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Open Access Article
1 - Quantity and quality investigation of generated wastes at steel industries
Zahra Zamiraei علی ناهدRegarding to the variety of uses of steel in the world and widening its scope of application with the advancement of technology, steel production has changed to keep pace with advances in technology, following the changes; producers have tried to raise productivity and MoreRegarding to the variety of uses of steel in the world and widening its scope of application with the advancement of technology, steel production has changed to keep pace with advances in technology, following the changes; producers have tried to raise productivity and use of cheaper energy and fuels due to its geographical environment. There are the wastes in different stages of steelmaking (coke making, iron making and steelmaking). The generated wastes in this industry are with hazardous substances such as heavy metals, according to the classifications of the wastes, are classified as hazardous wastes. Therefore, identification and analysis and management of such waste in these industries are essential. The release of aforesaid hazardous wastes in nature can be had issues and problems for the environment and human health ultimately exceed the acceptable environmental conditions. The proper management of hazardous wastes in order to reduce and control pollution of the environment is utmost importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Study of Solid Waste Management in Rural Healthcare Center (Case Study rural Healthcare Centers of Rasht)
fatemeh ghanbari zeynab bazargard batol sedighiMedical waste is a part of municipal solid waste which is classified as hazardous solid waste. One of the sources of medical waste is rural healthcare centers that are prominent because of having infectious waste. This research aims to study of medical waste in rural he MoreMedical waste is a part of municipal solid waste which is classified as hazardous solid waste. One of the sources of medical waste is rural healthcare centers that are prominent because of having infectious waste. This research aims to study of medical waste in rural healthcare center, the quantity of waste and the method of waste management.This study was done in two countries of Rasht. The method was according to physical analysis and questionnaires.Total amount of medical waste in studied area is 274.3 kg/year. The amount of semi-household waste and medical waste are 75 and 25 percent, respectively. The result of questionnaires indicates lack of solid waste management system in rural healthcare centers of Rasht.The results reveal that the amount of medical waste in studied district is low. This amount is a great deal less than the amount of municipal hospital waste in other research. Although the amount of medical waste is negligible, lack of management system for medical waste separation, storage and disposal will cause undesirable impact on human and their environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigation of Using Ultrafiltration and Fenton Combined treatment method for pulp and paper wastewater Treatment
niloofar Abedinzade alireza pendashteh Fariba OstovarIn this study, the treatability of pulp and paper wastewater has been studied using a combined method (ultrafiltration and fenton) in a laboratory scale. First, the effect of membrane filtration on the removal of turbidity and COD, as well as membrane flux and membrane MoreIn this study, the treatability of pulp and paper wastewater has been studied using a combined method (ultrafiltration and fenton) in a laboratory scale. First, the effect of membrane filtration on the removal of turbidity and COD, as well as membrane flux and membrane fouling were investigated, and then the advanced oxidation method was used to supplement the treatment and increase the removal efficiency of the pollutants. At the end of the membrane filtration operation, the removal efficiency of turbidity was 99%. Based on the results, the average COD of the filtration process with 41.8% removal efficiency was 906 mg/ l. Under optimal pressure conditions bar-1, the amount of membrane flux in the first backwash was equal to 1/99 L.m-2.h-1 which this amount reached to 1/26 L.m-2.h-1after the fourth backwash. the Fenton process removed 862/5 mg /L COD from the pretreated wastewater by UF membrane with an optimal dose of 1.5 mM for Fe +2 and 6 mM for a hydrogen peroxide at an initial pH of 3 and at a 17minute reaction time .In these conditions, the removal efficiency of COD, BOD5 and color was 95%, 90.3% and 92.1% respectively, These results shows high efficiency of the advanced oxidation process to remove contaminants in pulp and paper wastewater Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Waste Management of Petrochemical Industries and Its Management
زهرا ضمیرایی علی ناهدNatural gas and crude distillates such as naphtha from petroleum refining are used as feedstocks to manufacture a wide range of petrochemicals that are in turn used in the manufacture of consumer goods. Petrochemical plants are typically l MoreNatural gas and crude distillates such as naphtha from petroleum refining are used as feedstocks to manufacture a wide range of petrochemicals that are in turn used in the manufacture of consumer goods. Petrochemical plants are typically large and complex, and the combination and sequence of products manufactured are often unique to the plant. Petrochemical plants generate significant amounts of solid wastes and sludges, some of which are hazardous because of the presence of toxic organics and heavy metals. A good practice target for a petrochemical complex is to reduce total organic emissions (including VOCs) from the process units to 0.6% of the throughput. In this paper a variety of control of air emissions techniques is has been studied. Petrochemical waste waters often require a combination of treatment methods to remove oil and other contaminants before discharge. For solid and hazardous wastes, combustion (preceded in some cases by solvent extraction) of toxic organics is considered an effective treatment technology for petrochemical organic wastes. Steam stripping and oxidation are also used for treating organic waste streams. The generation of sludges should be minimized. Wastes containing toxic metals should be stabilized before disposal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Determinetion of site selection pattern of municipal waste incineration power plant
