Energy-Efficient User Pairing and Power Allocation for Granted Uplink-NOMA in UAV Communication Systems
Subject Areas : Wireless NetworkSeyed Hadi Mostafavi-Amjad 1 , Vahid Solouk 2 , Hashem Kalbkhani 3
1 - Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
2 - Department of IT and Computer Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
3 - Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Urmia University of Technology, Urmia, Iran
Keywords: Energy Efficiency, NOMA, Power Allocation, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Uplink, Users Pairing,
Abstract :
With the rapid deployment of users and increasing demands for mobile data, communication networks with high capacity are needed more than ever. Furthermore, there are several challenges, such as providing efficient coverage and reducing power consumption. To tackle these challenges, using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) would be a good choice. This paper proposes a scheme for uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in UAV communication systems in the presence of granted and grant-free users. At first, the service area users, including granted and grant-free users, are partitioned into some clusters. We propose that the hover location for each cluster is determined considering the weighted mean of users’ locations. We aim to allocate transmission power and form NOMA pairs to maximize the energy efficiency in each cluster subject to the constraints on spectral efficiency and total transmission power. To this end, the transmission powers of each possible pair are obtained, and then Hungarian matching is used to select the best pairs. Finally, finding the flight path of the UAV is modeled by the traveling salesman problem (TSP), and the genetic algorithm method obtains its solution. The results show that the increasing height of the UAV and density of users increases the spectral and energy efficiencies and reduces the outage probability. Also, considering the quality of service (QoS) of granted users for determining the UAV's hover location enhances the transmission's performance.
[1] R. S. Stansbury, M. A. Vyas, and T. A. Wilson, "A survey of UAS technologies for command, control, and communication (C3)," in Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Springer, 2008, pp. 61-78.
[2] K. P. Valavanis and G. J. Vachtsevanos, Handbook of unmanned aerial vehicles. Springer, 2015.
[3] H. Luo, S.-C. Chu, X. Wu, Z. Wang, and F. Xu, "Traffic collisions early warning aided by small unmanned aerial vehicle companion," Telecommunication systems, vol. 75, pp. 169-180, 2020.
[4] Y. Li et al., "Air-to-ground 3D channel modeling for UAV based on Gauss-Markov mobile model," AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 114, p. 152995, 2020.
[5] S. Aggarwal and N. Kumar, "Path planning techniques for unmanned aerial vehicles: A review, solutions, and challenges," Computer Communications, vol. 149, pp. 270-299, 2020.
[6] M. Mozaffari, W. Saad, M. Bennis, Y.-H. Nam, and M. Debbah, "A tutorial on UAVs for wireless networks: Applications, challenges, and open problems," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 2334-2360, 2019.
[7] J. H. Sarker and A. M. Nahhas, "A secure wireless mission critical networking system for unmanned aerial vehicle communications," Telecommunication Systems, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 237-251, 2018.
[8] S. Sudhakar, V. Vijayakumar, C. S. Kumar, V. Priya, L. Ravi, and V. Subramaniyaswamy, "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based Forest Fire Detection and monitoring for reducing false alarms in forest-fires," Computer Communications, vol. 149, pp. 1-16, 2020.
[9] Q. Liu et al., "Joint power and time allocation in energy harvesting of UAV operating system," Computer Communications, vol. 150, pp. 811-817, 2020.
[10] Y. Zeng, J. Xu, and R. Zhang, "Energy minimization for wireless communication with rotary-wing UAV," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 2329-2345, 2019.
[11] Y. Zeng and R. Zhang, "Energy-efficient UAV communication with trajectory optimization," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 3747-3760, 2017.
[12] M. Hua, Y. Wang, C. Li, Y. Huang, and L. Yang, "Energy-efficient optimization for UAV-aided cellular offloading," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 769-772, 2019.
[13] J. Yu, R. Zhang, Y. Gao, and L.-L. Yang, "Modularity-based dynamic clustering for energy efficient UAVs-aided communications," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 728-731, 2018.
[14] Y. Cai, Z. Wei, R. Li, D. W. K. Ng, and J. Yuan, "Energy-efficient resource allocation for secure UAV communication systems," in 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2019: IEEE, pp. 1-8.
[15] M.-N. Nguyen, L. D. Nguyen, T. Q. Duong, and H. D. Tuan, "Real-time optimal resource allocation for embedded UAV communication systems," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 225-228, 2018.
[16] Y. Chen, W. Feng, and G. Zheng, "Optimum placement of UAV as relays," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 248-251, 2017.
