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Open Access Article

1 - The Review and Analysis of “Hiss” Novel Focusing on Post-modern Existential Components
غلامحسین ملّازاده

Increasing evolutions, constant change in attitudes and emergence of various literary theories in this constant renewing world has affected story literature too and caused story writers – sometimes unaware and sometimes with awareness coming from a new self-consciousnes More

Increasing evolutions, constant change in attitudes and emergence of various literary theories in this constant renewing world has affected story literature too and caused story writers – sometimes unaware and sometimes with awareness coming from a new self-consciousness - to make their stories compatible with the condition of new world, by missing out fixed principle. Since applying the narrative method of “Death of Author” in Hiss Novel by Muhammad Reza Kateb is unforgettable in comparison with other main features of Post-modern work, this made the work to have necessary and appropriate capacities for this type of special postmodern reading. Authors of this article, using library and descriptive-analytic method, attempt to show that Hiss author, along with other postmodern techniques, uses this technique particularly with brilliant varieties and differences, and by so doing he could have introduced a masterpiece into the literary community. Kateb uses Death of Author intentionally in various forms and in different parts of this novel; he also produced suitable spaces for readers to enter into the story text along with freedom of action for story characters so that republicity of voices are clearer in his work. Manuscript profile

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2 - Sadeq Hedayat’s Death Awareness: Psychological or Philosophical attitude?
عليرضا شاهيني

Many critics believe that Hedayat drives characters of his fictions to death, and this is something arising from his death aware mentality and his pessimistic attitude to life. There are some problems with Critical studies of Hedayat’s stories. First, they see the works More

Many critics believe that Hedayat drives characters of his fictions to death, and this is something arising from his death aware mentality and his pessimistic attitude to life. There are some problems with Critical studies of Hedayat’s stories. First, they see the works full of philosophical despair. Secondly, they treat the protagonists as mirroring the character of the author. However, delving in motives of Hedayat’s stories, one can be suspicious about philosophical treatment of death of the fictional characters. Hedayat is among the writers who have especial approach to reveal psychological aspects of the characters in narrative structure of his stories. According to Freud theory of instincts, human behavior was motivated by two biologically energized instincts, respectively termed Eros, the life instinct, and Thanatos, the death instinct. When the life instinct decays as a result of failure, the death instinct takes the place of it. The research tries to study the stories in this framework. Manuscript profile

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3 - Three Views on Death in Persian Literature
مرتضي فلاح

Death is the greatest incident in any person’s life and has constantly occupies man’s mind. In the written literary texts of Iran- both religious and non-religious; before and after Islam- most of the investigations and explorations and the concern of writers, poets an More

Death is the greatest incident in any person’s life and has constantly occupies man’s mind. In the written literary texts of Iran- both religious and non-religious; before and after Islam- most of the investigations and explorations and the concern of writers, poets and scholars was on finding a way for escaping death or overcoming the terror derived from it. The first literary prose and poetic works seriously concerned about this topic are from the mid third century after Islam; where we can notice and see such historical concern. That is of course if we chose to dismiss the ancient Iranian literature and the initial myths and epics belonging to that period. With a brief overlook, the attempts of the Iranian Post-Islam poets and writers for overcoming death or reducing its concern and obsessions can be limited to three major ideas; first, those who have admired it and welcomed it warmly. Rumi is the greatest representative of this group. Second, those who have regarded death with hatred and for overcoming it have sought to overcome it by ‘having fun in the moment’ (Carpe Diem) intending to reduce the terror and fright of death. Khayam is the pioneer and complete representative of this group. The third group is composed of those who have had a realistic attitude towards death; they have viewed life and death as two sides of a coin, tried to utilize the blessings of this world and pay service to mankind; while at the same time have provided their required supply for this life and afterlife. These have neither sacrificed life for death nor have sacrificed death for life. Sa’adi is the greatest representative of this group. Manuscript profile

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4 - Mythological Buildings, Secret of Immortality, in the National and Religious Mythies
هيبت‌الله اكبري گندماني

Ever since man appeared on earth, he has made every effort to achieve immortality. To do this, he has made imaginary symbols of immortality. Of the most prominent of these symbols are the imaginary eternal buildings. In the ancient Iranian mythology, there existed build More

Ever since man appeared on earth, he has made every effort to achieve immortality. To do this, he has made imaginary symbols of immortality. Of the most prominent of these symbols are the imaginary eternal buildings. In the ancient Iranian mythology, there existed buildings in which one would be protected from death and become immortal. These buildings have apparently been made of sacred stones or metal, enjoying supernatural characteristics. Many of these buildings shared the same patterns. Disregarding the formal differences, one comes to understand the deeper hidden layers of these imaginations, and that these imaginations somehow give form to eternity. It has been the objective of this paper to probe into these characteristics in order to illustrate that all these buildings share the same origin, and features. Manuscript profile

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5 - A Comparative Study of Coma and General Anesthesia and Brain Death in Iran’s Jurisprudence and Law
Morteza Chitsazan Hamed Hasaninia

In this paper, we have first tried to define coma and then compare it with general anesthesia and brain death by resorting to the opinions of the jurists and latest medical findings. Unlike common belief, coma is not a disease; rather, it is a prolonged state of unconsc More

