Delay

Open Access Article

1 - Comparative Study Of late Payment Damage With Usury
Babak Mohammad Rezapour Faezeh Jahani Moghadam

In the world of exchanges and international trade which is based on the expansion of the banking system, the delayed payment penalty is accepted as a solution to the depreciation of the currency and also as a condition for the obligation to pay debts from customers in m More

In the world of exchanges and international trade which is based on the expansion of the banking system, the delayed payment penalty is accepted as a solution to the depreciation of the currency and also as a condition for the obligation to pay debts from customers in most banking systems as well as in various legal rules. But this principle in Islamic countries has sometimes interfered with the concept of Reba, so that some jurists consider it as a Reba and have forbidden it. This principle has been widely debated in our country, but it has been accepted by the legislature as a principle. However, there are still many challenges regarding the legitimacy or lack of legitimacy of the principle of delayed payment penalty in the banking system. In this paper, it is attempted to address the reasons for the legitimacy of the delayed payment penalty in the banking system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A Unicast Tree-Based Data Gathering Protocol for Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks
Zeynab Mottaginia Ali Ghaffari

10.7508/jist.2016.01.008

The Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks (DTMSNs) distinguish themselves from conventional sensor networks by means of some features such as loose connectivity, node mobility, and delay tolerability. It needs to be acknowledged that traditional end-to-end routing proto More

The Delay Tolerant Mobile Sensor Networks (DTMSNs) distinguish themselves from conventional sensor networks by means of some features such as loose connectivity, node mobility, and delay tolerability. It needs to be acknowledged that traditional end-to-end routing protocols cannot be applied usefully in such challenging network conditions because of intermittent connections and/or long delays. Hence, this research is intended to propose a Unicast Tree-based Data Gathering protocol (UTDG) to resolve this problem. A UTDG includes 3 phases: tree formation phase, data collection and data transmission phase, and finally the updating phase. The proposed protocol constructs a tree in each community on the basis of transmission ranking, contact probability and the link expiration time. The selection of the next-hop node is based on the tree structure rather than forwarding the message to the neighbor node directly. Each node unicasts the data to its parent in the related community, and the root of the tree successively sends the data to the sink node. The authors contend, based on the simulation results of the study, that the proposed protocol can gain significantly higher message delivery rates with lower transmission overhead and also lower delay in data delivery than the other existing DTMSNs routing protocols in some applications. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A Low-Jitter 20-110MHz DLL Based on a Simple PD and Common-Mode Voltage Level Corrected Differential Delay Elements
Sarang Kazeminia Khayrollah Hadidi Abdollah Khoei

10.7508/jist.2014.03.005

In this paper, a 16-phases 20MHz to 110MHz low jitter delay locked loop, DLL, is proposed in a 0.35µm CMOS process. A sensitive open loop phase detector, PD, is introduced based on a novel idea to simply detect small phase differences between reference clock and generat More

In this paper, a 16-phases 20MHz to 110MHz low jitter delay locked loop, DLL, is proposed in a 0.35µm CMOS process. A sensitive open loop phase detector, PD, is introduced based on a novel idea to simply detect small phase differences between reference clock and generated delayed signals. High sensitivity, besides the simplicity reduces the dead zone of PD and gives a better jitter on output generated clock signals, consequently. A new strategy of common mode setting is utilized on differential delay elements which no longer introduce extra parasitics on output nodes and brings the duty cycle of generated clock signals near to 50 percent. Also, small amplitude differential clock is carefully transferred inside the circuit to considerably suppress the noise effect of supply voltage. Post-Layout simulation results confirm the RMS jitter of less than 6.7ps at 20MHz and 2ps at 100MHz input clock frequency when the 3.3Volts supply voltage is subject to 75mVolts peak-to-peak noise disturbances. Total power consumption reaches from 7.5mW to 16.5mW when the operating frequency increases from 20MHz to 100MHz. The proposed low-jitter DLL can be implemented in small active area, around 380µm×210µm including the clock generation circuit, which is proper to be repeatedly used inside the chip. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Stochastic Lyapunov Theorem with Application to Stability Analysis of Networked Control Systems
Babak Tavassoli Parviz Jabehdar Maralani

10.7508/jist.2014.02.004

The source of randomness in stochastic systems is an input with stochastic behavior as treated in the existing literature. Special types of stochastic processes such as the Wiener process or the Brownian motion have served as an adequate model of such an input for years More

