state

Open Access Article

1 - The study of the accuracy of real estate experts' evaluations using a data mining model (Case study of Mellat Bank)
fatemeh davar

As the main part of the financial system, banks always face different risks, the most important of which is the credit scoring risk and property valuation. One of the issues faced by property valuation experts is how to evaluate property prices. In general, court expert More

As the main part of the financial system, banks always face different risks, the most important of which is the credit scoring risk and property valuation. One of the issues faced by property valuation experts is how to evaluate property prices. In general, court experts assess real estate based on price indices. In this research, the researcher aimed to verify the accuracy of valuation experts by using data mining models. This action has been taken to help bank managers and audit reporters to make better decisions about experts and their valuations. Using property valuation indexes and data mining, a predictive model has been developed to predict property prices, and a combination of FCM and K-NN algorithms has been used to achieve a high performance prediction model. This measure was able to greatly increase the predictive accuracy and increase the efficiency of the proposed model. The accuracy level in predicting valuated prices was 84.21% and the RMSE rate in its forecast was 0.43. The proposed approach was tested on real estate valuation data of the Mellat Bank. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Discourse Transformation "The Nation State" In the Transition to Post-Modern Ggeopolitical (Post -Territorial Perspective)
sayad hadi

From the past to This Day have Happened Practical Transformations and Many Theoretical in political Geography and Geopolitics discourses. "Nation- State", Which is the Core of Political geography and Geopolitical studies; Affected As a Result of these Changes. Present P More

From the past to This Day have Happened Practical Transformations and Many Theoretical in political Geography and Geopolitics discourses. "Nation- State", Which is the Core of Political geography and Geopolitical studies; Affected As a Result of these Changes. Present Paper By Interpretation Method And the use of Library Data is Looking to Answer that Question that Transition from Modern Geopolitics to Postmodern, Have Been The Discourse of "Nation- State" What a Transformation and Nature Changes? Normally, in any era the discourse period is governed with its own specs. Characteristics such as: Integrity, Singularity, Objectivism, Determinism and Foundationalism has Caused Which in the Discourse of Modernity, that the Modern State is a State with Specific geographic, Political, Legal, and Social, Identity and Etc. However, as a Consequence of the Characteristics of Post Modernity (and Itself the Dominant Discourse), Like: Pluralism and Lack of Absolutism, Negation of Particular Narrative and Etc; the Government as a Complete Reference (Sovereignty, Security, Poverty and Etc.), In No Way is it Acceptable. In Short, the Purpose of This Research to Compare and Clarify the Dimensions: Social (the Dimension of Nation and Nationalism), Political (Government Dimension), Legal (Governance Later), State (Country) in the Transition From Modern to Postmodern. To be paid at the end of the Threat of a Post-Modern Government (Post Territory) Challenge in the Transfer. Manuscript profile

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3 - EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF CLOSED-CIRCUITED TELEVIOSIONS(CCTV) IN REDUCING URBAN CRIMES
Mahmood Vasegh Hossein Hataminejad shekoofeh jafari fesharaki

One of the main functions of governments, in better managed of their authority, is monitoring social affairs and citizenship behaviors within the law. Management and organization of social life, in the present era, because of the complexity processes of political, secur More

One of the main functions of governments, in better managed of their authority, is monitoring social affairs and citizenship behaviors within the law. Management and organization of social life, in the present era, because of the complexity processes of political, security and… in geographical environment, including major cities are extremely onerous and requires effective and efficient design and development methods and tools in this field. There is a question in this regard that how cans us increase the monitoring and control of the government in these areas. In response to the above question, this paper tries to come to investigate the effects of the application of intelligent monitoring and control systems and instruments (closed-circuited televisions) in reducing delinquency and urban crimes, how to increase government efficiency in controlling urban processes, should be investigated. This paper developed in descriptive-analytic methods and based on the field data, so The analysis and conclusions, in addition to the electronic library resources and results of a questionnaire is used. It should be noted that the validity of the questionnaire using factor analysis and reliability of the questionnaire was tested through Cronbach's alpha multiplied. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by examining the population mean (T-test). The results of this study show that the use of intelligent monitoring systems have significant role in reducing crimes in urban environments and social insecurities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A COMPARISON BETWEEN CONCEPTS OF WORDS IN THE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN ERA
علي حسين‌پور

Beside the three form of epic (national epic, historical epic, religious epic) the fourth form of epic can be accepted that is "mystical epic". This kind of epic can be found in mystical composed after fifth century. In this kind of epic sufi or mystic like a hero fight More

Beside the three form of epic (national epic, historical epic, religious epic) the fourth form of epic can be accepted that is "mystical epic". This kind of epic can be found in mystical composed after fifth century. In this kind of epic sufi or mystic like a hero fights against inner devils and in a bloodshed war gains uper hand over enemies. We can find this king of epic in mystical poems of Attar, Sanaee and especially in Mowlana's odds. This article attempts to consider the meaning and concept of mystical epic and the reflection of this kind of epic in Mowlan's odds "Shams Nameh" and study the Mowlan's mystical epic in three field; "the epic characteristic, the epic imaginary and epic statement". Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Recognizing mystical and demonic states according to "Teresaof Avila" and "JalālaldīnRūmī"
Bakhshali Ghanbari

Human inner can have three states; psychological, mystical and satanic states. Cognition of these states, especially mystical and satanic states has been one of the important topics of mystical epistemology, and the mystics themselves have been awared in this matter. Te More

Human inner can have three states; psychological, mystical and satanic states. Cognition of these states, especially mystical and satanic states has been one of the important topics of mystical epistemology, and the mystics themselves have been awared in this matter. Teresaof Avila (1515-1582 AD) and JalālaldīnRūmī (604-672 AH) have more or less dealt with this matter in their works. Extracting and comparing the opinions of these two mystics can help more in recognition of the true and false mystical states.The study of this issue showed that both mystics consider the God as the main source of the true mystical state and the devil and the illusion of man as the source of false stateandemerge the consolations to human beings can be given withthemysticalstates; which are also divided into two categories: mystical and satanic. Apparently Teresa and Rumi both believe that genuine status can be realize to the future, but the false states remain in the realm of mental or expressive matters. Teresa's speeches are more precise and slight than Rumi in this feild.Both mystics suggest personal testing in some cases to distinguish true states from false states; That is, until the person himself hasn’t spent through such states, he can not recognize other cases.In this feild, Rumi mentions the authenticity recognition of a mystical state through another mystical state, which is similar to Teresa’s idea. According to both mystics, real statefrees the human from the captivity of the world, whereas the false statecaptureshuman into the world and carnal desires. Enjoying the criterions of the lack clarity of inductions, false, (locution) and their similarity to the dream, the availability of false state and far from the availability of mystical states and the possibility of verifying them in prayer and supplication can help in recognizing these states. Unexpected, the non-attribution of pure states to oneself and turning one's attention to God, reinforcing morality and religiosity are the indicators of mystical states. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Hegel, Marx and Gramsci on State and Civil Society
محمدتقي سبزه‌اي

The purpose of this article is the comparative survey of three contrastive theoreticians- Hegel, Marx, and Gramsci- on state, civil society and their relationships. Hegel assumed the civil society as a combination of three systems; the economical, legal and cohesive (po More

The purpose of this article is the comparative survey of three contrastive theoreticians- Hegel, Marx, and Gramsci- on state, civil society and their relationships. Hegel assumed the civil society as a combination of three systems; the economical, legal and cohesive (police and their related classes) which stand between the family and the state; which ultimately substitutes the state. Marx considers the civil society as the domain of work and everyday life, which is a totally economical and apolitical domain. Unlike Hegel and Marx, Gramci observes the civil society as a cultural sphere. The result of this theoretical comparative analysis shows that although these three contrasting theorists of philosophical principles assume a similar and common society as the base of their analysis, their conclusions on the society’s pattern structure differs with each other. Hegel substituted the three-dimensioned pattern of “family-civil society-state” with Aristotle’s classic two-dimensioned pattern of “family-city state”. Also Marx’s substructure pattern (on civil society) and superstructure (state) changed for Gramsci to the substructure (economic) and superstructure (civil society = nongovernmental organs + state). Gramci’s state is a combinative state compiled of the satisfaction of “mastery + power” and therefore it is both the substructure and the superstructure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Comparative Study of the Analytical and Methodological Frameworks of Oil Studies and Politics
سعید میرترابی

This paper aims to show that, during the past four decades, the literature on Rentier State, contrary to popular opinion, has not been consistent, whether in content or in methodology. Based on their methodological framework, the studies have been classified into two d More

This paper aims to show that, during the past four decades, the literature on Rentier State, contrary to popular opinion, has not been consistent, whether in content or in methodology. Based on their methodological framework, the studies have been classified into two distinct types. The first generation of studies emerged in 1970s, but their failure at explaining the situation of oil-rich countries and clarifying the consequences of fall in oil incomes sever criticisms. The criticisms in connection with the first wave of the studies provided a ground to revise the methodology, and the way of conceptualizing foreign rents and their assessments. This resulted, particularly since 1990s, in the second wave of studies a wave that could be considered as revisionism. This approach brought new variables into the studies. It paid more attention to the historical background of oil-rich countries and the historical periods when oil incomes raised (with respect to the various stages of formation of the government and the regime in power). It focused on the interrelationship between oil rent and social and political condition of these countries, avoiding structural look to the oil rents. Some of the supporters of the new approach proposed new criteria for evaluation of oil incomes. This approach offered the possibility of more complex analyses, especially in the areas of political stability and democratic transition in the oil-rich countries, analyses that better explain different experiences of the oil-dependant states. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Modern State, National Army, and Conscription
Vhid sinaee

National armies, and conscription are institutions that established by nation-state. Because the state’s claim on exclusive dominatation over and the legitimate use of force in a specific territory required formation of military institutions, i.e. national army, and co More

National armies, and conscription are institutions that established by nation-state. Because the state’s claim on exclusive dominatation over and the legitimate use of force in a specific territory required formation of military institutions, i.e. national army, and conscription. This link was established through the legal- theoretical foundations of the state, i.e. national sovereignty, and nationalism. In this context, nation served as a source of human forces to military organizations, and conscription, which in turn helped strengthen and stabilize the modern state. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Crisis in Nation- State and its Possible Future
ایوب امیرکواسمی

The current upheavals suggest that nation-state has lost its functional tenability; that is because the supposed basic functions of such systems that were maintenance of ideology, economics, culture, and so on at the national level are facing crises. Nation-state can no More

The current upheavals suggest that nation-state has lost its functional tenability; that is because the supposed basic functions of such systems that were maintenance of ideology, economics, culture, and so on at the national level are facing crises. Nation-state can no longer fully implement their political ideals at national areas. In the functionalist approach, the existence of institutions depends on their functions, so with no place for their functions, the survival of nation-state will be unintelligible .The principle objective of this paper is to study a possible future of nation-states and their successors. The method of the study is reasoning. The results of this paper include two important points: the development of statehood and the formation of global political order based on democracy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Modernity and Formation of Modern Political Theory
seyedreza shakeri

Modern political theory is of great value for its inner authenticity and outer implementations; but how this theory has been formed? The hypothesis of this study is that the modernity invented and formed the forces which caused dramatically changes in foundations and im More

Modern political theory is of great value for its inner authenticity and outer implementations; but how this theory has been formed? The hypothesis of this study is that the modernity invented and formed the forces which caused dramatically changes in foundations and implementations of modern theory. Two primary factors are important here: scientific thinking as grounding factor, and new politics (modern state), which emerged aftermath the collapse of medieval ages as outer factor. New scientific thinking prepared the context for such an evolution by transforming the concept of nature, and in the realm of politics by concentrating on power and distancing form the idea of “excellent city”. So, the modern political theory emerged as an effective and referential framework for illustrating the political life and offered solution for political problems. By separating between new and old political theories in a historical sense, this paper attend to show the formation of modern political theory in modern era and how it separated from old world; it also illustrate the characteristics of modern political theory and its new practical implementations; the results indicate that modern political theory was credible and successful for relationship between its theoretical ideas and values and its practical implementations in socio-political life; a task of modern theory which is in danger and doubt, in the ear of globalization. Manuscript profile

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11 - Ibn Khaldun‘s “Loyalty” (Asabiyah) and Social Capital; an Analysis of Political Stability
aliakbar asadi kaviji Abolfazl Shakoori

Political stability and social order and, vice versa social decline and decay, are in the center of political and social thought. Centuries ago, an Islamic thinker, Ibn Khaldun discussed social order and political stability and gave a theory in regard of Loyalty (Asabiy More

Political stability and social order and, vice versa social decline and decay, are in the center of political and social thought. Centuries ago, an Islamic thinker, Ibn Khaldun discussed social order and political stability and gave a theory in regard of Loyalty (Asabiyah). Nowadays, the debates on social order and political stability have focused on the concept of “social capital”, and specific attitudes have developed among researchers. The aim of this paper is content analysis of Ibn Khaldun thought about Asabiyah, by comparing it with the concept of social capital; claiming that this can be done by a comparative study between new and traditional concepts. In this method we can throw a new light on the thinker’s thought in order to reload his thought for contemporary era and solving some of problems of current society. Manuscript profile

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12 - The Globalized Politics; Restructuration of Political Order in the Sphere of Globalized State

The power of the state that was constituted under the dominant Westphalia system, and characterized by the it’s supreme power according to Hegelian tenets, has changed and decreased due to the globalization process in one hand, and the postmodernism theory in the other More

The power of the state that was constituted under the dominant Westphalia system, and characterized by the it’s supreme power according to Hegelian tenets, has changed and decreased due to the globalization process in one hand, and the postmodernism theory in the other hand, especially regarding to the citizenship concept and international law. Globalization is such a process that globalizes politics and makes it as a network in a global village and shapes a new public sphere. In this new sphere the citizens are free from the intervention of the power possessing the sole legitimate use of power. Additionally the postmodern theory, that considers the state as one of the actors in the international relations and tries to reshape the forgotten sub-systems, form the new components of the new state. This new state is called globalized state because of the acceptance of deinstitutionalized norms in the international system and deconstruction of inflexible Westphalia system. Accordingly this article, s hypothesis is that, three lines of change, including the non-nationalized state, non stated state and politico-economic institutionalized regimes, all led to the transition of the state to the new form and content named as globalized state. Manuscript profile

