epistemology

Open Access Article

1 - A Study on new Epistemology Mysticism
حسن شاهی‌پور

This essay deals with the new epistemology theories in three sections titled “mysticism and science”, “mysticism and logic” and “mysticism and religion. In the mysticism and science sectoin, the issue discuseed is that new epistemology on mysticism well as the new relig More

This essay deals with the new epistemology theories in three sections titled “mysticism and science”, “mysticism and logic” and “mysticism and religion. In the mysticism and science sectoin, the issue discuseed is that new epistemology on mysticism well as the new religion epistemology is developed through new science epistemology. Some theses with content based classification are studied in this section, the theses upon the objectivity concept as the discussion principle provides a threatening perception or near wideninig conception or far widening conception. The mystic and logic section studies some other theses upon the relation between these two phenomenons in order to study the conceptual and non-conceptual aspects of mysticism. This section ends with putting forward the logic, non-logic and ultra logic dimensions of the experience. In this section, the relations between religion and mysticism and also two conceptions from religion, namely the religion and empirical tradition, is put between the two theses for accepting and rejecting the tie between them along with third theses, mystic experience being ultra religion, reveals the scattering of the thesis in this regard. Totally, three types of thesis can be identified about the mysticism, science and logic and religion. The theses which believe in mystic being non-logic and non-religious. The proving theses which believe in being logic and religious of this type of experience and the clashing theses which regard it as ultra science, ultra logic and ultra religion. Undoubtedly, the third groups of theses reached by epistemology in the last stage of development are in line with mystic experience more. Manuscript profile

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2 - Mysticism and Politics from Aziz-Eddin Nasafi’s Point of View
داود فيرحي مهدي فدائي مهرباني

One of the major and most important issues of survey and study within Aziz Nasafi’s ideas is the study of his political approach in his mystical thoughts. This essay discusses Sheikh Aziz Nasafi’s thoughts and opinions (probably born in 596 A.H.); one of the seventh cen More

One of the major and most important issues of survey and study within Aziz Nasafi’s ideas is the study of his political approach in his mystical thoughts. This essay discusses Sheikh Aziz Nasafi’s thoughts and opinions (probably born in 596 A.H.); one of the seventh century mystics and philosophers; who had an undeniable effect on Iran’s philosophical thought; especially in the relationship between philosophy and mysticism. This paper trys to reveal how Aziz Nasafi’s thoughts led to the foundation and establishment of a political thought on the basis of mystical thought in Iran. It seems that this movement became persistent in Iran and finally turned into the dominant flow. Nasafi’s political thought can be observed as a political-mystical thoughts. Therefore the present article surveys the influential aspects and dimensions of the Iranian political thought evolving from Nasafi’s mystical thought. Manuscript profile

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3 - Plato's Utopia in the Paradigmatic Narrative (Based on the Republic’s Dialogue)
حجت زمانی راد Mohammad کمالی گوکی Abolfazl Shakoori

Ontology, epistemology and anthropology are considered as the basis for any theory in the humanities, as there is no theory, explicit or implicit, that is not based on these basic metaphysical principles. Also, the political thought as a normative concept, always arises More

Ontology, epistemology and anthropology are considered as the basis for any theory in the humanities, as there is no theory, explicit or implicit, that is not based on these basic metaphysical principles. Also, the political thought as a normative concept, always arises in relation to the context and the time and its contemporary crisis, reflecting these crises and based on the fundamental philosophical foundations, determine its favorable conditions that derived from normative criteria and articulates, its specific formations from patterns of authority. Comparing ideas in political thought with each other that can be based on their metaphysical principles and norms, is considered to be a category of political thought. According to such a process of political theory, political thought is a paradigmatic narrative. This article seeks to provide a the Paradigmatic Narrative from political thought of Plato, based on the Republic's dialogue. And by demonstrating the metaphysical fundamentals of his contemporary crisis, analysis the positive and negative ratio of plato's utopia with those crisis and fundamentals. The moral crisis and the decline of Athens in the Peloponnesian War and the emergence of sophists, remains the central crisis of Plato. The idea world is located in the center of Plato's epistemology and ontology. The Platonic utopia is based on the philosopher-king rule, that was following the presidential paradigm, only will be understood through Plato’s contemporary crisis and his methaphysical foundations. Manuscript profile