sadaf feizi mehdi AalipoorNowadays, environmental hazards that originated from inappropriate management of waste are one of the main problems of the country. Therefore, the development of waste management system and new and advanced technologies entry is necessary. Waste disposal by incinerator MoreNowadays, environmental hazards that originated from inappropriate management of waste are one of the main problems of the country. Therefore, the development of waste management system and new and advanced technologies entry is necessary. Waste disposal by incinerator is an effective method. Unlike landfill, the use of incineration does not require long-term care and there is the possibility of energy extraction. One of the main disadvantages of this method is emission of air pollutants from the stuck of incinerators and management of the residual wastes such as ash. Therefore, selecting the best place for construction of the municipal waste incineration power plant will increase its benefits, reduce costs and eliminate community dissatisfaction by identifying and considering the involved and effective factors such as environmental, economic and social factors. In this paper, literature reviewes, searching for valid universal guidelines and the related articles in databases were used to introduce and compare the criteria mentioned for locating the municipal waste incineration power plant as one of the most important steps in designing a comprehensive waste management system. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Evaluation of natural adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment
Mohadeseh TavakoliWith increasing industrial activities and discharging untreated wastewater which contains various environmental pollutants to aquatic environments, problems such as reducing the penetration of light, anaerobic conditions and complications such as allergies and cancer fo MoreWith increasing industrial activities and discharging untreated wastewater which contains various environmental pollutants to aquatic environments, problems such as reducing the penetration of light, anaerobic conditions and complications such as allergies and cancer for humans and other living organisms will occur. Surface absorption is one of the most effective and efficient methods for the removal of environmental pollutants and among the common methods for treatment of wastewater, applying natural adsorbents are more efficient than the other methods and is more economic. Since there are many natural adsorbents in nature, they are very inexpensive, they are even free in some cases; adsorption of contaminants by these materials can be a suitable way to remove the toxic substances of contaminated water and industrial wastewater. In this paper, we study some of bioactive adsorbents in order to remove contamination from industrial wastewater. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Prioritization of energy recovery technologies from municipal solid waste (Case study of Mashhad)
Arman ShahnazariThermal energy recovery technologies which used to burn solid urban waste are one of the relatively new and appropriate methods in waste management. Heat and gases are generated by burning waste that can be used to generate energy. In this research, a decision model bas MoreThermal energy recovery technologies which used to burn solid urban waste are one of the relatively new and appropriate methods in waste management. Heat and gases are generated by burning waste that can be used to generate energy. In this research, a decision model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is Provided to select the best thermochemical system based on three technical, economic and environmental criteria. In this study, waste incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and plasma systems were evaluated. Collection of required information was obtained by reviewing reliable sources and preparing and completing questionnaires. The study area in this study is Mashhad city. The results of this study indicate that among the studied systems, plasma system (technology) is the best option for energy recovery from solid wastes in Mashhad, after that, waste incineration, gasification and pyrolysis systems are in the next categories, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Environmental and Technical Assessment of Biogas Production using Rice Straw
Mahsa Khodabakhshi pour mohsenq mohammadi mohsen khodabakhshipourEnergy consumption is increasing rapidly in the world and it is expected that unrenewable energy sources will expire in the future; therefore, new methods of energy production are becoming more common all over the world. Biogas is one of the new and clean energies, whic MoreEnergy consumption is increasing rapidly in the world and it is expected that unrenewable energy sources will expire in the future; therefore, new methods of energy production are becoming more common all over the world. Biogas is one of the new and clean energies, which is produced from anaerobic fermentation of biomass. Guilan province with 238,000 hectares of paddy lands has significant potential for biogas production from organic residues. In this way, this study was carried out to investigate the process of biogas production from the combination of rice straw and animal waste with the ratios of (0-100), (5-95), (10-90), (15-85), (20-80) respectively in three repetitions. The experiment was performed at mesophilic temperature by anaerobic digestion method in the 1/5 lit bottles. An economic and environmental assessment for replacement of biogas produced in this process with fossil fuels was implemented in the village of Pounel in Guilan Province. The results showed that the ratio of 10% of rice straw had the highest biogas production efficiency and by replacing the biogas, 21 percent will save in fossil fuel consumption. It will also prevent the emission of 328.42 kg of CO2 gas into the atmosphere per year. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The impact Geomorphology in the Locating Urban