[17] M. Mozaffari, W. Saad, M. Bennis, and M. Debbah, "Wireless communication using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): Optimal transport theory for hover time optimization," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 8052-8066, 2017.
[18] M. Alzenad, A. El-Keyi, F. Lagum, and H. Yanikomeroglu, "3-D placement of an unmanned aerial vehicle base station (UAV-BS) for energy-efficient maximal coverage," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 434-437, 2017.
[19] R. Amorim et al., "Measured uplink interference caused by aerial vehicles in LTE cellular networks," IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 958-961, 2018.
[20] J. Gong, T.-H. Chang, C. Shen, and X. Chen, "Flight time minimization of UAV for data collection over wireless sensor networks," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1942-1954, 2018.
[21] D. Yang, Q. Wu, Y. Zeng, and R. Zhang, "Energy tradeoff in ground-to-UAV communication via trajectory design," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 7, pp. 6721-6726, 2018. [22] X. Liu, M. Chen, and C. Yin, "Optimized trajectory design in UAV based cellular networks for 3D users: A double Q-learning approach," 2019. [23] D. Zhai, R. Zhang, L. Cai, B. Li, and Y. Jiang, "Energy-efficient user scheduling and power allocation for NOMA-based wireless networks with massive IoT devices," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1857-1868, 2018.
[24] M. S. Ali, H. Tabassum, and E. Hossain, "Dynamic user clustering and power allocation for uplink and downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems," IEEE access, vol. 4, pp. 6325-6343, 2016.
[25] J. Cui, Z. Ding, P. Fan, and N. Al-Dhahir, "Unsupervised machine learning-based user clustering in millimeter-wave-NOMA systems," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 7425-7440, 2018.
[26] M. Zeng, A. Yadav, O. A. Dobre, and H. V. Poor, "Energy-efficient joint user-RB association and power allocation for uplink hybrid NOMA-OMA," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 5119-5131, 2019.
[27] S. Dhakal, P. A. Martin, and P. J. Smith, "NOMA with guaranteed weak user QoS: design and analysis," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 32884-32896, 2019.
[28] X. Mu, Y. Liu, L. Guo, and J. Lin, "Uplink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for UAV Communications," CoRR, 2019.
[29] W. Mei and R. Zhang, "Uplink cooperative NOMA for cellular-connected UAV," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 644-656, 2019.
[30] R. Duan, J. Wang, C. Jiang, H. Yao, Y. Ren, and Y. Qian, "Resource allocation for multi-UAV aided IoT NOMA uplink transmission systems," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 7025-7037, 2019.
[31] Y. Liu, Z. Qin, Y. Cai, Y. Gao, G. Y. Li, and A. Nallanathan, "UAV communications based on non-orthogonal multiple access," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 52-57, 2019.
[32] M. Yang, B. Li, Z. Bai, and Z. Yan, "SGMA: Semi-granted multiple access for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in 5G networking," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 112, pp. 115-125, 2018.
[33] Z. Ding, R. Schober, P. Fan, and H. V. Poor, "Simple semi-grant-free transmission strategies assisted by non-orthogonal multiple access," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 4464-4478, 2019.
[34] Q. Zhang, M. Mozaffari, W. Saad, M. Bennis, and M. Debbah, "Machine learning for predictive on-demand deployment of UAVs for wireless communications," in 2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2018: IEEE, pp. 1-6.
[35] M. Mozaffari, W. Saad, M. Bennis, and M. Debbah, "Optimal transport theory for power-efficient deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles," in 2016 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC), 2016: IEEE, pp. 1-6.
[36] H. Tabassum, M. S. Ali, E. Hossain, M. J. Hossain, and D. I. Kim, "Uplink vs. downlink NOMA in cellular networks: Challenges and research directions," in 2017 IEEE 85th vehicular technology conference (VTC Spring), 2017: IEEE, pp. 1-7.
[37] D.-T. Do and M.-S. Van Nguyen, "Outage probability and ergodic capacity analysis of uplink NOMA cellular network with and without interference from D2D pair," Physical Communication, vol. 37, p. 100898, 2019.
[38] A. Hussain, Y. S. Muhammad, M. Nauman Sajid, I. Hussain, A. Mohamd Shoukry, and S. Gani, "Genetic algorithm for traveling salesman problem with modified cycle crossover operator," Computational intelligence and neuroscience, vol. 2017, 2017.