List of Articles Immortality

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  1 - Mowlavi and his Tendency to Immortality in Mathnavi
  منصور  پیرانی
  Death, which can somehow be linked with religion, is a major concern to all people. Mankind has nourished many grate dreams and thoughts and just these great desires have caused his flourishing and elevation ‚ and where his dreams and desires cannot be practicable‚ he r More

  Death, which can somehow be linked with religion, is a major concern to all people. Mankind has nourished many grate dreams and thoughts and just these great desires have caused his flourishing and elevation ‚ and where his dreams and desires cannot be practicable‚ he realized them with makind legends and mythical characters. One of these wonderful dreams which mankind has brought in to being, is everlastingness or immortality that has been reflected either in nations legends‚ fables and mythical works ‚ such as Gilgamesh ‚ Achilles, invulnerability of Isfandyar , or in religious narratives like Khezr. The dream of everlastingness made the mankind find a way to realize it. The human’s masterpieces throughout the history reflected this dream in an artistic language. Mawlānā’s Mathnavi is one of these masterpieces, where Mawlānā being inspired with Quran and the prophetic sentences, believes that love is the base of being, and due to the essence common to both God and mankind, i.e. the Divine Spirit breathed in mankind, he can become God-like and make himself eternal. The present article studies “the desire to eternity” in Mawlānā’s views, referring to his source of inspiration, and relying on some verses from Mathnavi and Divan-e Shams. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Mythological Buildings, Secret of Immortality, in the National and Religious Mythies
  هيبت‌الله  اكبري گندماني
  Ever since man appeared on earth, he has made every effort to achieve immortality. To do this, he has made imaginary symbols of immortality. Of the most prominent of these symbols are the imaginary eternal buildings. In the ancient Iranian mythology, there existed build More

  Ever since man appeared on earth, he has made every effort to achieve immortality. To do this, he has made imaginary symbols of immortality. Of the most prominent of these symbols are the imaginary eternal buildings. In the ancient Iranian mythology, there existed buildings in which one would be protected from death and become immortal. These buildings have apparently been made of sacred stones or metal, enjoying supernatural characteristics. Many of these buildings shared the same patterns. Disregarding the formal differences, one comes to understand the deeper hidden layers of these imaginations, and that these imaginations somehow give form to eternity. It has been the objective of this paper to probe into these characteristics in order to illustrate that all these buildings share the same origin, and features. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Immortality of the Qur'an and its relation to the Quran commentators (Ahl al-Bayt (as))
  Maryam  Ishaqzadeh Seyed mohammad  noorollahi
  The other features of the universe are its immortality, while the Qur'an, with its fixed principles, is progressing along with its time and place; it is discovered in every time and forever, new and inferior, and eternal (immortality). The proper axis is to link these a More

  The other features of the universe are its immortality, while the Qur'an, with its fixed principles, is progressing along with its time and place; it is discovered in every time and forever, new and inferior, and eternal (immortality). The proper axis is to link these attributes of the Qur'an. In particular, the principles and detailed descriptions of the Ahlul Bayt (a) are that the Quran expresses the general lines of the basic principles. And from the important issues that have been examined from almost all perspectives in almost all the Qur'anic texts and interpretations, It is a matter of magnificence that is addressed here from the angle of eternity of the Qur'an. Certainly, part of the verses that are due to the failure of the words are in expressing deep and profound meanings of the Qur'an. It is the same as the Qur'an. It is directly guided. The other features of the Qur'an, which are rooted in the immortality of the Qur'an, are unkind and obscenity. It is very important that the language of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) is repeatedly emphasized, it is the recognition of the unconscious and the dwelling. The reason is clear, because what should be known what is good for Allah? And it is from the interpretative guidelines of the Ahlul-Bayt (as) that there is a need for a precise understanding of abusive and obscurantism and the use of that interpretation.. Manuscript profile
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  4 - The necessity of being famous and forbidding the deniers in the present age with the approach of the Quran and narrative
  Asghar  Abedzadeh
  In terms of internal conscience and human advancement, man wants happiness and happiness, and on this basis He wants to live in an ideal society alongside progressive and uplifting people. Humans who are free, conscientious, godly, fair and reasonable. It is obedient t More

