Rationality

Open Access Article

1 - Explanation of Political and Rational Requirements for National Unity In Imam Khomeini's Thought

In Imam Khomeini's thoughts and attitudes thatget startedfrommonotheistic religion of Islam, believers are a singleummah and,too, they need to a singlereligious, political and practicalorientation, based on the requirements and with regard to their common destiny within More

In Imam Khomeini's thoughts and attitudes thatget startedfrommonotheistic religion of Islam, believers are a singleummah and,too, they need to a singlereligious, political and practicalorientation, based on the requirements and with regard to their common destiny within the credit geographical and national boundaries for the realization of the their sovereignty. They can achieve the caliphate of God on earth with this orientation and with Etesami to Hablallah. Therefore, in this article, we examine what arepolitical and rationalfoundations in the views of Imam Khomeini about national unity. The analytical study of the ideas of Imam Khomeini (RA), show to our until find that the issue of national unity as well as other forms of unity and solidarity based on political exigencies and environmental requirements is a necessity: the necessity thatit is based on both of rational arguments and evidence and religious arguments.As a result, Imam Khomeini hastwo-dimensional look - intellectual and revelation - to the cause of unity.But what are discussed in this paperare the reasons and political arguments of national unity and solidarity in the thought of the founder ofIslamic Republic of Iran.Imam Khomeini emphasized on: rational evident of unity, the demand of political reason, the common enemy, the development of cultural, political and social principles of maintenance of the Islamic Revolution and its values and Finally, national unity is the plan as a strategy to achieve freedom, liberation and victory. Manuscript profile

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2 - The Avoidance of Thinking in A Religious Culture: A Review and Critique of Aramesh Doostdar’s Points of View
Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi Fatemeh Baee

Aramesh Doostdar considers “lack of question” as the main difficulty of Iranian society, which has been dominated by a religious culture since the ancient time. In this paper, his views are assessed on the basis of postmodern observations. Richard Rorty speaks of two ac More

Aramesh Doostdar considers “lack of question” as the main difficulty of Iranian society, which has been dominated by a religious culture since the ancient time. In this paper, his views are assessed on the basis of postmodern observations. Richard Rorty speaks of two accounts of rationality: a broad account which he favours and a narrow one which he crticises and attributes to modern thinkers. The main question in this paper is that in which category Doostdar’s views can be classified? It seems that he advocates the narrow modernist account of rationality that considers whatever does not comply with it as outside reason. Doostdar’s metanarrative on Iranian culture is based on unjustified extrapolations that ignore the complexity of the culture. Since he believes that Islamic and Iranian culture lacks fundamental philosophical questions, he disregards all other types of questions raised in that culture. In politics, Doostdar argues that the relationship between religion and the state in Iran, since the Achaemenid Empire, constituted the religious culture in the society in such a way that any escape from it and transition towards a developed society would be impossible. Manuscript profile

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3 - Analysis and assessment of Diversity and Tolerance in the Political Thought of John Rawls
ali alihoseini

This paper aims to examine the question of how we can respect multiculturalism and at the same time defend the rights of the individuals against ethnic minorities and cultural groups? In response to the question, we examined Rawls's strategy mentioned in his book of "po More

This paper aims to examine the question of how we can respect multiculturalism and at the same time defend the rights of the individuals against ethnic minorities and cultural groups? In response to the question, we examined Rawls's strategy mentioned in his book of "political liberalism" emphasizing on the separation of rationality from reasonableness. But at the end it becomes clear that Rawls's definition of reasonableness is extremely strict and restrictive, and in spite of the distinguishing rationality and reasonableness can be a good basis for tolerance in multicultural societies, but this definition is highly detrimental to this goal. This research has exploited interpretive approach, conceptual analysis and critical assessment as the theoretical strategies and based on this fact, it deals with the issue of cultural diversity as a context of forming the subject introduction and also considering Rawls's theory of justice as background in which the idea of reasonableness and rationality was born and grown. Manuscript profile