Marzieh MogholiChoose landfill is one of the most important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. With regard to environmental impact, economic and ecological landfill, the landfill must be done carefully and in a scientific process. In this study, to determine the appropr MoreChoose landfill is one of the most important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. With regard to environmental impact, economic and ecological landfill, the landfill must be done carefully and in a scientific process. In this study, to determine the appropriate location for Solid Waste Palm City Taqi using the capabilities of GIS tools have been implemented. Geographic information systems including the innovative methods used today to study the location. The selection criteria for landfill waste Mnayb places such as geology, access roads, slope, fault, maps, land use, urban and rural centers have been used.the current location is buried in the wrong zone. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Recent advance in MXenes: antibacterial Activity and waste treatment
nasibeh hajilaryRecently, two-dimensional (2D) lamellar membranes have attracted worldwide attention of researchers because of mechanical robustness, tunable pore size, high performance, and their easy processing. MXenes 2D materials, also known as carbide/nitride functionalized metal MoreRecently, two-dimensional (2D) lamellar membranes have attracted worldwide attention of researchers because of mechanical robustness, tunable pore size, high performance, and their easy processing. MXenes 2D materials, also known as carbide/nitride functionalized metal nanoparticles, have applications in a variety of applications such as capacitors and ion batteries for energy storage, catalysts, wastewater treatment membranes and heavy metal ions separation. In the last decade, extensive studies have been conducted to improve the applicability of heavy metal adsorbent membranes with the aid of MXenes and its complexes. Given the challenges that environmental pollutants pose to nature and organisms, it is important to find ways of absorbing and removing pollutants. In this article, after introducing MXenes and its various structures, recent studies on wastewater treatment and nuclear waste treatment with MXenes and its compounds are summarized along with its antibacterial properties Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Analysis of multiple engineering-natural barriers system for sustainable management of radioactive wastes
Mehdi Yazdian Mahjabin Radaei Raziye Saffar Alireza JabbariPopulation growth and urban and industrial development processes around the world have made the adoption of alternative energy sources inevitable to reduce fossil fuel consumption as well as their harmful effects on human and environmental health. Over the past decades, MorePopulation growth and urban and industrial development processes around the world have made the adoption of alternative energy sources inevitable to reduce fossil fuel consumption as well as their harmful effects on human and environmental health. Over the past decades, the expansion of using nuclear energy as an alternative energy source indicates the widespread production of radioactive waste and the proper management of radioactive waste has become a vital challenge for the international community. The present study is a review study that examines the principles and processes of radioactive waste management and the factors influencing the location of radioactive waste landfills. It also emphasizes on the design of multiple engineering-natural barriers and the adoption of control-monitoring programs with legal requirements for the optimal disposal of radioactive waste to adopt efficient strategies to pay attention to various aspects of sustainability in all aspects of the environmental, social, and economic. The results of the study indicate that the processes of preparation and stabilization of hazardous waste, risk assessment, landfill site selection, the long-term safety of landfills, design of durable structures, adoption of multiple engineering-natural barrier systems, design of monitoring and control programs can reduce humans and environment vulnerability from radioactive waste landfills and can be used as effective frameworks in the radioactive waste management by designers, planners and, engineers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Evaluation of the efficiency of the advanced aerobic process by the Moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) method in wastewater treatment of detergent production industries
saeed poorkareem Fariba Ostovar Kamran TaghaviAbstract In this study, the aerobic biological process was investigated by the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) method for wastewater treatment of detergent industries. The mean of COD and LAS in raw wastewater were 10231 mg/L and 210 mg/L, respectively. In this study, th MoreAbstract In this study, the aerobic biological process was investigated by the moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) method for wastewater treatment of detergent industries. The mean of COD and LAS in raw wastewater were 10231 mg/L and 210 mg/L, respectively. In this study, three different concentrations of LAS (210, 500, and 1000 mg/L) were used to determine the efficiency of the whole system in removing COD and LAS. The BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.2 in raw wastewater to 0.45 after pretreatment. In the MBBR system in reactor 1 with 36 hours of hydraulic rate time (HRT), the highest removal efficiencies of 93.41% and 95% were obtained for COD and LAS, respectively. In Reactor 2 with similar conditions to HRT of 36 hours, the highest removal efficiencies for COD and LAS were 94.20% and 99.99%, respectively. By changing the amount of injected air from 30 L/min to 50 L/min and then 70 L/min, the removal efficiency in the amount of air injected about 50 L/min was increased. Organic charge loading (OUR) studies also showed a reduction in specific oxygen consumption from about 11 mg O2/gr MLSS.hr at the beginning of the operation period to about 2 mg O2/gr MLSS.hr at the end of the period. This study showed that the MBBR process, can meet the environmental output standards for the treatment of detergent industry wastewater and be used as an efficient method in detergent industry wastewater treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigation and identification of waste in industrial zone of Guilan province (Case study: Plastic and synthetic rubber industries)