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4 - A Study of Mystical Epistemology in the Poems and Prose of Abd-Al Rahman Jami
raheleh mirakhorli ghodratollah Khayatian Azim Hamzeian

In Islamic mysticism, there are scattered discussions of epistemological issues. The distinguishing feature of Islamic mysticism from other mystical branches is the high and stable position of knowledge in it. Jami (d. 898 AH) has also dealt with the issue of knowledge More

In Islamic mysticism, there are scattered discussions of epistemological issues. The distinguishing feature of Islamic mysticism from other mystical branches is the high and stable position of knowledge in it. Jami (d. 898 AH) has also dealt with the issue of knowledge and related issues. The main question is what issues has he raised about this science and to what extent? This research has been done in a descriptive-analytical way in his works and the results show that knowledge is a gift from God and the basis and the results of his journey depend on knowing Hagh, so that the one who attains the true knowledge has reached the level of annihilation and survival of God. He has made important discussions about the degrees of knowledge and the place of the senses, intellect, heart,unveiling and finding. According to him, the level of human knowledge is to the extent that with the manifestation of truth, he can become aware of his proven condition. Manuscript profile

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5 - Specify the ethics of belief Prerequisites
فرامرز محمدی پویا

The aim of this study is specify the ethics of belief prerequisites. For this purpose, used from the conceptual analysis method for analyze the ethics of belief Prerequisites. The findings of this study show that the idea of the ethics of belief necessary to Prerequisit More

The aim of this study is specify the ethics of belief prerequisites. For this purpose, used from the conceptual analysis method for analyze the ethics of belief Prerequisites. The findings of this study show that the idea of the ethics of belief necessary to Prerequisites. In other words, for claim of the ethics of belief must belief that formation of believes is voluntary (Volitionalism) and anybody’s believes with others his believes and with another people believes is connect(Believes network connection) and moreover, belief with action to be related and its impact on the subsequent action(The action subsequent conviction), So before the formation of a belief should investigation about it (Deontology), and result of this study should be provide necessary and sufficient reasons and evidence for formation or reject a belief (Evidentialism), and these reasons and evidence must be in the domains of knowledge, and he be able to explain his reasons (Internalism). Manuscript profile

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6 - Status of self-control (Muraghebe) on rational ethics Abstract
حمید رضانیا شیرازی

Meditation(Muraghebe ) or self-control has a special place in Islamic ethics, So that all human's activities in ethics in order to achieve perfection comes, puts under its surrounding , and without this monitoring , no act will not reach the desired result. In this pa More

Meditation(Muraghebe ) or self-control has a special place in Islamic ethics, So that all human's activities in ethics in order to achieve perfection comes, puts under its surrounding , and without this monitoring , no act will not reach the desired result. In this paper, the meditation (Muraghebe ) of the four approaches in ethics (Intellectual, mystical, traditional and compilation), in rational ethics has been examined and explained its presumption of the works of this dimension. As well as some epistemological foundations of anthropology of Meditation (Muraghebe) in rational ethics has been examined and has been raised its relation with their basis. As a result, according to texts of rational ethics philosophers, the (Muraghebe) understood as: "Care for moderate behavior from exceed and dissipate .In the other word, it is a virtue that avoid the man from slipping and errors. Manuscript profile

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7 - An Investigation of Humanism of Contemporary Poets from the Point of View of Epistemology
mohsen Izadyar

This research aims to take an epistemological outlook towards humanism in modern poetry, from Persian constitutional revolution up until the Islamic revolution in Iran. By taking a pathological stance, the survey shows how from the constitutional period in Iran, which i More

This research aims to take an epistemological outlook towards humanism in modern poetry, from Persian constitutional revolution up until the Islamic revolution in Iran. By taking a pathological stance, the survey shows how from the constitutional period in Iran, which is the commencement to modernism and accordingly to the flow of western philosophical thoughts, humanism has always been combined with personal partisan and westernized conceptions, and on the other hand always inattentive to religion and the realities of the sociopolitical structures of Iranian society. Insistence on the transference of such a culture and literature, without paying attention to the cultural and literary infrastructures of the country of the origin, has been the problem in works of modern poets. Another concept that this paper insists on is that many poets have only tried to imitate the humanist thoughts in modernist poetry. On the other hand, because of the lack of intimacy, absence of visual experience and also generalization, there is no real alignment to be found between the alleged modernist poet’s poetry and its audience. This is more than anything because of the luxurious and imitative outlook that poets have towards this specific type of poetry. Manuscript profile

