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Open Access Article

1 - Serivili; The Captive of Twofold Contrasts (Reviewing Twofold Contrasts in The Poem of "Khanehy-e Serivili" (Serivili's Home) composed by Nima Yushij)
siavash haghjou مرضیه حقیقی

Twofold contrast is the most important basis of Structuralism that its theorists had applied it in different areas like linguistics, narratology, philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. Claude Lévi-Strauss used twofold contrasts to know general struc More

Twofold contrast is the most important basis of Structuralism that its theorists had applied it in different areas like linguistics, narratology, philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, and psychology. Claude Lévi-Strauss used twofold contrasts to know general structure of human mind behind myths and different cultural actions and believed that these contrasts were the first human effort to understand his/her surrounding environment and the human existence were involved in these unavoidable twofolds. The study applied Lévi-Strauss thoughts in reading “Serivili's Home” of Nima Yushij. Serivili, the poet, is in contrast with an evil in this poem that is in opposition with all his thoughts. Oppositions like village/city, nature/culture, modernity/tradition, and in general consciousness and unconsciousness are depicted as oppositions between the poet and evil. Serivili is involved with tensions and oppositions that are resulted from conversation with evil and this continuous tension continues to the end of poem. Disobedient mind of Nima used twofold contrasts to express his most important intellectual differences, contrasts, and oppositions with owners of political power whose thoughts come to one’s conscious mind with evil symbols. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Studying the Binary Oppositions in the Structure of Sanaie's Hadiqa
محمد امير عبيدي‌نيا علي دلائي ميلان

'Binary oppositions' is considered as one of the basic concepts of structural and post-structural critique, and theories of linguistics and semiotics. It is rooted in mythological and cultural beliefs of the humans. Binary oppositions can be found throughout Hadiqa. At More

'Binary oppositions' is considered as one of the basic concepts of structural and post-structural critique, and theories of linguistics and semiotics. It is rooted in mythological and cultural beliefs of the humans. Binary oppositions can be found throughout Hadiqa. At the level of its surface structure, the phrases, headings, the relations between lines and their arrangements show binary oppositions. At its deep structure, there can be found such oppositions among the successively expressed contents. At the surface structure of its narratives, the characters are of binary oppositions. Their deep structure also centers on this concept. The present article first studies and analyzes the term 'binary oppositions' concerning with different theories, and then classifies the origins of the binary oppositions in both the surface and deep structures of Hadiqa, especially considering its characterization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Structural analysis of symbolic contrasts in Hafiz Shirazi Ghazaliat; by focusing on Roland Barthes theory
Aliakbar Bagheri Khalili سیده فاطمه ذبيح‌پور

The structuralists consider human thought based on bilateral contrast and believe that reviewing that will result in understanding intellectual and thinking areas of people and societies. In their view, as ideologies give meaning to opposite elements in social domain, l More

The structuralists consider human thought based on bilateral contrast and believe that reviewing that will result in understanding intellectual and thinking areas of people and societies. In their view, as ideologies give meaning to opposite elements in social domain, linguistic contrasts are meaningful or full of signs in a value system of language too; sign is something which lead to another thing and is rooted in social beliefs. However, semiotics is an approach to text analysis. Barthes, using Saussure ideas, states two kinds of significations: One is explicit and implicit. The sign contrast in form of words/terms are mentioned in five categories of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and demonstratives in Hafiz Ghazaliyat. The results of this study show that sign contrast of Hafiz poems reflects the Khanqah Sufi contrast and romantic Sufi; every one of them have special signs and systems. Khanqah Sufism has two systems: one ascetic and the other prayerfully; and romantic Sufism has also two systems one is intoxication and the other is festive. Ascetic and prayerful systems focus on special signs and make a contrast between conqueror and conquered and introduce themselves as conqueror side and consider intoxication and festive as conquered side; Hafiz destroyed the signs of conqueror side and strengthened the signs of conquered side and changed the status of these two. Language and artistic methods of Hafiz makes the sign contrast of nouns extraordinarily acceptable of implicit implications. Moreover, Hafiz applied different kinds of lexical contrast like gradient, directional and complement, but implicit or deep structure implication of most of them are based on complement contrast and their aim is to reject Khanqah Sufism and prove romantic Sufism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Study on the Functions of Contradiction and Conflict in the Aesthetic Analysis of Attar’s Sonnets Imagery Based on Jorjani’s Views
عطیه مشاهری فرد حسینعلی قبادی maryam آخسسثهده علیرضا نیکویی