  In terms of internal conscience and human advancement, man wants happiness and happiness, and on this basis He wants to live in an ideal society alongside progressive and uplifting people. Humans who are free, conscientious, godly, fair and reasonable. It is obedient to divine laws and the Prophetic and Alawite Shari'a, which brings together human beings. The law of the good and the prohibition of evil is one of these laws and the law that promotes the physical and mental well-being of humans, villages and landscapes, the security of the cities and ultimately leads to the caliphate of mankind by God on earth.(Majma' al-Bayan , c4 , p484) But factors such as the weakness of beliefs, economic issues, negative propaganda, and so on can lead to the closure and diminution of the important promise of good and forbidding negativity as a result of the damage and disadvantages of this. Manuscript profile
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  5 - Happiness and Contemplation of Beauty in Plato’s Symposium
  Hamidreza  Mahboobi Arani
  Diotima’s speech in Plato’s Symposium is one of the most important parts of his works. The present paper exclusively examines the last of Diotima’s speech, where Plato uses some words and phrases focusing on the relationship between happiness and contemplation of beauty More

  Diotima’s speech in Plato’s Symposium is one of the most important parts of his works. The present paper exclusively examines the last of Diotima’s speech, where Plato uses some words and phrases focusing on the relationship between happiness and contemplation of beauty. Diotima claims that, only when a philosopher or lover (here, in love with Sophia) reaches the peak of his love and begins his contemplation of beauty, he could attain knowledge, happiness, and true eternity, but the question is, “How could this claim be interpreted?” The purpose of the author in this paper is to attract the attention of readers to the interpretive point that Plato’s understanding of the meaning of contemplation of beauty should be perceived in the context of an ethical and political program and in relation to the practical life of a citizen rather than within a purely abstract and theoretical inferential framework. The first part of this paper explains the intended problem through an investigation of different sections of Diotima’s speech. In the second part, with particular attention to Alcibiades’ speech, the author demonstrates that, in order to learn about Plato’s understanding of this problem, one must pay particular attention to the various dimensions of this speech. Finally, he concludes the paper by presenting an interpretation of Diotima’s last words based on a general reading of Symposium and, specifically, Alcibiades’ character and words. Manuscript profile
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  6 - Ibn Sina and the Problem of the Immortality of the Soul
  Ghasem  Purhassan
  Unlike the prevailing idea, Ibn Sina is neither a loyal advocate of Aristotle nor a mere commentator of his ideas. He is an independent, distinguished, and Muslim Iranian philosopher. In the light of the criticisms targeted at Greek philosophy and Aristotle’s ideas, Ibn More

  Unlike the prevailing idea, Ibn Sina is neither a loyal advocate of Aristotle nor a mere commentator of his ideas. He is an independent, distinguished, and Muslim Iranian philosopher. In the light of the criticisms targeted at Greek philosophy and Aristotle’s ideas, Ibn Sina intended to develop a new form of epistemology and lay the foundations of oriental philosophy. One of the controversial issues among thinkers is the problem of the soul and its trans-substantiality, immateriality, and immortality. Ibn Sina considers Aristotle’s ideas in this regard to be inadequate and contaminated with defects, mistakes, and confusion. Through criticizing Aristotle’s definition of the soul, Ibn Sina tries to introduce a novel approach to the problem of the soul, while rejecting the arguments of survival and finally devising a new theory concerning the immortality of the soul. The purpose of the present paper is to explore Aristotle’s ideas and Ibn Sina’s objections to them and also reveal the latter philosopher’s innovative ideas concerning the problem of the soul. The writer tries to demonstrate that Ibn Sina’s achievement regarding the issue of the soul and body is, in fact, a new solution to this problem. He also aims to show that it is a mistake to assume that Islamic philosophers still continue to follow Aristotle’s ideas. Ibn Sina must be considered as a pioneer in fundamental arguments on the subject of the soul and its immateriality. Manuscript profile
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  7 - A Different Version of Immortality in Plato’s Symposium
  Hamidreza  Mahboobi Arani
  A well-established and common view in Plato’s philosophy is that the immortality of the soul after death is a persistent and fixed type of immortality. The human soul, or at least an important part of it, which is the same intellect, is a substance of a different type a More