In this paper, we have first tried to define coma and then compare it with general anesthesia and brain death by resorting to the opinions of the jurists and latest medical findings. Unlike common belief, coma is not a disease; rather, it is a prolonged state of unconsciousness that results from damage to the person’s brain. In this paper, we will investigate the nature of coma and compare and contrast it with similar states of unconsciousness in the science of jurisprudence and law. The most important outcome of this study and the aforesaid comparison and contrast will emerge in the answer to the following question: What state of life is “the person in coma” in? There is an in-depth relation between humans’ life and death on one side and jurisprudence and law on the other side, in the sense that some rules are only applicable to death and the dead person while on the contrary, there are rules that are applicable to the person as long as he is alive and become inapplicable with the passing away of the person. Therefore, a precise examination of the concepts of life and death will be inevitable toward realizing the purpose of this paper. Manuscript profile

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6 - Reaincarnation according to Sadra
Hamid Rezania Mohammad Hassan Motie

The hope of eternal life have caused people of different beliefs in life after death found that reincarnation is one of them, The idea that chronic long been discussed by proponents and its opponents. Although the idea of reincarnation in Islam and Shi'ism, especially i More

The hope of eternal life have caused people of different beliefs in life after death found that reincarnation is one of them, The idea that chronic long been discussed by proponents and its opponents. Although the idea of reincarnation in Islam and Shi'ism, especially in the area of Infallible Imams (P) has been canceled.But intellectuals and thinkers of the school of thought that is not in the open field as the founder of the school of Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy is one of them.In this article, we review the history of this human attitude, and expression of its divisions, the eyes and opinions Jkym philosopher and expert on the subject has also been discussed briefly, he has created tremendous interpretive category as far as Mulla Sadra can be comprehensive and complete this Abhas be considered.However, although traditional and practical nullity of reincarnation seems immutable, but about the impossibility of reason and effect of this theory remains room for debate Manuscript profile

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7 - Study of the position of resurrection in the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi by looking at the verses of the Holy Qur'an
ali zatali Mohammad Reza Mohammad Reza Qari

The debate about the post-death world is one of the most important issues. Poets and writers have not neglected this subject in different periods of Persian literature and paid attention to it in their works. Among these poets, Ferdowsi is a prominent poet and epic poet More

The debate about the post-death world is one of the most important issues. Poets and writers have not neglected this subject in different periods of Persian literature and paid attention to it in their works. Among these poets, Ferdowsi is a prominent poet and epic poet of Iran, who has paid attention to this issue in the place of Shahnameh. Although this valuable book has more mythological aspect and the sources used by the poet (mostly) of pre-Islamic oral stories, which have been transmitted from one generation to the next by chest to Ferdowsi and his followers , But since his poet, in addition to the aspects of storytelling and artistic creation, ... has considered the aspect of the torture and awareness of life in the world and then of the reader and the audience Prevents people from having friendship and heartfelt . He looks at the problem of death and the life of the future with a wise vision. Among the significant issues considered in the Shahnameh, and its speaker in ups and downs and happiness and failures, in wars and reconciliations, and ... has addressed it And this research is intended to investigate and address it. The discussion of human death and the certainty of the world after death (resurrection of thought) is in the eyes of the author of Shahnameh and its adaptation to the verses of the Qur'an. This research was conducted in a library study method and descriptive analytical method. Manuscript profile

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8 - Afterlife from the perspective of Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin
SEYED HAMID REZA SEYED VAKILI

resurrection and afterlife are two main principles of Islamic belief among Muslims. This principles are of such a paramount importance that non-belief in them leads to infidelity and exclusion from Islam. The immateriality and immortality of soul form the foundation of More

resurrection and afterlife are two main principles of Islamic belief among Muslims. This principles are of such a paramount importance that non-belief in them leads to infidelity and exclusion from Islam. The immateriality and immortality of soul form the foundation of resurrection. Before Mulla Sadra’s time, Resurrection as well as the type and quality of afterlife had been discussed from the perspective of Kalām and as one of its sub-branches dealing with soul, its mortality and immortality after death. Mulla Sadra discussed the afore-mentioned points from philosophical viewpoint and somehow links them to the Movement on the Transcendence of Human Soul as well as its powers and perceptions. He holds that partial perception takes place after death through imagination. Imagination power remains attached to soul after death. Thus, in the present study attempts are made to discuss this principle and the views of the philosophers in this regard. Manuscript profile

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9 - Study of the nature of death and the goals of praising death in Molana's view
Manouchehr Kamari

The nature is a term that refers to the essence and nature of the objects and phenomena of the universe and accordingly, the meaning of the nature of death, is its truth. Death in public use means the inexistence of this universe and the end of life. But writers and sc More

The nature is a term that refers to the essence and nature of the objects and phenomena of the universe and accordingly, the meaning of the nature of death, is its truth. Death in public use means the inexistence of this universe and the end of life. But writers and scholars in different domains of thought, especially in the domain of mysticism and Sufism, have, from their point of view, explained the nature and concept of death, based on their attitude of the post-death world. In addition,Molana has a significant position in the field of poetry and mysticism. The praise of death and the conceptual relationship between the nature of death and life in his intellectual geometry with another form, been specially considered by him. He is not the first and the last person to strive to explain the nature of his death and praise. But praising the death with passion-centered and foreignization of its nature and its image, in addition to emphasizing the meaningful hidden attractions in the philosophy of life in the form of artistic imaginings, has a high and unparalleled frequency in his works. In this essay we have tried through precision and research in his perspective and based on his valuable works, especially the valuable book of Mathnawi, the nature of death, the goals and motives of praise of death and the story of his passion for dealing with this mysterious incident in addition to enumerate his sources of thought in this field, We will analyze and research. Manuscript profile

