Comparative Study

Open Access Article

1 - A Comparative Study of the Imamate Problem in Al-Manar's Commentary and Tasnim's Commentary
Taghi Bourbour Ajdari jafar taban Reza Kohsari

Imamate and velayat are among the keywords of the Quran and one of the most fundamental theological discussions between Shiites and Sunnis. Shiite commentators and theologians believe that the verses of the Qur'an are proof of the Imamate of Ali (AS) and Ahl al-Bayt (AS More

Imamate and velayat are among the keywords of the Quran and one of the most fundamental theological discussions between Shiites and Sunnis. Shiite commentators and theologians believe that the verses of the Qur'an are proof of the Imamate of Ali (AS) and Ahl al-Bayt (AS), and according to the rational arguments and authentic narrations of the Prophet (PBUH), they believe that the Imamate is an appointed matter by the Almighty. And the earth will never be devoid of divine authority. The Sunni scholars have cast doubt on the Shia interpretation of these verses. Mohammed Abda and Rashid Reza (the owners of the commentary on al-Manar) have been influenced by Ibn Taymiyyah and the Wahhabi theology. Shi'ite commentators, including Ayatollah Javadi Amoli in Tasnim's commentary, have attempted to respond to these doubts and find strong evidence to prove the verses of the Imamate. Since the issue of Imamate is one of the most controversial among the Islamic doctrinal disputes, the aim of this study is to compare the views of theologians and the lesser commentators. The purpose of this study is to compare the two views and to express the disagreement between the two interpretations of Sunni and Shiite indexes. After quoting seven verses and quoting authentic narrations from the hadith assemblies of Farrqin, the views of al-Mannar (as an example of contemporary Sunni scholars) and the views of Tasnim (as an example of contemporary Shiite scholars) are outlined. This research is organized in a descriptive-analytical manner, relying on library data. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - An Analysis of the Typology of Semi-Open Spatial Elements in Islamic Houses (A Comparative study of Yazd houses (Qajar period) and Damascus houses (Ottoman period)
Somayeh Omidvari Mahdi Hamzenejad elham omidvari

Spatial elements have a lot of varieties in the architecture of past houses. Every house can find meaning through closed and open spaces and the accompaniment of semi-open spaces next to them. One of the unique features of Islamic houses is the presence of semi-open spa More

Spatial elements have a lot of varieties in the architecture of past houses. Every house can find meaning through closed and open spaces and the accompaniment of semi-open spaces next to them. One of the unique features of Islamic houses is the presence of semi-open space elements that in addition to meet the functional and behavioural needs; have a diversity in their typology. With the aim of typology of these spatial elements, this research uses a qualitative research method to find out what are the different types of semi-open spaces in Yazd houses and Damascus houses in terms of form and orientation. In addition, this research is based on field studies that authors were able to visit and perceive spaces in Yazd houses and Damascus houses. For this purpose, first, the historical background of semi-open elements and their functions have been studied. Then, by reviewing the position of semi-open elements in some Islamic cities, the two cities of Yazd and Damascus in Qajar and Ottoman historical periods were selected and the typology of semi-open spatial elements in houses were analysed and compared. Based on the preliminary study, houses of Yazd have four types of semi-open spaces, including the main porch(hall), shallow porch, porch and columned porch, and the houses of Damascus have three types of semi-open spaces, namely, the main porch, secondary porch and the columned porch. Comparison of these semi-open spatial elements in the houses of the two cities and analysis of the commonalities and differences between them; lead the researchers to a main semi-open space, namely, the main porch. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Analyzing and Designing a Proper Structure for Iran’s Science and Technology Parks
Saeed Shadan Daruosh Pourseragian Ramin Zareu

Organizational structure as an operational context for organization’s plans and strategies clarifies the relationship among employees or executives. Along with changing in the other components of transformation, organizations must consider changing their organizational More