Abdolghaher Jorjani is one of the well known rhetoricians and syntacticians of fifth century who is best known for his “construction theory” and “the meaning of meaning”. Two of his great books named Asrar al-balaghah and Dala'il al-I'jaz explain aesthetic issues of the More

Abdolghaher Jorjani is one of the well known rhetoricians and syntacticians of fifth century who is best known for his “construction theory” and “the meaning of meaning”. Two of his great books named Asrar al-balaghah and Dala'il al-I'jaz explain aesthetic issues of the discourse. What he has expressed about these imageries can also be useful for studying other literary devices. Although he has referred to simile, allegory, metaphor, and metonymy to explain the effective elements of aesthetics, the method he has used to analyze the aesthetic value of the text, and the effective factors he presented for aesthetic analysis of the imageries can also be useful in studying other figures of speech. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, and according to Jorjani’s views, this study aims at analyzing the function of contradiction and conflict in the aesthetic analysis of Attar’s sonnets. This study attempts to show that what Jorjani had considered to be important aesthetic factors can be found in different representations of the elements of contradiction and conflict (e.g. antonyms, different types of paradox, etc.). Based on the findings, contradiction is one of the effective elements of literariness of the text. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Analysis of Contradictions in Shams Tabrizi's Thought from a Psychological Perspective
مریم عاملی رضایی foad Moloudi

In the process of psychological development of any human subject and in order to his socialization, the mind has to learn the categorizations and classifications.Social subject learns to classify the objects, phenomena and concepts in the form of opposites and opposit More

In the process of psychological development of any human subject and in order to his socialization, the mind has to learn the categorizations and classifications.Social subject learns to classify the objects, phenomena and concepts in the form of opposites and opposite pairs, and this categorization is one of the necessary conditions for entering the social life and world of signs. The necessity of these categorizations necessitates the acceptance of structural rules; in other words, human being shall first give structure to the world for concept making, and giving structure is not possible except in the form of contrary couples.This point is one of the main foundations of structuralism and other similar items in the field of language, mind and social issues.But, if we study the psyche in an original and pre-cultural state, the contradictions indicate the decrease and simplification, and only shows the direction of libido power in socialization current. In other words, the psychic force in its pre-cultural state is a homogenous, unique and united issue experiencing the dissension during the socialization current.This desire to return to the world of unity has appeared in the intuitive thinking and in the epistemological system of our Muslim mystics in the form of the ideas of existential unity. The image of this unified world, in which most of the main contradictions are united in their infrastructure, in the form of a language that is the essence of contrasts, has caused some mystical texts get the paradoxical property and some considerable facilities made therein. In this regard, Shams Tabrizi's articles are one of the most prominent texts.In the present paper, based on the mentioned psychoanalytic concepts, we have shown that in the infrastructure of Shams's thought, the existing contradictions at the level of conscious and social matter are discarded and Shams views them as naturally harmonic affairs in a new epistemological approach. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Study of VaqVaqSahab Based on General Theory of Verbal Humor (Investigating on Target, Script Opposition and Logical Mechanism)
Navid Firuzi Fatemeh Mozaffari

In this article, one of the most important works of humor in the history of Persian literature Hedayat’sVaqVaqSahab is reviewed and analyzed based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor. This work has special features in all six Knowledge Resources, but the focus of this More

In this article, one of the most important works of humor in the history of Persian literature Hedayat’sVaqVaqSahab is reviewed and analyzed based on the General Theory of Verbal Humor. This work has special features in all six Knowledge Resources, but the focus of this study has been on the three variables of Target (T), Script Opposition (SO), and Logical Mechanism (LM). VaqVaqSahab contains the traits of humorous narrative texts; both in the final part of the joke (punch lines) and within the body of the text (jab lines). Moreover, thereaders’ expectation of targeting at out-group and showing solidarity with in- group (a common tool for creating humor)is violated in VaqVaqSahab. Two SOs of tradition/ modernity and the appearance/ realityare added to previously introduced SOs in this theory. Exaggeration, meta-humor (self-reflection), proximity, consequences, false analogy and inversion are some of the widely used LMs in this work. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Antigone of Sophocles and Athenian Democracy
مصطفي يونسي

The main purpose of this article is to find the relation between political implications of Sophocles’s Antigone and “Athenian Democracy”. To do so, we have used a structuralist approach the main feature of which is exploring binary oppositions in the text which in turn More