The source of randomness in stochastic systems is an input with stochastic behavior as treated in the existing literature. Special types of stochastic processes such as the Wiener process or the Brownian motion have served as an adequate model of such an input for years. The body of stochastic systems theory is elegantly shaped around such input models. An example is the Itô’s formula. With development of new applications, we are faced with various phenomena that are more demanding from a stochastic modeling approach. To cope with this problem we restate the stochastic Lyapunov theorem such that it can be applied to a wider class of stochastic systems. In this paper stochastic systems are considered without imposing assumptions on the nature of the stochastic input and the way it affects the sample trajectories. Lyapunov stability theorem is represented for this type of systems in terms of a stability notion that generalizes the notion of stability in moments. As a result, the new theorem finds a larger domain of applications while it can be reduced to some known versions of the stochastic Lyapunov theorem. As an application, an existing deterministic result for nonlinear networked control systems is extended to a more practical probabilistic setting which extends the available analysis tools for checking the stability of continuous-time nonlinear networked control systems in the stochastic setting. The results are applied to a two-channel magnetic levitation system which is controlled over a local communication network to obtain a bound on the rate of transmission failures due to the presence of noise in the industrial environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Fast and Accurate Sound Source Localization Method using Optimal Combination of SRP and TDOA Methodologies
Mohammad Ranjkesh Eskolaki Reza Hasanzadeh

10.7508/jist.2015.02.005

This paper presents an automatic sound source localization approach based on combination of the basic time delay estimation sub method namely, Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), and Steered Response Power (SRP) methods. The TDOA method is a fast but vulnerable approach More

This paper presents an automatic sound source localization approach based on combination of the basic time delay estimation sub method namely, Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), and Steered Response Power (SRP) methods. The TDOA method is a fast but vulnerable approach to find sound source location in long distances and reverberant environments and so sensitive in noisy situations, on the other hand the conventional SRP method is time consuming but successful approach to accurately find sound source location in noisy and reverberant environment. Also another SRP based method namely SRP Phase Transform (SRP-PHAT) has been suggested for better noise robustness and more accuracy of sound source localization. In this paper, based on the combination of TDOA and SRP based methods, two approaches proposed for sound source localization. In the first proposed approach which is named Classical TDOA-SRP, the TDOA method is used to find approximate sound source direction and then SRP based methods used to find the accurate location of sound source in the Field of View (FOV) which is obtained through the TDOA method. In the second proposed approach which is named Optimal TDOA-SRP, for more reduction of computational time of processing of SRP based methods and better noise robustness, a new criteria has been proposed to find the effective FOV which is obtained through the TDOA method. Experiments carried out under different conditions confirm the validity of the purposed approaches. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Moral effect on Iranian Judicial Authority
ali etemadi bagher shamlo aman olah alimoradi seyed mehdi ahmadi-e - mosavi

Judicial authority is the most effective power that ensures the security and comfort of the people by enforcing the law and trust-building among people. In any stage, judicial authority has given the glory to a government and peace and security to its community and nati More

Judicial authority is the most effective power that ensures the security and comfort of the people by enforcing the law and trust-building among people. In any stage, judicial authority has given the glory to a government and peace and security to its community and nation and One of the most important and influential areas in strengthening judicial authority, which has remained somewhat Neglected in a community, is the moral standards of the nation, because the human qualities and cultivation and self-perfection of the soul are shaped in the light of morality, With some thoughtfulness, we find that law and ethics are inextricably linked, therefore, Kant, a prominent moral scientist after the Renaissance in Europe, tells people in his moral command:"Behave in a manner that your character is as the basis for global legislation." On the ethics, one of the main slogans of the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) was:"I have been designated as a prophet to perfect the moral standards." If ethical virtues were strengthened in the society people, what we will witness in our society, include of courage, trust, ruth, kindness, good posture, patience, devotion, honesty in the deal, and so on.These and other good ethical traits play an important role in judicial authority, because one of the causes of crime, which ultimately ties to judicial authority, is ethical vices such as bullying, lying, betrayal, greed and oppression Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Model Reference Adaptive Control Design for a Teleoperation System with Output Prediction
K. Hosseini-Sunny H. R. Momeni F. Janabi-Sharifi

In this paper a new control scheme is proposed to ensure stability and performance of the teleoperation systems while a wide range of time delay of transmission line is allowed. For this mean, time delay is estimated and used to predict the plant output. A model referen More

In this paper a new control scheme is proposed to ensure stability and performance of the teleoperation systems while a wide range of time delay of transmission line is allowed. For this mean, time delay is estimated and used to predict the plant output. A model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) is designed for the master site using the predicted output of the plant. The proposed control system indicates good stability and force tracking performance. For the slave site, an independent MRAC is designed and it is shown that a good tracking for the position and velocity signals is achieved. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Adaptive Inverse Controller Design for Teleoperation Systems
M. Sha Sadeghi H. R. Momeni R. Amirifar S. Ganjefar

This paper presents a new robust adaptive inverse control approach for a force-reflecting teleoperation system with varying time delay. In this approach, using the Smith predictor idea, an impedance controller and an adaptive inverse controller are designed, respectivel More

This paper presents a new robust adaptive inverse control approach for a force-reflecting teleoperation system with varying time delay. In this approach, using the Smith predictor idea, an impedance controller and an adaptive inverse controller are designed, respectively, for the master and slave robots such that the stability and performance of the closed-loop system are achieved in the presence of communication channels varying time delay. Also, based on robust control theory, two sufficient conditions for the stability of overall system are derived. The time domain desired specifications are contained in the design problem using the standard characteristic polynomials. Also, the proposed approach is compared with the sliding mode control. The simulation results show the proposed approach successfully compensates the position drift although time delay is randomly varying. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - A Comprehensive Method to Secure Time Synchronization in Wireless Sensor
Z. Ahmadi