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13 - Political Sociological Analysis from Discourse Perspective: Rationale and Epistemological Outcomes
علي حسن‌پور Aliapshraf Nazari

In recent years, due to evolutions like globalization, expansion of communication, and the formation of new social movements, classic concepts of political sociology like state, ideology, power, groups and social system, class and so on undergone deep changes; so that i More

In recent years, due to evolutions like globalization, expansion of communication, and the formation of new social movements, classic concepts of political sociology like state, ideology, power, groups and social system, class and so on undergone deep changes; so that is seems Marxist theories, positivism and behaviorism theories, Weberian analysis of society and state, elitism, functionalism, pluralism and corporatism all seem to be unable to analyze the contemporary societies. In recent years, the discourse theory could make connections between elements like power, ideology and culture and found many applications in different areas of humanities especially political sciences. It is attempted in this article, after comprehending the discourse theory, the nature of state, the base of social groups’ formation, power, culture, “new social movements” and kinds of discourses quarrel in social area to turn into the hegemonic discourse, to review and analyze the role of subject in political struggles and “status of state” from the perspective political sociology. Some of the most significant results of this study include: the outweighing of culture as the arena of struggle and encounters, attending to “representations”, the plurality of views and interests, desegregation of different areas of society and bringing the power conflict into society and “street” spaces and so on. Manuscript profile

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14 - Iran’s intellectuals in Qajar era and the Transition Possibilityfrom "Government-oriented Pattern" to the "State-oriented Pattern
مهدی کاظمی زمهریر

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of thes More

In the ancient time, the government was at the center of theories, with consideration to the given religious nature of political community and desirable arrangement. By the entrance of modern thoughts into Iranian world in Qajar era, we witnessed the destruction of these beliefs and the need to rethink about them. The intellectuals were in charge of these affairs. How much they were successful in rethinking of these beliefs? The intellectuals faced with practical obstacles in the inherited beliefs from ancient time. So like the ancient thinkers, they set the right use of political authority as the main subject in their theories, Instead of addressing the foundations of political community and government. However,to rethink political orders and the application of political powers by the government was not possible without knowing about the nature of political community. So with reception of implicit theory about political community and by the use of “common good” and “general rights” by intellectuals, they rethought about dominion theory and the relation between religion and political order and stated a new theory about government. But the result was a gradual tension between the old beliefs and the new beliefs of political order and the appearance of juridical modern political theories. Although these theories tried to resist against new political order, But for the first time, instead of characteristics of an ideal ruler, they had to pay attention to the nature of political community. So the appearance of intellectual thought could put the query of government’s nature and political community in the center of political theories of Iran’s thinkers, and pave the way for gradual transition from "Government-oriented pattern" to the "State-oriented pattern" of political theories. Manuscript profile

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15 - A Critical Study of Class-based Analysis about Election Behavior of New Middle Class (Iran’s Presidential Elections Seventh (1995) and Ninth (2003) Periods)
سعید میرترابی سيد مهدي ميرعباسي

Between 1995 and 2003 many of critical factors for development of new middle class like economic growth, expansion of cities, improvement of education and literacy,development of political institutions and state bureaucracy and so… continued to growth and, as a result, More

Between 1995 and 2003 many of critical factors for development of new middle class like economic growth, expansion of cities, improvement of education and literacy,development of political institutions and state bureaucracy and so… continued to growth and, as a result, we can expect for a larger middle class in this period. On the other hand, in many of class-based analyses about presidential elections results in 1995 and 1999 in Iran, scholars focused on new and recently developed middle class role in shaping election results and victories of slogans about political development. But in presidential election in 2003 (in first round) candidate who represents political development slogans lost and in second round despite of heavily rally of Reformists in support of rival candidate, winner candidate has no any relation to political wishes that usually respect to new middle class. The article, tries to explain this dilemma and shows that ”there is a structural condition that can called “Rentier state” economic structure in Iran that constrains class-based analyses in explaining election behavior of new middle class and in forecasting election results.Wecannot stress heavily on factors that relate to quantitative expansion of middle class and its role on shaping elections wishes of different groups in society.”The article stresses on structural factors related to political economy of oil in shaping social layers in oil rich countries and shows how these factors help shaping a special middle class that necessarily have not those characteristics and wishes that is relate to this social group in standard theories of political development. Manuscript profile

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16 - Language and Politics: Pragmatic and Strategic Aspects of Language in Imam Khomeini's Leadership in the Process of Islamic Revolution in Iran
seyedreza shakeri

Islamic revolution realized in Iran under the leadership of a religious leader. Although the leader was in exile but he had strong connections with his followers despite his deprivation of communication means. This issue in this paper is the basis of reviewing the relat More

Islamic revolution realized in Iran under the leadership of a religious leader. Although the leader was in exile but he had strong connections with his followers despite his deprivation of communication means. This issue in this paper is the basis of reviewing the relationship between language and politics; so the paper tries to explain pragmatic and strategic aspects of language in Imam Khomeini's leadership in the process of Islamic revolution. In the field of study of relationship between language and politics, there are two general approaches: politics as theory and knowledge and politics as power and the realm of collective action to sustain or to change the current situation. This paper, by focusing on the second approach and by using the theories of language competence and language pragmatics in the realm of media and in mobilization of mass, will try to examine influential functions and pragmatic aspects of language in Imam Khomeini's thoughts. The findings indicate that Imam Khomeini as a scholar in mystics, ethics and jurisprudence and by his own classification of Islamic sciences introduced the pragmatism as the core of those sciences and used the language along political and revolutionary actions. Mobilizing the mass, criticizing and opposing the current situation and inviting the people to realize the Islamic state are among Imam Khomeini's pragmatic aspects of leadership. Manuscript profile

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17 - Efficiency as the capacity of state: Political Approach to Efficiency
Mohammad kamalizadeh

In this article we seek to attribute that to evaluate the effectiveness of government and political system, With reference to structural-functional systems theory to the theoretical framework. The main question in this article, is seeking for reliable indicators for the More

In this article we seek to attribute that to evaluate the effectiveness of government and political system, With reference to structural-functional systems theory to the theoretical framework. The main question in this article, is seeking for reliable indicators for the effectiveness of government from the perspective of political science. To answer this question, efficient capacities in the form of six capacities there for any government, will be discussed. Six potential monopoly of the legitimate use of force, extraction, shaping national identity, regulatory identity, maintaining internal and redistributive cohesion, in this article has been studied as indexes of government effectiveness. In this paper, our perception of efficiency can be considered as duties or common authorities in addition to great symmetry with economic understanding and management of this concept, linked with the key concept of "power" in political science. In this concept of efficiency, has been considered to the actual position of governments in countries and communities today, with an emphasis on the duties, powers and abilities as well as their expectations. This notion of efficiency, the closest and most functional conception of the concept of efficiency in political science which can be a reliable basis and theoretical framework for research on the effectiveness of the government. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Second Generation of Intellectualism, Absolute State and the Problematic of Modernity

The intellectual orientation of various generations of Iranian intellectalism has been shaped from the context of involvement and thinking in the issue of decadence and Underdevelopment, the way of exit from it, and finally the relation of traditional legacy and the wes More

The intellectual orientation of various generations of Iranian intellectalism has been shaped from the context of involvement and thinking in the issue of decadence and Underdevelopment, the way of exit from it, and finally the relation of traditional legacy and the western modernism in the process of development. This article attempts to analyze the position and coordinates of such a discussion for second generation of intellectualism, i.e. a group of Iranian intelluctuals that had intellectual-political activity orienting toward the establishment of Pahlavi State. The first part of article analyzes the transition process of constitutional State to the theory of new authoritarian and absolute State and the combination of people, groups and publications that realized such evolution. The second part of article provides an image of controversies and views being common between this generation and about the issue of modernity and the way of confronting it. In this part of article, the views are classified under two approaches of “modernity with minimum Iranian manipulation” and “selection-based modernity and adaptation with native conditions” and views of figures and supporting groups have been explained. The last part of article answers to the origins of the lack of deepening the issues related to the issue of decadence and modernity in this generation and more focus on the more objective dimensions of renovation and the way of its realization. Manuscript profile

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19 - Anarchism ideological orientation towards the State and its realization in the age of globalization: (According to rereading of George Woodcock and Saul Newman Theory of Anarchism)
mohamad ali tavana Mahmoud Alipour Roghayeh Azizpour Merzoni

The State has been discussed as highest as the executive branch within the territorial boundaries. The State-at least in modern age- is manifestation of the relationship of power and domination that existed in all communities. Anarchism as an ideology, is pessimist towa More

The State has been discussed as highest as the executive branch within the territorial boundaries. The State-at least in modern age- is manifestation of the relationship of power and domination that existed in all communities. Anarchism as an ideology, is pessimist toward the institution of “government” and “governmental power”, and considers every kind of institution as a destructive factor of moral and social life of humans. On the other hands, in the age of globalization, as the recent political social situation, the elements of dominance are faced with major challenges. One characteristic of the idea of globalization is reliance on the intellectual context of postmodernism movement that challenges the values of the modern era. The main feature of this movement is the rejection of absolutism, that In this regard, does blames structure that is formed by the Power and State, and involves in the critique of domination in the political community. Based on this fact, this question is raised that considering the pluralism and the critique of the popularism, in “globalization” situation, is there a route for the assertiveness the “Anarchism” ideology. Our hypothesis would be that in the age of globalization, Due to the Expanding Decentralization approach in different domains, It can be said that State powers is scattered and their tasks is limited and on the other It can be said the Dream of a society without State, and moral society based on “Anarchism …” can be realize in some areas. Therefore it can be attempted to explain and analyze the fate of government in the globalization situation by rereading the ideology of Anarchism-in the viewpoints of two of most prominent of contem rorery intellectuals of this school; “George Woodcock” and “Saul Newman”. Manuscript profile

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20 - The Role of Civil Institutions on the Effectiveness of the State in Iran; Determining and Prioritizing the Indices1

This research examines the role of civil institutions on the efficiency of state in different domains and with different qualities. To examine this for judicial, legislative and, executive powers separately, different indexes are suggested and are prioritized based on t More

This research examines the role of civil institutions on the efficiency of state in different domains and with different qualities. To examine this for judicial, legislative and, executive powers separately, different indexes are suggested and are prioritized based on the opinioins of excperts. This research is descriptive-explanatory in its nature and uses both quantitive and qualitive methods in a composition that will be explained in the paper. According to the results, the highest priority is related to the executive system and to the role social institutions have in increasing the transparency of the executive power. On the contrary, the lowest priority is for the role social institutions have in how the representatives of judicial system are chosen for its different tasks. The latter is something that calls for more investigations. Manuscript profile

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21 - Violence in the civil state of Hobbes: Rereading Leviathan
mohamad ali tavana

Leviathan is one of the first modern political philosophy texts, which attempt to replace regular civil state of market society and the bourgeois state with the state of nature in which is war of all against each other. Now, the question is: Is civil state of Hobbes is More

Leviathan is one of the first modern political philosophy texts, which attempt to replace regular civil state of market society and the bourgeois state with the state of nature in which is war of all against each other. Now, the question is: Is civil state of Hobbes is free of violence? It seems that the transition from the state of nature to the civil state is not end of violence, but besides the obvious activist violence, it reinforces more hidden forms of violence including action-accepting and symbolic violence (Hypothesis). This article, in order to understanding and analyzing the types of violence in the civil state of Hobbes, uses the theoretical framework of Slavoj Zizek (theoretical framework). It seems that the origin of activist violence, action-accepting and symbolic in Hobbes's civil state can be found on several factors; The first is that the social phobia that is affected by the evil nature of human still continues in civil state. Second, in the civil state of Hobbes, the governor that has superior authority (sovereignty) is the exception. Third, the ruler for containing the unleashed violence of nature of state, resorts to the force of law, common law and morality, which itself is repulse, repression and Constraint. In other words, it makes a part of citizens in favor of other part, exclusion, repression or limit (the findings). The present article uses Text- author centered hermeneutic method (method). Manuscript profile

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22 - The Impact of Political Factors on Economic Relationships in the First Decade of the Iran's Revolution
Abbas Hatami Hossein Masoudnia Davood Najafi

By the 1960s, the argument was that economic phenomena were purely economic subjects. But since the 1970s, with the revival of interdisciplinary studies, a literature has emerged that argued political factors are effective on economic phenomena. Inspired by this literat More

By the 1960s, the argument was that economic phenomena were purely economic subjects. But since the 1970s, with the revival of interdisciplinary studies, a literature has emerged that argued political factors are effective on economic phenomena. Inspired by this literature and with the focus on the first decade of the Islamic Republic's political economy, this article attempts to indicate how the five political factors, including revolution, war, political instability, political fragmentations, and ultimately the social background of government have affected economic phenomena. To doing so, firstly, this article shows how the war reduced the government's oil revenues in the decade. Secondly, it explains how political instabilities led to a reduction in foreign investment in this period. Thirdly, by emphasizing political fragmentations, it reveals how this factor led to a lack of economic consensus among political elites. Finally, it becomes clear that how the social background of the revolutionary state helped to the emergence of populist economic policies in Iran that time. All these findings show how far were the economic phenomena influenced by political factors and reflected its requirements in the first decade of the revolution. Manuscript profile

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23 - Feasibility of Adapting the Hegel's Desirable State with the Doctrines of Modern Totalitarian States
Mohammad Abedi Ardakani seyyed ali asghar baghrinejad

Some states were established, in the twentieth century, which are characterized by the title of “Totalitarian”. They consist of a wide range including conservatives, fascist radical right-wingers and communist radical left-wingers. The nature and behavioral style of the More