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4 - The conceptual model of realism Emphasizing the political thought and behavior of Imam Ali
Abbasali Rahbar Mahmoud Shariati

The relationship between religion and politics in the thought of Imam Ali has been an ontological and consistency column of the relationship between society and government. However, this framework, in symmetry to the pattern of realism in the intellectual system of Imam More

The relationship between religion and politics in the thought of Imam Ali has been an ontological and consistency column of the relationship between society and government. However, this framework, in symmetry to the pattern of realism in the intellectual system of Imam, is, as a concept, effective in creating legitimacy, participation, and advancement in the political system that can be planed, understood and labeled. In the framework, the process of conceptualizing realism by relying on rationality in two levels of thought, with emphasis on concepts such as human dignity, the right to choose people, the implementation of justice and the necessity of the state; and at the level of behavior with an emphasis on the political action of the Imam in determining the caliph, Adoption of arbitration and coexistence with religions will be formulated. This paper tries to achieve two important goals by applying Skinner's interpretation theory: On the other hand, the concept of realism can be understood in the thoughts and behavior of Imam Ali and, on the other hand, the effectiveness of realism in the balance of the part and the coherence of social forces are measured. Obviously, achieving these goals involves the implementation of a range of concepts and subjects. As a result, it is important to understand the framework of the discussion of the plan. 1) Attachment of Realism to Rationality 2) Relevance of Realism with Ideal 3) Conceptualization of Realism 4) Positioning of the environmental conditions and social contexts of the target. Manuscript profile

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5 - Philosophy and Children and the Skill of Communicative Conduct with the Followers of other Religions
Mahdi Ganjvar

Nowadays one of the main concerns of philosophers is to apply philosophy to our daily life for which extensive measures have been taken up so far in certain teaching and research centers. In this regard the attempts made by the founders of Philosophy and Children to rec More

Nowadays one of the main concerns of philosophers is to apply philosophy to our daily life for which extensive measures have been taken up so far in certain teaching and research centers. In this regard the attempts made by the founders of Philosophy and Children to reconcile philosophy with society are remarkable. Though “Philosophy and Children” from the outset tended to ethics, it seems that the effect of such educational program on the augmentation of behavioral skills and interplay of children with their fellow men, in spite of its importance and necessity, remain unnoticed from the view of the experts and researchers. Accordingly, the present paper proceeds to give a critical analysis of the epistemological geometry of “Philosophy and Children” and also explains the role and impact of this program on the enforcement of communicative conduct of children with others. Drawing and presenting effective components for the augmentation of their skills in communicating with the followers of other religions are among the important achievements of the present work. The other achievements are: respecting the rights of fellow men and the opponents, bring about an atmosphere for free thinking (freedom of thinking and expression), enforcing the EQ of children, teaching the peaceful coexistence with others, and commitment of children to morality (avoiding bigotry and unduly imitation). The method of this work is analytic-deductive. Manuscript profile

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6 - Liberal rationality and the Formation of environmental crises (with emphasis on the Rio+20 document)
osman hedayat asrin faizi

From the early decades of the twentieth century, the pressures of industrial and agricultural development visibly threatened the environment and environmental issues were rethought simultaneously with development issues. The history of development issues as a specific s More

From the early decades of the twentieth century, the pressures of industrial and agricultural development visibly threatened the environment and environmental issues were rethought simultaneously with development issues. The history of development issues as a specific subject dates back to the after of World War II, and development theories in this period have emerged in the form of economic development and modernization. This issue is derived from Western modernity and its dominant ideology i.e. liberalism, tends to move toward the unification of humanity based on liberal values and the elimination of diversity in the world by claiming the universality of their values. The basic hypothesis of this study revolves around this idea that with the advent of Western modernity and capitalism and their dominant ideology i.e. liberalism, changes have taken place both in this school and in the developmental discourses that were born and emerged of liberal rationality over development of the environment. Presumably, we have shown that this has been achieved through the self-examination and rethinking of liberalism itself. Using the analysis of Laclau and Mouffe discourse and development theories in the field of environment, ie theories - production treadmill, metabolic theory and degradation treadmill theory - to a reading of sustainable development and its manifestation, the Rio+20 document as a buoyancy sign that in that discourse of liberalism, there is a crisis and a break, we have dealt. The results show that liberalism as a rationality that has sought to formulate environmental, economic and social crises in the dimension of sustainable development, has failed and this has caused the environmental crisis. Manuscript profile