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8 - The Principles of the Epistemology of the Rule of Law in the Legal System of Iran
سید محمد علی آل محمد Godrat,o Allah Noruzy manoochehr Tavassol Naini,

The concept of the rule of law can be defined with its least constituent component which is the adherence of all groups of society especially the rulers to the law. In the discussion of the principles of the rule of law, the fundamental question is: "What is the obligat More

The concept of the rule of law can be defined with its least constituent component which is the adherence of all groups of society especially the rulers to the law. In the discussion of the principles of the rule of law, the fundamental question is: "What is the obligatory requirement for a person to legitimize law and adhere to it?" In answering this question, from an epistemological point of view, it is important to consider the role of revelation, experience, and wisdom in man's obligation to obey the law. The most important question that has been considered in this research is the study of the principles of the epistemology of the rule of law in the legal system of Iran. According to the findings of this research, the wisdom and experience of mankind in the current legal system of Iran are only valid in the case of the confirmation of the religion. The majority of people in Iran believe that divine law provides their prosperity and perfection, and this is the most important reason for their adherence to divine law or law approved by religion. Manuscript profile

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9 - Study and analysis of the nature, principles, extent, types and sources of epistemology
Mohammad farajzadeh Mohammad Reza Sarmadi

The present study aimed to study and analyze the nature of epistemology, principles, extent, types and sources of knowledge. This applied research is descriptive and analytical. According to the results, science and knowledge are obtained using various sources such as n More

The present study aimed to study and analyze the nature of epistemology, principles, extent, types and sources of knowledge. This applied research is descriptive and analytical. According to the results, science and knowledge are obtained using various sources such as nature, wisdom, revelation, etc. Meanwhile, the lack of access to such knowledge is a major obstacle to achieve the ultimate goal. Since different ways can be used to develop knowledge in the learners, teachers must pay attention to the best way of acquiring knowledge through such philosophical studies. Knowledge can only be obtained through experience. It should be noted that the purpose of education needs to be accompanied by knowledge. The anthropological perspective of existentialism, therefore, searches for the root of knowledge in man. Accordingly, more freedom must be given to the students in order to search for knowledge, given their psychological needs. Manuscript profile

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10 - Investigation of the Viewpoint of Elementary Students about Personal Epistemology: A Qualitative Study
Zahra Tanha Parvin Kadivar Mohammad Hosein Abdollahi Jaefar Hasani

Recent study in of students’ beliefs about nature of knowledge and knowing as one of the effective constructs in learning have been considered. The present study with the aim of identity constituent elements of personal epistemology with an emphasis on qualitative metho More

Recent study in of students’ beliefs about nature of knowledge and knowing as one of the effective constructs in learning have been considered. The present study with the aim of identity constituent elements of personal epistemology with an emphasis on qualitative methods that focus groups was performed. Hence, sample of 72 children aged 7-12 years with purposeful sampling strates were selected from schools in Tehran and were interviewed in groups of 6 persons. Results indicated that personal epistemology consisted of simple knowledge, certain knowledge, source of knowledge and justification of knowing. Hence, cultural factors with Islamic approach governing on the structure of schools has affected student’s views and exploratory factor structure of western culture was different. Manuscript profile

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11 - Historical Development of Approaches to the Problem of Essential Accidents: From Mulla Sadra to Muhaqqiq Rashti
Moosa Malayeri

The present paper deals with one of the most important and complicated epistemological problems targeted by Muslim philosophers, that is, determining the referents and realm of essential accidents. The main question here is whether accidents are considered to be essenti More