Some states were established, in the twentieth century, which are characterized by the title of “Totalitarian”. They consist of a wide range including conservatives, fascist radical right-wingers and communist radical left-wingers. The nature and behavioral style of these governments are manifest in their doctrines or policies which are more or less rooted in the past. Hence, some thinkers like Karl Popper and Schopenhauer contain that Hegel was one of the philosophers whose trace of thought can be seen in these doctrines. Now, the main purpose of this article is to clarify the validity of this claim by adapting the most important features of Hegel's theory of state with the doctrines of the totalitarian states of the twentieth century, mainly from Nazi or fascist type in Germany and Italy between the two world wars. For this reason, the main question of the present study is: “has Hegel theorized about his desired state in a way that is consistent with the doctrines of the twentieth-century totalitarian states?” The findings of this study suggest that, although it is possible that notions may be found in Hegel's thoughts that are misunderstood or misused by totalitarian states, but overall, what Hegel has proposed about the state and its features is entirely different from the doctrines of the totalitarian states of the twentieth century. This study is descriptive-analytic with a documentary-historical approach and collecting the appropriate data for analysis is done in a library-based way. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - A Study of State-Bazaar Relations in the First Decade of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1357-1368)
Vhid sinaee sara akbari

After the Islamic Revolution, the relationship between the state and the traditional bazaar as a socio-economic institution changed. At the beginning of the revolution, prominent members of the bazaar community took control of large sections of Iran's economy through th More

After the Islamic Revolution, the relationship between the state and the traditional bazaar as a socio-economic institution changed. At the beginning of the revolution, prominent members of the bazaar community took control of large sections of Iran's economy through the management of revolutionary and state institutions, and established close relations with the leaders of the Islamic Republic. But in the following years, there were changes in these relationships. For studying this transformation and explaining the relationship between state and the bazaar in the first decade of the Islamic Republic, it can be hypothesized that in the mentioned decade, there were no similar policies towards the bazaar. The Provisional or Movaghat state believed in liberal policies in the field of economics, but under the influence of the resolutions of the Revolutionary Council, the revolutionary conditions and the post-revolutionary unrest, it practically implemented the resolutions of the Revolutionary Council. With the fall of the Provisional government and the rise of left-wing state, traditional bazaar power was challenged, especially in the political and economic spheres. On the contrary, the bazaar tried to prevent the state from dominating the economy and the private sector. The research method is explanatory and data collection is library and documentary. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Arendt’s Political Thought and the Possibility of Change in International Relations
Homeira Moshirzadeh Arya Moknat

According to mainstream IR theories and, in particular, realism, violence is and will remain to be an essential and inseparable part of international relations. All variations of realism view human nature and/or intentional system as inherently violent. Hannah Arendt’s More

According to mainstream IR theories and, in particular, realism, violence is and will remain to be an essential and inseparable part of international relations. All variations of realism view human nature and/or intentional system as inherently violent. Hannah Arendt’s theory of political power as a non-violent and collective human action challenges this fundamental assumption and offers a new perspective on what constitutes the essence of politics. Arendt’s idea of “human condition” rejects all forms of essentialism with regard to human beings and opens up a theoretical space for a new understanding of international relations where human beings become the primary political agents (despite the fact that she sees the existing international relations more from a realist point of view). Contrary to mainstream IR theories in general, and to realism in particular, for Arendt the individuals, rather than the states, are ultimately the main players in international relations. In this paper, we bind different aspects of Arendt’s political thought together to offer a new theoretical perspective for a possible change in world politics. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - The Theory of Oriental Despotism and Nature of State and Society in Pre-Modern Iran
h k

In its various narratives, the theory of Oriental despotism has been the dominant analytical framework for understanding the nature of state and society in pre-modern Iran. The main product of this theory's application has been presenting the state's image as an arbitra More

In its various narratives, the theory of Oriental despotism has been the dominant analytical framework for understanding the nature of state and society in pre-modern Iran. The main product of this theory's application has been presenting the state's image as an arbitrary and strong organization in the face of a fragmented society with dependent, weak, and passive social forces. According to such an analysis, the state's fundamental features, society, and the relations between them have not undergone a qualitative change from the beginning of history until now despite all the apparent changes in Iran's history. The first purpose of this article is to present a report on the origins of oriental despotism theory, its application by Western and Iranian scholars for analysis of the Iranian history, identification of its core themes about the nature of state and society, and the reasons for its popularity in the post-revolutionary period. The essay shows that despite the long history of this theory, it has been redesigned in the context of a political-theoretical conflict between the Leftist groups and their critics during the 1950s and 1970s. The article considers the hegemony of this approach after the Islamic Revolution due to the invalidity of Orthodox Marxism's analytical framework and capabilities this theory to provide a simple yet understandable answer to the problem of economic and political underdevelopment. The second aim of this article is to reveal the inadequacy of the theory and its results in analyzing the nature of the Iranian state and society. It emphasizes that the mentioned view has practically blocked the way for a "truly" historical sociology of Iran and a correct understanding of the nature of the state, society, and their interactions with one another. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Critique of Homayoun Katozian's view of "Iranian tyranny"
Abdolrahman Hassanifar

One of the common theories focused on politics, society, and state in Iran is the "theory of despotism". Many Iranian and non-Iranian thinkers have commented and even theorized about why and how the emergence, formation, and continuation of "despotism" in Iran. Mohammad More

One of the common theories focused on politics, society, and state in Iran is the "theory of despotism". Many Iranian and non-Iranian thinkers have commented and even theorized about why and how the emergence, formation, and continuation of "despotism" in Iran. Mohammad Ali (Homayoun) Katozian is one of the Iranian scholars who have proposed the view of "despotism" on the history of Iran. In Katouzian's view, Iranian society and state have historically been in a cycle of "despotism, chaos, chaos, and despotism". In this view, Iranian society has always been either plagued by despotism or by chaos, conflict, and strife. Katozian's view emphasizes the comprehensive impact of authoritarian political power on other dimensions of society. The question is whether Katozian's view of Iranian despotism is a result of the whole of Iranian history? The findings indicate that Katozian's view is not relevant to the entire history of Iran and this article examines this discrepancy. The method of the article is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

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28 - Nonlinear State Estimation Using Hybrid Robust Cubature Kalman Filter
Behrooz Safarinejadian Mohsen Taher

10.7508/jist.2016.02.005

In this paper, a novel filter is provided that estimates the states of any nonlinear system, both in the presence and absence of uncertainty with high accuracy. It is well understood that a robust filter design is a compromise between the robustness and the estimation a More

In this paper, a novel filter is provided that estimates the states of any nonlinear system, both in the presence and absence of uncertainty with high accuracy. It is well understood that a robust filter design is a compromise between the robustness and the estimation accuracy. In fact, a robust filter is designed to obtain an accurate and suitable performance in presence of modelling errors.So in the absence of any unknown or time-varying uncertainties, the robust filter does not provide the desired performance. The new method provided in this paper, which is named hybrid robust cubature Kalman filter (CKF), is constructed by combining a traditional CKF and a novel robust CKF. The novel robust CKF is designed by merging a traditional CKF with an uncertainty estimator so that it can provide the desired performance in the presence of uncertainty. Since the presence of uncertainty results in a large innovation value, the hybrid robust CKF adapts itself according to the value of the normalized innovation. The CKF and robust CKF filters are run in parallel and at any time, a suitable decision is taken to choose the estimated state of either the CKF or the robust CKF as the final state estimation. To validate the performance of the proposed filters, two examples are given that demonstrate their promising performance. Manuscript profile

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29 - A New Capacity Theorem for the Gaussian Channel with Two-sided Input and Noise Dependent State Information
Nima S. Anzabi-Nezhad Ghosheh Abed Hodtani

10.7508/jist.2019.04.005

Gaussian interference known at the transmitter can be fully canceled in a Gaussian communication channel employing dirty paper coding, as Costa shows, when interference is independent of the channel noise and when the channel input designed independently of the interfer More

Gaussian interference known at the transmitter can be fully canceled in a Gaussian communication channel employing dirty paper coding, as Costa shows, when interference is independent of the channel noise and when the channel input designed independently of the interference. In this paper, a new and general version of the Gaussian channel in presence of two-sided state information correlated to the channel input and noise is considered. Determining a general achievable rate for the channel and obtaining the capacity in a non-limiting case, we try to analyze and solve the Gaussian version of the Cover-Chiang theorem mathematically and information-theoretically. Our capacity theorem, while including all previous theorems as its special cases, explains situations that can not be analyzed by them; for example, the effect of the correlation between the side information and the channel input on the capacity of the channel that can not be analyzed with Costa’s “writing on dirty paper" theorem. Meanwhile, we try to exemplify the concept of “cognition" of the transmitter or the receiver on a variable (here, the channel noise) with the information-theoretic concept of “side information" correlated to that variable and known at the transmitter or at the receiver. According to our theorem, the channel capacity is an increasing function of the mutual information of the side information and the channel noise. Manuscript profile

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30 - The "important and more important" principle, and the unethical theory of justification

The subject of “ethics in governing and ruling” has always been of interest to scholars and thinkers of all societies. Ethics in politics or ethical politics is still a controversial issue among great thinkers of political and moral philosophy. Having a short look at th More

The subject of “ethics in governing and ruling” has always been of interest to scholars and thinkers of all societies. Ethics in politics or ethical politics is still a controversial issue among great thinkers of political and moral philosophy. Having a short look at the theories of philosophers from different schools about the relationship between ethics and politics, and having made a comparison between Plato, Aristotle, Marx, and Machiavelli, this article tries to describe and present the viewpoint of the Qur’an and ‘Ali ibn Abi-Talib about the matter. This article shows that the principal ruling method recommended by Niccolo Machiavelli, which is practically accepted by all rulers, and that is instrumentality in statebuilding –an approach represented by the saying “the ends justify the means.” Whereas, the Prophet of Islam's son-in-law, his closest companion, and his chosen successor; ‘Ali ibn Abi-Talib, has explicitly rejected this idea, And then, we have refered to the views of Shia jurists on the topic, and rooted out the "important and more important" principle and the determinants in case of contradiction, showing that the Quran and Hadith have allowed employing forbidden means only in the exceptional case of "saving humans' life," and it cannot be generalized to all cases of two contradictory gains. Manuscript profile

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31 - The ethical-psychological foundations of the necessity for states crimes criminalization with emphasis on government models
Maaz Abdolahi Sayed Mahmood MirKhalili

All around the world, there has been love for power, competition and hatred; and the mean people have enjoyed observing the suffering of others. When the prophets of God sought to correct the people and their societies, bring reconciliation and peace and guide people, a More

All around the world, there has been love for power, competition and hatred; and the mean people have enjoyed observing the suffering of others. When the prophets of God sought to correct the people and their societies, bring reconciliation and peace and guide people, a great number of people of that time disagreed with them; because, their guidance was contrary to the superficial and common aspirations of those societies and their people. In this regard, one of the most controversial issues among the nations and governments is states crimes, which affect the physical, psychological, ethical, social and individual well-being of the citizens. No Jurisdiction, institution, or law has placed this behavior in the banned area of conduct and does not impose any liability, especially criminal liability, on the states. The present article seeks to analyze and prove the necessity of criminalization of states crime from the perspective of ethical-psychological foundations. Manuscript profile

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32 - The economic rights of coastal countries in different maritime areas In the shadow of moral teachings
maryam shamoni Ahwazi mansour atashene basem mavali zadeh

Governance is one of the most fundamental concepts related to the formation and sustainability of the state-state, which gives the legitimate and objective faculties of the government of that country. This concept defines the scope of the authority of the political syst More

Governance is one of the most fundamental concepts related to the formation and sustainability of the state-state, which gives the legitimate and objective faculties of the government of that country. This concept defines the scope of the authority of the political system and governing institutions within the country and in foreign relations. In addition to the political borders of the land, the sovereignty of the countries has come at the blue borders. In marine environments, coastal countries are qualified after considering the economic bases of the maritime zones. In this regard, one of the roots of the disagreements arises here from which developed countries want to dominate economic zones and limit the domination of governments The coast was around the waters around you. On the other hand, colonized and developing countries are demanding more seaweed for economic protection from their land areas. In this study, the purpose of this study was to examine the economic rights of coastal countries in different marine areas. And then collect information using the library method and phishing. Manuscript profile

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33 - Equality and Non-Discrimination in Social Security in Islamic State
Ramin Movahedi Seyyed Hossein Malekuti Hashtjin Abulfazl Ranjbari

Social Security is one of the most important mechanisms for the realization of social justice. Iran's legal system, especially after the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the spread of slogans of justice and equality, and the elimination of all forms of discriminati More

Social Security is one of the most important mechanisms for the realization of social justice. Iran's legal system, especially after the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the spread of slogans of justice and equality, and the elimination of all forms of discrimination and inequality, at least is in the pursuit of policies and programs to spread social justice through the social security mechanism in many constitutions and laws. The Islamic state of early Islam (Prophet's and Amir al-Momenin (pbuh) governments) views was based on establishing the principle of equality and non-discrimination in the welfare of Muslims. The Islamic State of Iran, whose constitution is regulated by the application of Islamic laws and principles, has also sought to establish the rules governing social security on the basis of principles such as the principle of equality and non-discrimination, and the legislator requires the Islamic state to interfere in its implementation and supervision. Therefore, social security laws in Iran, although as set out in its original objectives, have not been able to comply with the principles of Islamic laws, due to lack of resources and increased population, the efforts made represent the will of the Islamic State along the path to justice and equality in this category. Manuscript profile

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34 - A Comparative Study of the Stare's Ethical Responsibility Caused by Acts of Citizens in Iran and International Law
Doagu Hossein

In general, it is accepted as a principle that the damaging acts of persons are not attributable to the states. So not only states are not responsible for such actions, those who have committed them are held responsible. This is supported by the states doctrines and pra More

In general, it is accepted as a principle that the damaging acts of persons are not attributable to the states. So not only states are not responsible for such actions, those who have committed them are held responsible. This is supported by the states doctrines and practices as well as international legal procedures and decisions. The international responsibility of state with respect to the damage to other states and their subjects is limited to the acts of its own agents who are acting on behalf of it. However, there are certain circumstances if met the acts of persons can bring about responsibility for states. As stated in the article 8 of the international commission bill, the act of a person or a group of persons is regarded as the act of a state if it is done by the order or under control and guidance of the state. This demonstrates that the conditions of control and guidance are essential and if they are met action or inaction of a national can bring about responsibility for the respected state. The present dissertation studies the cases and forms of the responsibility of states for the acts of nationals within the realm of international and internal law. Furthermore, the actions that bring about responsibility for states are studied. Manuscript profile

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35 - Moral and jurisprudential analysis of the punishment of innate apostate
adel asghrpoortoloay rahim vakilzadh