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10 - Looking at what death is and how to deal with it inhazin Lahiji's poetry
zohreh arab Abol-Ghasem Amir-Ahmadi Ali Eshghi Sardehi

Thinking about death is a subject whose life span is as long as the history of human life; Almost no human being can be found who has not thought about death for hours in his or her life, and perhaps it can be said that few people, like poets and philosophers, have the More

Thinking about death is a subject whose life span is as long as the history of human life; Almost no human being can be found who has not thought about death for hours in his or her life, and perhaps it can be said that few people, like poets and philosophers, have the opportunity to express their views and feelings about death and their words Make history memorable. The poet, however, has a special place in this due to his artistic point of view; For this reason, in this article, Lahiji's sad thoughts and feelings about death were evaluated. In this article, using a descriptive-analytical method, he intends to critique and analyze nostalgia in his poems by examining and exploring Lahiji's sad life. Tired, the companion of loneliness and homelessness, is portrayed with a wealth of experiences of displacement and suffering caused by civil wars and so on. Manuscript profile

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11 - The Mediating Role of Resilient in Relationship between Death Anxiety and General Health in Iraqi Immigrant Adolescents are Affected with ISIS War
Mansoureh Haj Hosseini Zhakaw Salim Ahmed Javad Ejei Zahra Naghsh

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between death anxiety and general health. The method of this study was descriptive and in the framework of correlation of study of the path analysis. The populatio More

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between death anxiety and general health. The method of this study was descriptive and in the framework of correlation of study of the path analysis. The population was all adolescents aged 14 to 18 year olds living in Iraqi-ISIS war refugee camps located in the Dibegh Erbil district of Kurdistan, Iraq in 2017, (520, N) and were selected by simple random sampling and 219 adolescents were selected. The participants responded to the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979), and Resilience Scale (Connor and Davidson 1979-1991). The data was analysed through a path analysis correlation. Results confirmed the negative relationship between EA and resilience, showing the favorable fit of the pattern of the relationship between death anxiety and general health anxiety and the mediating role of resilience among them. According to the results, due to resilience, death anxiety of adolescents affected by war can be reduced and steps can be taken in improving their general health. Manuscript profile

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12 - The Belief in the Other World in Pre-Historic Iran (A Philosophical Analysis based on Archeological Proofs)
Atousa Moemeni

Following the growth of human sciences, archeology, as one of the materialist and spiritual branches of human sciences, has recently been seeking to learn about the quality of the formation, continuity, and change of early societies. It has been doing so on the basis of More

Following the growth of human sciences, archeology, as one of the materialist and spiritual branches of human sciences, has recently been seeking to learn about the quality of the formation, continuity, and change of early societies. It has been doing so on the basis of tangible and intangible proofs and through investigating the development of thoughts, cultures, traditions, and beliefs of such societies. Moreover, archeologists aim to perceive this process of change and development alongside rational and logical findings in relation to human worldviews as an everlasting treasure which has lingered since pre-history until now. Death and its life-related and ontological dimensions in different cultures and societies have always been among the most fundamental problems attracting the attention of human beings all over the world. In fact, humans are essentially living beings who are always thinking about death and have continually kept their connection with this concept in the course of history. Archeological proofs represent the most tangible legacy of death-related thoughts and demonstrate people’s attention and sensitivity to death, which are themselves rooted in their philosophy of the other world. In the present paper, the author has tried to deal with the philosophy of death and Man’s thanatoptic nature during the second and first millennia BC based on some archeological diggings in an Iron Age cemetery (which represents a specific age and a region with a rich ancient history and culture). She has also sought to particularly study burial traditions and their changes along with their underlying ideological foundations. In this way, with references to certain archeological studies and discovered artifacts in field excavations, the author hopes to shed some light on Man’s awareness of death and their beliefs in relation to the world after death and analyze the transfer of such thoughts and all their evolving dimensions to the next generations based on rational and logical principles. Manuscript profile

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13 - An Analysis of Resurrection and its Relationship with Voluntary Death in Mulla Sadra
leila pourakbar Einollah Khademi

The present paper provides an analysis of the meaning of resurrection and its relationship with voluntary death in Mulla Sadra’s view. Resurrection is of five types, two types of which, the Lesser and Greater Soulish Resurrections, are among the stages of voluntary deat More