Zahra Zamiraei sadaf feyzi Mohammad panahandehIndustrial development and rapid population growth due to the increase in consumed materials and the consequent increase in industrial waste is one of the challenges in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantity of industrial waste production in MoreIndustrial development and rapid population growth due to the increase in consumed materials and the consequent increase in industrial waste is one of the challenges in the world. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantity of industrial waste production in the industrial group of plastics and synthetic rubber in Guilan province and the conditions of resulting pollution. The results of this study show that the major industrial wastes identified in this group include plastic waste, paint cans, cardboard waste, paint powder, packaging strap, polymer waste, polymer sludge, wood waste, glass and carbon fiber waste. Plastic waste with 136.08 tons is the highest and paint powder with 0.04 tons is the lowest industrial waste produced in this group. The used oil with a total amount of 14092 liters per year is the only hazardous waste identified in this group. From the present study, it is concluded that the main management methods used in this industrial group are recycling and sales, but hazardous waste is not disposed of properly. The proposed method for used oil is refining. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Investigation of environmental effects of rubber waste and proposed methods in the management of this type of wastes
علی ناهدRubber is one of the materials that are widely used in industry and when they expire, they fall into the category of hazardous wastes. The release of rubber wastes into the environment causes many problems, including diseases, their bad landscape in nature, and terrible MoreRubber is one of the materials that are widely used in industry and when they expire, they fall into the category of hazardous wastes. The release of rubber wastes into the environment causes many problems, including diseases, their bad landscape in nature, and terrible fires caused by their accumulation and environmental pollution. Also, rubber can be reused due to its non-degradability and elastic properties; as a result, the management of worn tires has a particular importance. There are several ways to manage rubber waste that can be safe and effective when done properly. These methods include sanitary landfilling, incineration, pyrolysis, milling, reuse at various scales, and re-coating. In this article, each method is reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are stated. Also, there are examples of different applications of rubber waste in various industries. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Comparison of the effects of pollution caused by Saravan wastes on Kacha River during drought and wet year
مینا جعفری هانیه میربلوکی fatemeh ghanbariWaste landfills change over time due to exposure to physical and biological factors, these changes include the production of leachate and its penetration into the subsoil, groundwater pollution, production and emission of gases from waste decomposition, and finally the MoreWaste landfills change over time due to exposure to physical and biological factors, these changes include the production of leachate and its penetration into the subsoil, groundwater pollution, production and emission of gases from waste decomposition, and finally the settlement in the site. The leachate produced flows in different layers of waste and carries toxic and polluted substances to surface or groundwater. Kacha River, which carries the contamination load from Saravan landfill, flows into Siahrud River; Siahroud passes through this lands on its way, flows to the north and after joining Goharroud, enters the eastern part of Anzali Wetland. In this study, sampling stations were located in Saravan landfill and Kacha River and sampling was done in winter and summer and COD, BOD, TDS, pH, EC, ammonia, phosphate and nitrate parameters were measured. Comparison of the results of leachate analysis of Saravan landfill and Kacha River in summer and winter showed that all parameters, including BOD and COD parameters, which are indicators of contamination load in the Kacha River, increased in the drought season (summer) compared to the wet season (winter) Which indicates the amount of more pollution from Saravan landfill to Kacha River and from there to Gohar River and finally Anzali wetland. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - در این مقاله به بحث وبررسی تکنولوزی حفاری با لیزر که اساسی ترین جایگزین برای حفاری دورانی می باشد ،پرداخته می شود ما ابتدا با تاریخچه کوتاهی از آزمایشاتی که قبلا در موسسات دیگر انجام شده است می پردازیم .در ادامه با ذکر پارامتر های موثر بر روی کاهش مقدار انرزی مخصوص سنگ ودر نتیجه افزایش مقدار سرعت حفاری ف به بررسی این موارد خواهیم پرداخت .موضوع دیگری که در این آزمایش به آن اشاره خواهد شد ،تاثیرات لیزر بر روی سرعت حفاری ،هزینه های حفاری وهم چنین محیط زیست می باشد .ودر آخر با داده هایی که از آزمایشات مختلفی که در طی این تحقیق بدست آمده است اثبات خواهد شد که این نوع حفاری نوین می تواند جایگزین مناسب ومقرون به صرفه ای به جای حفاری دورانی باشد .حفاری با لیزر یکی از راه کار های موثر ومناسب جهت حفاری وعملیات مشبک کاری سازند های سخت ومتراکم با عمق زیاد می باشد .یکی از مزایای استفاده از لیزر جهت حفاری چاه های نفت وگاز ،توانائئ کاهش مدت زمان حفاری می باشد .در حفاری با لیزر به جهت تماس نداشتن با سطح سنگ در حین حفاری وجلو گیری از توقف حفاری برای تعویض مته ، در مدت زمان حفاری صرفه جوئی عمده ای صورت خواهد گرفت .