The present paper deals with one of the most important and complicated epistemological problems targeted by Muslim philosophers, that is, determining the referents and realm of essential accidents. The main question here is whether accidents are considered to be essential through the more particular. In this historical study, the writer examines the development of the various theories regarding this problem over three centuries (1050-1312 AH) and then reports and evaluates the solutions suggested by four of the most prominent theoreticians of this historical period. To this end, he initially explores Mulla Sadra’s solution, which is based on the necessity of distinguishing between particular accidents and accidents through the more particular. Then he discusses the view of Hossein Khwansari, who, after criticizing Mulla Sadra’s theory and acknowledging its weakness in solving the problem, presents his own theory of juristic preference and consensus in determining territories and setting boundaries between sciences. Later the writer deals with the views of Mulla Mehdi Naraqi, who accepts a part of Mulla Sadra’s theory but solves some parts of the problem using a different method. Naraqi’s method necessitates the screening of sciences and extracting some problems from the domains of related sciences. Finally, the writer focuses on the last character of this period, Mirza Habibullah Rashti. He was a capable fundamentalist who enriched this discussion more than ever before in the light of his own profound insight and increased the accuracy of the technical language used to describe the problem. Although he benefitted from the words of other thinkers, he did not accept the solution of any of the preceding philosophers in its totality. He believed that the scholars working in each field are allowed to discuss the related scientific problems within the borderlines of their own knowledge as long as no specific sciences have been devised for investigating them. This view, as explained in the body of the paper, is quite compatible with the apriori-historical approach to the development of various disciplines. Manuscript profile

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12 - Doubt and Certainty in Contemporary Islamic and Western Philosophies
Abdurrazzaq Hesamifar

Doubt and certainty are two soulish states which form problematic and certain knowledge in the process of human cognition. Problematic knowledge is mainly obtained in the realm of empirical sciences, while certain knowledge is mostly acquired in the domain of certain no More

Doubt and certainty are two soulish states which form problematic and certain knowledge in the process of human cognition. Problematic knowledge is mainly obtained in the realm of empirical sciences, while certain knowledge is mostly acquired in the domain of certain non-empirical sciences such as philosophy, logic, mathematics, and gnosis. In the history of philosophy, philosophers often sought certain knowledge and believed that it is possible to attain the truth. In contrast, skeptics undermined the acquisition of such knowledge and did not believe in the existence of any kind of truth. The confrontations of these two groups have always constituted a part of the history of philosophy. Such a confrontation has been revived in contemporary philosophy as a result of the discussions which are made in modern epistemology both in Islamic philosophy and Western philosophy. On the one hand, contemporary Muslim philosophers have tried to defend the strong epistemological principles of Islamic philosophy through negating the views of skeptics. They believe in realism in epistemology and reject any interpretation of knowledge which is based on subjective idealism. On the other hand, at least some contemporary Western philosophers have tried to provide some responses to the questions posed by skeptics by developing a number of new views. In this comparative study, the author has tried to evaluate the attempts of a group of philosophers of each side in this regard. It is eventually concluded that the responses of Islamic philosophers to the posed questions enjoy a stronger basis both in the past and at present. Manuscript profile

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13 - Nature of Intellectual Intuition in Ibn Sina’s Oriental Ethics
Mir Sa‘id Musawi Karimi Ali Reza Sayyad Mansur Muhammed Hani J‘afarian

The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature of Ibn Sina’s idea concerning the ethical epistemology of oriental works entitled “intellectual intuition”. In the study of the nature of intellectual intuition, the focus is placed on its component parts. In other wo More

The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature of Ibn Sina’s idea concerning the ethical epistemology of oriental works entitled “intellectual intuition”. In the study of the nature of intellectual intuition, the focus is placed on its component parts. In other words, we will pay attention to elements which Ibn Sina considers as the sources of the acquisition of ethical knowledge under the title of intellectual intuition, and it appears that this kind of intuition results from a combination of these elements. Therefore, here the writers initially introduce the epistemological elements of intellectual intuition following a modern approach and maintain that intellectual intuition consists of three epistemological elements of intuition, introversion, and intellect. Then they clarify the role of each of these elements in the epistemological functions of intellectual intuition in Ibn Sina’s view. Next, through explaining the role of intuition in the ethical epistemology of contemporary intuitionists, they try to explore the particular functions of this epistemological layout in the eyes of contemporary thinkers. Finally, through a comparison of their ideas with those of Ibn Sina, the writers provide a more accurate picture of the whatness of intuition and its constituent elements in Ibn Sina’s philosophy. Manuscript profile

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14 - Hume’s and Kant’s Epistemological Critique of Metaphysics
حامد احتشامی SSeyyed Mohammad Hakak

Metaphysics is a term which was used by the compilers of Aristotle’s works for a part of them that appeared after the book of Physics. Later it was used as the title of the science which Aristotle dealt with in that section; a science that discusses the principles of ex More