The present paper provides an analysis of the meaning of resurrection and its relationship with voluntary death in Mulla Sadra’s view. Resurrection is of five types, two types of which, the Lesser and Greater Soulish Resurrections, are among the stages of voluntary death. The soulish type of resurrection involves the ontological changes of the soul which occur at different stages of voluntary death. Its initial stage is called the Lesser Soulish Resurrection, and its final stage is called the Greater Soulish Resurrection. Through benefitting from his fundamental metaphysical principles, such as the principiality of existence, graded unity of being, individuation of being, ontological motion, corporeal origination and spiritual subsistence of the soul, and the union of the intellect and intelligible, Mulla Sadra analyzes the different types of resurrection. He believes that going through the stages of practical mystic journey is necessary for the realization of the Lesser Soulish Resurrection. In his view, the Greater Soulish Resurrection means attaining the station of mortality. This station can be analyzed within the two systems of the graded unity and individual unity of being. In the system of the graded unity of being, in the course of the graded ontological motion, the soul reaches the station of approximation to God after going through the stages of sensation, imagination, and intellection. Later it reaches the station of fixity after change or survival after annihilation. Within the system of the individual unity of being, Man’s being is the same as relation to God’s being, and they see Almighty Truth manifested in truths. At this station, the individual becomes the manifestation of the names describing the beauty and glory of the Truth and reflects all these names in their acts. In fact, a wayfarer whose Greater Resurrection has been actualized in the world experiences all kinds of annihilation. Manuscript profile

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14 - The Relationship between the Hereafter and Meaning of Life in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Philosophy
ٍSadi Saffary Reza Rasooly Sharbyany

Some people believe that death renders life meaningless, and a limited and mortal life is not worth living, especially if it entails hardships and pain. In contrast, through demonstrating the immortality of the soul, Mullā Ṣadrā maintains that there is no quiddative lim More

Some people believe that death renders life meaningless, and a limited and mortal life is not worth living, especially if it entails hardships and pain. In contrast, through demonstrating the immortality of the soul, Mullā Ṣadrā maintains that there is no quiddative limit either for the truth of being or for human beings, and human life is not limited to the world of matter. Man’s motion begins with worldly efforts; however, it continues with death, and true and supreme life is attained in the light of death. Life will have its complete meaning provided that it attains immortality in the hereafter. Mullā Ṣadrā defines some mediocre and supreme purposes for human beings and believes that the level of happiness depends on the level of soulish perfection. He also argues that Man’s reality is mirrored in their theoretical intellect, which brings about true happiness. Moreover, he believes that the motion of practical intellect on the route to happiness paves the way for the transcendence of theoretical intellect. According to Mullā Ṣadrā, the world is a symbol of purgatory, which is a symbol of the hereafter. For him, the world and the hereafter are the same graded existence; they do not have any conflict with each other, and the hereafter represents the world in its most perfect form. Resurrection means attaining a kind of ontological openness and reaching an intellectual level which is the same true stage of Man’s existence. At this stage, all human beings will have a common grasp of the meaning of life; nevertheless, the true and maximum meaning will only be available to those who have attained the supreme stages of existence and the level of immateriality. Manuscript profile

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15 - Voluntary Death in the View of Seyyed Ḥaydar Āmulī: A Gnostic and Psychological Analysis
Fatemeh Kookaram Abdullah Salavati Einollah Khademi

This study investigates voluntary death and its different types in the view of Seyyed Ḥaydar Āmulī and aims to provide a gnostic, psychological, and philosophical analysis of the issue. The authors believe that each type of voluntary death is a kind of practical wayfari More

This study investigates voluntary death and its different types in the view of Seyyed Ḥaydar Āmulī and aims to provide a gnostic, psychological, and philosophical analysis of the issue. The authors believe that each type of voluntary death is a kind of practical wayfaring. The main question of this study is how one can provide a gnostic and psychological analysis of different types of death as viewed by Seyyed Ḥaydar Āmulī. The findings of this study indicate that the common feature of all types of death is detaching oneself from worldly belongings and moving away from them. Examples are different and could include moving away from hunger, wearing specific clothes, etc. As mentioned before, this study provides a gnostic and psychological analysis of voluntary death; for example, green death means wearing cheap clothes. Therefore, by avoiding expensive and luxurious clothes, the wayfarer dies a voluntary death. Green is the symbol of balance and subsistence, and the wayfarer attains balance and immortality through voluntary death and keeping away from worldly whims and desires. Manuscript profile

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16 - Trans-Substantial Motion of the Soul and its Consequences in the Sadrian Study of the Soul
Rouhollah Souri Hamed Komijani

The soul goes through elemental, natural, mineral, vegetative, animal (Ideal immateriality), and rational (intellectual immateriality) stages in the cradle of its fluid existence. Therefore, the soul’s belonging to the body is a part of its identity and, thus, it can be More

The soul goes through elemental, natural, mineral, vegetative, animal (Ideal immateriality), and rational (intellectual immateriality) stages in the cradle of its fluid existence. Therefore, the soul’s belonging to the body is a part of its identity and, thus, it can be said that the soul is a material-immaterial substance. Given the existential fluidity of the soul, Mullā Ṣadrā has reinterpreted its various characteristics. Accordingly, the soul’s faculties are levels of its continuous truth that flourish one after each other. Moreover, natural death is the result of the soul’s ontological gradedness and losing interest in elemental body. At some stages of this ontological becoming, the soul attains immateriality and, hence, its survival after death become necessary. Because gradedness and, as a result, attaining immateriality are essential to the soul, its incarnation and return to elemental body is unjustifiable. Therefore, after death, the soul begins its purgatorial life in an Ideal body that is created based on its moral habits, and the natural form that is created in the matter of elemental body opens the path towards purgatorial perfection before it. One of the most important consequences of the soul’s trans-substantial motion is its entrance into divine worlds and annihilation in active, attributive, and essential oneness. Interestingly enough, based on the trans-substantial motion, this significant achievement is possible at the moment of the soul’s belonging to elemental body and is not necessarily limited to the moment of occurrence of natural death. Manuscript profile

