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Open Access Article
1 - Grammatical Metaphor: A New Criterion for Distinguishing the Language of Science and Literature
حسین رضویان ساجده مبارکیOne of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article revi MoreOne of the common concepts in systemic functional grammar of Michael Halliday is grammatical metaphor, generally introduced as a kind of metaphor. Halliday introduced and distinguished three grammatical metaphors: ideational, interpersonal and textual. This article reviewed the degree and method of applying different kinds of grammatical metaphors in scientific and literary texts. To do so, authors selected and analyzed one scientific work titled “an Introduction to Sociology of Language” by Yahya Modarresi and one literary text named “Tangsir” by Sadeq Chubak as their samples. Their findings showed that the degree of using different kinds of grammatical metaphors is not equal in scientific and literary texts. It seems that authors of scientific texts used grammatical metaphors to enrich contents, information summarization, making texts more technical for target audiences, making contents clearer and other reasons. The author of literary text used grammatical metaphors as few as possible. Abovementioned reasons do not apply in literary texts and this justifies its less usage. Therefore, the article attempts to introduce grammatical metaphor as a new criterion for distinguishing scientific and literary texts by providing enough proofs from these two texts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - A Critical Review of Implicit Metaphor in Rhetorical Works
AhmadOne of the controversial issues related to metaphor is implicit metaphor. There is no evidence of this metaphor in the first rhetorical works. Later, Jurjani discussed this type of metaphor but didn’t give a name to it. Since this term was coined, there were argues whet MoreOne of the controversial issues related to metaphor is implicit metaphor. There is no evidence of this metaphor in the first rhetorical works. Later, Jurjani discussed this type of metaphor but didn’t give a name to it. Since this term was coined, there were argues whether it is right or not. Some did not accept it as a metaphor; some recognized it as a kind of implicit simile, and some just repeated other’s views. Some researchers tried to solve the issue by considering it a kind of personification. However, they have finally admitted that the implicit metaphor is broader and more inclusive than personification. In addition to studying and reviewing this term chronologically in rhetorical works, in this paper, it is shown that rhetoricians were more interested in lexical aspects of this term rather than the definition of metaphor and focus on the implicit metaphor from a terminological aspect. While based on the definition of Sakkaki and some other rhetoricians, this structure is considered "metaphor", terms such as being “imaginative” can not be accepted. Personification, submerged metaphor, and animism must be recognized as branches of the implicit metaphor, not as alternatives for it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigating the Role of Conceptual Metaphors in the Evolution of literary styles (Relying on Body Metaphors in Farrokhi Sistani, Anvari, and Hafiz's poems)
Mohammad Taheri Masoumeh ArchandaniThe conceptual metaphor is the mind’s technique for conceptualizing affairs. The mind tries to conceive and contemplate some intangible affairs for itself with the help of this fundamental construct. Hence, it is expected that by changing it, we will also see a change i MoreThe conceptual metaphor is the mind’s technique for conceptualizing affairs. The mind tries to conceive and contemplate some intangible affairs for itself with the help of this fundamental construct. Hence, it is expected that by changing it, we will also see a change in thought-related macro-systems. Among these macrosystems are literary styles that have many factors involved in changing them. This article tries to answer the question of how the change of conceptual metaphors in time has an effect on the change of literary styles through analytical-descriptive method. To answer it, we trace the conceptual metaphors related to the body, which include the words "hand, eye, heart and head", in a selection of poems by Farrokhi Sistani, Anvari and Hafez. By analyzing the obtained information, we conclude that conceptual metaphors have undergone significant changes over time that are in line with the evolution of literary styles and are variables affecting the evolution of styles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - A Study on How "Odors"are Descibed in Persian Written Texts