Metaphysics is a term which was used by the compilers of Aristotle’s works for a part of them that appeared after the book of Physics. Later it was used as the title of the science which Aristotle dealt with in that section; a science that discusses the principles of existent qua existent. Since it delves into some of the fundamental problems of human beings such as God, self, and free will, this discipline has always been the main representative of philosophy. It is, in fact, only in the modern era that epistemology has gained more importance than metaphysics; moreover, some philosophers such as David Hume and Emanuel Kant have questioned its validity. In Hume’s view, metaphysics is an absurd field of science because its concepts are meaningless. In Kant’s view, metaphysical concepts and, thus, the related propositions are meaningful; however, it is impossible for theoretical wisdom to tackle them, and the solutions for metaphysical problems should be sought in the realm of practical wisdom or ethics. This paper reports and evaluates the viewpoints of these two philosophers in relation to metaphysics. Manuscript profile

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15 - Value of Philosophia Prima in Kant and ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī
Armin Mansouri Abbas Izadpanah

The present study investigates the scientific value of philosophia prima from the epistemological perspectives of Kant and ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī. As a philosopher whose standpoints were under the influence of other sciences and, due to the conditions of his time, he sided More

The present study investigates the scientific value of philosophia prima from the epistemological perspectives of Kant and ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī. As a philosopher whose standpoints were under the influence of other sciences and, due to the conditions of his time, he sided with both empiricism and rationalism, Kant tried to solve the conflicts between these two schools relying on apriori synthetic propositions. Finally, he argued that, firstly, knowledge is acquired through sense perception and, secondly, it is limited to phenomena. Hence, he concluded that, while metaphysics cannot be denied, the existence of scientific propositions of philosophia prima are not epistemologically possible. Nevertheless, based on the ideas that, apart from sensible knowledge, pure rational knowledge can also be demonstrated, and that knowledge includes not only phenomenon but also essence, ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī believed that philosophia prima enjoys epistemological value in terms of its demonstrative method, subject, and problems. He places it on the top of all human sciences and considers all of its propositions and achievement to be certain and scientific. Manuscript profile

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16 - Limitation of the Modes of Propositions to Necessity and Possibility
Ahmad Ahmadi

One of the accurate and profound discussions in logic pertains to the problem of modality in propositions. In the common books of logic, the definition of modality begins with the concepts of necessity, possibility, and impossibility and is later extended to perpetuity, More

One of the accurate and profound discussions in logic pertains to the problem of modality in propositions. In the common books of logic, the definition of modality begins with the concepts of necessity, possibility, and impossibility and is later extended to perpetuity, eternity, activity, and temporality. Some logicians have referred to a maximum of 28 modes. Nevertheless, Kant maintains that the modes of propositions are only limited to possibility and impossibility, existence (actuality or in actuality) and non-existence, and necessity and contingency. In this paper, given the author’s epistemological stance, he argues that the modes of propositions are merely limited to necessity and possibility. This is because a proposition is either affirmative, with a necessity mode, or negative, again with a necessity mode. The former is called a “necessary proposition” and the latter an “impossible proposition”. In fact, it is the structures of affirmation and negation which are different from each other; otherwise, both share the same necessity mode. The mode of possibility is also related to the mind’s hesitation regarding the quality of the relationship between the predicate and the subject. If enough care is not exercised in extracting the predicate from the subject, or if the product of this process is manipulated, possibility will arise. Manuscript profile

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17 - Ontology of Mentally-Posited Things: Consideration as the Mode of Man’s Being in the Physical World
Seyed Amin Mirhoseini

Despite the existence of different and, at times, contradictory views regarding ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī’s theory of mentally-posited things, almost all the studies carried out in this field unanimously presuppose that this theory is essentially of an epistemological nature More

Despite the existence of different and, at times, contradictory views regarding ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī’s theory of mentally-posited things, almost all the studies carried out in this field unanimously presuppose that this theory is essentially of an epistemological nature and is intended to justify a series of human perceptions that have no equal in the outside. Although this presupposition is not wrong, it fails to explain all the realities regarding the theory of mentally-posited things. Here, the authors try to demonstrate that this theory is basically of an ontological rather than epistemological nature. Given the quality of propounding this theory in al-Wilāyah and al-Insān treatises, it appears that consideration is one of the specific features of the being of an immaterial Man who lives in the physical world. This is a feature that makes some human acts which are in a way related to material affairs possible. Manuscript profile