مهدی بیدار بخت محسن قربانخانی محمد رضا کاظمی اسفه مهدی علی محمدیThe paper is an update to the current status of laser drilling technique – the first fundamental change to rotary drilling. We begin with a brief history of already experiment which performed by another institutes. Next, we will discuss about effective parameters on red MoreThe paper is an update to the current status of laser drilling technique – the first fundamental change to rotary drilling. We begin with a brief history of already experiment which performed by another institutes. Next, we will discuss about effective parameters on reduce specific energy thereupon increase rate of penetration. Stress has been put on the effect of laser drilling on rate of penetration, drilling costs, and waste management that we discuss about these things in this research. Finally, experiments show that this advanced laser drilling technique can be efficient and economically for exchange with current rotary drilling. Laser drilling is found to be more efficient way to drill and perforate wells through hard rock formations encountered at greater depth. One of the major advantages of laser drilling is its potential to reduce drilling time. Laser cut drilling time reduced by not contacting the rock, eliminating the need to stop and replace a bit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Location of suitable areas for rural waste disposal (study area: Qasrshirin city)
mostafa tavakoli naghmeh habib mahmoodi chenari fereshteh jasemnejadWastes pollution is the source of many environmental problems. These pollutants cause water, soil and air resources pollution and destruction of natural landscapes and spread of disease, while waste disposal centers pose a threat to rural areas, despite the appropriate MoreWastes pollution is the source of many environmental problems. These pollutants cause water, soil and air resources pollution and destruction of natural landscapes and spread of disease, while waste disposal centers pose a threat to rural areas, despite the appropriate distance from urban centers. Determining areas suitable for landfills is one of the general strategies to deal with this crisis. In this research, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources, after collecting raw layers related to 12 indicators (rural, urban, roads, water resources, floods, land use, pastures, soil, geology, faults, communication roads, etc.) and preparing distance maps and its scaling were investigated using linear software in GIS software of suitable areas for waste disposal in Qasr Shirin city due to its special location in terms of abundant water resources (mineral water and ecotourism). The results show that most of the city of Qasr Shirin is not suitable for waste disposal, these areas are shown in red in the final output of the models. Also, only the parts of the city are suitable for this purpose, which are marked in blue in the final output of the models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Removal of lead with metallic organic nanostructures of iron and benzene tricarboxylate from aqueous solution
reza alizadehHeavy metals are not chemically degraded, in order to prevent the entry and accumulation of this toxic pollutant along with factory effluents into the environment, so far, different methods have been used, but finding new methods with more efficiency in this area is nec MoreHeavy metals are not chemically degraded, in order to prevent the entry and accumulation of this toxic pollutant along with factory effluents into the environment, so far, different methods have been used, but finding new methods with more efficiency in this area is necessary. In this research, a new class of compounds called organic metallic materials has been used to remove industrial effluent lead. These organic metallic materials contain iron and benzene tricarboxylate. To identify the characteristics of these materials, electron microscope images and Nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms has been used. To determine the optimal conditions for using these materials for lead removal from the effluent, the effect of parameters: time (10-120 min), the amount of adsorbent (0.2-0.5 mg/L), pH (3.5 -12.5) and temperature (10-75 ° C) were evaluated. The results show that the composition of MIL-100 (Fe) has a better performance than the other materials in this study and complete removal of lead was achieved with an initial concentration of 10 mg/l and an adsorbent dose of 0.25 mg / l, at a temperature of 50 ° C, pH =4.3 and contact time of 120 min. Other properties of this material in removal of industrial effluent lead such as magnetic properties, reusability in five consecutive periods, large surface area, low cost, high efficiency and easy to use, make it an ideal option for large-scale use. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Effect of Water Conservation and Waste Reduction Management on Increasing the Customer Loyalty in the Hotel Industry
Maryam Mesbahi Shokrieh Taheri Zahra AkbariDeveloping the tourism industry had both positive (creating employment and environmental aesthetics) and negative effects (making environmental pollution and destroying ecosystems). In recent decades, the awareness of the environmental impacts of tourism increased as a MoreDeveloping the tourism industry had both positive (creating employment and environmental aesthetics) and negative effects (making environmental pollution and destroying ecosystems). In recent decades, the awareness of the environmental impacts of tourism increased as a sign of a change in attitudes towards the environment. This research investigated the effect of water conservation and waste reduction management on increasing customer loyalty to show the role of hedonic values in the hotel industry. The statistical population included the customers of four- and five-star hotels in Tehran. The study used random sampling and Cochran formula to get a sample. A standard questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the data whose validity and reliability was examined through the content validity and Cronbach’s alpha. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The findings showed that water conservation and waste reduction management had positive and meaningful effects on hedonic values and customer loyalty. Hedonic values had positive and meaningful effects on customer loyalty. The results also showed that water conservation and waste reduction management through hedonic values had a significant positive effect on customer loyalty. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - A Review of Mechanical Recycling of Polylactic Acid: Challenges and Recent Achievements