azam estajiThe present paper studies how odors are described in selected data from Persian written texts. For this purpose, instances of the use of the word "odor" and its dependents were extracted from two written corpus (including news and fiction texts, with about nine million MoreThe present paper studies how odors are described in selected data from Persian written texts. For this purpose, instances of the use of the word "odor" and its dependents were extracted from two written corpus (including news and fiction texts, with about nine million words) and were classified and described based on structural and semantic features. Examination of the data shows that odors in Persian are described more with Ezafet constructions than descriptive constructions (82% vs. 18%). Regarding the method of describing odors, it was also found that Persian speakers prefer to describe odors with reference to their origin rather than using adjectives. In addition, it was found that in Ezafet constructions where odor is described with an noun, odor finds metaphorical usage and is used figuratively to mean "effect and sign". Regarding the adjectives used to describe odors, it was found that on the one hand there are limited adjectives to describe odors and on the other hand these adjectives can be semantically divided into three categories: pleasant adjectives, unpleasant adjectives and adjectives that emphasize odor specificity. In addition, the comparison of the two data sets showed that in the data extracted from news texts, the ratio of metaphorical use of smell was higher and in the data extracted from fictional texts, the ratio of describing smell by referring to its origin was higher, this difference can be explained by the nature of the texts being analyzed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Eponym (Nambakhsh): Eponym (Nambakhsh): A kind of rhetoric in Persian language
hosein ghorbanpoor elmira taslimiThe eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it MoreThe eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it is mostly used in common language; and contrary to metaphor, which requires a symmetrical understanding, eponym is rooted in the unconscious group of a particular people or culture.In fact, eponyms are stereotyped metaphors which understanding them depends on cultural similarity. Such words have been widely used in language; but in Persian, so far no research has been done on this genre. This research seeks to introduce eponym as a genre and also to classify such nouns based on their semantic domain and type of its usage.The method of this research has been qualitative and its data has been done based on descriptive-analytical method and using library study tools. The result of this division is putting eponyms in eight different groups: religious and non-religious, animals and people, positive and negative, politics and place. On the other hand, they have been put in six categories: names of persons, animals, place, accessories related to religious and mythical elders, and in the meanings of virtual worlds and adjective. The most frequent eponyms in Persian are special nouns that have become adjectives such as Iblis and the Antichrist. Some eponyms are animals that have become adjectivessuch as carnivores and hyenas. Some place names have also become adjectives; like Sahrayeh Karbala & Resurrection. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Analysis of Metaphors of Women's Exclusion from Politics In Medieval Mirror for Princes
fatemeh zolfagharian h aThe sphere of politics has long been defined based on a masculine approach and women have been neglected and have not been given a clear and prominent position in the politics. Even in the Western philosophy, which is known as a manifestation of rationalism, women are r MoreThe sphere of politics has long been defined based on a masculine approach and women have been neglected and have not been given a clear and prominent position in the politics. Even in the Western philosophy, which is known as a manifestation of rationalism, women are recognized as the second sex, on the assumption that intelligence is a masculine character. Due to the fact that the status and position of women in the mirror of princes in different periods, is one of the ways that can clarify this status in different historical ages, in this article their rejection or acceptance by epistemological systems has been analyzed. What appears in the mirror of princes as prominent political texts in the Medieval is a depiction of a creature called woman who was nowhere present and, therefore, men have drawn their appearance as they liked. But the question is: what metaphors were in medieval the mirror of princes and historical texts that have reinforced the exclusion and marginalization of women? For this purpose, here the prepositions of the political texts and governance literature have been examined with the theoretical framework of metaphorical analysis and classification of metaphors into three titles: metaphor of creation, metaphor of governance and philosophical metaphor of masculine intellect. This article is based on a hypothesis in which women were excluded and confined to a private life for many years, and such metaphors have played a special and effective role in removing women from the political arena. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Consonance of Transcendent Philosophy and Quran in the Theory of Coextensive of Being and Perception
Ali Mohammad Jafari NejadThe manifestation of Quranic teachings in philosophical approaches on the one hand, and the demonstration of Qur'anic teachings through philosophical analysis, on the other hand, signify a deep link between revealed knowledges and philosophical ideas in the epistemic sy MoreThe manifestation of Quranic teachings in philosophical approaches on the one hand, and the demonstration of Qur'anic teachings through philosophical analysis, on the other hand, signify a deep link between revealed knowledges and philosophical ideas in the epistemic system of transcendent philosophy. Among the issues that reveal correspondence between Sadrian philosophical findings with the Qur'anic teachings is Mulla Sadra's view in the coextensive of being and perception. A look at Mulla Sadra's philosophical analysis on this issue and survey and critique of its compatibility with the Qur'anic teachings is the subject of this article. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Knowledge Intensive Firms DNA