  A well-established and common view in Plato’s philosophy is that the immortality of the soul after death is a persistent and fixed type of immortality. The human soul, or at least an important part of it, which is the same intellect, is a substance of a different type and from a different world, which remains alive after death. However, Plato’s Symposium portrays a perspective of immortality that, through creating a phenomenological image of the soul and attributing the tendency for immortality to Eros, considers the soul to be vulnerable to change. Hence, he maintains that the immortality of the soul is different from the common sense interpretation of this concept. The present paper argues that, in order to understand and interpret Plato’s intended meaning of immortality in Symposium, it is necessary to pay careful attention to some of his remarks in this regard, as well as to his discussions of birth and education, and remembrance and reminiscence. In this way, one could infer a dynamic and creative model of immortality which neither necessitates the after-death subsistence of the identical soul, which enjoys the passive and stagnant introversion of the Ideas, nor presupposes the existence of a soul of another type. The present paper, while referring to and describing Plato’s four-fold model of immortality, explains their important, similar, and, in some cases, different characteristics. It also demonstrates that this immortality is in permanent unity with the creation of certain words regarding true virtue or its images and life in the memory of future generations and indirectly affects the world affairs. Manuscript profile
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  8 - A Study of the Concomitants of the Psychological Aspect of the Theory of Ideas: Controversy in Mulls Sadra’s Defense of Ideas
  Ali  Shirvani Fatemeh  Razizade
  The theory of Ideas is one of the important philosophical theories which has influenced the views of most philosophers in various periods, and many of them have confirmed or rejected it. The majority of Muslim philosophers have also had to investigate this theory and fi More

  The theory of Ideas is one of the important philosophical theories which has influenced the views of most philosophers in various periods, and many of them have confirmed or rejected it. The majority of Muslim philosophers have also had to investigate this theory and finally accept it in general. However, they have often interpreted it within the framework of their own philosophical system. Mulla Sadra believes that he has presented an interpretation of the theory of Ideas based on his own philosophical principles which is completely compatible with Plato’s intention. The question is, given the fact that the theory of Ideas is inconsistent with Mulla Sadra’s philosophical principles from many aspects, such as those related to his psychology, was his philosophical endeavor successful? The present research aims to provide an answer to this question through analyzing and exploring the psychological concomitants arising from this theory. Here, after a thorough investigation of the psychological dimensions and concomitants of this theory and explaining Mulla Sadra’s view and defense in this regard, the writers portray the inconsistencies between the psychological principles of the Transcendent Philosophy and the concomitants of the Platonic theory of Ideas while providing a general explanation of Sadrian psychology. Following this, they question Mulla Sadra’s strict defense of this theory. Finally, they conclude that Plato’s belief in the pre-eternity of the soul, his theory of reminiscence of knowledge, and the restriction of his psychology to rational immateriality and its separation from corporeal body, versus Mulla Sadra’s theory of the corporeal origination of the soul and his belief in the acquisition of knowledge and the copulative existence of the soul are among the most important differences between the philosophical schools of these two philosophers. As a result, any attempt to reconcile their views with each other would be futile. Manuscript profile
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  9 - ‌ A Comparative Study of the Views of Farabi, Ibn Sina, and Aristotle of the Substantiality of the Soul and its Immateriality and Immortality
  Qasim  Pourhassan Hosein  Gholizadeh
  Aristotle believes that the soul is necessarily a substance and views substance as the main ontological concept of his philosophy. Accordingly, it is important to learn about his idea of substance in order to perceive his view of the materiality or immateriality of the More