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7 - Revisiting Scientific Dialog in the Flourishing Period of Islamic Civilization (With an Emphasis on a Methodological Comparison of Ibn Sina and Biruni)
Mohammad Bidhendi Alireza Aghahosseini Mas‘ud Motaharinasab

A review of scientific and methodological dialogs dominating Islamic civilization during the last periods, particularly in the third and fourth centuries (AH), and their explanation and analysis could play a significant role in creating a modern Islamic civilization. Th More

A review of scientific and methodological dialogs dominating Islamic civilization during the last periods, particularly in the third and fourth centuries (AH), and their explanation and analysis could play a significant role in creating a modern Islamic civilization. The purpose of this paper is to clarify and analyze the scientific methodology of Ibn Sina and Aburayhan Biruni in order to expose the nature of the scientific and methodological dialogs of that period of civilization. A comparative study of the methodology of these two thinkers demonstrates that, following the Aristotelian logic, Ibn Sina attached more importance to deduction than to induction. However, Aburayhan was mainly interested in empirical and inductive methods and performed more professional and field studies. He even criticized Ibn Sina for his extreme emphasis on his rational method. Another difference between these two philosophers stems from the fact that Biruni did not confine himself to a pre-determined philosophical structure, whereas Ibn Sina initially defended the structure of Aristotelian philosophy to some extent. However, He finally distanced himself from Aristotle in his al-Isharat wa’l-tanbihat and Oriental Wisdom. Still another difference between the two is said to be that Ibn Sina believed that whatever we hear might be possible, but Biruni maintained that whatever we hear must be denied first unless its opposite is proved through reasoning and argumentation (this judgment has been criticized by many thinkers). Manuscript profile

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8 - Typology of Rationality in Two Philosophers: Confluence of Zakariya (al-Razi’s Autonomous Rationality and Abu Hatam al-Razi’s Revealed Rationality)
Mahdi Ganjvar

The relationship between “philosophical rationality” and “revelation-oriented religiosity” or, in a sense, the domain and functions of reason in comparison to revelation and its role in guiding human beings and leading them toward happiness has always been one of the mo More

The relationship between “philosophical rationality” and “revelation-oriented religiosity” or, in a sense, the domain and functions of reason in comparison to revelation and its role in guiding human beings and leading them toward happiness has always been one of the most important issues occupying the minds of Muslim thinkers. Following a problem-centered and descriptive-analytic method, the present paper examines two different methods of philosophical and religious rationalities practiced by two Iranian philosophers, Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (died in 313 AH) and Abu Hatam Abdul Rahman Razi (died in 322 AH). It also explains the quality of the confluence of the two philosophical and kalami trends of thinking with each other in the 4th Hijri century. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it clearly infers the relationship between reason, revelation, and mutual needs of philosophy and religion for each other from the confrontational debates between these two methods of rationality. The most important findings of this study are related to the typology of the rationality of these two thinkers and their standpoints regarding the problem of reason and revelation, equality and inequality of reason among people, and the role of rationality in their views of happiness. Manuscript profile

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9 - Rationality of Faith in ‘Allamah Tabataba’i’s Philosophy
Mohammad Poorabbas Mohammad Hossein Khavaninzadeh

Faith and the quality of its relationship with the problem of rationality has always been one of the central problems attracting the attention of philosophers and researchers working in the field of the philosophy of religion. This has resulted in the development of som More