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17 - Discourse Analysis: Ideology or Method? Reflections on the Philosophical-Ideological Foundations of Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis
Mari Eftekharzade Farhad soleiman-nezhad

In this paper, it will be argued that, contrary to the prevailing practice in Iran from the mid-1990s to the present, Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis (FDA) cannot be used separatelyas a mere method in various fields of humanities andwithout considering its philosop More

In this paper, it will be argued that, contrary to the prevailing practice in Iran from the mid-1990s to the present, Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis (FDA) cannot be used separatelyas a mere method in various fields of humanities andwithout considering its philosophical-ideological bases. FDA stems from his particular ideological perspective of the course of modern times from the renaissance to the end of the enlightenment (14th to the 18th century) and derives from particular philosophical and ontological sources that Foucault deeply believed them. In other words, there is an organic unity between FDA, as a method, and its philosophical content, and the fact that Foucault turned to Discourse Analysis and adopted it as a seemingly new method in analyzing the history of the new age was notarbitrary but a deliberate choice. In fact, it came from his own philosophical logic; alogic that is consistent with G. W. F. Hegelian historicism, which Foucault ostensibly opposed.Hegelianism, with its deterministic logic, develops an organic view of history that is consistent with Foucault's structural and institutional view of power. . On the other hand, Hegelian historicism does not place importance on the role of humans in the formation of historical events, and this feature is also fully compatible with Foucault's theory of the subject's death.Thus, one can use Foucault's discourse analysis only as a method of analyzing various subjects if one firmly believes in its ideological foundations, such as the death of man. Manuscript profile

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18 - Mullā Ṣadrā’s Strategies for Reducing Death Anxiety and its Philosophical Principles
Manouchehr Shaminezhad Hossein Atrak Mohsen Jahed

The present study investigates Mullā Ṣadrā’s strategies for treating death anxiety and its philosophical foundations. It also aims to suggest some philosophical and ontological strategies to decrease modern Man’s anxiety when thinking about death based on some of Mullā More

The present study investigates Mullā Ṣadrā’s strategies for treating death anxiety and its philosophical foundations. It also aims to suggest some philosophical and ontological strategies to decrease modern Man’s anxiety when thinking about death based on some of Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophical principles, such as the principiality of existence, the union of the intellect with intelligible, the trans-substantial motion, theism, religiosity, and believing in the Hereafter. According to Sadrian philosophy, Man’s life is meaningful and purposeful, and being has been created based on divine emanation. The human soul is corporeally-originated; however, its essence changes because of its union with the intelligible and its own trans-substantial motion and attains higher levels of being though going through different existential grades. This developmental move continues until reaching the origin of being and does not end with death. It also grants meaning to Man’s life and decreases their death anxiety. Mullā Ṣadrā is an existential philosopher who advocates a supernaturalist, theistic, and procedural approach to death. The reality of death in Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophy is a part of Man’s process of existential development. Some of the strategies that can be inferred from his philosophy to reduce death anxiety include following a teleological approach to the world, being’s view of God as pure connection, believing in the Hereafter and Man’s resurrection after corporeal death, advocating ontological evolution, and having a developmental view of death. Manuscript profile

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19 - Confronting death from Quranic and Psychological viewpoints
حميدرضا ايمانی فر

Objectives: death has complicated meaning that can be along with abundant pain and suffering. Comparing psychologists view about the way to face with pain and suffering death view with the Holy Qur’an that based on Muslim thoughts describing the most comprehensive(Maida More

Objectives: death has complicated meaning that can be along with abundant pain and suffering. Comparing psychologists view about the way to face with pain and suffering death view with the Holy Qur’an that based on Muslim thoughts describing the most comprehensive(Maidah, 3) and moderate (Baqarah, 143) life styles and approves the principles of all divine religions(Nisa, 162)- views can be greatly noticeable. Methods: With Library Research Methodology, the death was examined by psychology point of view and with the content analysis, the death concept was extracted from Quran point of view as far as time and ability permitted to do so. Results: Both views emphasized to human trend for eternity and death fear and admit that the kind of emotional reactions in facing death and its acceptance in people is completely related to actions, Behaviors, thoughts, personality structures, and his ability to face last problem and difficulties during his life. But the most important difference of these two views is their belief and disbelief in after death life that causes to differentiate in operational defining of death quality, treatment goals, and the style of facing with death. Conclusion: psychology is trying to reduce pain and suffering of dying patients with different psychologicaltechniques and advice to reduction level of consciousness and palliative care, Althoughit has been succeeded in physical pain reduction, but In reducing psychological suffer always is along with problems, as they had no theory for eternal life. In contrast, The Holy Qur’an not only agrees with the reduction physical pain, but also, It has theory for eternal life. Despite the fact that his pain and suffering reduction comparing to the hugeness of resurrection day (Zumar, 13) is of second importance and The final goal of working with dying patients- advising to will and religion tasks have not been done - is their preparation for doom journey, It is able to decrease psychological suffering reduce better than views contemporary psychology views that has been built according to the principle of the pleasure and secular culture. Manuscript profile

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20 - Investigating the Impact of Religion on Income Inequality
Mostafa Heidari Haratemeh