Innate apostasy is one of the crimes that, if proven, is punishable by particular punishments in the criminal system of Islam. The question arises as to whether in the true sense of innate apostasy, being Muslim parents of an apostate is enough. Or, in addition to it, More

Innate apostasy is one of the crimes that, if proven, is punishable by particular punishments in the criminal system of Islam. The question arises as to whether in the true sense of innate apostasy, being Muslim parents of an apostate is enough. Or, in addition to it, is it necessary to fully describe Islam for the person after puberty and the revelation of disbelief later on? In this article, we describe the role of defining and describing Islam for an apostate and the role of repentance in it with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results show that in addition to being Muslim parents of an apostate, the continuity of their being Muslim and the description of Islam and its provisions for a person during puberty are among the conditions for the realization of innate apostasy. Also, with regard to the question of whether the punishment of an apostate is in conflict with freedom of thought and the freedom of accepting religion, we have come to the conclusion that what is described as an apostate’s punishment is in cases that the enemy and disagreeing apostate seeks to destroy society and its scientific environment and violate the rights of others, instead of using logical reasoning and scientific methods Manuscript profile

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36 - Ethical Evaluation and Validation of the Congressional Budget Office's Legal Responsibilities in Defining Annual Budgeting in the United States
Abbas Emami askar jalaliyan hosseen sadeghi

The process of US government approval is affected by the conditions, and many specialized departments in Congress, the Presidential Palace, and the Senate are examining it. This study examines the legal and ethical responsibilities of the Congressional Budget Office in More

The process of US government approval is affected by the conditions, and many specialized departments in Congress, the Presidential Palace, and the Senate are examining it. This study examines the legal and ethical responsibilities of the Congressional Budget Office in determining annual budgets in the United States. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and documentary approach was used for data collection. An important issue to consider with regard to the annual budget of the United States is that the Congressional Budget Office has tight control over the amount and manner of annual budget allocation so that one of the most important causes of congressional oversight of the US budget can be the ability of the Congressional Office to review. He knew the exact conditions. Although in many cases the annual budget changes in addition to imposing the opinions of experts on the office of the President and the Senate as well, the most important part of its approval is in Congress and the Budget Office plays a key role in its approval and approval. This means that regardless of the key role of the entity, the US budgeting process cannot be examined, since the primary task of determining and estimating annual budget and overseeing its proper implementation is spent in the United States. Under the 1974 Act, it is in charge of the Budget Office. Legally and ethically approved budgeting in the United States involves careful scrutiny of the budget, its performance, and its subtraction so that its budget office is legally and morally obliged to do all of its steps accurately. It should be noted, however, that its oversight role is less than that of qualified bodies in the Senate, which some scholars regard as the most important functional task of the budget office to properly and appropriately allocate funds. The appropriation is made by the Congressional Bureau to facilitate the approval process, so that it can be dealt with more quickly and with greater transparency in the final form of a joint meeting of the Senate and Congress. This illustrates the strategic role of the budget office in the process of approval, communication and oversight of the US budget. Manuscript profile

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37 - Reviewing of the standards for determining state orders from non-state orders

The guardianship of the jurist as a theory religion practice, and developed of God worship from individual in to social and state one has opened a new horizon in different political and Islamic sciences. In recent years it has been felt more necessary to pay attention More

The guardianship of the jurist as a theory religion practice, and developed of God worship from individual in to social and state one has opened a new horizon in different political and Islamic sciences. In recent years it has been felt more necessary to pay attention to political jurisprudence and issues relevant to the guardianship of the jurist in order to answer the opinions of rivals and clarifying the issue. Shia jurisprudence through its challenging history, has been able to solve jurisprudence problems due to precious of ijtihad driver from Ahl al-Bayt thoughts and is developing. Doubtlessly in recent era there has been plenty of outstanding religious scientist, but there has been a limited number among there who have a school Imam Khomeini is one of them. The author of this essay is, referring to the legal statement holiness. to this article wants to review and study the standards for determining state orders from non-state orders. And explain it by the use of analytical descriptive method of the Holy Quran, reference jurisprudence and principle jurisprudence, and etc books. Manuscript profile

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38 - Legal Challenges of Children's Citizenship of Iranian Women with Foreign Husbands
Atefeh Abbasi

In civil law of Iran, the right of women to nationality is intertwined with their family rights and duties and family rights are preferred to the moral rights of them. According to the above law the citizenship of the Iranian mother did not affect the child's nationalit More

In civil law of Iran, the right of women to nationality is intertwined with their family rights and duties and family rights are preferred to the moral rights of them. According to the above law the citizenship of the Iranian mother did not affect the child's nationality and even if child is born of Iranian mother and foreign father on Iranian soil, this person is not considered Iranian. On the other hand, mother and father of many of these children are married without compliance of article 1060 of the Civil Code and some of men have no nationality and some of men have died or been missing, as a result, their children lack citizenship and identity. Considering the ineffectiveness of the law of determining the nationality of the children of Iranian women married to foreign men and the need to modify the existing rules, this article is written. This article is a library study method by analyzing existing laws and regulations. In this article , effect of the mother's role on granting citizenship is explained and checked the systems for determining the citizenship of individuals and families and suggested to these children are known Iranian and this problem can be resolved by the mother's request from the birth or by the child from the age of 18 years. It is essential for mother's support, her marriage will be recorded and citizenship rights are given to these children before granting citizenship. Manuscript profile

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39 - Methods of Fostering Orphaned Children and Children with Unqualified Parents in Iranian Law
Elaheh Mohseni

Protecting children at risk is one of the most important issues of child rights under international and regional conventions and domestic laws. The principle accepted in family law is the parent's priority for child custody. However, if the child’s welfare requires, one More

Protecting children at risk is one of the most important issues of child rights under international and regional conventions and domestic laws. The principle accepted in family law is the parent's priority for child custody. However, if the child’s welfare requires, one way of protecting children with unqualified parent(s) is to keep them in a safe environment outside the family by qualified persons or public or private entities and institutions. In this way, the ultimate goal is to restore parental ability, rebuild family relationships and provide the opportunity for the child to return to the family. This study uses library resources, laws, regulations and interviews with experts and professionals of Behzisti (State welfare organization) and judiciary to try to identify different ways of providing administrative and judicial support to orphaned or abandoned children In order to provide effective guardianship and care for them. According to current laws and regulations, in case of guardianless or neglected child, caring for him/her would be in a family setting and otherwise in a residential child care community. In addition to restoring family competence, the independence of the supported child also terminates the intervention of public institutions to support children and adolescents without effective guardian. Undoubtedly, the successful return of the child to the original family requires a gradual and supervised process as well as eliminating the existing family problems. Manuscript profile

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40 - Compare Flow State Experience (Peak Performance) in Elite and Non-Elite Iranian Athletic
Mohamad Amin Jalilvand Rasoul Roshan Maryam Esmailinasab Rasoul Hemayttalab

The purpose of this study was to compare selected flow state experience (peak performance) in elite and non-elite Iranian athletic. This study examined relationships between peak performance, and flow state. The flow-feeling theory helps in understanding the reason peop More

The purpose of this study was to compare selected flow state experience (peak performance) in elite and non-elite Iranian athletic. This study examined relationships between peak performance, and flow state. The flow-feeling theory helps in understanding the reason people do activities in maximum (peak performance)and extremely motivated state. The elite sample included 55 and non- elite 50 females and males (with 23.5 in average) athletic. They were interviewed and questioned, Flow State Scale-2-Chen, Hung (DFS_2) was used for data collection. The t-test revealed a significant difference between elite and non-elite athletic in 4 factor, and totale flow state, and five others. Some results indicate to there can be a state of flow on the athletic. However, elite athletic were better than non- elite athletic in all catagorys. According to the results of this study, it is recommended that elite athletic. Manuscript profile

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41 - The Formation of Rentier State and its Impact on the Collapse of the Second Pahlavi Regime

Aiming to survey how the increase in oil revenue influenced on the collapse of the second Pahlavi regime, the present article is formed based on the theory of “rentier state”. In this regard, the paper maintains that considering Mohammad-Reza`s government as a rentier s More

Aiming to survey how the increase in oil revenue influenced on the collapse of the second Pahlavi regime, the present article is formed based on the theory of “rentier state”. In this regard, the paper maintains that considering Mohammad-Reza`s government as a rentier state would allow to conceive its structure and the ultimate decay. According to the theory, such description might be applicable to those states which a large majority of their overall revenue comes from regular foreign revenue rather than national production cycle. Such performance, negatively affecting the economic, social and political realm of the society, is much likely to end up in the legitimacy crisis and the collapse of the state itself. Accordingly, having become a rentier state from late1950s on, due to the rise in oil revenue, the second Pahlavi reign encountered some negative impact of such situation on its economy, politics, and society, which, all in all, had de-stabilizing effects on regime. Ever-increasing governmental domination over the economy, rise in the proportion of oil-driven revenues in governmental budget and development policies, a more autocrat king, extension of security/ intelligence services and, consequently, a more political oppression, taking control the society by bureaucracy, prevalence of financial corruption and promotion of rent-seeking ethos, and propagating the formal/ government-run culture by the regime are some of the most significant such effects. Hence, this situation caused to a gap between government and the people, their distrust in regime as an illegitimate one, and, consequently, contributed to its collapse in 1979. To explain the data, the present paper takes advantage of a descriptive-analytic method Manuscript profile

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42 - Aristotelian Golden Mean in Abu Nasr Farabi
Zohreh Tavaziany

From among the views propounded in the field of ethics, Aristotle’s theory of golden mean has attracted the greatest attention of Muslim philosophers, including Farabi, who is considered to be the founder of Islamic philosophy. The problem here is whether Farabi himself More

From among the views propounded in the field of ethics, Aristotle’s theory of golden mean has attracted the greatest attention of Muslim philosophers, including Farabi, who is considered to be the founder of Islamic philosophy. The problem here is whether Farabi himself was merely content with a pure imitation, explanation, and expansion of Aristotle’s theory in designing his ethical system or developed his independent view in the realm of ethics. Through presenting a documented report of Farabi’s views in ethics, the present paper intends to demonstrate that, in spite of Aristotle’s undeniable influence on his thoughts in the development of some of his philosophical principles in the field of ethics, such as considering happiness to be the ultimate goal and resorting to the theory of the mean in explaining virtues and posing Aristotle’s four-fold virtues, Farabi was never content with a mere explanation of Aristotle’s ideas in this regard and, on the contrary, presented his own specific theories. Clearly, Farabi promotes happiness from the level of a purely ethical concept with an individualistic bent to the level of a social concept and considers it to be the foundation of the political systems that are based on virtue. He also enters some purely religious features into this field and clearly explains them. However, his ideas in this regard are not immune to criticism. What places Farabi with regard to his ethical theories in the same line with Aristotelians is the problem of proposing the mean as the criterion for determining moral virtues. Through emphasizing this problem, this paper intends to demonstrate how Farabi has organized his ethical system based on the elements he has borrowed from Aristotle. Manuscript profile

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43 - The Relationship between the Pillars of Wisdom and Utopia in Suhrawardi and Plato
Saeed Rahimian

The idea of utopia entails extensive discussions with a history as long as the history of humanity. Plato was the first philosopher who portrayed utopia in a philosophical mould. On the other hand, in the Islamic world, Farabi was the pioneer of this view and left it as More

The idea of utopia entails extensive discussions with a history as long as the history of humanity. Plato was the first philosopher who portrayed utopia in a philosophical mould. On the other hand, in the Islamic world, Farabi was the pioneer of this view and left it as a legacy to the thinkers living after him until today. Shaykh Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi is one of the philosophers who gives a specific direction to his philosophical thoughts in search of an ideal state; one that emerges from the heart of his Illuminationist ontology and epistemology. The present paper aims to explore this firm relationship and, given the place of Plato’s ideas in Suhrawardi’s philosophy, highlights the points of agreement and disagreement of these two thinkers in this regard. Considering the similarities between their views, particularly in cases such as man’s interest in a civil society, the conformity and harmony between their ideal state and the order of being and confining the ruling power to the people possessing the knowledge of the truths of the higher world, one cannot deny the independence of Suhrawardi’s philosophy, especially, with respect to the leadership of an ideal state and its leader’s attributes. Manuscript profile

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44 - A Critical Reading of the Relationship between Imagination and Act: Sadrian Thought versus the Modern Philosophy of Act
Roohallah Daraei Tuba Kermani

One of the main problems of the philosophy of act is the explanation of the quality of the realization of human voluntary acts. A study of the ideas of Mulla Sadra, who has dealt with the whatness and functions of imagination following a new approach in his school of ph More

One of the main problems of the philosophy of act is the explanation of the quality of the realization of human voluntary acts. A study of the ideas of Mulla Sadra, who has dealt with the whatness and functions of imagination following a new approach in his school of philosophy, reveals that, given the diffusion of the final cause and causal role of imagination and the imaginal faculty in acts, we can present a causal and rational explanation of voluntary acts and other-worldly bodies. A comparison of Mulla Sadra’s view and Davidson’s theory, known as the dual theory of “belief-desire”, indicates that this theory fails to provide a comprehensive explanation for the human voluntary actions. This is because, through ignoring the causal role of imagination and the imaginal faculty in voluntary acts, it has not provided an all-inclusive account of the acts that are influenced by imagination and imaginal faculty. Moreover, this theory considers belief to be one of the basic elements of all acts while affirmative belief does not have this function for all acts. For Mulla Sadra, philosophical psychology is a general title for the discussions about the accidents and acts of the soul, and what we call the philosophy of act is a sub-category of this discipline. He has tried to present a consistent and well-reasoned theory including the intention-act-agent relation through expanding and promoting the theory of faculties to the theory of the modes of the soul based on his own specific ontological theories, such as “the union of the intellect and the intelligible”, “the union of the object of desire and the willing”, “the union of imagination and the imagined”, “the theory of gradation”, “the trans-substantial motion of the soul”, and the belief in the diffusion of causality, including the spread of the final cause in the world of being. Manuscript profile

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45 - Peace and Happiness in Mulla Sadra’s Political Philosophy
Mohammad Meshkat

This article follows two purposes or main targets: the first is the mutual relationship between peace and happiness, and the second is the endless interaction and opposition between them. Obviously, instead of a descriptive approach, the writer follows an analytic or de More