Faith and the quality of its relationship with the problem of rationality has always been one of the central problems attracting the attention of philosophers and researchers working in the field of the philosophy of religion. This has resulted in the development of some of the most important schools of philosophy and theology in the West and in the Islamic world. In this study, the researchers have tried to explain the place and role of the intellect in the system of religious beliefs based on the ideas of ‘Allamah Tabataba’i through a correct analysis and perception of the truth of faith and description of its major components and elements. ‘Allamah Tabataba’i believed that knowledge plays a fundamental role in the realm of faith and considered it to be the prerequisite for faith. Therefore, in order to explain the relationship between the intellect and faith, he argued that the intellect precedes faith. Moreover, owing to faith’s epistemological nature, he considered it to be one of the important achievements of the intellect. At the same time, by avoiding any extreme measure in this regard, he granted a supreme station to the intellect in the domain of faith and religious believes. He even introduced the truth of definite rational judgments as the basis for the truth of the religion. On the other hand, given the influence of faith over the human intellect and free will, ‘Allamah maintained that the believers can develop a deeper and more extensive perception of religious truths in the light of a faith-oriented life. Of course, he was never heedless of the perceptive limitations of the intellect in certain epistemological fields of religion and referred to them in some of his works, particularly in al-Mizan. Manuscript profile

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10 - Problem of Gender in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Epistemological Approach
Mahnaz Mozafari far Alireza Hassanpour Maijd Ziaei Ghahnavieh

The problem of gender has not been explicitly discussed in Islamic philosophy, in general, and in Transcendent Philosophy, in particular. However, through examining the principles of Islamic Philosophy and the work of philosophers, one can learn about their views and di More

The problem of gender has not been explicitly discussed in Islamic philosophy, in general, and in Transcendent Philosophy, in particular. However, through examining the principles of Islamic Philosophy and the work of philosophers, one can learn about their views and different interpretations of this problem. This paper is intended to reveal the relationship between the intellect and gender based on Sadrian philosophy and explain whether men and women share the same or different levels of intellectual perception. According to Mullā Ṣadrā, the most fundamental characteristic of human beings is rationality, particularly theoretical intellect, and men and women are the same in terms of their faculty of intellection. In other words, there is essentially and naturally no difference between them regarding their intellect. Mullā Ṣadrā stipulates that reaching the level of intellection – putting the intellect into practice – is an acquisitional affair, and the difference observed between men and women and even among men or women themselves in the process of knowledge acquisition is accidental and the outcome of contextual factors. Mullā Ṣadrā has demonstrated this problem in the classification of the intellect and the stages of intellection – from intellectus materialis (material intelligence) to intellectus acquisitus (acquired reason). Manuscript profile

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11 - Holistic Education Based on the Principles of the Transcendent Philosophy
Sude Yavari Tayebe Mahroozade Ali Sattari

Holistic education is one of the educational strategies of the 20th century in the West which challenges the existing defects in the modern educational system. Clearly, there are so many similarities between religious and Islamic education and holistic education that we More

Holistic education is one of the educational strategies of the 20th century in the West which challenges the existing defects in the modern educational system. Clearly, there are so many similarities between religious and Islamic education and holistic education that we can safely claim that the latter has always been the common method of education in our traditional educational system. The present study focuses on certain educational principles in the Transcendent Philosophy which can be categorized under the concept of holism. Some of these principles include the necessity of the gathering of matter and meaning, educating the body along with the soul, and moral and epistemological holism. Moreover, regarding epistemological holism, the authors elaborate on the particular place of reason in epistemology and derive a number of educational principles in conformity with rationality, among which reference can be made to the necessity of prudence and necessity of teaching intellection to the learner. Finally, they refer to some of the practical methods in conformity to the mentioned principles. Following the qualitative method of content analysis and philosophical inference, the authors have tried to derive a number of educational principles in line with holism through delving in Mullā Ṣadrā’s books on the Transcendent Philosophy and some of his commentators’ works. Manuscript profile