Farzane TabatabaeeThe growing use of polylactic acid (PLA) encourages technologists to conduct extensive research into valorization of PLA waste with best quality. In general, mechanical recycling of PLA is one of the most cost-effective recycling methods. However, recycled materials are MoreThe growing use of polylactic acid (PLA) encourages technologists to conduct extensive research into valorization of PLA waste with best quality. In general, mechanical recycling of PLA is one of the most cost-effective recycling methods. However, recycled materials are commonly used for minor applications due to the inherent thermo-mechanical degradation of the polymer during recycling, which mainly results in chain scissions and intramolecular and intermolecular transesterification reactions. Therefore, it has a negative effect on the molar mass distribution and consequently on the mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of recycled PLA. In this article, a review of recent research on the effects of mechanical recycling on the properties of PLA including structural, morphological, mechanical, rheological and thermal changes was done. Furthermore, a review of three main ways of valorization of recycled PLA including thermal modification, chemical modifications in the presence of stabilizers, chain extenders, branching agents and finally mixing with nanoadditives or with other polymers was done in order to improve the properties of recycled PLA. Moreover, due to the widespread use of natural fibers to improve the performance of PLA, the recyclability of natural fiber-reinforced PLA biocomposites was investigated. Finally, two important applications of recycled PLA in the food packaging and the 3D printing industries were discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Participation at Source Separation of Waste in Tehran City
bizhan zare RAMIN KARIMINowadays management of discharged materials is considered as one of the factors influencing sustainable urban development plans and recycling waste materials is very important in the areas of environment and urban management, and source separation of waste itself is the MoreNowadays management of discharged materials is considered as one of the factors influencing sustainable urban development plans and recycling waste materials is very important in the areas of environment and urban management, and source separation of waste itself is the main pillar of recycling.The purpose of this study is to identify and examine social factors and practical conditions for participation in source separation of waste. The study also is going to determine the roles of each factor and the ratio of their share portions. The methodology used for this research is cross-sectional surveying. The society of the research is composed of 15-75 years old Tehranian citizens. The statistical sample also includes 384 persons. Multi-stage clustered random sampling is used and data were collected by questionnaire. The general framework of the research model includes three groups of variables including social factors (social capital, socio-economic status, satisfaction of the municipality), practical conditions and economic benefits of source separation of waste. Results showed that trust in the Municipal Organizations, economic benefits of source separation of waste and practical conditions are associated with participation in source separation of waste. Multivariate regression analysis showed that 47% of the variance of participation at source separation of waste is explained by the model. Results showed that practical conditions have an important role in participation in source separation of waste in Tehran city. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The efficiency of crude enzyme extracted from horseradish root in oxidation of catechol
Soheila Amiri Hosseini Fatemeh Nejatzadeh Eesmaeil Babanezhad fathollah gholamiCatechol is one of the phenolic compounds (with chemical formula (C6H6O2) which is used as a raw material or final product of chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries. In this study, the efficiency of horseradish extract as a gross enzyme and removal of catechol from MoreCatechol is one of the phenolic compounds (with chemical formula (C6H6O2) which is used as a raw material or final product of chemical, petrochemical and oil refineries. In this study, the efficiency of horseradish extract as a gross enzyme and removal of catechol from industrial wastewater was investigated. In order to study the efficiency of variable enzyme processes (20, 10, 40, ml / l), oxygenated water concentrations (0.58, 1.17, 2.35 mol / l) were evaluated for 20 minutes. The output catechol concentration of the process was measured by HPLC at a wavelength of 275 nm. The results of this study showed that with increasing the volume of oxygenated water and keeping the concentration of the enzyme constant, an increasing trend was observed at first, but after a while with a further increase in hydrogen peroxide, no significant change in efficiency was observed. For concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.58, 1.17, 1.78 mol / L) and hydrogen peroxide (10, 20, 40 ml / L), removal efficiencies of 45%, 60% and 80% were obtained, respectively. However, with the values of oxygenated water concentrations (1.17, 2.35, 3.53 mol / l) and fixed oxygenated water concentrations, the removal efficiency was 42%, 58% and 81%, respectively. Enzymatic treatment process as a suitable process can be used for catechol and its compounds from wastewater. To obtain the appropriate efficiency, it is better to set it in the optimal conditions under optimal conditions and add variables in the reaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Environmental effects of plastic waste entering the sea and its management methods (Review study)