This article follows two purposes or main targets: the first is the mutual relationship between peace and happiness, and the second is the endless interaction and opposition between them. Obviously, instead of a descriptive approach, the writer follows an analytic or descriptive-analytic method in exploring the main point of the paper. The innovativeness of the writer here lies in his discovering the developmental mutual relationship between peace and happiness within the lines of Mulla Sadra’s works and explaining it accordingly. This relationship is analyzed based on various principles in his philosophy. According to the different angles of Mulla Sadra’s anthropology, peace is the necessary condition for worldly and otherworldly happiness. At the same time, happiness is the necessary condition for consolidating peace. The Sadrian ontology and cosmology are the bases of the writer’s analyses regarding the above-mentioned mutual relationship. Here, he explicates how the Sadrian Society, while enjoying plurality, can be profoundly monistic, as well. An analysis of the relationship between peace and happiness based on this philosopher’s religious ideas illustrates how severely peace is endangered in the modern world. The structure of the government and its functions unveil this mutual relationship in a different sense, in the same way that Mulla Sadra’s ethical ideas reveal the exact relationship among peace, security, and moral happiness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Place of Act in Man’s Existence in Mullā Ṣadrā
Fateme Soleimani Darrebaghi

One of the important problems in the field of anthropology is the place of “act” in Man’s existence and its role in attaining perfection. In Mullā Ṣadrā’s view, when a person performs an act, its truth is developed inside their soul so that thoughts and beliefs function More

One of the important problems in the field of anthropology is the place of “act” in Man’s existence and its role in attaining perfection. In Mullā Ṣadrā’s view, when a person performs an act, its truth is developed inside their soul so that thoughts and beliefs function as origins of different tendencies and feelings in human beings. Therefore, external acts are manifestations of human thoughts, intentions, feelings, and tendencies; they do not directly affect the formation of the truth of human beings but only function as the manifestation of the truth of the human soul. In this way, the truth and inner nature of act is identical with soulish forms and habits, which in the hereafter create the Ideal and otherworldly body. In fact, human beings represent themselves in the outside world through their acts. Hence, Mullā Ṣadrā rejects the idea that act is the cause of the emergence of states and attributes in the soul and, in case of repetition, results in the development of soulish habits. He, rather, believes that act is the product of human states and tendencies and merely plays the role of an intermediary between the human soul and the external material world. However, acts indirectly affect the formation of new thoughts and, as a result, new emotions and dispositions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - An Introduction to the Production of Islamic Knowledge
Mostafa Jafarpishe محمد سعید جبل عاملی

In the composition of "Islamic knowledge" it is discussed what facts and news propositions can be deduced from Islamic sources so that they can be attributed to the Islamic religion according to scientific criteria and proper research methods and the documents are permi More

In the composition of "Islamic knowledge" it is discussed what facts and news propositions can be deduced from Islamic sources so that they can be attributed to the Islamic religion according to scientific criteria and proper research methods and the documents are permitted and to be considered legitimate and correct. Here, it refers to the ontological knowledge that can be extracted from the sources of Qur'an and Sunnah. Hence, to the difference between Islamic knowledge based on the ontological statements of Islam, and Islamic knowledge in the absolute sense of theology (the statements contained in the Islamic religion, both related to existence and what relates to its laws and Shari'ah and its legal rules), has been paid attention. So the realm of discussion has a limitation in one aspect and a development in another. Relatively limited to Islamic ontological knowledge, the domain of debate is limited and expanded to include all branches of Islamic knowledge related to being. In this article, the term "Islamic knowledge" is the science that first derives from the religion of Islam, the Qur'an and the Sunnah and can be attributed to this religion. Secondly, it is related to the ontological propositions and the realities of the universe in general and extensively. Therefore, the descriptive and recommendation statements of the Qur'an and Sunnah are directly outside the scope of this article. Describing the value of knowledge and its necessity, defining Islamic knowledge and its possibility, and explaining the role of rationality in the system of Islamic thought, has provided the conditions for introducing the authentic foundations and strategic principles of Islamic knowledge with the Ijtihadist approach. These principles can be the basis for learning and developing Islamic knowledge. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

48 - Explaining the relationship between state and society: from one-sided frameworks to reciprocal links
sara akbari Vahid sinaee Mehdi Najafzadeh eslami eslami

Explaining the relationship between the state and society is one of the most important theoretical challenges in political science. In a theoretical conflict and as a result of numerous criticisms of one-dimensional explanations of society or the state, the key question More

Explaining the relationship between the state and society is one of the most important theoretical challenges in political science. In a theoretical conflict and as a result of numerous criticisms of one-dimensional explanations of society or the state, the key question is to what extent univariate and one-sided theories have the power to explain and answer why and how the relationship between state and society is and what are their shortcomings. This article first seeks to critique the analytical tradition in the literature on government-society relations and then explain the components of historical institutionalism as one of the approaches in political science. According to this view, the government and society have mutually influenced each other in their historical process. This view sees the power of the state and the manifestation of this power in connection with the power of the society and considers the existing institutional arrangements in society and their transformation as the product of the connection of power structures in a historical process. The main components of this theory are “important milestones, path dependence, timing and sequence, events, design, and institutional transformation”.¬ The analytical framework presented in this paper is based on systematic attention to how institutional arrangements are established and consolidated in the context of time, and therefore rather than having the characteristics of specific theories, it is introduced as a general theoretical framework. It may have more power to analyze the role of institutions in the social sciences in general and political science in particular. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - Maximum Likelihood Detection in MIMO Communication Systems in Presence of Channel Estimation Error
M. biguesh A. A. farhoodi m.a. masnadi shirazi

Capacity of wireless communication systems can be increased significantly by using arrays of antenna at the transmitter and receiver. In these so called multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication systems, the algorithms used for detection of transmitted symbols More

Capacity of wireless communication systems can be increased significantly by using arrays of antenna at the transmitter and receiver. In these so called multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication systems, the algorithms used for detection of transmitted symbols are based on perfect channel state information (CSI) at the receiver side. The optimum detection approach in the sense of symbol error rate (SER) is Maximum likelihood (ML) detector. However, in the case of imperfect channel knowledge, the performance of this type of detection method degrades and symbol error rate (SER) increases. In this manuscript, we have briefly addressed the effect of imperfect channel knowledge on the performance of MIMO communication systems. Then, an analytical approach is proposed to cope with the destructive effect of CSI uncertainty on the ML detection algorithm and the performance of our proposed method is verified via computer simulations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

50 - On the Stability of Primal-Dual Congestion Control Algorithm in the Presence of Exogenous Disturbances
A. moarefianpour V. johari majd

In this paper, we consider the effects of exogenous disturbances on the closed-loop system of the congestion control problem in a network with general structure. This investigation is important since many of data flows in internet network are considered as unmodeled flo More

In this paper, we consider the effects of exogenous disturbances on the closed-loop system of the congestion control problem in a network with general structure. This investigation is important since many of data flows in internet network are considered as unmodeled flows. In contrast to previous works, we suppose that both senders and links in the network have dynamics. Each sender updates its sending rate to minimize its own cost function. The network is modeled based on fluid flow approximation with nonlinear dynamics for the links. In this research, we first derive the conditions for the existence of the system equilibrium point taking into account the constraint sets of the problem. Then, we prove input-to-state stability (ISS) of the closed-loop system for the congestion control problem with input and output disturbances in the network links. We further show that the obtain results are valid even when the routing matrix of the network varies. Finally, we verify the theoretical results by simulation on two different multi-link networks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - Determination of Formal Methods Capabilities for Software Specification and Analysis
H. Banki V. Ahmadi Sabet

Software developers face the problem of adopting a suitable formal method to developing their software. We aim to determine capability level of formal methods in software specification and analysis in four steps. The first step introduces the criteria by which the forma More

Software developers face the problem of adopting a suitable formal method to developing their software. We aim to determine capability level of formal methods in software specification and analysis in four steps. The first step introduces the criteria by which the formal methods assess. The second and third ones deal with categorizing sorts of software and formal methods based on their solution methods. The fourth step determines fitness of some typical formal methods to specification and analysis of each software category. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

52 - Performance Improvement of Generalized Spatial Modulation in Multipath Fading Channels
A. Rezvani R. Saadat J. Abouei

Spatial Modulation(SM) is a novel method in use of multiple antenna systems. The main idea is based on information block mapping into two carrying units: a transmit symbol unit that is chosen from constellation members and second unit is the number of active antenna tha More

Spatial Modulation(SM) is a novel method in use of multiple antenna systems. The main idea is based on information block mapping into two carrying units: a transmit symbol unit that is chosen from constellation members and second unit is the number of active antenna that shows the position of transmit antenna. The use of active antenna position as an extra source of transmit data increases the bandwidth efficiency. Also it doesn't have inter-antenna interference (IAI) and inter-channel interference (ICI) and it's caused to decrease the complexity in receiver side. So SM is a competitor in multiple antenna systems like V-BLAST and space-time coding. More recently generalized spatial modulation (GSM) is presented that use some active antennas instead an active antenna. When the symbol is sent from multiple antennas, it'll get a diversity gain. In this paper we show that by using different channel coding in GSM we can improve bit error rate (BER) without decrease in bandwidth efficiency between 15-40 percent. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

53 - Optimal Operation of Energy Hub Using Model Predictive Control
Z. Hashemi A. Ramezani M. Parsa-Moghaddam

Energy hub (EH) concept is widely proposed for integrating different types of energy infrastructures. EH physically consists of some storage systems and converters receiving energy from multiple sources immediately from its upper grids and provides energy services for u More

Energy hub (EH) concept is widely proposed for integrating different types of energy infrastructures. EH physically consists of some storage systems and converters receiving energy from multiple sources immediately from its upper grids and provides energy services for ultimate consumers. In this paper a state space model for EH system is proposed. Due to the dynamic behavior loads and the price uncertainties, a Model Predictive Control approach is suggested for optimal performance. The proposed method is studied on a EH that consists of transformer, boiler, CHP, electrical and heat storages considering demand side management. Finally, the simulation results depicts to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for optimal operation of the EH. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

54 - A New State Estimator in Distribution Systems
S. Sabzebin F. Karbalaei

Due to the lack of measurement in distribution systems, state estimation has particular importance. Different methods are presented to improve the accuracy of system state with limited measurements. In this paper a new state estimator in distribution systems are offered More

Due to the lack of measurement in distribution systems, state estimation has particular importance. Different methods are presented to improve the accuracy of system state with limited measurements. In this paper a new state estimator in distribution systems are offered. This estimator bases on backward forward load flow estimates system state with adjusting load consumption at each step. Voltage measurements in slack bus, loads and zero injection measurements are inputs of estimator. This estimator is compared with weight least square estimator and its results are shown. The estimator calculates voltage magnitude with less error and also faster than WLS estimator. 85-bus system is presented in this paper. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - Improving the Power System State Estimation Algorithm Based on the PMUs Placement and Voltage Angle Relationships
A. R. Sedighi M. Sayaf M. R. Taban

To optimize the operation of power systems, monitoring of network state variables is important. Because these variables play an important role in improving economic efficiency, network reliability and analyze system status.Therefore, state estimation algorithm have been More

To optimize the operation of power systems, monitoring of network state variables is important. Because these variables play an important role in improving economic efficiency, network reliability and analyze system status.Therefore, state estimation algorithm have been used to determine an accurate estimate of state variables with limited measurements. Since modern measuring devices, such as PMUs, in addition to the measurement of electrical quantities are able to measure bus voltage angle,in this paper, a new method is proposed to obtain a more accurate estimate of all network variable. The proposed algorithm determines number and location of the measuring devices (PMUs) in such a way that state variables and electrical quantities can be obtained in the most accurate estimate. Increasing the state estimation calculations accuracy is due to the use of the derivatives of the buses voltage angle equations along with the state estimation relations. Finally, the calculation of the state estimation is performed using the least squared weighted method (WLS). The calculations performed on the IEEE 14 bus network are done using MATLAB and MATPOWER software. The results show that the proposed method has been successful in increasing the accuracy of estimating state variables and reducing the number and proper location of PMUs . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - Improvement in Electrical Characteristics of Silicon on Insulator Junctionless Field Effect Transistor (SOI-JLFET) Using the Auxiliary Gate
M. Vadizadeh

Silicon on insulator junctionless field effect transistor (SOI-JLFET) includes a single type doping at the same level in the source, channel, and drain regions. Therefore, its fabrication process is easier than inversion mode SOI-FET. However, SOI-JLFET suffers from hig More

Silicon on insulator junctionless field effect transistor (SOI-JLFET) includes a single type doping at the same level in the source, channel, and drain regions. Therefore, its fabrication process is easier than inversion mode SOI-FET. However, SOI-JLFET suffers from high subthreshold slope (SS) as well as high leakage current. As a result, the SOI-JLFET device has limitation for high speed and low power applications. For the first time in this study, use of the auxiliary gate in the drain region of the SOI-JLFET has been proposed to improve the both SS and leakage current parameters. The proposed structure is called "SOI-JLFET Aug". The optimal selection for the auxiliary gate work function and its length, has improved the both SS and ION/IOFF ratio parameters, as compared to Regular SOI-JLFET. Simulation results show that, SOI-JLFET Aug with 20nm channel length exhibits the SS~71mV/dec and ION/IOFF~1013. SS and ON-state to OFF-state current (ION/IOFF) ratio of SOI-JLFET Aug are improved by 14% and three orders of magnitudes, respectively, as compared to the Regular SOI-JLFET. The SOI-JLEFT Aug could be good candidate for digital applications. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on Variable Length Evolutionary Algorithm
M. Ramzanyan Hussain Montazery Kordy

The methods used today to investigate brain connections to diagnose brain-related diseases are the imaging method of resting magnetic resonance imaging. In this paper, a new method is proposed using an evolutionary variable-length algorithm to select the appropriate fea More