Hosein RahmanSeresht Mohsen Zabihi Jam KhanehToday's, business environment arestrongly influenced by theknowledge basedeconomy and the emergence of knowledge-intensive firms is common. The firms that focus on knowledge, technological innovation and its commercialization, and their main purpose is wealth creation a MoreToday's, business environment arestrongly influenced by theknowledge basedeconomy and the emergence of knowledge-intensive firms is common. The firms that focus on knowledge, technological innovation and its commercialization, and their main purpose is wealth creation and entrepreneurship. No doubt these firms due to differences with other types of organizations, have their own problems and organizational gaps. Us of metaphors can help managers better understand the organization and reveals hidden aspects of it. Organizational DNA is a new metaphor which assumes that theorganization has a structure similar to a living organism. In this study knowledge-intensive firms in Tehran University Science and Technology Park (N=10, consisted of 102 employees) have been investigated. Research instrument was honold and silverman standard questionnaire and to analyze data, the analysis of variance and paired comparison test is used. The questionnaire consists of four dimensions: Leadership tasks and activities (includingmission, organizational structure and leadership style), management activities (including planning, team work and performance management), human resource performance (including employment, pay and training and staff development) organization daily activities (including decision-making, interpersonal relationships, processes of change and look to profit. The results indicated that the DNA of knowledge-intensivefirms in Tehran University Science and Technology Park is not similar to any of four types of DNA (Factual, Conceptual, Contextualized and Individual DNA) that Honold and silverman introduced, and Each of the dimensions is scattered in each of four types of DNA. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The conceptual metaphor and socio-political discourse of Samad Behrangi (A case study of the " Beetroot boy " story)
DR abolfazl ghanizadehMetaphor is the mapping between the corresponding realms (origin and destination) in the conceptual system. Metaphor using primary, secondary and final validation as well as persuasive power, by enhancing knowledge confidence in metaphorical cognitive system, using sou MoreMetaphor is the mapping between the corresponding realms (origin and destination) in the conceptual system. Metaphor using primary, secondary and final validation as well as persuasive power, by enhancing knowledge confidence in metaphorical cognitive system, using source domain and employing effective communication channel, as well as adhering to textural indices and applying rhetorical auxiliary strategies to development and enhancement. The semantic coefficient (conceptualization and discourse) of the text helps. The present study examines the persuasive role of Samad Behrangi as a metaphor in the creation of socio-political discourse in "The Little Boy's Story". After presenting a brief introduction to the research concepts and explaining the persuasive role of metaphor in producing socio-political discourse The story concludes that the source (intuitive) source of Samad Behrangi's metaphors in "The Little Boy's Tale" is the cruelty of the target and the scope of the social inequality and the overwhelming class distances stemming from the social-democratic political system. By producing these mappings in public opinion, the author contributes to the development of social justice by changing the ruling system of society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Cognitive Megametaphor of "Freedom" in Kurdish language, According to Sherko Bekas Poetry
Samad Aliaghayee Vahid Gholami sadegh mohammadiCognitive Megametaphor of "Freedom" in Kurdish language, According to Sherko Bekas Poetry Abstract One of the most important and recent approaches in criticizing literary works is cognitive linguistics. Conceptual Metaphor Theory is one of the main theoretical framew MoreCognitive Megametaphor of "Freedom" in Kurdish language, According to Sherko Bekas Poetry Abstract One of the most important and recent approaches in criticizing literary works is cognitive linguistics. Conceptual Metaphor Theory is one of the main theoretical frameworks in Cognitive Semantics. According to it, metaphor is not just a matter of word, but it is about thought and reason. In all of conceptual metaphors mapping is primary, and they use a source domain language as a pattern for showing the target domain concepts. Megametaphors are set of macrostructures in linguistics which built by other conceptual metaphors in superstructure of the text. This investigation aims to study cognitive megametaphor of "freedom" in the; Now a Girl is my Homeland, a book by Sherko Bekas. How Bekas used different kinds of conceptual metaphors in the undercurrent to form freedom megametaphor at the superstructure, is the main question in this study. The results show that freedom and its relevant concepts are the most common concepts in Bekas poetry. Key words: Cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, megametaphors of freedom,Kurdish language, Sherko Bekas Key words: Cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, megametaphors of freedom,Kurdish language, Sherko Bekas Key words: Cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, megametaphors of freedom,Kurdish language, Sherko Bekas Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Function of the Intellect in the Realms of Religion and Ethics in Qadi Abduljabbar Mu‘tazili