The main purpose of this article is to find the relation between political implications of Sophocles’s Antigone and “Athenian Democracy”. To do so, we have used a structuralist approach the main feature of which is exploring binary oppositions in the text which in turn results in finding the oppositions within the political-social life that provides a ground for the creation of the text. From the point of view of political thought, the most prominent opposition in the tragedy of Antigone which creats a network of oppositions around itself, is the one drawn between “family”- with its values- and “political system” and the relationships among the citizenry. The importance of this opposition has been confirmed by Christian Meier, Jean Pierre Vernant, Charles Segal, and even Micheal Zelnak.It reveals a transition to the epoch of citizenry’s relations. It also caused the confrontation between “unwritten divine laws” and “man-made written laws”, the opposition that is the main focus of the present article. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Morality and fair procedure in the light of predictability principle of procedure rules
jalil ghanavati Eslam Mondani

The relationship between morality and law is a definite affirmation and endorsement of philosophers, ethical thinkers and lawyers. Ethics in the process of procedure are one of the issues that can be specifically addressed in relation to these two issues. Predictability More

The relationship between morality and law is a definite affirmation and endorsement of philosophers, ethical thinkers and lawyers. Ethics in the process of procedure are one of the issues that can be specifically addressed in relation to these two issues. Predictability principle in civil procedure is considered as one of civil fair procedure principles, looking carefully at provisions of the civil procedure code of Iran and other regulations and Shiite jurisprudence judicial discussions related to the role of judge and the evidences, predictability principle can be recognized in Iran civil procedure code as civil fair procedure principle. Documents of matching transnational procedure and documents and rules of arbitration sample significantly support predictability principle in civil procedure in judge’s performance and litigants of private disputes in relation to evidence. The relationship of other procedure principles is sometimes coordinated with predictability principle such as contradiction principle, parties’ despotic domination principle on civil claim, and the principle of judge neutrality and sometimes is conflicting with other principles of civil procedure such as prohibition of unduly prolonging civil procedure principle, the principle of civil party’s hearing right. In this field, the exact scope and the quality of implementing this principle should be carefully investigated in the light of other civil fair procedure. The sanction of violating implementation of the predictability principle in the civil procedure is invalidity of judicial decisions and possibility of research or appeal violation in this principle of civil fair procedure. The research method is descriptive and analytical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Relationship between Religion and Ethic ( with the Philosophical Approach)
Masoumeh saeed

The relationship between religion and ethics is one of the most controversial discussions of religious thought. Philosophers of Religion and Ethics in Relationship between Religion and Ethics, the Origin of Religion or Ethics, the Implementation of Ethics by Religion, t More

The relationship between religion and ethics is one of the most controversial discussions of religious thought. Philosophers of Religion and Ethics in Relationship between Religion and Ethics, the Origin of Religion or Ethics, the Implementation of Ethics by Religion, the Origin of Religion from Ethics or Ethics from Religion and Other Religions and Needs of Religion and Ethics. But the question of the 'relation of religion and ethics' is still one of the most important issues that have occupied the minds of scholars. The present study first deals with the meanings of religion and ethics and the goals of each of these two categories, then the views of some scholars. And finally, after evaluating the above, this gives his opinion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The interaction of reason and love from Rumi's point of view in Masnavi
zahra babapour mohammad reza sarfi Enayatullah Sharifpour

Rumi has called for love with his joyous poems and is the leader of love in Persian literature. Love is a great force that permeates Rumi's soul. Wisdom and love are very important topics in Rumi's Masnavi. It is noteworthy to study Rumi's intellectual level of reason a More

Rumi has called for love with his joyous poems and is the leader of love in Persian literature. Love is a great force that permeates Rumi's soul. Wisdom and love are very important topics in Rumi's Masnavi. It is noteworthy to study Rumi's intellectual level of reason and love. The sages say that man's privilege is to reason, but mystics consider man's privilege to be love. In this article, an attempt is made to examine Rumi's view on reason and love and the relationship between the two. Rumi is not only irrational, but he has received the best praise from reason and his opposition to philosophical reason. But since this divine blessing has become the cause of discord among the people and instead of guiding and guiding them, it has become a tool for the destruction of society, it has been opposed to it, and in fact, its irrationality is a kind of social reaction and indicates It is a sublime system of thought that seeks to free the intellect from the shackles of the soul.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Measurement of the relationship between religious and moral beliefs
manijeh ameli mohsen javady hamid malekmakan madi farmanyan