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18 - Problem of Gender in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Epistemological Approach
Mahnaz Mozafari far Alireza Hassanpour Maijd Ziaei Ghahnavieh

The problem of gender has not been explicitly discussed in Islamic philosophy, in general, and in Transcendent Philosophy, in particular. However, through examining the principles of Islamic Philosophy and the work of philosophers, one can learn about their views and di More

The problem of gender has not been explicitly discussed in Islamic philosophy, in general, and in Transcendent Philosophy, in particular. However, through examining the principles of Islamic Philosophy and the work of philosophers, one can learn about their views and different interpretations of this problem. This paper is intended to reveal the relationship between the intellect and gender based on Sadrian philosophy and explain whether men and women share the same or different levels of intellectual perception. According to Mullā Ṣadrā, the most fundamental characteristic of human beings is rationality, particularly theoretical intellect, and men and women are the same in terms of their faculty of intellection. In other words, there is essentially and naturally no difference between them regarding their intellect. Mullā Ṣadrā stipulates that reaching the level of intellection – putting the intellect into practice – is an acquisitional affair, and the difference observed between men and women and even among men or women themselves in the process of knowledge acquisition is accidental and the outcome of contextual factors. Mullā Ṣadrā has demonstrated this problem in the classification of the intellect and the stages of intellection – from intellectus materialis (material intelligence) to intellectus acquisitus (acquired reason). Manuscript profile

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19 - A Study of the Validity of Gnostic Intuition in the Epistemology of the Transcendent Philosophy
Hossein Emadzadeh Mahdi Zakeri

One of the most important discussions in epistemology focuses on the origins of knowledge. Many contemporary Western philosophers disapprove of gnostic intuition as a source of knowledge while Mullā Ṣadrā, one of the greatest divine philosophers of the world, believes i More

One of the most important discussions in epistemology focuses on the origins of knowledge. Many contemporary Western philosophers disapprove of gnostic intuition as a source of knowledge while Mullā Ṣadrā, one of the greatest divine philosophers of the world, believes in the opposite and states that, in addition to rational arguments, religious texts also confirm the validity of this view. He maintains that some philosophical problems are outside the domain of reason and can only be accessed through gnostic intuition. According to the Transcendent Philosophy, gnostic intuition will be realized when there is an ontological connection or unity between the knower and the known, when both of them are immaterial, and when the knower depends on the self. In this paper, the authors initially explain gnostic intuition based on presential knowledge, refer to its specific features, and discuss its difference from introspection. Then, through examining the whatness of gnostic intuition and its different types, they investigate its validity and epistemological values and provide a list of the criteria that Mullā Ṣadrā and the commentators of his works have introduced for identifying valid intuitions. Finally, they examine its validity. Manuscript profile

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20 - Formation and Development of 3-6 Year Old Children’s Beliefs about Knowledge and Knowing
Zahra Tanha Parvin Kadivarnha Mohammad Hosein Abdollahi Jafar Hasani

Development of individual beliefs about nature of knowledge and knowing has been one of the important educational research topics in recent decades. The present study aimed to examine belief’s development with regard to the theory of mind at early ages. Hence, a sample More

Development of individual beliefs about nature of knowledge and knowing has been one of the important educational research topics in recent decades. The present study aimed to examine belief’s development with regard to the theory of mind at early ages. Hence, a sample of 75 children aged 3-6 years were selected from Tehran kindergartens. For each child, two False Belief Tasks and two Personal Epistemology Tasks were used. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between personal epistemology, theory of mind, and age. Results of regression analysis showed that personal epistemology was predictable by age and theory of mind. Accordingly, the older children got higher scores in personal epistemology, and approximately 31% of the variance in personal epistemology was explained by age. Also, children with higher scores in personal epistemology obtained higher scores in theory of mind, and age and theory of mind together explained 32.5% of the variance of personal epistemology. Moreover, the transition to dualism was not observed in the studied sample. Manuscript profile

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21 - Historical Trends of Epistemological Issues in Pre-Sadrian Philosophical Tradition
Ali Asghar Jafari Valani Donya Asadi Fakhrnejad

A study of epistemological developments in Islamic philosophy indicates that, although the issues in this philosophical trend have not been independently dealt with and have been generally discussed under epistemological issues, there are other problems in Islamic philo More