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12 - A Comparative Study on Critical Thinking in Social Philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for Children Program”
yahya ghaedy

This article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 as More

This article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 aspects of foundations, aims and methods; and their relationship is studied. The result shows some similarities and differences between them. Similarities in foundations like being affected by Socrates, emphasize on thinking position in philosophy more than metaphysical subjects. About similarities in aims intellectual growth and to create better life is common in two approaches but the meaning of better life for them is different; for Horkheimer it means creating happiness for more people but in P4C program it means living in a democratic society with responsible and thoughtful citizens. Differences like adopting with social circumstances and the place of knowledge in social critic are mentioned. In methodology the main difference is to present certain and definable method for improving critical thinking in p4c but Horkheimer argue that critical thinking is a continuous process, so he doesn’t present a definite method only speaks of negative critique. The result of this study can be used for other researchers in philosophy and philosophy of education and other educational fields, curricula developer in educational systems, especially in developing an educational model for educating critical thinking. Manuscript profile

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13 - An Investigation of Paul Hirst's View of Religious Education Based on Plato's Theory of Virtuous Education

Hirst, the contemporary analytical thinker, considers the religious education impossible; because he believes that it is a compulsory education and thus it will deprive the student of the opportunity to live a critical and creative life, therefore, it is meaningless and More

Hirst, the contemporary analytical thinker, considers the religious education impossible; because he believes that it is a compulsory education and thus it will deprive the student of the opportunity to live a critical and creative life, therefore, it is meaningless and impedes the student's intellectual development. According to Hirst, the goal of education is to liberate the mind from all that excludes the mind from its particular function, rationality, the liberation of thought and action of human from error and without any external necessity. This is the virtuous cultivation that goes back to Plato. Given that virtuous cultivation requires a kind of rationality, there is no difference between Plato and Hirst; however, Plato did not devote himself in any of his works to the virtuous cultivation of religious education, but has always identified virtue-based education at a lower level of religious education. Their difference is in accordance with their validities, and the contrast between them is in a vertical relation, because according to Platonic metaphysics, virtue-based education, with the exception of religion, will end the evolutionary process. On the other hand, the result of rejecting religious education and accepting the plurality of cultures in Hirst's theory of education is a negation to the educational principles. From the point of view of Plato, when a conflict occurs among the principles of education, it is necessary to derive non-experimental and non-deductive principles for education from intuitive judgments; the principles that have been neglected in Hirst's theory of education. Manuscript profile

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14 - Freedom from the Manifestations of Idols of Ignorance: Elements of Dogmatism and the Opposing Strategies in Mullā Ṣadrā’s Philosophy
Hashem Qorbani Rohollah Adineh

Ignorance and dogmatism have always existed in various historical periods of epistemological disciplines and revealed their faces in their opposition to knowledge. Ignorance appears through separation from the necessities of knowledge. The spread of ignorance in the cul More

Ignorance and dogmatism have always existed in various historical periods of epistemological disciplines and revealed their faces in their opposition to knowledge. Ignorance appears through separation from the necessities of knowledge. The spread of ignorance in the culture of social relationships threatens the place of scientific resources and epistemological cradles. Through breaking the idols of ignorance, Mullā Ṣadrā writes about the objective manifestations of such idols in society. He believes that the promotion of social relationships demands the creation of cradles for knowledge, and any kind of ignorance in this regard will result in the dominance of epistemological inefficiency. Through a semantic analysis of ignorance, Mullā Ṣadrā talks about one of its most obvious manifestations, which is dogmatism. He maintains that moral norms and epistemological necessities fade away in a dogmatism rooted in ignorance. The criticism of ignorance and reproach of ignorants in Mullā Ṣadrā’s portrayal of this phenomenon is manifested based on four elements: 1) lack of verification of mental understanding in conformity to reality, 2) lack of derivation of comparative elements particularly in the light of its functional dimensions such as unjust evaluation, 3) mental stagnation, and 4) defective social competition, which refers to the wrong quality of efficiency. When criticizing the culture of his time, Mullā Ṣadrā refers to the rise of ignorance behind the guise of knowledge as an important epistemological pest. In all his criticisms of this stagnant process, he introduces the weakness of true knowledge in society, spread of social foolishness, corruption of social justice, and frailty of the epistemological foundations of society as its most important outcomes. He propounds the treatment of ignorance in the light of a wise method of living while attending to its necessary elements. Manuscript profile

