at first the EFQM has been considered as a ‘four-stage system’ including leadership (the first stage), activities related to employees, policy, strategy and partnership (the second stage), processes (the third stage), and results (the fourth stage). Then considering 32 sub-criteria in EFQM, input and output variables have been determined for each one of the four stage s and on this basis math form for Network DEA model has been developed for this 4-satge system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Estimating the Value of Digital Economy Core Spillover in Iran
Niloufar Moradhassel Bita MohebikhahBackground and Purpose: In most of the studies, the direct effects of the ICT sector have been discussed, but the indirect effects (spillover) and how to measure them have not been addressed. This issue is on the agenda of this article. For this purpose, while determini MoreBackground and Purpose: In most of the studies, the direct effects of the ICT sector have been discussed, but the indirect effects (spillover) and how to measure them have not been addressed. This issue is on the agenda of this article. For this purpose, while determining the territory of the digital economy, the gross value of the core of the country's digital economy has been estimated. Methodology: In this article, using the Solow growth model, the spillover effects of the core of the digital economy (ICT) have been estimated for the period of 2002-2019. Findings: The results imply that in the period under review, according to the elasticity of labor productivity relative to the share of net capital formation of the ICT sector in the national economy (about 0.3), the spillover effects of the digital economy core have increased from 210 thousand billion Rials in 2015 to 279 thousand billion of Rials in 2019. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Investigation of the Level of Consumption and the Effects of Sports Supplements on the Satisfaction and Performance Quality of Bodybuilding Athletes
Mohamad Ilanloo Alireza Eizadi Behzad DivkanBackground: The use of different kinds of dietary supplements is rising dramatically on a global scale these days. These substances include multifunctional performance-enhancing supplements, herbal supplements, and everyday vitamins. The main objective of this research MoreBackground: The use of different kinds of dietary supplements is rising dramatically on a global scale these days. These substances include multifunctional performance-enhancing supplements, herbal supplements, and everyday vitamins. The main objective of this research is to find out how bodybuilding athletes' performance quality, muscle efficiency, and degree of satisfaction are affected by sports supplements. Materials and Methods: This study used a survey approach conducted in the field using a standardized questionnaire in conjunction with a descriptive-analytical research design. The study's statistical population included 131 participants who were among the top ten bodybuilding competitors at national championships. For statistical analysis, Friedman and linear regression tests were used after the data was collected. Results: The study results suggest that the majority of respondents concur that the use of sports supplements directly affects the functioning of body muscles. Moreover, the prolonged use of supplements that enhance weight and muscle volume has an increased effect on the performance of these athletes. The benefits of sports supplements are particularly noticeable throughout the second to fourth years of training for bodybuilding athletes as they continue to use these supplements. Conclusion: Evidence suggests that sports supplements have a discernible influence on muscle efficiency and the performance of bodybuilding athletes. Nevertheless, the use of sports supplements does not have a substantial impact on athlete satisfaction. Manuscript profile
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