The present study aims to investigate the effect of the role of religion on income inequality. For this purpose, a simple economic-political model was considered and following the study of Azzi and Ehernberg (1975), the basic structure of Meltzer-Richard was completed b More

The present study aims to investigate the effect of the role of religion on income inequality. For this purpose, a simple economic-political model was considered and following the study of Azzi and Ehernberg (1975), the basic structure of Meltzer-Richard was completed by modeling religion as the intensity of satisfaction from charitable donations for public goods. It was developed in which the more religious people are, the greater the satisfaction they receive from voluntary donation. Thus, the political process has led to a reduction in the size of government in more religious countries, meaning lower levels of spending on public goods and redistribution, and tax-based redistributions have shaped income distribution, which means more income inequality in more religious countries. The " belief in an after- life " index was considered a measure of religiosity and the Gini coefficient was considered a measure of income inequality. Finally,the GMM, FMIL and (2ls) IV econometric models have been used to estimate the patterns over a period of 15 years (2005 - 2019). The results showed: a ) There is a positive correlation between religiosity, being and income inequality. b ) The coefficient of variable belief in an after- life in all regression models with the presence and absence of control variable is positive and significant. This means that countries with higher levels of belief in the afterlife have more inequality. c ) The coefficient of variable GDP per capita is negative and significant in all patterns and shows that countries with higher per capita incomes tend to distribute income more evenly. Perhaps the inherent priority of religion, smaller government, and lower welfare spending in more religious countries is only a reflection of the broader perspective of research. Manuscript profile

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21 - 1
rasol ataee

1

1 Manuscript profile

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22 - A Comparative Study on Effectiveness of Logotherapy with Acceptance & Commitment Therapy on Death Anxiety and Quality of Life in Women with Breast Surgery Experience
Narges Shamsozan Nasrin Kashefimehr hadi AkbariNejhad

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of logotherapy with acceptance & commitment therapy on death anxiety and quality of life in women with breast surgery experience.This was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest, controlled design with More

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of logotherapy with acceptance & commitment therapy on death anxiety and quality of life in women with breast surgery experience.This was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest, controlled design with follow-up. The study population consisted of all women with breast cancer who were undergoing postmastectomy radiotherapy in Tabriz in 2021. In total, 45 women were selected by a purposive sampling method, and divided into three groups, 15 each. The ntervention groups received their respective treatments over 8 sessions of 1.5 hours. The control group did not receive any intervention. The measuring instruments were Templer death anxiety and quality of life questionnaires. Data were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance. The results showed that logotherapy and a acceptance & commitment therapy in comparison with the control group, in the post-test, reduce death anxiety and increase quality of life of women with breast surgery experience, and these results also show a lasting effect in the follow-up stage. Also, these results also show a lasting effect in the follow-up stage. The results also showed that the effect of these two treatments on death anxiety and quality of life in the post-test and follow-up stages were not different. Logotherapy and acceptance & commitment therapy Reduces the death anxiety and increases the quality of life in women with breast surgery experience. Manuscript profile

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23 - Religion version from the Baha'i point of view, investigating and criticizing the point of view with emphasis on the fifth verse of Surah As-Sajdah
ali khalaji ali ghanbari amir khalili

Khatamiyyat is one of the most important and common principles between all Islamic sects, including Shiites and Sunnis, and based on it, all Muslims believe that Muhammad ibn Abdullah (PBUH) is the last prophet and that God sent him as a messenger or prophet to guide hu More

Khatamiyyat is one of the most important and common principles between all Islamic sects, including Shiites and Sunnis, and based on it, all Muslims believe that Muhammad ibn Abdullah (PBUH) is the last prophet and that God sent him as a messenger or prophet to guide human beings and religion. The misinterpretation of the meaning of the word "Ya'ruju" in the fifth verse of Surah As-Sajdah, which is considered to mean "removal and abrogation of the religion", has raised the question of what is the basis for the interpretation of the verse in Baha'i texts? Furthermore, what is it difference with the interpretation of commentators of Islamic sects? The purpose of this article is to critique one of the Baha'i claims. Achieving this goal is possible through the descriptive-analytical method as well as collecting information through the library research method. After a precise Literal and idiological analysis of abrogation, the Baha'i claim about the abrogation of religion is dealt with. The interpretation that "Ya'ruju" means abrogation and abrogation means cancellation is a contemplative and incorrect interpretation, and its interpreters seem to have confused the literal meaning of abrogation with its idiomatic meaning, which results in the abrogation of the original and the essence of the previous religions and decree on the invalidity of their laws; while Islamic commentators are not bound to follow this result. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - fear of death in philosophy of epicurus
Seyednima Salehi Ahmad asgari

this is a philosophy paper about epicurus and what is his philosophy of death and why he thinks that death is nothing to fear and his arguments for this thesis. our problem here is that first to know that what exactly is the epicurus thesis and why it can be enterpreted More

this is a philosophy paper about epicurus and what is his philosophy of death and why he thinks that death is nothing to fear and his arguments for this thesis. our problem here is that first to know that what exactly is the epicurus thesis and why it can be enterpreted differently second we want to know that why he thinks what he thinks and at the end we want to know that who were his predecessors in the philosophical and cultural context in general. this work is important because if we interpret it without knowing its context it can be misleading and we may think that we know what he says but we are wrong. main problems of this paper are what is the foundations of epicurus thesis that fear of death is unjustified and wether his argument for this is sound or not? we see that in philosophy of epicurus soul is mortal and this means that death is annihilation. despite this is not the reason for not being happy but fear of death is actually an obstacle to happiness for this reason he thinks that fear of death is unjustified and say to us how we should face death. in this paper first we try to understand the thesis in the cultural and philosophical context and history of it and then we try to show that the fear of death is distinguished from fear of dying to clarify what epicurus argument really says. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Fear of Death in Epicurean Philosophy
Ahmad Asgari Seyednima Salehi