Farzaneh Mustafapour Hossein Hooshanghi Seyyed Abbas ZahabiThis paper examines the functions of theoretical and practical intellects in the fields of religion and ethics in the view of Qadi Abduljabbar Mu‘tazili. Based on what appears from his views regarding the explanation of ethical propositions, we can refer to three episte MoreThis paper examines the functions of theoretical and practical intellects in the fields of religion and ethics in the view of Qadi Abduljabbar Mu‘tazili. Based on what appears from his views regarding the explanation of ethical propositions, we can refer to three epistemological, motivational, and ontological approaches. The writers have investigated three categories in the field of epistemology: knowledge of fundamental values, goodness and ugliness of acts, and unveiling of ethical principles based on basic propositions; two functions of the intellect in the field of motivation: the origin of human ethical implications and the basis of Man’s responsibility, and the human voluntary and rational choice in the field of ontology. He maintains that the intellect plays an essential and fundamental role in each of them, and that moral principles have been explained based on rational reasoning. Regarding the functions of the intellect in the domain of understanding religion, the writers initially deal with God’s Oneness and Justice in the light of rational reason and, then, relying on religious principles and through granting a central role to the intellect, they interpret some Qur’anic verses. Finally, they try to interpret some cases which are in contrast to the intellect with reference to certain examples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - An Analysis of the Efficiency of the Theory of Coining Words for the Spirits of Meaning
Abdollah Mirahmadi Mona AmanipoorOne of the useful views regarding the expansibility of meaning in the Qur’an is rooted in the theory of “coining words for spirits of meaning”. This view originates in a gnostic principle based on which the vertical levels of the meanings of words have a single spirit t MoreOne of the useful views regarding the expansibility of meaning in the Qur’an is rooted in the theory of “coining words for spirits of meaning”. This view originates in a gnostic principle based on which the vertical levels of the meanings of words have a single spirit that applies to all referents in the real sense of the word. Through expanding sensible and material concepts to meta-gnostic meanings, the advocates of the principle of the spirit of meaning maintain that the features originated in the referents of words cannot affect the real meaning because the signified objects of words are general. Accordingly, the truth of words can be applied to all levels of meaning from the level of hidden truth to a lower level which is comprehensible to all. The followers of this theory consider “expanded concept” to be a level of word meaning without rejecting the common understanding of the lexical meanings of words. In this paper, the writers have examined the defects of the theory of the spirit of meaning through an accurate analysis of its nature and extracting its principles from the various interpretations provided by its advocates. The disagreement with predicating predicate adjectives on metaphoric expressions, concentration on objective affairs in word semantics, and lack of attention to new linguistic views are among the most important defects of this theory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - A Comparative Study of Educational Metaphor of Journey in Islamic and Humanism Mysticism
رضا محمدی چابکیThe present study aims to explain the educational metaphor of the journey and its educational implications by a comparative study of two valuable educational works of "The Conference of the Birds" and "The Magic Mountain". Therefore, to achieve the research objectives, MoreThe present study aims to explain the educational metaphor of the journey and its educational implications by a comparative study of two valuable educational works of "The Conference of the Birds" and "The Magic Mountain". Therefore, to achieve the research objectives, the methods of progressive inference method, and also the four-step comparative method are used and the findings of this study, in three main steps, include the analysis of the educational metaphor of the journey in "The Conference of the Birds" and "The Magic Mountain" from the perspective of seven intermediate mapping maps, including travelers or travelers, travel planners, travel destinations, travel stages, luggage, Routing and travel requirements, travel strategy, and also trips), the deduction of educational implications (principles and methods of education) in the two books, as well as the comparison of the previous two steps. Accordingly, the results of the research indicate that the educational metaphor of the journey, based on the selective basis for it, in which two bases of Islamic mysticism and humanist mysticism are introduced, are two separate paths for education that are defined by The abundance of commonality between these two paths is thought to be different for them; among them, the commonality of these two can be exemplified by the step-by-step process, the freedom and the ability to interpret and interrogate in traveler (student), and The distinction between these two can also be the place or origin of the cognition of human beings and their different ends, one that is infinite and divine, and the other is limited to the human soul. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A Comparative Study of Educational Metaphor of Journey in Islamic and Humanism Mysticism
رضا محمدی چابکی Fatemeh Vojdani Fatemeh Sadat BitarafanThe present study aims to explain the educational metaphor of the journey and its educational implications by a comparative study of two valuable educational works of "The Conference of the Birds" and "The Magic Mountain". Therefore, to achieve the research objectives, MoreThe present study aims to explain the educational metaphor of the journey and its educational implications by a comparative study of two valuable educational works of "The Conference of the Birds" and "The Magic Mountain". Therefore, to achieve the research objectives, the methods of progressive inference method, and also the four-step comparative method are used and the findings of this study, in three main steps, include the analysis of the educational metaphor of the journey in "The Conference of the Birds" and "The Magic Mountain" from the perspective of seven intermediate mapping maps, including travelers or travelers, travel planners, travel destinations, travel stages, luggage, Routing and travel requirements, travel strategy, and also trips), the deduction of educational implications (principles and methods of education) in the two books, as well as the comparison of the previous two steps. Accordingly, the results of the research indicate that the educational metaphor of the journey, based on the selective basis for it, in which two bases of Islamic mysticism and humanist mysticism are introduced, are two separate paths for education that are defined by The abundance of commonality between these two paths is thought to be different for them; among them, the commonality of these two can be exemplified by the step-by-step process, the freedom and the ability to interpret and interrogate in traveler (student), and The distinction between these two can also be the place or origin of the cognition of human beings and their different ends, one that is infinite and divine, and the other is limited to the human soul. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - with an Emphasis on the Discourse of Satan in the Quran
mohammad hosein shir afkan ali reza ghaemi niaMankind craves for perfection and in order for his growth, he needs to identify obstacles facing in his path. One of the main obstacles on his path which keeps him aloof from Allah is Satan. Hence, identifying and recognizing Satan as a great barrier which prevents him MoreMankind craves for perfection and in order for his growth, he needs to identify obstacles facing in his path. One of the main obstacles on his path which keeps him aloof from Allah is Satan. Hence, identifying and recognizing Satan as a great barrier which prevents him from reaching a defined objective is necessary. In the Holy Quran there are many conversations, including those suggested by Satan. Mentioning Satan’s dialogues in the Quran demonstrates the importance of this matter in the sight of Allah. In this paper, verses containing the words of Satan are investigated and analyzed based on cognitive conceptualization in order to explain and recognize the reality of Satan’s words in the Quran and the way they make sense in this group of verses. It considers Satan’s words in five categories, of Satan’s superiority, asking for respite, dominance, seeking good and Satan’s promise, the mind can make a good concept of these matters and is ready to analyze them. In conclusion, it can be said that Satan’s mental space stands against the divine mental space and the followers of each have tendency toward the mental space in accordance with their capacity and thoughts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - The application of innovation ecotone theory to modify the structure of Iran's innovation ecosystem