The methods used today to investigate brain connections to diagnose brain-related diseases are the imaging method of resting magnetic resonance imaging. In this paper, a new method is proposed using an evolutionary variable-length algorithm to select the appropriate features to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of healthy and patient-to-patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder based on analysis of rs-fMRI images. The characteristics examined are the correlation values between the time series signals of different regions of the brain. Selection of the variable-length property were based on the honey bee algorithm in order to overcome the problem of feature selection in algorithms with fixed-length vector lengths. The Mahalanubis distance has been used as a bee algorithm evaluation function. The efficiency of the algorithm was evaluated in terms of the value of the evaluation function in the first degree and the processing time in the second degree. The results obtained from the significantly higher efficiency of the variable-length bee algorithm than other methods for selecting the feature. While the best result of the overall categorization accuracy among the other methods with the 26 selected characteristics of the PSO algorithm is 76.61%, the proposed method can achieve a total classification accuracy of 85.32% by selecting 25 features. The nature of the data is such that the increase in the number of attributes leads to a greater improvement in the accuracy of the classification so that by increasing the length of the characteristic vector to 35 and 45, classification accuracy was 91.66% and 95.57% respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - State Estimation of Nonlinear Systems Using Gaussian-Sum Cubature Kalman Filter Based-on Spherical Simplex-Radial Rule
Mohammad Amin Ahmadpour Kahkak بهروز صفری نژادیان

In this paper, a new algorithm of Gaussian sum filters for state estimation of nonlinear systems is presented. The proposed method consists of several parallel Cubature Kalman filters each of which is implemented according to the simplex spherical-radial rule. In this m More

In this paper, a new algorithm of Gaussian sum filters for state estimation of nonlinear systems is presented. The proposed method consists of several parallel Cubature Kalman filters each of which is implemented according to the simplex spherical-radial rule. In this method, the probability density function is the sum of the weights of several Gaussian functions. The mean value, covariance, and weight coefficients of these Gaussian functions are calculated recursively over time, and each of the Cubature Kalman filters are responsible for updating one of these functions. Finally, the performance of the proposed filter is investigated using two nonlinear state estimation problems and the results are compared with conventional nonlinear filters. The simulation results show the appropriate accuracy of the proposed algorithm in state estimation of nonlinear systems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - Assessing the Current Situation of Training Courses and Providing a Qualitative Model for Improving the Effectiveness of training courses (case study: State Tax Organization)
Mitra Ezati Alireza Youzbashi Karim Shateri

This research tried to assess the situation of training courses and provide a qualitative model for improving the effectiveness of State Tax Organization, using a mixed method approach. First, the current situation of training was investigated and training courses were More

This research tried to assess the situation of training courses and provide a qualitative model for improving the effectiveness of State Tax Organization, using a mixed method approach. First, the current situation of training was investigated and training courses were assessed. In quantitative part, statistical population included all state audit assistants, assistants, and lead auditors who were selected by cluster sampling method in the some provinces as research samples. Regarding intended training courses, it was specified to assess tax-training courses which were held for experts in the last two years. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by educational experts and by using Cronbach’s alpha, reliability was reported equal to 0.96. Data analysis indicated that current situation of training courses need-assessment, goals of training courses, content of training course; instructors of training courses, organizing training courses, assessment of training courses, motivation were moderate. Given the above results and interview with tax experts, the results indicated the major training system damages of State Tax Organization included need-assessment (systematic, non-scientific, non-comprehensive, non-functional, and lack of cooperation of staff in need-assessment), goals of courses (lack of information, general, inappropriate content), content damages (the extent of topics, lack of specified team to formulate content, and theoretical content), instructors (incompetence, improper payment, poor teaching method, and faulty system of selecting instructors), environment and condition of holding courses (poor facilities and equipment, and inconvenient time of holding courses), damages of implementing courses (lack of trainees’ separation i.e. co-educational system, lack of managers’ support, time of courses, and non-executive courses), training evaluation (not caring about training effectiveness, unreal assessment scores, and lack of supervisors’ cooperation regarding assessment), motivation (lack of mechanism to encourage and punish trainees, trainees’ insufficient incentive, instructors’ insufficient motivation), cultural problems (supervisors do not believe in training and inappropriate attitude of senior managers to training), manpower(lack of manpower and incorrect use of expertise in training). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - Developing a Competency Model for HRD Advisors in Iranian State-Run Enterprises
Saeed Safaei Movahed Mohammad Hajizad

This study aims at identifying the necessary competencies for training advisors of Iranian state-run enterprises. Hence, international competency models were initially surveyed to agree over a list of common competencies. Then, related academics and training officials w More

This study aims at identifying the necessary competencies for training advisors of Iranian state-run enterprises. Hence, international competency models were initially surveyed to agree over a list of common competencies. Then, related academics and training officials were interviewed through Delphi method to reach a unanimous consensus based on the requirements of state-run companies (purposeful criterion sampling). To establish credibility of the findings, the model was submitted to the related experts three times to reach consensus on the final model. Based on the findings, training competencies for state-run enterprises may be categorized into foundational (effective communication, industry knowledge, technology industry, seeing the big picture) and technical (training needs analysis, instructional design, psychology of learning, training and development strategies, learning and performance assessment, learning technologies, training and development standards). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - Metaheuristic Optimization of Competencies of Strategic Managers in State Organizations
Gholamreza Abbaspasha davood kia kojoree Mohammad javad Taghipourian Gilani

10.52547/istd.31557.8.31.273

The aim of the present research was to optimize the competencies of strategic managers in state organizations. This applied research was conducted quantitatively to collect the data. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to determine the level of consensus among res More

The aim of the present research was to optimize the competencies of strategic managers in state organizations. This applied research was conducted quantitatively to collect the data. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to determine the level of consensus among respondents on the priority of the proposed indicators for the competency of strategic managers. The relationship between the components of the metaheuristic model was determined by 122 senior and middle managers who were selected by random stratified sampling from the studied organizations: Tehran Governor's Office, Administrative and Recruitment Affairs Organization, Supreme Audit Court, Welfare Organization, Iran Health Insurance Organization (IHIO). Data were analyzed using the metaheuristic approach method based on genetic algorithm and decision tree, using the WEKA and RAPIDMINER software programs. Based on the results of the Shannon’s method, ethics earned the highest priority. Furthermore, 11 out of the 16 extracted factors affecting competency were selected as the optimal characteristics of strategic managers in state organizations using metaheuristic algorithms. These were knowledge competencies, skill competencies, basic competencies, psychological competencies, ethics, general competencies, interactions and communications, resource management, strategic thinking, transformism, and leadership. The findings also show that the most effective factors must be examined to identify and evaluate the competencies of strategic managers in state organizations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - Integrated Modeling of Bidirectional Solid-State Transformers: Rectifier, DC to DC Converter and Inverter Stages
hamed molla-ahmadian morteza shafiei javid khorasani

: One of the new and growing equipment in modern power networks is solid state or power electronic transformer. These types of transformers are based on power semiconductor switches and high frequency transformers. Compared to traditional transformers, it has several ca More

: One of the new and growing equipment in modern power networks is solid state or power electronic transformer. These types of transformers are based on power semiconductor switches and high frequency transformers. Compared to traditional transformers, it has several capabilities such as the ability to operate with input voltage variations in amplitude and frequency, automatic regulation of output voltage and input power factor correction. The investigated transformer has the ability to transfer power in both directions and has three stages, including the rectifier, the middle stage and the inverter stage. This transformer has a large number of semiconductor switches and its modeling, analysis, design and simulation is difficult and complex. In particular, real-time simulation of these transformers with conventional models is not possible. In these cases, the use of averaging theory seems to be the appropriate solution. In this paper, the averaging theory is applied to a solid-state transformer and its modeling is done in a simple and powerful way with the ability to study real-time, transient and steady states performance. The proposed modeling includes differential equations and equivalent circuits and offers an integrated transformer model with the ability to study the interaction between stages as a part of power system. The presented models are used in simulation of smart grids, DC microgrids and connection of distributed generation sources to the grid, as well as analysis and design of solid-state transformer behavior in areas such as renewable energies and electrical transportation. In addition to the proposed modeling, the closed-loop control structure has been implemented for all three stages. Transformer simulation is performed by implementing differential equations in SIMULINK/MATLAB software and verified the proposed model. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - Comparison of the Ideal and Actual Affective States of Opiate-Dependent Addicts and Non-Addicts and Their Relationship to Personality Characteristics
S. Said Pournaghash Tehrani

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the ideal and actual affective states of opiate-dependent addicts and non-addict group and their relationship to personality characteristics. The retrospective research method was used in the present study .The statistic More

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the ideal and actual affective states of opiate-dependent addicts and non-addict group and their relationship to personality characteristics. The retrospective research method was used in the present study .The statistical population consisted of all opiate-dependent individuals who themselves had referred to rehabilitation centers in Tehran in 2012. A sample of 30 opiate-dependents was chosen. Also, 30 non-addicts were selected by convenience sampling who were matched on age. The two groups filled out Affect Valuation Index (AVI) and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Analyzing the data showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in all subscales of the AVI (ideal) except for the subscale of HA. Also, significant differences were observed between the two groups in the subscales of P, LA, and N of actual AVI. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the NS, RD, and SD subscales of TCI. Regarding the differences between the addict and non-addict groups, significant differences existed in all subscales of actual AVI and ideal AVI except for the LAN and HAN subscales. In short, in terms of ideal and actual affective states and personality characteristics, there were differences between opiate-dependent individuals and non-addict groups. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - Determination of In-situ stress in the Marun oilfield’s failure wells
میثم فارسی مدان مرتضی احمدی کاوه آهنگری جاسم دشت بزرگی

Abstract Determination of In-situ stress domain in oilfields is so important for drilling, well completion and petroleum geomechanics. Simply, determination of magnitude and direction of In-situ stress around wellbore is the first step of geomechanical studies and we More

Abstract Determination of In-situ stress domain in oilfields is so important for drilling, well completion and petroleum geomechanics. Simply, determination of magnitude and direction of In-situ stress around wellbore is the first step of geomechanical studies and wellbore stability particularly. Preliminarily, because of importance of casing collapse problem in the Marun oilfield, the magnitude of in-situ stress is determined. The magnitude of vertical stress (Sv) was in range of 85 to 90 MPa. The minimum horizontal stress (Shmin) determined by some analytical methods. For estimating of maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) domain we used Anderson’s faulting theory and stress polygon. So the magnitude of SHmax was so close to Sv and the faulting regime shows normal/strike slip. Within Gachsaran Formation in depth of collapses because of salty lithology and high pore pressure, magnitude of In-situ stress is so close and it can be assume hydrostatic stress state. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

65 - Criminal liability of legal entities in the United States
Sasan Ahmadi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

66 - A study on relationship between historical statements of holy Quran and statements of the science of history
حمید فغفور مغربی

Objective(s): This article is seeking to examine the relationship between historical statements of the holy Quran and statements of the science of history. Methods: The article has been written based on descriptive-analytical method. Its historical materials and data More

Objective(s): This article is seeking to examine the relationship between historical statements of the holy Quran and statements of the science of history. Methods: The article has been written based on descriptive-analytical method. Its historical materials and data were collected based on bibliographical documents. Results: The science of history can be categorized into two major branches: humanistic experimental sciences and naturalistic experimental sciences. Quran can be categorized based on the Divine teachings. In this article, the relation between statements of the science of history and historical statements of Quran has been examined and the following results obtained 1- The relationship between unity and conformity; some of the Quranic historical statements are exactly consistent with some of the statements of science of history. The fact that such statements have been just recently discovered in the history science, they show scientific miracle of the holy Quran in the field of history. 2- No statement of science of history, which is considered definite in the view of historians, is inconsistent with historical statements of the holy Quran because the Revealer of the scripture is the one who has the absolute science and wisdom. 3- Some of the statements of the science of history have no relationship with the historical statements of the holy Quran and are quite distinct issues. Some of these statements can be used for better interpretation and comprehension of Quran and historical narrations. 4- We can find some historical statements especially in the area of historical traditions of Quran which the science of Quran has not yet discovered them. Such statements can be a source of inspiration for history scholars. Even they can pave the ground for the advent of new history theories. 5- In the issue of discussions around the reason behind the revelation of Quranic verses and sacred narrations we can regard the issue of consistency with the definite statements developed by historians as a criterion for understanding Quranic verses and narrations. Conclusion: The study findings suggest that Quarn could help historian to understand the science of history more perfectly Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

67 - Comparative Analysis of Quran Verses and Hadith in the Books Golestan and Marzban nameh Written by Sa’di
Elham Moeinian

Narrative verses of the Holy Quran have always been a source of inspiration for Persian Muslim literates and poets and have benefited from the vast sea of Quran knowledge according to their literary works, their cognizance and insight. Sa’di Shirazi and Sa’d-al-din Vara More

Narrative verses of the Holy Quran have always been a source of inspiration for Persian Muslim literates and poets and have benefited from the vast sea of Quran knowledge according to their literary works, their cognizance and insight. Sa’di Shirazi and Sa’d-al-din Varavini have used precious concepts of the divine word in their works and have used the verses of Quran as a gem to adorn their sweet sayings, so that by recalling the prophetic hadith, divine verses and stories, the reader will be guided to understand the Ethics and humane values, and will be encouraged do the good deeds. Marzban nameh and Golestan are of the most important works of Persian literature in the type of technical prose in the Sixth and Seventh century and since one of the important features of the prose of this period is the use of Quran verses and hadiths, this study by using descriptive- comparative method, investigates the frequency of Quran verses and hadiths applied in these two books; besides it presents various examples of verses, hadiths, Quranic themes and Arabic quotations and statements, and also studies the ways by which these verses and hadiths are shown in these two books. One of the results of this study shows that Sa’di and Varavini have been successful in integrating Arabic themes and statements with Persian prose Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

68 - The Penalty of Apostates and the Quranic Verse Forbidding Compulsion in Islam (Conflict and Conformity)
Faranak Pousti Ahmad Bagheri

The right to freedom is a basic human right. As every human being has the genetic will and the power to choose, he/she should have the legislative right to choose, and there should not be any obstacle in front of him/her. Freedom has many aspects, one of which is fre More

The right to freedom is a basic human right. As every human being has the genetic will and the power to choose, he/she should have the legislative right to choose, and there should not be any obstacle in front of him/her. Freedom has many aspects, one of which is freedom of thought, suggesting that every human being is entitled to think and research about everything. The other aspect is freedom of opinion, denoting that human beings are free to choose their religion and beliefs, and they should not be obliged to do so. The third aspect is freedom of speech and expression of views and opinions. Finally, the fourth aspect is freedom in action and behaviour, implying that every human being is entitled to act as he/she wishes. One of the objections raised by the opponents of freedom to prove violence and lack of freedom in Islam is the jurisprudential ruling on the murder of apostates. They maintain that if compulsion in belief is forbidden and Islam is accepted freely and voluntarily, then withdrawal from a belief should also be free. Thus, determining this kind of severe penalty for disaffiliation from religion is a reason to adhere to a belief based on coercion and imposition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