This study investigates the basic principles and arguments of Epicurean philosophy in relation to the baselessness of fear of death and whether his reasoning in this regard is justified. In Epicurus’ philosophy, the soul is mortal and, thus, death means annihilation. He More

This study investigates the basic principles and arguments of Epicurean philosophy in relation to the baselessness of fear of death and whether his reasoning in this regard is justified. In Epicurus’ philosophy, the soul is mortal and, thus, death means annihilation. He believes that although this idea does not negate happiness, fear of death impedes happiness. Hence, he provides some arguments to prove that it is unjustified and explains the correct way of encountering death. Here, while presenting a new interpretation of Epicurean view of fear of death, the author tries to propound and evaluate his views and arguments in the cultural and philosophical context of this problem and emphasizes that one must make a distinction between “fear of the process of dying” and “fear of being dead” in order to clearly understand the Epicurean view in this regard. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - The Relationship between the Personal Values and Death Anxiety among MS Patients
Omid Hamidi masoud gholamali lavasani

The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between the personal values, and death anxiety among MS patients in Tehran. For this purpose 167 patients (103 female, 64 male) from the Tehran MS Society were selected by random sampling. The instruments used More

The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between the personal values, and death anxiety among MS patients in Tehran. For this purpose 167 patients (103 female, 64 male) from the Tehran MS Society were selected by random sampling. The instruments used in this study were the Schwartz Value Scale (SVS) and the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS). Multivariable regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, and t-test for comparisons between female and male patients were used for data analysis. The results showed that there are significant correlation between personal values and death anxiety and there are significant negative correlations between all subscales of personal values (except for power) with death anxiety. In the prioritization of values, there are significant differences between men and women. Also from the morphological values, conformity, achievement, universalism, and tradition can significantly predict death anxiety. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Transcendence and Man’s Existential Width in the Ontological Systems of Mullā Ṣadrā and Heidegger
Fatemeh Ghadimi Paindeh Monireh Sayyid Mazhari Zeinab Sadat Mirshamsi

Heidegger has provided some innovative interpretations regarding several topics particularly in relation to human existence. His views about human beings are comparable to those of Mullā Ṣadrā in certain respects. One of them is their belief in man’s transcendence and e More

Heidegger has provided some innovative interpretations regarding several topics particularly in relation to human existence. His views about human beings are comparable to those of Mullā Ṣadrā in certain respects. One of them is their belief in man’s transcendence and existential width. Both thinkers maintain that man is not an entity imprisoned in itself; man, who is the source of many possibilities and is aware of them, is subject to “becoming” and can become what they are not at the present time. In other words, man can go beyond the existing situation and attain transcendence. Although there is a similarity in this regard between the thoughts of these two thinkers, it should be considered that in Mullā Ṣadrā’s ontological system, the human soul, owing to its essential immateriality, always enjoys a perception and understanding of its identity as connected to an unlimited being and infinite truth. The human soul, which entails the whole limits of being in itself, tries to grant meaning to its existence through gaining proximity and similarity to that infinite truth in the course of traversing its out-of-itself stages. The soul’s developmental journey for reaching the ultra-rational stage also continues after death. By contrast, in Heidegger’s ontological system, truth is based on Dasein, whose being real indicates that it is the only existence in the world. It also means that, without being connected to a mysterious and transcendent power, Dasein always possesses a pre-knowledge of everything that comprises the world and continually perceives things with no cover at highest levels of clarity. Therefore, Dasein relies on itself in transcendence, the continuation of which is motivated by actualizing its existential possibilities until it dies. Death is the last existential possibility of Dasein upon which it attains its end. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Indigenous model of commercialization of complex technologies based on partnership in the ICT sector
Mahdi Fardinia Fatemeh saghafi Jalal Haghighat Monfared

The ICT industry is one of the most complex industries with superior technologies. Sustainable growth of companies in this industry is ensured by successful commercialization, which due to the complexity of the field, knowledge sharing between companies is essential. A More

The ICT industry is one of the most complex industries with superior technologies. Sustainable growth of companies in this industry is ensured by successful commercialization, which due to the complexity of the field, knowledge sharing between companies is essential. A careful review of the literature showed that there is no model for how to succeed in commercialization and its relationship with interorganizational participation in the ICT sector. Therefore, this issue was determined as the goal of the research. By reviewing the research background; Factors affecting the success of participation-based commercialization including internal and external drivers, participation, esources, dynamic capabilities, executive mechanisms and extraction performance were drawn in the form of a conceptual model. Then, by studying multy-case study, technological projects of ICT Research Institute, including (Antivirus Padvish, Native search engine project, SOC native operations center, communication equipment POTN) and content analysis, main and secondary themes of the model were extracted. Then, using a focus group consisting of experts, the results were validated and themes (propositions) were confirmed. The relationship between the components was also confirmed in the panel of experts. The final model is a combination of these factors that, according to the indigenous experiences of Iran, has led to the success of commercialization and can be the basis for policy-making for successful knowledge-based products. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Explore the components and explanations of the infallible (AS) components
Afsaneh Paymard