  Aristotle believes that the soul is necessarily a substance and views substance as the main ontological concept of his philosophy. Accordingly, it is important to learn about his idea of substance in order to perceive his view of the materiality or immateriality of the soul. Aristotle received great attention in the tradition of Islamic philosophy, particularly, the Peripatetic philosophy, and the stance of Islamic thinkers with regard to the soul bears some direct or close relationship with his theories. Farabi and Ibn Sina agree with Aristotle’s different definitions of substance and its general division into sensible and insensible types. However, the fundamental differences between their ideas and those of this Greek philosopher have yielded certain consequences which are quite noteworthy. The main purpose of this study is to explore such differences and discover their ultimate views on the immateriality and immortality of the soul. Accordingly, the writers initially examine the words that Aristotle used in order to define the meaning of substance and, secondly, refer to the various works in which he discussed the concept of substance. Finally, they compare his ideas in this regard with those of Farabi and Ibn Sina. Manuscript profile
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  10 - A Comparative Study of Muṭahharī’s Theory of Fiṭrah and Kant’s Practical Reason
  Omid Arjomand Ghasem Kakaie
  Murtaḍā Muṭahharī, one of the prominent thinkers in the field of Islamic Philosophy, and Immanuel Kant, one of the great thinkers of Western philosophy, have presented some innovative theories in the realm of philosophy. The “theory of fiṭrah” is one of the most signifi More

  Murtaḍā Muṭahharī, one of the prominent thinkers in the field of Islamic Philosophy, and Immanuel Kant, one of the great thinkers of Western philosophy, have presented some innovative theories in the realm of philosophy. The “theory of fiṭrah” is one of the most significant theories in Muṭahharī’s philosophical system. He maintains that Man possesses three levels of nature, instinct, and fiṭrah (primordial nature) and also divides fiṭrah itself into two parts: “fiṭrah of knowledge” and “fiṭrah of interest”. Most of Muṭahharī’s innovative ideas, particularly when explaining some topics “such as God, eternity of the soul, and ethics, have been presented in his discussions related to fiṭrah of interest.” On the other hand, as a distinguished and influential philosopher, Kant has criticized metaphysical issues, particularly problems in connection to God, immortality of the soul, and freedom, and transferred them to the realm of “practical reason” from theoretical reason. Muṭahharī’s theory of fiṭrah and, particularly, the discussion of fiṭrī interests and the related issues, such as demonstration of God, immortality of the soul, and ethics, are completely comparable to Kant’s theory of practical reason, specifically the discussion of the essential principles of practical reason, including freedom, eternity of the soul, and God. The purpose of this study is to compare Muṭahharī’s theory of fiṭrah and Kant’s theory of practical reason and to explain their common features, that is, the similarity of infinite perfection with supreme good, the similarity of their methods of demonstrating the eternity and God, and the similarity of their views as to status of philosophy of ethics. The author has followed a descriptive-analytic and comparative approach in order to conduct this study based on the data collected from these two thinkers’ works. Manuscript profile
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  11 - The concept of soul in the Mahabharata system
  Hamidreza  Barati Pour Ghorban Elmi Abdolhossein  Latifi Jamshid  Jalal Sheikhjani
  In the historical study of the philosophical ideas of the land of India, we come across common themes that have caused much intellectual debate among the thinkers of that land. These debates have been in such a way that each of the sages and thinkers of that land have d More

  In the historical study of the philosophical ideas of the land of India, we come across common themes that have caused much intellectual debate among the thinkers of that land. These debates have been in such a way that each of the sages and thinkers of that land have dealt with it according to their views and have expressed their opinions and reasons for that position. One of these challenging topics is the issue of soul or its fate. It is after separation from the body that has long been considered by them. All the historical traditions of India have accepted the basic hypothesis that there is a moving and vital aspect of man that distinguishes life from death and shows it in the form of a worm cycle in most schools, as in the schools of" Samkhaya" and" Vedanta", where, one is "the duality of denial of thought" (Porsche and Percret), and the other is "the unity of existence" (Atman and Brahman). This is also reflected in the Mahabharata system. In this article, we try to examine the concept of soul first in general in the religious literature of Hinduism and then specifically in the book of Mahabharata and answer the following questions: "What is the meaning and nature of the soul in Mahabharata?", and, "what is it's end?" For this purpose, we will analyze the concept of the soul in this book in an analytical way. Manuscript profile
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  12 - Problem of Immortality of the Soul in ‘Allāmah Ṭabātabā’ī’s Philosophy
  Ghasem  Pourhasan Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari Alireza  Kolbadinezad
  ‘Allāmah Ṭabātabā’ī’s view of the immortality of the soul is based on his monotheistic worldview. He has tried to respond to the most challenging discussions and objections in relation to the immortality of the soul regarding the problems of essential happiness and affl More