69 - Thermal Side Reaction on Lithium-Ion Battery in Fast Charging Mode with Multi-Stage Constant Current and Voltage Control CC-CV Charging Vechnique
Sohaib Azhdari رحمت اله میرزایی

Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in fast charging stations because of their high density of energy storage and power. It is critical to know how to charge lithium batteries since their structure is very sensitive to heat. When using fast charging techniques fo More

Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in fast charging stations because of their high density of energy storage and power. It is critical to know how to charge lithium batteries since their structure is very sensitive to heat. When using fast charging techniques for charging batteries, considerable heat is generated. This heat is caused by the ohmic losses of the battery and its internal reactions. While fast charging reduces the charging time of the battery, it may damage its structure. There are various methods of fast charging. Each has its advantages and limitations. By applying changes to the multi-stage constant current charging method, in addition to reducing the charging time, attempts were made to prevent damage to the battery. This improved method can deal with cases where temperature effects are removable, such as when there is a ventilation system. It minimizes charging time as much as possible. Manuscript profile

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70 - Globalization of Democracy, Transnationalization of Norms, and Plurality of Players in International Organizations
Mohammad یزدان‌پناه شوره‌گل سید محمدکاظم سجادپور

Due to rapid globalization, theoretical and practical areas of human life have undergone profound changes and, as a result of compactness of time and place, domestic and foreign spheres of nation-states have become intertwined. One of the most important examples of this More

Due to rapid globalization, theoretical and practical areas of human life have undergone profound changes and, as a result of compactness of time and place, domestic and foreign spheres of nation-states have become intertwined. One of the most important examples of this situation is the relationship between democracy within the nation-state and the wave of globalization beyond national borders. The main goal of this paper is to describe and expound the effects of globalization of democracy at international level on the real nature of international players and their performance in international organizations. The main question of the paper is: “What impact does the globalization of democracy have on international players in international organizations?” In response, the paper claims that “globalization of democracy has given birth to transnational democratic norms, thus, leading to plurality of players in international organizations.” The present study also poses a number of secondary questions, including those about the quality of globalization and its effect on national democratic states, emergence of nongovernmental players and their functions within international institutions. To do this, a descriptive-analytical method has been used in this research. Manuscript profile

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71 - Challenges Facing Security and Defense Policies of EU and US
سعید خالوزاده

The Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union is one of the challenges facing the NATO and the leading role played by the U.S. The post-Cold War Europe attempted to be less dependent on U.S. and NATO, and to counter American influence on the security arra More

The Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union is one of the challenges facing the NATO and the leading role played by the U.S. The post-Cold War Europe attempted to be less dependent on U.S. and NATO, and to counter American influence on the security arrangements of the Old Continent. In a post-Cold War world, Europeans have been seeking a multipolar international order with increasing power and balanced strengthening of the role played by influential countries within the international system while supporting the liberal hegemony bestowed on the Americans. The United States believed in a hegemonic order through unipolar order based on multilateralism. The main question of this article is what are the common challenges facing the US and EU policies with regard to security and defense structure in Europe as well as regional issues? What is their approach in dealing with those issues? After discussing the theoretical framework of the topic, the paper would focus on challenges facing the U.S. and the E.U. defines and security policies from a hegemonic liberalism perspective and rejection of U.S. unilateral hegemony. Manuscript profile

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72 - ANZUS Treaty: Past and Future
Nasrin Mosaffa Ahmad Heidarbeigi

The Security treaty concluded by Australia, New Zealand and the United States (ANZUS) in September 1951 in San Francisco with the aim of ensurity securing in the Pacific. Issues such as the expansion of communism in Southeast Asia, potential threat by Japan's military p More

The Security treaty concluded by Australia, New Zealand and the United States (ANZUS) in September 1951 in San Francisco with the aim of ensurity securing in the Pacific. Issues such as the expansion of communism in Southeast Asia, potential threat by Japan's military power, and constitutional crises prevalent in the new independent countries were posing a threat for regional security following the World War II. The main question discussed by this article is about the survival of this treaty even after the end of the Cold War, Generally, this treaty has based its strategy on confronting hegemonic policies pursued by China, Russia and facing potential threats posed by them or increasing influence exerted by them in the Pacific region Manuscript profile

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73 - The United States of America and the International Criminal Court in Barack Obama Period: An Abstention or a Possibility
رضا موسی‌زاده Hadi Golriz

The relationship between the United States and the International Criminal Court is a combination of confrontation and tension in various aspects, including legal considerations, political, national and security concerns and strategic interests. The existing tensions in More

The relationship between the United States and the International Criminal Court is a combination of confrontation and tension in various aspects, including legal considerations, political, national and security concerns and strategic interests. The existing tensions in relationship with the International Criminal Court have accentuated at some points and the United States has actively challenged the Court's existence. However, the challenges didn’t last for a long time, and at the end of George W. Bush’s presidency– recognizing the inherent values and potentialities of creating an International Criminal Court and the necessity to keep it– confrontations and tensions faded in favor of a constructive interaction. In the years which passed– especially during the administration of Barack Obama– the attitudes and the positions of the US towards the International Criminal Court have experienced a fundamental and comprehensive change and the United States is trying to compensate for the past measures, and to increase the interactions and cooperation with the International Criminal Court and to recognize its existence and capacity as an important international judicial institution in prosecuting the international violent crimes and to restart the relations with the International Criminal Court. Manuscript profile

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74 - China's Foreign Policy and the Evolution of its Security Council Voting Behavior
Hamid salehi Emad Aslani Minareh Bazaari

To understand the behavior of governments, one of the most important areas of study is the views and opinions that are expressed by them in international organizations. China is Iran's most important trading partner, and examining its votes in the UN Security Council co More

To understand the behavior of governments, one of the most important areas of study is the views and opinions that are expressed by them in international organizations. China is Iran's most important trading partner, and examining its votes in the UN Security Council could make prediction of its performance much more accurate in the face of developments in the region. In other words, by paying close attention to China's voting behavior in the UN Security Council, we can achieve a precise understanding about the gradual evolution of China's votes in the Security Council. This has made it especially important to know the country's voting framework in the Security Council. In this article, we try to examine the evolution of China's votes in the Security Council from a constructivist point of view and a pragmatic approach. The question we are trying to answer in this article is what will happen to China's foreign policy in light of the changes happened within China's voting behavior in framework of the Security Council? The hypothesis we introduce in response to this question is that the evolution of China's vote in the Security Council indicates an increase in influence and the creation of a network of Chinese allies in regional organizations. China is seeking to use its veto power to enhance its role as an emerging economic, security and political power on different international occasions and to achieve some sort of political-economic deterrent against US destructive-sanctions measures and, on the other hand, promote Chinese norms through the use of international expansion organizations in the international arena. Manuscript profile

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75 - International Responsibility of States and Attribution of Cyber-attack
رضا رحمتی

In the current age Net is an alternative of place in criminology, and violation of international law. Cyber space is new phenomena both in the scope of technology and in non-useful functions. Cyber-attacks and its sorts can cause physical damage and loss of life, becaus More

In the current age Net is an alternative of place in criminology, and violation of international law. Cyber space is new phenomena both in the scope of technology and in non-useful functions. Cyber-attacks and its sorts can cause physical damage and loss of life, because of this; it can be under the responsibility obligations of states. International responsibility of states (for example draft article of responsibility of state in internationally wrongful act) is one of the most important elements in the law of cyber-attacks. The first issue in the cyber-attack is the term of “force” and “attack”. Cyber-attack can be under the term of attack in international law. According to this concept, the main question is “do and to what extend cyber-attacks are attributable to conduct of state? To answer this question first we have to know the concepts of attack. Then which commentaries of article 2 (para 4) of United Nations Charter are useful to cyber-attack, finally the dilemma of recognition and attribution of root of attack is so important to applying of the law of responsibility of state. Manuscript profile

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76 - Comparing the sentences and conditions of the crime of embezzlement in Iran with the United States and France
Fahimeh Malekzadeh Sina Vahedzadeh

Embezzlement is an intended crime which would result in financial fraud, especially in the country administrative system. In the past, committers of such act were punished as wrongdoers to a public fund, and they were punished under the title of “corruption at earth” in More

Embezzlement is an intended crime which would result in financial fraud, especially in the country administrative system. In the past, committers of such act were punished as wrongdoers to a public fund, and they were punished under the title of “corruption at earth” in the Islamic criminal law. Of the global problems are offences and crimes of government employees and their financial abuses from deposited property to them. Embezzlement is a crime against public convenience. In all legal systems, they are fighting against it; also, in the Iranian law, the legislature has provided various rules and regulations for illegitimate property. This paper does assess awards and circumstances of Embezzlement in the Iranian law and also in the French, German and US legal systems. At the end, it has concluded that to tackle this evil phenomenon, contrary to their so much similarity, are not precisely compatible, but they differ substantively.But methods and circumstances in every .country are depending on their common laws Manuscript profile

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77 - Factors Influencing Development in South Korea
zahra Sadeghi Mohammadbagher Beheshti

The end of Second World War has marked the beginning of an era of renovation and development for many countries in the world and European and Asian countries have utilized several development strategies based on their situation. South Korea is one of those countries. Ha More

The end of Second World War has marked the beginning of an era of renovation and development for many countries in the world and European and Asian countries have utilized several development strategies based on their situation. South Korea is one of those countries. Having an ancient history, South Korea is one of the most integrated and stable countries in the world. Its development which starts right after the end of the second world war and Japanese colonization is an outstanding example of fast and extraordinary development in a short time span. Despite having the bitter experience of being colonized, what happened as a consequence of the second world war, the division of the peninsula into two parts (North and South) and the civil war following that, and the severe poverty and dependence on international aid, it is one of the Asian Tigers, together with Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Having an authoritarian but developmentalist government, a strong sense of nationalism against foreigners, Confucian culture, a focus on export expansion strategies, and the development of an education system based on economic needs and changes are among the influential factors discussed in this paper. Finally, the development model of South Korea is presented. Manuscript profile

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78 - Comparison of the development process in Iran and Japan in the framework of Adrian Leftwich's Theory from 1850 to1900 AD
Ehsan Eilshahi sayyed atollah sinaee Seyyed Khodayar Mortazavi Asl

Development is context-oriented, historical, and based on the life of the world and the psychological, social, and political characteristics of nations. The result of connection, convergence, non-interaction and divergence of different elements appears in such a context More

Development is context-oriented, historical, and based on the life of the world and the psychological, social, and political characteristics of nations. The result of connection, convergence, non-interaction and divergence of different elements appears in such a context. Forward-looking research using the method of comparative institutionalism using Adrian Leftwich's developmental state theory to examine and compare the issue of economic development with a focus on the politics-state-development triad in Iran and Japan in the period of 1850-1900. The technique used in this research has been collecting and using available documents and statistics. The main question of the research is the level of autonomy of government institutions, the characteristics of the civil system, and the historical situation of Iran and Japan concerning the international system, how has it affected the experience of development in the historical period in question in these countries? The obtained results indicate that due to the creation of an independent government and the creation of a network of developmental elites based on a strong and coherent bureaucracy, Japan was able to achieve success by smoothing the appropriate international platform and on the way be development. However, due to the lack of proper bureaucracy and the establishment of an autonomous government, Iran could not achieve this important task, and therefore the issue of development for Iran remained a concept of regret and mystery Manuscript profile

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79 - A Model for Human Resource Development Based on Statement of Revolution’s Second Step:A Qualitative Research
Mohammad bagher Reza alizadeh Naser Mirsepassi Karam alah danehfard

Human resource is considered an important and influential factor in the success and development of organizations and societies, and the development of human resources is a process which improves this significant capital and keeps it equipped with the required competenci More

Human resource is considered an important and influential factor in the success and development of organizations and societies, and the development of human resources is a process which improves this significant capital and keeps it equipped with the required competencies. On the other hand, the coordination and compatibility of human resource development policies and the general policies of the country is an undeniable necessity. The purpose of the current research is to provide a model for the development of human resources based on the statement of revolution’s second step. For this purpose, the qualitative research method and the content analysis method of the interviews and the text of the second step statement have been used. Based on the findings, 3 basic dimensions (individual, organization, society), 16 main components (empowerment, career planning, needs, motivations, needs assessment, goal setting, education design, information and communication system, maintenance, selection and application, content of training, implementation of programs, evaluation, culture, values and requirements of the society/organization) and 9 basic indicators (all-round growth, proper management of the material and spiritual capacities of the country , emphasizing the ideals of the revolution, justice-oriented, anti-corruption, research-oriented and science-oriented, coordination and coherence of actions and policies, participation and cooperation and realism) were identified for the human resource development model based on the second step statement. Manuscript profile

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80 - The fourth industrial revolution and its human dangers in quasi-modern authoritarian political systems
Seyyed MohammadReza Mottaghi hasan khosravi Bijan Abdolkarimi Bijan Abbasi

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Feasibility of Adjusting Human Rights Risks Affected by the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Political Structures Based on Pseudo-Modern Authoritarianism   Seyyed Mohammad Reza Mottaghi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Hassan Khosravi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>    Bijan Abdolkarimi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>   Bijan Abbasi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4">****</a>   <a name="_Hlk160321101"></a>The Fourth Industrial Revolution represents a transformative wave in the industry with the potential to impact various facets of human existence, promising widespread individual and societal prosperity. However, it also presents a significant risk, particularly for governments not firmly rooted in democratic principles, who may be tempted to assert control over their citizens due to the expanded capabilities afforded by this revolution. Such a scenario, if realized, threatens the emergence of new dictatorships and erodes the individuality of citizens. This article, employing an analytical-descriptive approach, seeks to explore the multifaceted human rights crises precipitated by these conditions. It endeavors to address the question: How can individual freedoms and human and citizenship rights be safeguarded against governmental encroachment in this era? Based on the results of this research, due to the expansion of capabilities arising from the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the potential for government abuse is increasing more than ever, inviting all political structures towards authoritarianism. Consequently, to prevent this situation and safeguard the rights and freedoms of citizens, the current governance models need to be re-evaluated, emphasizing on aspects of enhancing freedoms. These changes should aim to reduce the intrusion of governments into personal spheres as much as possible, moving towards absolute neutrality.   Keyword: The fourth industrial revolution, authoritarianism, cyber dictatorship, pseudo-modern government and artificial intelligence.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">* PhD of </a>Public law, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. mohammadreza.mottaghi@iranian.ac.ir </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">** </a>Corresponding Author: Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. h.khosravi@rey.tpnu.ac.ir </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">*** Associate Professor, Departme</a>nt of Philosophy, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. abdolkarimi12@gmail.com </div> <div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title="" href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4">****</a> Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, University of Tehran, Iran. Bizhan_abbasy@yahoo.com </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