According to Imamiyyah, Imam Hojjat is chosen and appointed God to guide humanity. Therefore, he necessarily has characteristics that, while not leaving him out of the order of God and being the creature of God, makes him different from ordinary human beings. One of the More

According to Imamiyyah, Imam Hojjat is chosen and appointed God to guide humanity. Therefore, he necessarily has characteristics that, while not leaving him out of the order of God and being the creature of God, makes him different from ordinary human beings. One of the most important of these features is the immunity from any sin and error that is referred to as infallibility in the term science; Because the imam's error throws his authority and contradicts the wisdom and justice of God. Also, another of the dignity of the Imamate is his complete and extensive science. In the meantime, God sometimes finds expedient to inform the Imam of the unseen. These doctrines are all derived from the verses of the Qur'an and the valid themes of the narrative that will be mentioned in the text of the article. The method of this article is analytical-reciprocal, and we would like to say that the exaggeration of the attributes and characteristics of the infallibles (AS) is due to the lack of attention to the minutes and subtleties that exist in this form and in the criteria of exaggeration. In this article, the author will say in a precise meaning that the concept of humanity is human, that if affairs are inherently impossible to human, such as divinity, abstraction and complete independence, God is the cause of God and his unity with human beings. ;; But the extraordinary things that are inherently possible and according to the evidence and documentation - though rarely - are not exaggerated, and it can be considered as the superhuman attributes of the Imams. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Modern Immortality in the Teenage Novel (Case Study of Novels:"SanjābMahiy-e aziz"and "Shekārchi-ye Koose-yekar")
Fatemeh Hadideh Mona Valipour

The domination of science in the modern era and the effort to have a realistic attitude to all aspects of life have made people today unable to adopt the solutions of the ancients (such as eschatologicalimmortality) to face death. By examining different types of pre-mod More

The domination of science in the modern era and the effort to have a realistic attitude to all aspects of life have made people today unable to adopt the solutions of the ancients (such as eschatologicalimmortality) to face death. By examining different types of pre-modern immortality, including ancestral, cultural, mystical, mythological, and eschatological, the present article has shown that their common components, i.e., communalness, certainty, and imagination, are almost opposite to the components of modern immortality. The components of modern immortality, which include individuality, uncertainty, memory (as opposed to the imagination), and the concept of eternal nature, are prominent in teenage novels of the 1390s. This research first reviewed the stages and tasks of mourning. While checking and determining the components of pre-modern and modern immortality, it has been showed the correspondence of each stage of mourning with different types of immortality. Then, relying on the novels of "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar", the issue of death and the role of pre-modern and modern immortality are investigated in advancing the storyline, accepting another's death, and completing the tasks of mourning by the characters. It should be noted that the analysis of samples is based on qualitative content analysis with a descriptive-interpretive approach. The research results show that in both novels, resorting to pre-modern immortality components traps the characters in the initial stages of mourning, i.e. denial, searching, and bargaining. In contrast, the maturity of the characters with the completion of mourning tasks and reaching the stage of improvement and organization through the components of Modern immortality (centered on memory in the novel "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and eternal nature in the novel "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar" is realized. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - palaeoechology and taphonomy of Albian-Cenomanian Echinoids of Kazhdumi Formation in Firouzabad section, Zagros Basin
Babak Sedghi Ali Bahrami Yazdi Yazdi

Kazhdumi Formation deposits in Firouzabad section were investigated regarding the postmortem and burial events of echinoderms, from about 150 echinoderm fossils which include 10 genera and 13 species of Coenholectypus neocomiensis, Phymosoma binexilis, Dorocidaris taouz More

Kazhdumi Formation deposits in Firouzabad section were investigated regarding the postmortem and burial events of echinoderms, from about 150 echinoderm fossils which include 10 genera and 13 species of Coenholectypus neocomiensis, Phymosoma binexilis, Dorocidaris taouzensis, Cottaldia aff. Benettiae, Leptosalenia sergipensis, Phymosoma baylei, Micropedina olisiponensis, Tetragramma deshayesi, Macraster douvillei, Mecaster batnensis, Macraster obtritus, Pliotoxaster comanchei, Macraster sp., Hemiaster sp. most part of them suffer from disarticulation and fragmentation, radial cracks and shell deformation (test outline distortion and radial cracking) and volume change and biological erosion (bioerosion) and perforation by living worms (microboring). Of course, after volume changes, fractures or taphonomic compression, the existing solutions (hydrocarbon and solutions rich in iron, manganese and sometimes silica) hydroxides have been replaced in the cracks. The test of these echinoderms has been used by symbiotic epifauna such as Osterids and Gryphaes as food and attachment points and shelter after their death and burial. It seems that the volume change, crushing, solution injection and fauna bending are influenced by the tectonic pressure of the salt domes of the region and the soft lithology (high plasticity) of the Kazhdami formation between the Darian and Sarvak formations. Manuscript profile

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