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15 - Investigating the effect of dimensions of organizational justice on behaviors based on divine rationality and emotion (Research case: Shiraz Electricity Distribution Company)
saeed khajehfard Sanjar Salajegheh Yaser Salari mahdi mohamad bagheri

The role of rationality and emotion in shaping people's behavior has been proven, but the role of organizational justice in the behavior of the organization's employees is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of dimensions More

The role of rationality and emotion in shaping people's behavior has been proven, but the role of organizational justice in the behavior of the organization's employees is of particular importance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of dimensions of organizational justice on behaviors based on divine rationality and emotion. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research included 1477 employees of Shiraz Electricity Distribution Company, of which 313 people were selected by stratified random method. Data analysis was done using SPSS-23 and PLS-3 software and structural equation modeling method. The results of the findings showed that despite the confirmation of the relationship between the dimensions of organizational justice on most of the behaviors based on divine rationality and emotion, the effect of distributive justice on superior behavior and the effect of informational justice on distasteful and low behavior were not confirmed. Also, by examining the coefficients of the path, it was found that procedural justice has the most negative role in the occurrence of low and distasteful behaviors, and transactional justice has the most positive effect in the occurrence of desirable and superior behaviors. Finally, by examining the coefficients of determination, suggestions were made with the aim of reforming procedural and distributional policies as well as strengthening transactional justice in order to increase superior behavior in the organization. Manuscript profile

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16 - Exploration and evaluation of the philosophical foundations of Reggio Emilia's educational theory: a view from the perspective of the Islamic approach of action
narges sajadeh Zahra Saberi

The current research has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the feasibility of benefiting from one of the popular pre-primary educational approaches in the world, by exploration the philosophical foundations of Reggio Emilia educational theory and evaluating it More

The current research has been carried out with the aim of evaluating the feasibility of benefiting from one of the popular pre-primary educational approaches in the world, by exploration the philosophical foundations of Reggio Emilia educational theory and evaluating it based on the Islamic theory of action. In this regard, applying the method of conceptual analysis, linguistic analysis, and regressive logical analysis, we have deduced the basic components of the philosophical foundations of this theory and criticized them based on the Islamic theory of action. One of the results of this research is the inference of twelve philosophical components as the anthropological, epistemological, and axiological foundations of this theory, including the uniqueness and decency of children and the value of their intellectual and practical independence. In addition, the theory of Reggio Emilia has adopted a social constructivist approach to knowledge and has focused on the value of justice and democracy as its governing spirit. The results of evaluation suggest that while the Reggio Emilia educational theory has unique attributes and valuable educational advancements, it is necessary to have a careful scrutiny about it and resolve its challenging aspects before its implementation. Criticisms of this kind entail: taking a reductive approach and oversighting the spiritual essence of the child; an overly simplistic and idealistic portrayal of the child; a lack of clarity regarding realism versus constructivism, alongside potential risks of radical relativism in epistemology; as well as deficiencies in accommodating absolute and conditional values alongside the variable values in the axiological realm. To address these concerns, a reconstructive approach could entail: acknowledging an overlap relation between the spiritual and the physical dimensions, taking a balanced view on the child, positioning realism as a focal point while constructivism orbiting around it, emphasizing both absolute and conditional values, and maintaining a balanced emphasis on rationality and equity in democracy. Manuscript profile

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