Organizational structure as an operational context for organization’s plans and strategies clarifies the relationship among employees or executives. Along with changing in the other components of transformation, organizations must consider changing their organizational structure. Iran’s Science and Technology Parks as centers for promopting innovation in a local and national society also need a structure appropriate to their mission, goals, tasks and fundamental activities. In this article, we review structure notion and its structural and content aspects and introduce Science and Technology Parks as developmental mechanisms. In order to achieve a proper structure for Iran’s Science and Technology Parks, we studied the Parks’ fundamental activities in their mission and goals statements and conduct a comparative study of the structure of 12 Science and Technology Parks of pioneer countries accompanied with acquiring the viewpoints of managers and experts of Science and Technology Parks. Then a conceptual model of organizational structure of Science and Technology Parks based on comparative studies and literature review in organizational structure and considering the challenge with current structure of Parks was developed. In the end, by interviewing managers and some of Iran’s Science and Technology Parks experts, the proper structure is presented and necessary suggestions to managers and future researchers are explained. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The structure of play and play from the perspective of five religions and subject law
Masoumeh Pourshabanan Najaf Abadi mohammad ali hedari Masoud Raee Dehghi

The social revolutionary revolution is a social political goal. It is a process that is driven by mass action leading to the aspirations arising from long-term ideas and by breaking away from the past, which is accompanied by inequality and the future of new norms with More

The social revolutionary revolution is a social political goal. It is a process that is driven by mass action leading to the aspirations arising from long-term ideas and by breaking away from the past, which is accompanied by inequality and the future of new norms with justice And Aristotle believes that existing inequalities are among the factors behind the revolution. The purpose of the present study is to explain the sociology and comparisons of the revolutions in Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and Iran, which has been analyzed using the ideas of the Jews and the people. The research methodology is the methodology for reviewing and analyzing The content of the relevant texts is a tool for collecting field information. The results showed that among the common causes behind these revolutions: the political and administrative failure of the rulers, despotism and absolute freedom, and the taking of people, the widespread financial and social crises and its consequences (unemployment, Inflation, reduced economic growth, social harm, reduced social trust and socialism, anomalies, etc.), the presence of intellectuals and people in the scene, the existence of virtual social networks from other revolutions, the existence of guiding and minded leaders, dependence and unbalanced development, and the separation The revolution of Iran with these revolutions: the root of it Another distinction was that of the leadership of Iran, which came from the people and the people. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Comparative Study of the Tourism Laws’ Hierarchy and Regulations in Iran and Other Countries
Ozra Azizi Ali Asghar Shalbafian aboutaleb ghasemi

10.61186/journalitor.36176.11.23.83

Laws and regulations are among the most important executive and monitoring tools that help governments fulfill their role in setting tourism development policies, and assessing, controlling, and regulating the relations among tourism stakeholders. Therefore, this study More

Laws and regulations are among the most important executive and monitoring tools that help governments fulfill their role in setting tourism development policies, and assessing, controlling, and regulating the relations among tourism stakeholders. Therefore, this study sought to examine the structure and titles of tourism laws in China, France, Malaysia, and Turkey and compare them with the relevant laws and regulations exercised in Iran to identify the status of the key issues in the respective hierarchical system of those countries' laws and regulations. To this end, the study followed the comparative law methodology to analyze the content of the laws and regulations mentioned above using a text-based approach. According to the findings of the study, many of the issues that are turned into law in the countries investigated in the current study occupy a lower position in the hierarchy of Iran’s Tourism Laws and Regulations System, being referred to in terms of either by-laws or executive instructions. Moreover, some issues have not been addressed at any level. Therefore, it can be argued that compared to the countries studied in this research, Iran’s tourism sector does not enjoy a proper status in Iran’s legal system. In other words, the current laws and regulations enforced in Iran lack many key tourism-related issues that could help regulate the relations between various relevant stakeholders, prevent unnecessary interventions by different bodies and organizations, reduce the number of lawsuits among the suppliers of tourism services and tourists, or help coordinate the relevant actors in achieving the intended goals. Therefore, the tourism sector needs a centralized, transparent, and comprehensive law. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A Cyber Security Maturity Model for Critical Infrastructures with a Comparative Study Approach
Mohamad Akhtari mohammadali keramati seyed abdolah amin mousavi

10.61186/jstpi.36349.19.75.22

With the advancement of mankind in the information age and the advent of the digital information age, dependence on national infrastructure has become more important than ever. Lack of cyber security in infrastructure, disrupts the functioning of various sectors such as More