A study of epistemological developments in Islamic philosophy indicates that, although the issues in this philosophical trend have not been independently dealt with and have been generally discussed under epistemological issues, there are other problems in Islamic philosophy that, if organized and classified, can open the door to philosophical approaches to ontological discussions. Perhaps, some of the fundamental ambiguities in epistemology can be clarified based on the outcomes of such discussions. For example, reference can be made to the effects of ontological views of Ibn Sīnā and Suhrawardī over their epistemology. The main question of this study is how an epistemological approach can be extracted from an investigation and analysis of a collection of problems and demonstrate it with reference to the standpoints and views of Islamic philosophers. In order to achieve this purpose, it must be said that an epistemology based on the sense, reason, and intuition can lead to the development of Islamic philosophers’ epistemology. The Peripatetic philosophy is mainly based on the intellect and reasoning, and the Illuminationist philosophy, although relying on reasoning, basically draws on unveiling and intuition in epistemological analyses. However, logic, as a gateway to epistemology, usually opens the discussion because almost all Islamic philosophers consider the theory of definition as a tool for unveiling the unknown (unveiling the general nature of affairs) relying on acquired knowledge and the five predicables (universals). Nevertheless, Suhrawardī and his followers, while relying on presential knowledge, believe that a genus-differentia definition is not justified and, by criticizing the theory of definition, try to discover the particular unknown through observation and illumination. Accordingly, the problem of vision and imagination in the common epistemological system is usually viewed as one of the sides of acquired knowledge. In contrast, it is explained under presential knowledge in Illuminationist philosophy. Manuscript profile

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22 - The views of Allameh Helli on the epistemology of universals
Dariush Babaeian Mohammad Saeedi Mehr Hossein Hooshangi

Since the beginning of philosophy, the issue of universals has been a place of attention as one of the most adventurous problems. Its ontological (the state of being of universal) and epistemological functions (the issue of perception of universals) turned it into a pro More

Since the beginning of philosophy, the issue of universals has been a place of attention as one of the most adventurous problems. Its ontological (the state of being of universal) and epistemological functions (the issue of perception of universals) turned it into a problem. For a long time, many thinkers have explored these two aspects of the universal problem. In this article, the aspect epistemology of universals is expected. Allameh Hali has presented theories worthy of attention in this field, which despite their importance, their value is unknown. The purpose of this article is to analyze how he perceives general concepts. The findings of the research indicate the adoption of an almost similar approach to Allameh in the common interpretation of the universal concept, the ratio between two universal concepts, universal types, universal reasoning, the abstraction of universal concepts and their place with Islamic thinkers, but they disagree with their more regarding the refinement of identification and abstraction. has it. Moreover, his view on the theory of abstraction seem questionable. Manuscript profile

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23 - An Analytic Evaluation of the Concept of Moral Certainty in Western Philosophy: A Historical Approach
Mohammad Saeid Abdollahi Mohsen Javadi Muhammad Legenhausen

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roma More

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Moral certainty is one of the functional concepts that has recently attracted the attention of some philosophers of ethics and epistemologists. During the last decades, philosophers have approached this concept from different angles; however, they have sometimes provided an incorrect and inaccurate concept of this term because of ignoring its origin and historical development and losing sight of the historical, religious, or legal context in which it might be used. Jean Gerson, the French scholar and educator, created the term “moral certainty” for an appropriate level of certainty. Later, Descartes defined it as a kind of certainty that is sufficient for organizing behavior and assisting people in solving life-related problems. On the other hand, John Locke included absolute certainty and moral certainty in the concept of his own “real certainty”. The concept of moral certainty has also undergone an interesting process of development in Christianity. In church law, the concept of moral certainty is used to describe the mental status of the judge when they should decide with certainty whether the accused is truly guilty or not. In this paper, after referring to the first applications of this concept in the history of Western philosophy in the course of a historical-philosophical research and a study of the development of the concept of moral philosophy in different periods, the authors demonstrate that the concept of certainty has been prone to many changes since the 14th century and its first use in Gerson’s works. They will also clarify the place of this philosophical term in today’s epistemology of ethics after its historical journey and presence in various disciplines, and how the Wittgensteinian approach to this concept has gained widespread acceptance during the recent decades after its introduction many centuries ago. Manuscript profile

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