Many philosophers believe that the history of the relationship between religion and morality is as old as philosophy itself. But since the time of Plato, Socrates' conversation with Othifron has taken on a more serious form. The discussion of the relationship between r More

Many philosophers believe that the history of the relationship between religion and morality is as old as philosophy itself. But since the time of Plato, Socrates' conversation with Othifron has taken on a more serious form. The discussion of the relationship between religion and morality among Muslims has been considered as one of the important theological issues and less attention has been paid to its moral consequences. However, the relationship between religion and morality is imagined in different forms. In this article, three types of "religion contrast with morality", " religion opposition with moral " and "interaction of religion and morality" have been rationally evaluated. In order to explain the dependence of morality on religion, we examine the "semantic", "ontological", "epistemological" and "psychological" dependence of morality on religion among the different types of moral dependence on religion. In fact, the typology of the relationship between religion and ethics and the scientific-research approach leads us to the conclusion that morality is the most real source from which all goodness, interests and happiness come, and that is "religion". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Examining the opposition of disbelief and faith and truth and falsehood and their consequences based on allegorical similes of Quranic verses
Abdolrahim Zareian Jahromi Safdar Shaker Ibrahim Zareifar

One of the important tools that can be used to convey concepts and content more accurately and quickly to people's minds is the use of proverbs, similes, allegories and so on. The Holy Quran has used tools such as using examples and allegorical similes in order to expre More

One of the important tools that can be used to convey concepts and content more accurately and quickly to people's minds is the use of proverbs, similes, allegories and so on. The Holy Quran has used tools such as using examples and allegorical similes in order to express guiding messages in a rhetorical and conceptual format. There are about 500 verses in the Holy Quran that have similes, allegories, allusions, metaphors and allegorical similes. This article intends to study and analyze the allegorical similes of the Holy Quran in the category of hypocrites and hypocrisy by adopting a descriptive-analytical method, after explaining the concept of allegorical simile and its Quranic function. What is certain is that from the beginning of the creation of Adam (pbuh) there has been a struggle between right and wrong to prove monotheism, vicariousness and denial of polytheism and apostasy, and there will be resurrection because one of the basic principles of the right is to fight against infidelity, polytheism and falsehood, and many verses in the Qur'an have been revealed in this regard. For this purpose, God has used an allegorical analogy in the Qur'an to associate this issue with human minds as much as possible. We have also included verses in this regard in this chapter of this treatise. Also, in the Qur'an, many verses have been mentioned about the condemnation of the disbelievers and the polytheists and what they worship, and he has given allegories, and even a complete surah called Al-Kafirun surah has been revealed and the Qur'an has given many allegories and similes for them. Although it has been expressed in discussions with various allegories, we have given an example of it here and followed by commentaries by commentators. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Dual contrasts in sacred defense poems
ziba Esmaeili Massoumeh Khojaste

10.52547/qap.33011.4.4.114

Dual contrasts are among the linguistic factors that, by influencing the syntactic and intellectual level of a work, make its structure more artistic and in semantic and structural studies are the fundamental elements of achieving the structure, world of thought and tho More

Dual contrasts are among the linguistic factors that, by influencing the syntactic and intellectual level of a work, make its structure more artistic and in semantic and structural studies are the fundamental elements of achieving the structure, world of thought and thought of literary works. In this research, which has been conducted by library method and with the aim of better understanding the poetic world of holy defense poets, it has been tried to investigate the poems of this period with a descriptive-analytical approach based on double contrasts. were extracted in the poetry of three prominent poets of this period (Qaisarminpour, Abdoljbarkaei and Alireza Quzouh) and classified according to different types of confrontations. Data analysis showed that different types of contrasts (graded, complementary, ambivalent, directional, etc.) are found in the poetry of this period and complementary and implicit confrontations have the highest frequency. Another result in the study of these poems is that at the content level, concepts and thoughts are at odds with each other, and it can be said that the application of confrontations to the process of meaning and highlighting the concepts related to war, sacred defense and political, social, cultural issues considered by poets has helped and has been able to convey the mental concerns of poets through highlighting. Another noteworthy point in the application of contrasts is that they have a great effect on the imaginary structure of poems and are the basis of some literary industries .such as allusion, simile, pun, metaphor, etc Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - بررسی همتایی در کلمات ربط زبان فارسی
سیده عاطفه بقایی

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Open Access Article

15 - Cultural and social interaction and confrontation between Muslims and Christians in Andalusia
Masood Farshidnia zahra hamedi Mojtaba Khalife