nasrin bigdelou hamid zare seied sepehr ghazinoriThe concept of ecosystem, after entering the field of management has created many concepts such as” innovation ecosystem” which is one of the most widely used. These concepts have not reached a consensus in definition and function, and before the metaphors become clear MoreThe concept of ecosystem, after entering the field of management has created many concepts such as” innovation ecosystem” which is one of the most widely used. These concepts have not reached a consensus in definition and function, and before the metaphors become clear, have been considered specific functions, goals and tasks without considering its relationship with other similar concepts. In this paper, the innovation ecosystem metaphor is specifically discussed, which is of great interest in Iran, and its existing structure is also related to the business, knowledge and entrepreneurship ecosystems. Since in fact, the expectations of the policymakers have not been met, it is necessary to study its relationship with the rest of the ecosystems and change the approach in the definition and dimension of the structure and adopted policies. Accordingly, in this paper, after studying the relationships between the innovation, knowledge and business ecosystems, the ecotone metaphor, which is one of the main attachments of the ecosystem in its origin - biological sciences - has been neglected in non-biological sciences, is proposed for innovation. Innovation is the bridge between knowledge and business, and innovation ecotone is the border between the two ecosystems of business and knowledge. Based on this, principles have been proposed for policy makers to improve innovation in Iran Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Analyzing the Evolution of the Level of Politeness inThe Persian-Speaking Community of Iran (1350-1390) Based on the Corpus Analysis
Elham Izadi Mehrdad MeshkinfamOne of the socio-cognitive factors that is encoded in each language using different linguistic tools is the concept of politeness. Understanding and expressing the abstract concept of politeness is only possible through objective concepts; That is, the understanding of MoreOne of the socio-cognitive factors that is encoded in each language using different linguistic tools is the concept of politeness. Understanding and expressing the abstract concept of politeness is only possible through objective concepts; That is, the understanding of these abstract concepts is facilitated by expressing these concepts in an objective form. Since encoding the concept of politeness in language is a linguistic feature that shapes the surrounding environment and changes over time; In this research, we will express the concept of politeness in the Persian language objectively and concretely and we will try to answer the question that "does the Iranian Persian-speaking community use the possibilities of expressing politeness more than before and as a result if these possibilities have increased in Farsi?" In other words, "Has the Persian-speaking society become more polite?" In fact, we want to know if the Iranian society has become more polite in the past five decades or not. In order to find the answer to this question, we have to examine the cognitive and mental representation of the concept of politeness in the Persian language in order to determine whether it has had a downward or upward trend. In order to investigate this issue, several different linguistic tools, including the frequency of occurrence of conceptual metaphors, permissible metaphors, idioms, euphemisms, and figures of speech. This study can show the changes of politeness over time and the possible reasons (social, political, and cultural reasons) of these changes in the Persian language in each decade. Based on this, the cognitive model of the Persian language can be presented from the point of view of politeness. The body examined in this research includes the following: speeches of political officials, movies, press texts (newspapers and magazines) and songs. The results of the research show that rudeness has been on the rise over the past 50 years. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Conceptualization of dwarfism; emphasizing the dark side of succession
maryam razmjou jafar beikzadOne of the styles about which the studies done are not rich enough is dwarf breeding. This style is the dark edge of succession; Because in our country, the discussion of surrogacy has always been used, but it has not been continuously developed in our system. One of th MoreOne of the styles about which the studies done are not rich enough is dwarf breeding. This style is the dark edge of succession; Because in our country, the discussion of surrogacy has always been used, but it has not been continuously developed in our system. One of their destructive and dysfunctional aspects is dwarfism. In fact, dwarfism is one of the factors indicating the basic problem in the administrative health of government organizations. On the other hand, despite the existence of various metaphors in the field of organizational pathology, if we consider the emergence of destructive phenomena in organizations, dwarfism can play a destructive role in the organization, which should be fully investigated. Based on this, the present research is important and necessary because of the conceptualization of dwarfism, our ways of thinking, seeing and understanding about the complex phenomenon of dwarfism will change. Also, the conceptualization of dwarfism provides an important capacity to the stakeholders of the organization; A capacity that indicates the ability to use the perception of disease in humans to help understand the organization and develop organizational knowledge in the face of problems, so that based on this, the audience can deepen their knowledge about dwarfism both objectively and subjectively. and give more wealth and also public sector managers get a better understanding of the process of dwarfism that if they see signs of the phenomenon of dwarfism in their organizations, while diagnosing dwarfism, they can prevent, correct and treat it . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Metaphorical Synesthesia or Cross-Modal Correspondences? A Cognitive-Semantic Approach to Multi-Modal Expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan
Mahmood NaghizadehSynesthesia or sensory fusion is represented through cross-modal expressions in language. In synesthesia, there is a kind of meaning transfer between words of different modalities. The present study aims at exploring mechanisms involved in transferring predicates from o MoreSynesthesia or sensory fusion is represented through cross-modal expressions in language. In synesthesia, there is a kind of meaning transfer between words of different modalities. The present study aims at exploring mechanisms involved in transferring predicates from one sense modality to another. And also we explore factors involved in interpreting cross-modal expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan using tenets of cognitive semantics such as embodied meaning, cultural factors and evaluative content of sensory terms along with the role human's mental architecture in deriving different literal and non-literal meanings from these expressions. The data include cross-modal expressions collected from Sa’adi’s Boostan and analysis is carried out in a descriptive method. Results show that our understanding of meaning transfer between sensory modalities is syncretic rather than metaphorical. Therefore, predicate transfer in cross-modal expressions in Sa’adi’s Boostan is done through mechanisms such as experiential correlations between different concepts, conceptual metonymy and evaluative valence of sense words. Furthermore, there are psychologically primitive concepts for sense words in Sa’adi’s Boostan that span all domains of sensory experience and are activated in presence of certain stimuli to trigger derivation of various literal meanings. Finally, Iranian Culture and lifestyle in Saadi's period play their role as a filter for preventing elements that are not in accordance with Persian culture from appearing in linguistic realization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Comparison of the features of romanticism in Nima and Forough Farrokhzad poetry
Manijheh Hamrah BEHROZ ROMIANI mostafa salari<p>The main issue of this paper is the comparison of the image in the poems of Nima and Forough Farrokhzad from the perspective of the romantic image. The romantic image of the epistemological and aesthetic nature is fundamentally different from the classical, symbolic, More<p>The main issue of this paper is the comparison of the image in the poems of Nima and Forough Farrokhzad from the perspective of the romantic image. The romantic image of the epistemological and aesthetic nature is fundamentally different from the classical, symbolic, and surrealistic. The author has tried to explain the nature of the romantic image in three parts: in the first part, explains the special features of romantic imagery with the discussion of four characteristics: transformation in nature, shadow of the image, dynamics, and individuality in the image. In the second section, the relationship between the images and the position of the image in the context of the poem is examined by two characteristics of continuity and maturity. The paper is based on a descriptive-analytical method based on a library method.</p> Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - A Comparative Study of WINE DRINKING WRITING by Hafez, Ibn Fariz, and Bahar
zahra sahraneshin mostafa salari behrouz romiani<p>We know that apparent wine, of various types, is untouchable in the holy Shari'a of Islam and it is forbidden to drink. But in the literature of different ethnic groups and nations of the world, there are many topics and themes that are due to human nature, the relat More<p>We know that apparent wine, of various types, is untouchable in the holy Shari'a of Islam and it is forbidden to drink. But in the literature of different ethnic groups and nations of the world, there are many topics and themes that are due to human nature, the relationship of ethnic groups and nations with each other and the presence and tangible existence of those themes about wine and its characteristics in human life. And they consider wine and drinking as a source of refreshment and uplifting of the human soul and psyche. Mankind has long sought to alleviate its pain, and the most accessible remedy to deal with the heart of the sorrows of the time, regardless of whether it is right or wrong, knew drinking. For this reason, the poems of different nations are full of descriptions and explanation of wine and its accompanying themes such as butler, goblet, wine and vintner, Vine and grape shrubs, and finally spiritual wine in Islamic mysticism. So that in some nations celebrations were held in honor of the goddess of wine. In this descriptive-analytical method, we seek to compare and apply the wine-drinking theories of two poets in the field of mysticism, namely Ibn Fariz and Hafez, in comparison with a contemporary poet who had libertarian and patriotic ideas, in order to answer the question of whether Their drinking is either metaphorical or real and the relief of pain is accompanied by divine love and passion or they have used some kind of real grape wine. And in spite of the elaboration of the subject and the conclusion, let us clarify the commonalities or differences of opinion in this field.</p> Manuscript profile
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