With the advancement of mankind in the information age and the advent of the digital information age, dependence on national infrastructure has become more important than ever. Lack of cyber security in infrastructure, disrupts the functioning of various sectors such as government, economy and services. By disrupting critical infrastructure, irreparable damage may occur in areas such as human casualties, economic damage, and loss of public confidence. Thus, information technology and cyber security have a special place in the digital arena. Accordingly, one of the most important challenges of different countries today, which can also harm national security, is cyber-attacks. This study explores to provide a cyber security maturity model for critical infrastructure. This study examines and analyzes five crucial models of cyber security maturity.The research shows that the cybersecurity maturity models are significantly similar to each other. By comparative study and comparison between the analyzed models, 48 indicators were obtained. Examination of these indicators shows that some of them overlap with other indicators. Therefore overlapping indices were classified into 16 groups based on frequency. Then, these groups by clustering analysis method and according to the obtained data, using SPSS software were organized in five levels, based on which the cyber security maturity model for critical infrastructure was presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A Comparative Study of the Learning Model and the Model of Quran Abstract
Ebrahim Kameli Hesameddin Ashena

Human communicate with others of their lives. The relationship is because they need to meet their needs Communication intended to influence others. This effect is studied in the communication science and the social psychology in the form of persuasion. Due to the impo More

Human communicate with others of their lives. The relationship is because they need to meet their needs Communication intended to influence others. This effect is studied in the communication science and the social psychology in the form of persuasion. Due to the importance of influence on others, various models developed and used by people who have communicational activities. The “learning model” is one of the persuasion models which has been developed and applied by Carl Howland. This model considered the two essential components of “communication and psychological capacity to learn” as the basis, and deals with the influence of these two components. Holy Quran that contains a set of messages of God to the servants, is revealed to influence others. This holy book has a model to represent the messages. Qur'an has a three-component model. Components of Quran model include elements of communication, psychological capacity and thinking. This paper studies the learning model and Qur'an model of persuasion in a comparative way. So that, the similarities and differences of the components in these two models be analyzed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A historical comparative study of the revolutions of Iran, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen: Emphasis on the differences and similarities between the Iranian revolution and four other revolutions
Ali Vismei Faranak Seyedi Peyman Eynolghozati

Revolution is a transformation, with social political goals It is a process that occurs with help of mass action with leadership of ideals arising from high thoughts and it breaking away from past which is accompanied by inequality and oppression and it promises a More

Revolution is a transformation, with social political goals It is a process that occurs with help of mass action with leadership of ideals arising from high thoughts and it breaking away from past which is accompanied by inequality and oppression and it promises a future with new norms along with justice and freedom. As Aristotle believes, the existing inequalities are the underlying factors of revolutions. The purpose of article is sociological explanation and compare the revolutions of Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and Iran, which it has been analyzed and explained using the theories of Johnson and Foran. The methodology is documentary method, which deals with content analysis of texts and data collection tool, was field method. The results showed that among the common factors underlying these revolutions: The political and administrative incompetence of the rulers, tyranny and absolute power and distance from the people, widespread financial and social crises and their consequences (unemployment, inflation, economic growth reduction, social damage, reduction of trust and social capital, abnormality ,etc.), The presence of intellectuals and people in scene, the existence of virtual social networks, imitation of other revolutions, the existence of guiding and well-minded leaders, dependence and unbalanced development. The difference between the Iranian revolution and these revolutions: the main root of the Iranian revolution is religious, but the main root of other revolutions is social. The ideal goals of the Iranian revolution are the rule of the Mahdi (peace be upon him) and justice is derived from Islam, but the ideal goals of other revolutions of justice are derived from Western opinions and philosophers (such as Platonism). . Another distinction was the leadership that arose from the people of Iran and was charismatic. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - An Introduction to the Configuration of Political Ethics in the History of Chinese Philosophy: With a Focus on Ancient China
Ali Aqajani

The history of philosophy in China has always possessed some ethical and political roots since the time of its emergence and in the process of its evolution and development. One of the common features of all Chinese political philosophers, in spite of all their theoreti More