The Umayyads of Andalusia created a history in Western Europe that has distinctive features from their past. During the Middle Ages, the Maghreb interacted with Islamic civilization and they were influenced by Islamic culture, and then, by recognizing Islamic culture, t More

The Umayyads of Andalusia created a history in Western Europe that has distinctive features from their past. During the Middle Ages, the Maghreb interacted with Islamic civilization and they were influenced by Islamic culture, and then, by recognizing Islamic culture, they gradually influenced the Islamic government. Along with factors such as Europeans' familiarity with Muslim scholarly centers, economic growth, urban sprawl, and the establishment of schools in churches and monasteries, the translation of Arabic books into Latin was also an important factor in the astonishing growth of European universities. One of the effective factors in the emergence and consolidation of civilization, can manifest itself in the form of the use of common language. During the reign of Islamic culture in Andalusia, in addition to Arabic, which was the official language of educational and governmental institutions, Latin was also used in local churches and administrative systems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.
Sanaz Deghat Mohammad Hossein ُُُُSharafzadeh Leila Saberi Zahra Rastegar Haghighi Shirazi

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The present research analyzes the metadiscourse markers in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani, one of the prominent authors of children and young adult literature.It examines the trend of changes in these markers over the period from 1971 to 2021.This study, based on Hyland's (2005) model of metadiscourse, investigates the interactional and interactive metadiscourse markers in Moradi Kermani's works over five decades.The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were extracted using the AntConc software.Statistical analysis of the data using Kendall's test shows that over time, the use of interactional metadiscourse elements in Kermani's works has increased, while interactive elements have decreased.This trend indicates the author's effort to strengthen the connection with the reader and personalize literary texts over time.The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the rhetorical changes in children's and young adults' literature and show how authors in this field adapt their writing style to cultural and social changes.   Introduction   The oldest and most valuable text in which metadiscourse markers can be studied is the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani.Metadiscourse arises from the need to establish more effective communication between the author and the reader, and as such, it has become one of the important elements in text analysis.In these works, metadiscourse markers are a clear indication of how the author uses linguistic and rhetorical tools to strengthen their connection with readers and effectively convey their ideas.This research aims to answer the question of how historical and cultural changes in Moradi Kermani's works have affected the distribution and function of metadiscourse elements and how these changes have contributed to the reader-friendliness of his texts.Examining this issue can provide a new model of the author's interaction with the reader and the role of metadiscourse in improving the quality of communication in children and adolescents' literature.This research hypothesizes that Moradi Kermani's works, through the intelligent use of metadiscourse, have succeeded in creating a deeper and more effective connection with the audience.       Literature Review   Hyland and Jiang (2018) conducted a historical study on the markers of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse over fifty years in the top journals of four disciplines and found that there has been a significant increase in the frequency of oppositional metadiscourse markers and a noticeable decrease in the distribution of interactive metadiscourse markers over these fifty years in the journals.The markers of oppositional metadiscourse aim to organize and define the boundaries of the text to ensure that readers can more easily retrieve and understand the author's interpretations and objectives in the scientific discourse, and authors of scientific texts use these markers to guide their audience.   Rezaei Keramati et al. (2019) conducted a study on the markers of interactive metadiscourse in three leading journals of applied linguistics.To analyze the historical evolution of stance and engagement markers, the subcategories of interactive metadiscourse in different sections of research articles (introduction, methodology, discussion, and conclusion) were examined using Hyland's (2005b) model.The findings indicate a significant decrease in the frequency of interactive metadiscourse markers in all sections of the articles.This decrease is generally related to the reduction of stance markers in the conclusion and methodology sections.As previously mentioned, the scope of this research pertains to the analysis of scientific texts (research articles) and does not include literary genres or stories.   Bagheri (2020) conducted a study on the historical evolution of interactive and oppositional metadiscourse markers in doctoral dissertations in the fields of hard sciences and soft sciences over three time periods: 1966, 1986, and 2016, based on Hyland's (2005) theory.The findings show that interactive metadiscourse (stance and engagement) has decreased in soft sciences and increased in hard sciences.This indicates that in soft sciences, academic writing is moving towards neutrality, impartiality, and greater responsibility towards the reader, i.e., more reader-oriented and less persuasive, and in hard sciences, scientific discourse is moving towards greater persuasiveness and reader-friendliness.This research also focuses on scientific discourse (doctoral dissertations) and does not include literary genres or stories.   Liu and Yang (2021) conducted a study based on Hyland's model to examine interactive and oppositional metadiscourse in 240 research articles in hard sciences (mechanical engineering and physics) and soft sciences (education and history) over sixty years.They found that metadiscourse markers have generally shown a declining trend over time.This has been accompanied by a noticeable increase in oppositional markers and a significant decrease in interactive markers, indicating that authors in scientific texts tend to use more oppositional metadiscourse and less interactive metadiscourse over time to write clearer and more convincing texts and adopt a more objective and scientific approach.This study, like previous research, pertains to the analysis of research articles and scientific texts.       Theoretical Framework   The term metadiscourse was first introduced by Harris (1959), referring to the author's or speaker's efforts to ensure the audience's understanding of the spoken text.Metadiscourse serves as an important tool for facilitating communication, supporting the author's position, and engaging the reader (see Hyland, 2015).To analyze the metadiscourse elements in the scope of this research, Hyland's (2005) theory was used because his classification is new, clear, and comprehensive (see Abdi et al., 2010).As shown in Table 1, this theory has two dimensions: interactional and interactive.       