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81 - The Emergence of a New Concept of Homeland in Iran during the Age of Renewal (19th Century C.E.) (Case Study: The Political Thought of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh)
mehdi rouzkhosh Ahmad khaleghi dameghani

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and artificial intelligence.   The Emergence of a New Concept of Homeland in Iran during the Age of Renewal (19th Century C.E.)   (Case Study: The Political Thought of Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh)       Mehdi Roozkhosh<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>    Ahmad Khaleghi Damghani<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">** </a>       This paper aims to investigate the formation of a new concept of homeland in the political thought of one of the most prominent Iranian intellectuals of the nineteenth century, Mirza Malkam Khan Nazem al-Dowleh. The data was collected through documentary and library methods, and analyzed using content analysis approach, which is a recognized qualitative method for text analysis in many humanities studies, including intellectual history studies. However, considering the research topic, the analytical framework of Quentin Skinner was selected for examining the political ideas that explore the views of intellectuals in relation to the "issue" of the historical era. This research indicated that the new concept of homeland in 19th century Iran emerged in response to the "progress" issue. Iranian intellectuals of the 19th century saw the establishment of a modern nation-state as a way for Iran to overcome underdevelopment. Since the concepts of state, nation, and homeland (country) are interconnected in the new political thought, one of the key requirements for establishing a national state was to redefine homeland as a common property of the nation, replacing the traditional narrative that considered the homeland as the property of the king. Due to the lack of supportive legal traditions in Iran, this was particularly significant. The need for laws to establish an independent sovereignty to strengthen the new concept of homeland required legislation, which Mirza Malkam Khan pursued with his proposal for regulatory laws to establish a modern bureaucracy, laying the theoretical foundation for it in Iran. His efforts to establish a "regulated absolute government" represent the first legal interpretation of the new concept of homeland in modern Iran. The concept of "regulations" in Malkam Khan's political thought, more than any other concept, illustrates the endeavor to establish this system. Emphasizing the organization of the bureaucratic system as a necessary condition for advancing the homeland over prioritizing nation-building in the formation of the modern concept of homeland by him signifies his commitment to progress in the state-building process.       Keywords: Progress, Homeland, State, Nation, Regulations.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Ph.D in Political Science, Tarbiat Modares University of Iran. roozkhosh.mehdi@gmail.com </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Tehran, Iran. drkhaleghi@ut.ac.ir </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

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82 - Human conditions and existential issues in the logic of al-Tahirattar
Ali Akbar Yousefi Naser Mohseni Nia Reza Sami Zadeh Mehdi ّFayyaz

Existential conditions are the creations of existentialist philosophers; But other schools of thought have also dealt with it without mentioning the existence of the state. One of these schools is Islamic mysticism, which is considered to be one of the main characterist More

Existential conditions are the creations of existentialist philosophers; But other schools of thought have also dealt with it without mentioning the existence of the state. One of these schools is Islamic mysticism, which is considered to be one of the main characteristics of thinking about human beings and human states of being. Human states and existential issues such as happiness, sadness, loneliness, faith, hope, death, etc. have been the subject of many texts of Islamic mysticism. Such issues and topics are among the important human issues and topics, and every human being thinks about them in every place and time and is involved with them. Knowledge of man and his condition is one of the most important topics raised in the works of Muslim mystics. In the works of mystical literature, special attention has been paid to the status, characteristics and condition of human beings as the highest of creations. One of the most important works of Persian mystical literature is the logic of al-Tahir Attar. Throughout this system, detailed references have been made to the characteristics and conditions of human existence, the extraction and explanation of which will lead to a greater understanding of Attar's thoughts and Islamic mysticism. In this essay, with a descriptive and analytical method, after examining the existential issues of man from the point of view of existentialists and Attar, we came to the conclusion that despite the similarity of Attar's opinions with existentialists about man and his existential condition, since Attar has a monotheistic and mystical vision of man and human issues. It looks like there are differences between his thoughts and existentialists. In Attar's thought, the type of existence of a person is the result of his relationship with his God, not just the experiences he acquires during his life. Manuscript profile

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83 - Paradigmatic Shifts and the Emergence of the Modern Western Nation-State
Saeed Attar Mohammad kamalizadeh

In this research, we aim to trace the various paths that ultimately led to the emergence of the modern nation-state and its implications in contemporary political structures worldwide. What we now recognize as the modern nation-state, which continues to exist in various More

In this research, we aim to trace the various paths that ultimately led to the emergence of the modern nation-state and its implications in contemporary political structures worldwide. What we now recognize as the modern nation-state, which continues to exist in various forms of political systems, has its roots in ancient and gradual transformations in the West (Europe). These developments can be depicted as a paradigmatic narrative of the dialectic of needs and responses. This narrative begins with ancient Greece and its devotion to rationality and freedom, and continues along different paths, on the one hand, with modern evangelical traditions and the exploration of Roman legal structures, and on the other hand, by passing through historical, social, political, and economic contexts, the great Western powers (England, France, Germany, and the United States) have pursued different paths towards the emergence of the modern state. In retracing these various paths, we have utilized Kuhn's paradigmatic approach. Manuscript profile

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84 - The impact of electric cars on the environment
Syed Mani Hashemi Seyed Majid Keshavarz

Abstract Like many other human activities, the construction and operation of electric machines, in addition to its benefits, has a negative impact on the environment, especially pollution. According to these cases, it is possible to discuss about the moment of pollut More

Abstract Like many other human activities, the construction and operation of electric machines, in addition to its benefits, has a negative impact on the environment, especially pollution. According to these cases, it is possible to discuss about the moment of pollution, if the amount of pollution depends on the size of the device, which of the stages of the existence of the device has more pollution than the other stages (construction, operation and dismantling). And how to reduce the environmental impact. In the construction of electric machines, a series of materials are used to make the electrical system (winding), the magnetic system and also. Necessary materials for making the mechanical structure and car insulation. All these materials are the result of complex processes, energy consumption and more or less pollution. Once obtained, these materials are subjected to mechanical processing and produce various pollutants along with the resulting components. Manuscript profile

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85 - Validation of Human Resource Development Model Based on the Statement of the Second Step of the Revolution
Mohammad bagher Reza alizadeh Nasser Mirsepassi Karamollah Daneshfard

The purpose of the current research was to validate the designed model of human resources development based on the statement of the second step of the revolution. For this purpose, a mixed approach of exploratory research was used. The research community in the qualitat More

The purpose of the current research was to validate the designed model of human resources development based on the statement of the second step of the revolution. For this purpose, a mixed approach of exploratory research was used. The research community in the qualitative part consisted of experts and specialists in the field of human resources development and the statement of the second step of the revolution, who were among the university faculty members and were selected by purposeful sampling method. Accordingly, 15 individuals were interviewed until the data reached information saturation. In the quantitative part of the research, from the employees of the human resources department of the ministries, 372 individuals were selected through random stratified sampling and the research questionnaire was implemented. In the qualitative part the data was analyzed by qualitative content analysis method, and in the quantitative part the data analysis was conducted with descriptive and inferential methods using SPSS and Smart PLS software. According to the findings of the research in examining the fit of the model, there was a good fit of the model. After examining the fit of the model designed to evaluate the main dimensions of the human resources development model based on the statement of the second step of the revolution, it was found that the dimension of society plays the most important role among the dimensions examined, and after this dimension, there was the organizational dimension. At the end of this continuum, the individual dimension played a significant role in forming the main dimensions of the human resources development model based on the statement of the second step of the revolution. Based on the findings of the research, it is necessary to integrate the policies of human resources development with the policies of the country, including the policies presented in the statement of the second step of the revolution, which could lead to the realization of the goals of human resources development in the country. Manuscript profile

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86 - Factors Influencing Development in South Korea
zahra Sadeghi Mohammadbagher Beheshti

Zahra Sadeghi Mohammadbagher Beheshti Abstract The end of Second World War has marked the beginning of an era of renovation and development for many countries in the world and European and Asian countries have utilized several development strategies based on th More

Zahra Sadeghi Mohammadbagher Beheshti Abstract The end of Second World War has marked the beginning of an era of renovation and development for many countries in the world and European and Asian countries have utilized several development strategies based on their situation. South Korea is one of those countries. Having an ancient history, South Korea is one of the most integrated and stable countries in the world. Its development which starts right after the end of the second world war and Japanese colonization is an outstanding example of fast and extraordinary development in a short time span. Despite having the bitter experience of being colonized, what happened as a consequence of the second world war, the division of the peninsula into two parts (North and South) and the civil war following that, and the severe poverty and dependence on international aid, it is one of the Asian Tigers, together with Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Having an authoritarian but developmentalist government, a strong sense of nationalism against foreigners, Confucian culture, a focus on export expansion strategies, and the development of an education system based on economic needs and changes are among the influential factors that are discussed in line with the main question of the paper. Finally, the development model of South Korea is presented. Manuscript profile

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87 - Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality in the Views of Ronald Dworkin
افشین خاکباز seyed alireza Hoseyni Beheshti Sayed Ali Mahmoudi

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Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality   in the Views of Ronald Dworkin                                                               Afshin Khakbaz<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Seyyed Alireza Hosseini Beheshti <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Seyyed Ali Mahmoudi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>       One of the fundamental concepts that categorizes intellectuals who speak within the framework of liberalism into various groups is autonomy itself and its limits and boundaries. Among these categories, one can refer to the division between supporters of government neutrality and perfectionism, or in other words advocates of non-intervention or government intervention in relation to different aspects of life, which place liberal thinkers in two distinct camps in terms of the limits and boundaries they advocate for. Dworkin constructs his theory of equality based on two principles of concern and equal respect and unique responsibility and extracts government neutrality and autonomy from these two principles. Like many advocates of government neutrality, he attaches importance to autonomy; however, he does not endorse absolute autonomy and advocates for limits and boundaries. He distinguishes between autonomy and authenticity, considering autonomy to have a narrower scope than authenticity. Dworkin, while opposing the adoption of paternalistic policies by the government, does not outright negate government intervention in various areas of political and social life, deeming such interventions to some extent necessary and unavoidable. This article, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, critically examines the concept of autonomy and its position in Dworkin's intellectual framework and seeks to answer the question of what place autonomy and consequently neutrality hold in Dworkin's thought. Ultimately, this article concludes that although the restriction of autonomy in his views, especially regarding equality in resources, is more than he admits, a paternalistic viewpoint stands out in certain aspects of his theory of resource equality.       Keywords: Ronald Dworkin, State neutrality, Autonomy, Authenticity, Paternalism.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Ph.D Student of Political Thought, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. afshinkhakbaz2012@gmail.com </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. abeheshti2002@yahoo.com </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iran. mahmoudi3000@gmail.com </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

88 - The State Policies and Changes Of Food Consumption Patterns; The study of Households in Rasht City from 2005 - 2020: Results of a Qualitative Analysis
mahya azmayesh asyabsari نادر مطیع‌حق‌شناس valiolah rostamalizadeh,

Throughout the history, food and its supply has been the most important concern of human beings. It is obvious that the food system of any country is affected by the cultural, economic and social policies in which the states have a direct influence. The aim of this arti More

Throughout the history, food and its supply has been the most important concern of human beings. It is obvious that the food system of any country is affected by the cultural, economic and social policies in which the states have a direct influence. The aim of this article is to conduct a qualitative study of the state policies and their effects on the changes in food consumption patterns among the households in Rasht city. It is conducted by a qualitative method and phenomenological approach and the data were collected through an in-depth interview and observation. The sampling method was purposeful and 21 citizens of Rasht city were interviewed. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using MAXQDA software. The findings show that the negative consequences of state policies in the 2000s and 2010s dominated the positive consequences. Although the economic and social policies caused many problems for the people with different levels, they also led people towards the optimal economic consumption of the goods. Investigations of the changes occurred in the food consumption pattern among the Rasht citizens show that the categories of demographic and cultural structure, lifestyle change, self distinguishing, the availability of food centers, and the media play a key role in the tendency of citizens towards eating outside. On the other hand, the financial challenges and economic capacity, relatively high food security and adherence to the traditional culture are the reasons tending people towards having the traditional foods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

89 - Reflecting on the Professional Excellence Curriculum of Teacher Educators in Finland and the United States
Zohreh Ababaf

Professional excellence in teacher education significantly enhances the quality of teacher education systems and produces competent teachers who contribute to the improvement of the national education system. Hence, this study aims to explore the components of the profe More

Professional excellence in teacher education significantly enhances the quality of teacher education systems and produces competent teachers who contribute to the improvement of the national education system. Hence, this study aims to explore the components of the professional excellence curriculum in teacher educators in Finland and the United States, as two developed countries, based on a theoretical research plan using a documentary-analytical strategy. The data collection method involved studying written sources including books, articles, and documents on the curriculum for professional excellence in teacher education in Finland and the United States from 2000 to 2023. Based on the analysis of data, three principal categories were extracted: vision, content, and implementation methods of the curriculum. Each of these three principal categories of the professional excellence curriculum includes several components. Future study, as a dominant component in the vision of the countries' curricula, has been an influential factor in shaping the content and implementation methods of curricula. The content of the curriculum has been flexible and inclusive. The link between theory and practice is emphasized. In terms of implementation, educational strategies and justice-based and anti-colonial strategies have acted as two complementary strategies. In the whole curriculum, respect for professional independence and the development of a sense of agency have been emphasized as effective components in the professional excellence of educators. Manuscript profile

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