The history of philosophy in China has always possessed some ethical and political roots since the time of its emergence and in the process of its evolution and development. One of the common features of all Chinese political philosophers, in spite of all their theoretical differences, is their belief in the dependence of the value of government and rulership on its moral and ethical status and prestige. In this way, they tried to access moral principles in order to obligate the Chinese to conform to an Ideal government. Accordingly, while acknowledging the linguistic and semantic ambiguities of authorities’ different theories, the present study investigated the problem of the nature of political ethics and its relationship with government in Chinese political philosophy (with an emphasis on ancient China) following a comparative method. Here, the author proposes the hypothesis that, despite some shared general viewpoints, there are various approaches to the whatness and quality of political ethics and its relationship with government and its duties and moral-political responsibilities. The differences between approaches can be studied in relation to ontology, epistemology, and anthropology, on the one hand, and in relation to the relationship between ethics and politics, nature of government, and legitimacy and duties of government, on the other hand. For example, regarding the problem of the nature of government, Laozi, Yang Zǐ, and Tsung Zǐ, who are Taoists, criticize the government and consider it a kind of unnecessary evil that has no function except for increasing the complexity and adversity of affairs. Therefore, they vote for a minority government, advocate the absence of a dominant central government, and prescribe a conformity between Man’s political conformity with a decentralized government. By contrast, Confucius, Mensius, Tung Chung-su, Han Fei Zǐ, and Chu His consider the government to be a necessary good with major ethical-political duties. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Comparative study of nature as one of the consequences of previous worlds in transcendental wisdom and religious education
mohammad sharifani ali abasabady mohammadkazem khajehahsany

The many verses and narrations that have been introduced about the doctrine of the previous worlds have led Muslim thinkers to theorize about it throughout history. Transcendent wisdom, as an epistemological system based on philosophical methodology and inspired by pure More

The many verses and narrations that have been introduced about the doctrine of the previous worlds have led Muslim thinkers to theorize about it throughout history. Transcendent wisdom, as an epistemological system based on philosophical methodology and inspired by pure religious teachings, is not removed from this rule; Therefore, Mulla Sadra has expressed a special theory about the previous worlds and the way of human presence there. He believes that human beings at a rank (not a time) before appearing in the world had intellectual identities that were pulled out from the back of their intellectual fathers and with the intuition of God's lordship, they said "yes" with the language of the present and made a covenant. In the Shia traditions, two worlds of "spirits" (spirits without a body) and "Zar" (spirits with will and perception) are clearly mentioned. But one of the theological-epistemological consequences of believing in this doctrine is the issue of nature. According to the theory of Sadr al-Mutalahin, presence in previous worlds has no effect on the discovery and quality of this truth in humans; Because nature is a special human creation that is common and the same in all human beings. But according to Shia traditions, human nature is the result of his presence and knowledge in previous worlds; Therefore, first of all, human natures are not completely the same, secondly, human discretion and choices play a role in the formation of his nature, and thirdly, some natures are praised and others are condemned. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - A Comparative Study on Human Agency in Bandura’s Cognitive-Social Theory and the Islamic Approach of “Human as agent”
mahdi naserzaeim Reza mohammadi khosrow Bagheri Jalil Fathabadi OMID shokri

The purpose of this article is to compare the concept of agency in Bandura's cognitive-social theory and the Islamic approach of "human as agent". According to Bandura, agency refers to a voluntary effect on one's performance and environmental events, which has the main More

The purpose of this article is to compare the concept of agency in Bandura's cognitive-social theory and the Islamic approach of "human as agent". According to Bandura, agency refers to a voluntary effect on one's performance and environmental events, which has the main aspects of intentionality, foresight, self-reaction, and self-reflection. On the other hand, in the Islamic perspective, human action or agency is based on three fundamental bases: cognition, tendency, and volition. In terms of methodology, the current study is a comparative study that deals with similarities and differences of two viewpoints with a glance on their roots. In the educational section, Frankena’s practical syllogism is used as the method. The basics and aspects of agency in both perspectives have a lot in common, in such a way that foresight and self-reflection in the first perspective can be compared with the cognition in the second approach; as self-reactivity and intentionality in the first approach can be compared with the emotional and volitional bases in the second approach. Despite this, the two views have differences in issues such as the concept of action and performance, the nature of interactive, cognitive, emotional and volitional aspects, the nature of interaction, responsibility and ethics, which will have relevant consequences for education. While, for instance, the first approach emphasizes the importance of structure, the second approach gives more weight to individual agency, and as a result of this difference, the role and influence of the individual within social structures will be different. Given the importance of human agency which is at issue in the two approaches, their commonalities are emphasized in the educational inferences. Manuscript profile

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