Table 1 - Subcategories of Interactional and   interactive Metadiscourse       <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" dir="rtl" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-dir: bidi; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 235.5pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" colspan="2" width="314"> Metadiscourse </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Interactional </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Interactive </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Attributes </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Stance markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Hedges </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Endophoric markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Boosters </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Frame markers </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Engagement markers </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Evidentials </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 114.35pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="152"> Self-mentions </td> <td style="width: 121.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="162"> Transitions </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Markers of interactive metadiscourse are used to organize the information present in the text and guide the reader through it.On the other hand, markers of interactional metadiscourse are used to engage with the reader and involve them in the text (see Hyland, 2005).Each of the subcategories of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers, briefly displayed in Table 2, has its specific function.       Table 2 - Hyland's (2005) Theory   <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: 53.15pt; border-collapse: collapse; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" width="459" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="127"> Types of Metadiscourse </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Classification </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Function </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Example </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> Interactional metadiscourse Establishing an effective connection with the reader </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Attitude markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Author's attitude towards the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Agree, very important, with surprise </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Self-mentions </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Explicit reference to the author's presence </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Author, I, we, researcher </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Engagement markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Addressing the reader explicitly </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> You, pay attention, assume </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Boosters </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Indicating the speaker's degree of certainty about the statement </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Without a doubt, certainly, clearly </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Hedges </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Indicating the author's doubt about the statement </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> Perhaps, almost, probably </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="width: 95.05pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="5" width="127"> Interactive metadiscourseOrganizing information in a sentence and guiding the reader through the text   </td> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Transitions </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Connecting the sentences of the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> But, moreover, therefore </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Frame markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Defining the boundaries of the text and providing a framework for elements </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> First, second, as a result </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Endophoric markers </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Referring the reader to other parts of the text </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> In the next section, below </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Evidentials </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Referring to information provided in other texts and attribution </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> According to, as stated, as said </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="width: 82.15pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="110"> Code glosses </td> <td style="width: 88.75pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="118"> Providing further explanation about the meaning </td> <td style="width: 78.4pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" width="105"> First, second, as a result </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Data Analysis   The data analysis revealed that in Houshang Moradi Kermani's children's and young adult literature from 1971 to 2021, the use of interactive metadiscourse markers increased while the use of interactional metadiscourse markers decreased.Interactive metadiscourse, which indicates the author's explicit presence and engagement with the audience, was increasingly employed over time, particularly through self-mentions and engagement markers.On the other hand, interactional markers like transitions, which help manage the flow of information in the text, were used less frequently.These changes suggest that Moradi Kermani gradually developed a stronger inclination toward creating a more personal and effective connection with his readers.       Conclusion   In this research, the role of metadiscourse in the works of Houshang Moradi Kermani in the field of children and young adult literature was examined.The results showed that Moradi Kermani extensively used metadiscourse markers, especially interactional markers, to establish an effective connection with his audience.The use of these markers has increased over time, while interactive markers have decreased.This tendency to use more interactional markers indicates the author's effort to engage the readers and create a more personal connection with them.   These findings contrast with the results of previous research in scientific discourse, which has moved towards less use of interactional metadiscourse and more use of interactive metadiscourse.       Keywords: Metadiscourse, Interactional Metadiscourse, Interactive Metadiscourse, Houshang Moradi Kermani, Literary Genre.       References   Abdi, R., Tavangar, M., & Tavakoli, M. 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