Seyedeh Bahareh Aimi gholamreza allahghlipour yoosf azimiAbstract One of the consequences of the developments of the world society in the last century is the development of urbanization and the focus of human communities in urban areas. The growth of population and tendency to urbanization is one of the developments of the MoreAbstract One of the consequences of the developments of the world society in the last century is the development of urbanization and the focus of human communities in urban areas. The growth of population and tendency to urbanization is one of the developments of the current century, which intensified the use of resources and the production of waste. This increase in population along with the development of urbanization leads to the consumption of natural resources and as a result, it leads to production of all kinds of wastes. So, waste management in the world is becoming a big challenge in urban areas. This challenge is greater, especially in big towns. These wastes have not only entered the human ecosystem and the land of the earth, but also entered the seas and it has also left unfavorable effects on aquatic creatures. In order to keep pace with the needs of rapid economic development and continuous population growth, and also because of the vital role of waste management in preserving the environment and public health, marine waste management is one of the current priorities of societies. Disposal and accumulation of waste in the marine environment is one of the environmental threats that is increasing at a very fast pace. The purpose of this study is to review sources and collect information about the entry of plastic waste into the sea, its environmental effects and methods of marine plastic waste management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Garbage Picker as an Urban Homosacer: A Research in Tehran
Sattar ParvinNowadays, the problem of garbage collection in Iran has become one of the serious phenomenon and problems in the form that it is manifested in all the cities and metropolises of the country. The problem of garbage collection possesses environmental, economic and social MoreNowadays, the problem of garbage collection in Iran has become one of the serious phenomenon and problems in the form that it is manifested in all the cities and metropolises of the country. The problem of garbage collection possesses environmental, economic and social dimensions. The present study tries to narrate the life issues of garbage pickers in Tehran using an interpretive approach. The theoretical view of the research is based on a critical approach and the use of Agamben's Homosacer concept. The research method is based on the fundamental qualitative method and the use of semi-structured interview and observation techniques. Thematic analysis is used to analyze the data. The findings of the research show that garbage pickers face with many problems such as nutrition, sleep, addiction, etc. and they have unequal working relationships with contractors. Garbage pickers are mostly men, immigrants, low-educated or illiterate and live in different places such as streets, worker accommodation centers, outskirts of cities and with their families. Garbage picking as a job is related to other social problems of the city like social inequalities urban consumption, child labor and black holes of urban waste. Urban garbage collectors, like other damaged and marginalized social groups, are the concept of urban homosuckers. Such people are not included in official support. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The impact of electric cars on the environment
Syed Mani Hashemi Seyed Majid KeshavarzAbstract Like many other human activities, the construction and operation of electric machines, in addition to its benefits, has a negative impact on the environment, especially pollution. According to these cases, it is possible to discuss about the moment of pollut MoreAbstract Like many other human activities, the construction and operation of electric machines, in addition to its benefits, has a negative impact on the environment, especially pollution. According to these cases, it is possible to discuss about the moment of pollution, if the amount of pollution depends on the size of the device, which of the stages of the existence of the device has more pollution than the other stages (construction, operation and dismantling). And how to reduce the environmental impact. In the construction of electric machines, a series of materials are used to make the electrical system (winding), the magnetic system and also. Necessary materials for making the mechanical structure and car insulation. All these materials are the result of complex processes, energy consumption and more or less pollution. Once obtained, these materials are subjected to mechanical processing and produce various pollutants along with the resulting components. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Recent Advances in Membranes Used for Nanofiltration to Remove Heavy Metals from Wastewater: A Review
Farzad Mehrjo MohammadSaber Baghkhanipour Amir AlamThe presence of heavy metal ions in polluted wastewater represents a serious threat to human health, making proper disposal extremely important. The utilization of nanofiltration (NF) membranes has emerged as one of the most effective methods of heavy metal ion removal MoreThe presence of heavy metal ions in polluted wastewater represents a serious threat to human health, making proper disposal extremely important. The utilization of nanofiltration (NF) membranes has emerged as one of the most effective methods of heavy metal ion removal from wastewater due to their efficient operation, adaptable design, and affordability. NF membranes created from advanced materials are becoming increasingly popular due to their ability to depollute wastewater in a variety of circumstances. Tailoring the NF membrane’s properties to efficiently remove heavy metal ions from wastewater, interfacial polymerization, and grafting techniques, along with the addition of nano-fillers, have proven to be the most effective modification methods. This paper presents a review of the modification processes and NF membrane performances for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater, as well as the application of these membranes for heavy metal ion wastewater treatment. Very high treatment efficiencies, such as 99.90%, have been achieved using membranes composed of polyvinyl amine (PVAM) and glutaraldehyde (GA) for Cr3+ removal from wastewater. However, nanofiltration membranes have certain drawbacks, such as fouling of the NF However, nanofiltration membranes have certain drawbacks, such as fouling of the NF membrane. Repeated cleaning of the membrane influences its lifetime. membrane. Repeated cleaning of the membrane influences its lifetime. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Assessment of Water Quality parameter using RGB images in Anzali wetland