  ‘Allāmah Ṭabātabā’ī’s view of the immortality of the soul is based on his monotheistic worldview. He has tried to respond to the most challenging discussions and objections in relation to the immortality of the soul regarding the problems of essential happiness and affliction, cancellation, excommunication, and immortality in chastisement. Relying on rational principles and the Transcendent Philosophy and through benefitting from some principles including the principiality of existence, the graded trans-substantial motion, the unity of the truth of the soul and gradation of existence, ‘Allāmah Ṭabātabā’ī has provided a new interpretation of the resurrection and eternity of the soul. Through propounding the problem of eternity, the present paper aims to explain its relation to human purposes and ultimate goals, which are the same as the realization of the true totality of human beings in the light of the soul’s resurrection and eternity. In line with this purpose, the authors have discussed the innovative aspects of his view concerning immortality as well as its epistemological consequences and outcomes. They have also tried to respond to some of the objections raised against the immortality of the soul based on ‘Allāmah’s principles. Manuscript profile
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  13 - Explanation of Attar’s approaches in achieving God’s immortality in Elahi Nameh
  Afsaneh Agha Hassani Mahabadi reza fahimi Manijeh Fallahi
  Religious experiences are based on three axes: God, the world and man. The process of human transformation to a transcendental level is a kind of liberation from oneself and presence in society. According to Attar’s opinion, the most important stage in mysticism is immo More

  Religious experiences are based on three axes: God, the world and man. The process of human transformation to a transcendental level is a kind of liberation from oneself and presence in society. According to Attar’s opinion, the most important stage in mysticism is immortality in God. During the path to God, seeking the knowledge of the truth, he finds the alchemy of divine love, and by being attracted by the blessings of the Lord, he travels the path of perfection with the desire to be near the truth, until he reaches the stage of immortality in God, to martyrdom, the highest level of human status. The present research, with content analysis, has explained the approaches of Attar in Elahi Nameh, to achieve the stage of immortality for the sake of Allah. The result of the search is that in order to reach the stage of immortality and closeness to the truth, the mystic needs the equipment without which it is not possible to reach this stage, such as : giving up attachment, patience in hardships, silence, the presence of the heart, insight and God's care. Manuscript profile
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  14 - Modern Immortality in the Teenage Novel (Case Study of Novels:"SanjābMahiy-e aziz"and "Shekārchi-ye Koose-yekar")
  Fatemeh Hadideh Mona Valipour
  The domination of science in the modern era and the effort to have a realistic attitude to all aspects of life have made people today unable to adopt the solutions of the ancients (such as eschatologicalimmortality) to face death. By examining different types of pre-mod More

  The domination of science in the modern era and the effort to have a realistic attitude to all aspects of life have made people today unable to adopt the solutions of the ancients (such as eschatologicalimmortality) to face death. By examining different types of pre-modern immortality, including ancestral, cultural, mystical, mythological, and eschatological, the present article has shown that their common components, i.e., communalness, certainty, and imagination, are almost opposite to the components of modern immortality. The components of modern immortality, which include individuality, uncertainty, memory (as opposed to the imagination), and the concept of eternal nature, are prominent in teenage novels of the 1390s. This research first reviewed the stages and tasks of mourning. While checking and determining the components of pre-modern and modern immortality, it has been showed the correspondence of each stage of mourning with different types of immortality. Then, relying on the novels of "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar", the issue of death and the role of pre-modern and modern immortality are investigated in advancing the storyline, accepting another's death, and completing the tasks of mourning by the characters. It should be noted that the analysis of samples is based on qualitative content analysis with a descriptive-interpretive approach. The research results show that in both novels, resorting to pre-modern immortality components traps the characters in the initial stages of mourning, i.e. denial, searching, and bargaining. In contrast, the maturity of the characters with the completion of mourning tasks and reaching the stage of improvement and organization through the components of Modern immortality (centered on memory in the novel "SanjābMahiy-e aziz "and eternal nature in the novel "Shekārchi-ye Koose-ye kar" is realized. Manuscript profile