Mohadese Tavakoli Mohammad Javad ChaeichiWetlands are one of the most prominent ecosystems in the world. These vital and diverse habitats are among life-giving systems that have no alternative. However, none of the world's ecosystems have experienced human-centered injuries and damages as much as wetlands. One MoreWetlands are one of the most prominent ecosystems in the world. These vital and diverse habitats are among life-giving systems that have no alternative. However, none of the world's ecosystems have experienced human-centered injuries and damages as much as wetlands. One of the main threats to Gilan wetlands are human factors such as urban, domestic and industrial wastewater, overfishing and converting wetland marginal lands into agricultural lands. In this study, RGB images were used to assess the water quality parameters of Anzali wetland (Beheshti Island Station) and the related data were compared to the values obtained from the TSS measurement. Based on the obtained data, the intensity of red color (R) in the macroscopic images (with the naked eye) from the wetland can be an environmental indicator to measure TSS concentration. The results of RGB analysis for red color with a correlation coefficient of 0.8513, for green color (G) with a correlation coefficient of 0.832 and for blue color (B) with a correlation coefficient of 0.663 were obtained. Finally, a correlation coefficient (R2=0/8035) between the decrease of RGB values and the increase of TSS concentration was obtained. Other parameters such as pH and Secchi Depth test were also measured in this study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Analyzing waste Management Policy from the Perspective of Local People in Selected Villages of Kermanshah
Mohammad Akbarpour Parvin RezaeibavandpourDue to the Increase in waste Production and the Concerns of Ecological damage Caused by them, waste Management Policy has become Extremely Important. Waste is a byproduct of Human Activities and includes all types of household, Medical, Agricultural, Industrial, Commerc MoreDue to the Increase in waste Production and the Concerns of Ecological damage Caused by them, waste Management Policy has become Extremely Important. Waste is a byproduct of Human Activities and includes all types of household, Medical, Agricultural, Industrial, Commercial, and Special and Hazardous waste. In Policy making and Comprehensive waste Management, waste Collection and methods of Processing and Disposal are managed in Interaction with each other in such a Way that the Triple Environmental, Social and Economic objectives of the Region are achieved. Based on this, the aim of this Research is to make waste Management policy from the Perspective of local People in Selected Rural areas of Kermanshah. Materials and methods: In terms of the Practical Purpose of this Research, it is a Strategic Development, and in terms of its Nature and Descriptive-Analytical method, it was carried out using a Survey and a questionnaire. The Statistical Population of the Research includes heads of households in selected villages. Which Includes 8 Selected Villages from 4 Rural Districts of the Central part of Kermanshah, which was determined by using Cochran's formula to have a Sample size of 275 People. Findings: Some indicators of waste Management of Local Residents have a Significant Correlation with their Individual Characteristics. Based on the Findings Obtained from this Research, it is felt Necessary to Pay Attention to Training in the Field of Waste Management to the Local Residents of the Target Areas. As a Result, the Implementation of Policies based on Waste Management has improved the Conditions of the target Areas and this shows the necessity of their Continuation and Development. Conclusion: The Results of the Show that the Current Research has a Weak Management Policy Regarding the wastes of the Region that the Village of Takhe Sarableh from Mian Darband Village has a better Situation than other Selected Villages and the village of Amme from Qarasu village has a weaker Situation than other villages has a selection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Spirulina, wastewater dye absorbent microalgae
Hanieh Mirbolooki fatemeh ghanbari Hooman HeraviDye is the first known pollutant in industrial wastewater, and its small amount is very undesirable in water. Most of the dyes contain complex organic molecules and are harmful to aquatic life and humans due to the presence of metals, aromatics and other compounds in th MoreDye is the first known pollutant in industrial wastewater, and its small amount is very undesirable in water. Most of the dyes contain complex organic molecules and are harmful to aquatic life and humans due to the presence of metals, aromatics and other compounds in their structure. Removing or reducing the amount of this pollutant entering the environment is essential, and biological absorption is one of these methods. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the removal of blue reactive textile dye by spirulina microalgae. In the process of conducting the research, the effect of variables such as contact time, injected algae dose and wastewater concentration was investigated on the dye removal process and the amount of absorption of the samples was measured by a spectrophotometer and the number of experiments was determined by the design expert software via response surface method (RSM) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical tool was used to analyze the obtained results. Based on the obtained results, in the optimal conditions of the experiment, the best percentage of dye removal by spirulina microalgae was 100% in contact time of 30 minutes with a dose of 10 ml of injected algae into wastewater with a color concentration of 50 mg/L. Therefore, the use of microalgae, in addition to being an inexpensive and easy-to-operate method for color removal from colored wastewater such as textile wastewater, it will be of interest to researchers as an environmentally friendly method to remove hard degradable pollutants. Manuscript profile
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