One of the important requirements of sensor networks is synchronization of the nodes. The importance of time in sensor networks causes the adversary tries to disturb time synchronization by altering and faking messages, delaying or replying them, compromising the nodes More

One of the important requirements of sensor networks is synchronization of the nodes. The importance of time in sensor networks causes the adversary tries to disturb time synchronization by altering and faking messages, delaying or replying them, compromising the nodes and sending false messages via them. Up to now, there is no method that is able to provide both synchronization and security needs of sensor networks simultaneously. In this paper, we suggest a method that is capable to provide precise synchronization, along with low communication and computational overhead, low convergence time and high security against internal and external attacks. Simulation and analytic results show the preference of our method compared to other available methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Analysis and Expansion of a Compact Model of Propagation Delay Time for Nano-CMOS NAND Gates in Response to Statistical Variability of Fabrication
H. Jooypa D. Dideban

With shrinking transistor dimensions into nano meter scale, electrical parameters of transistors become more sensitive against statistical or random variations. Moreover, accurate estimation of these variations using “atomistic simulators” is time consuming and not a co More

With shrinking transistor dimensions into nano meter scale, electrical parameters of transistors become more sensitive against statistical or random variations. Moreover, accurate estimation of these variations using “atomistic simulators” is time consuming and not a cost effective approach. In this paper for the first time, analytical models have been used to study the impacts of statistical variability of fabrication process on propagation delay time in a 35 nm CMOS NAND gate. With selecting appropriate set from analytical model’s parameters, the impact of statistical variability on the propagation delay time have been modeled and extended. Moreover, target analytical model has been benchmarked against statistical variability of fabrication process. The results obtained from extension of this model have been compared with the accurate atomistic simulations. It is observed that by applying different sets of parameters the maximum error of propagation delay time reaches to 8.7% against accurate atomistic simulations but by applying our proposed approach, Standard Deviation (SD) error of propagation delay is estimated to 2.4%. Also the SD error of propagation delay reaches to 9.9% when normal regenerated parameters have been used. Eventually using proposed algorithm which encompasses regenerated Gaussian parameters while taking the correlation factor into account, the SD error decreases to 1.6%. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Reducing OFF-State Current in Nano-Scale Double Gate Junctionless Field Effect Transistor (DGJL-FET) Using Doping Engineering of Channel Region
S. Kalantari M. Vadizadeh

Scaling the channel length leads to the increased leakage current of double gate junctionless field effect transistor (DGJL-FET) and, as a result, the increased power consumption in OFF-state. The present paper proposes a new structure for reducing the leakage current i More

Scaling the channel length leads to the increased leakage current of double gate junctionless field effect transistor (DGJL-FET) and, as a result, the increased power consumption in OFF-state. The present paper proposes a new structure for reducing the leakage current in DGJL-FET, which is called modified DGJL-FET. In this structure, the channel doping under the gate is the same as the drain and source doping but higher than the mid-channel doping. The simulation results indicated that reducing the thickness of the doped layer under the gate, D, resulted in the reduced OFF-state current. For the proposed device with 10 nm channel length, the OFF-state current is less than that in the regular DGJL-FET by two orders of magnitude. Performance of the regular DGJL-FET and modified DGL-FET for different channel lengths is compared based on the IOFF/ION ratio, sub-threshold slope (SS), and intrinsic gate delay. For modified DGJL-FET, the mid-channel doping and Dare considered as additional parameters for improving the device’s performance in nanometer regime. The simulation results indicated that in the proposed device with channel length of 15 nm, values of SS and IOFF/ION ratio are improved compared to the regular DGJL-FET by 14% and 106 orders of magnitude, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Design of a New Observer for Unknown and Variable Input Time-Delay Estimation in Linear SISO Systems
Hadi Chahkandi Nejad mohsen Farshad Ramazan Havangi

In this paper, a novel observer is designed for online time delay estimation, in SISO linear systems, with variable and unknown time-delay in control input. It is clear that Laplace transfer function of a delayed system includes a time-delay operator (exponential and no More

In this paper, a novel observer is designed for online time delay estimation, in SISO linear systems, with variable and unknown time-delay in control input. It is clear that Laplace transfer function of a delayed system includes a time-delay operator (exponential and non-rational). In this article, it is assumed that the only unknown and variable parameter in the system is the system’s time-delay. For designing the proposed observer, first, a Pade approximation is used for exponential operator of time delay to rationalize the system transfer function. Therefore, the new transfer function, which is an approximation of the main transfer function of the system, will include a time-variant delay parameter. After rewriting a state space realization of the mentioned transfer function and considering time delay parameter as an extra state variable, a system with nonlinear state equations will be formed. Eventually, using a Kalman filter, the systems states, such as system time-delay, are estimated. Finally, simulations results show rather desirable performance of the proposed estimator in dealing with unknown and variable time-delays. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Improvement in Electrical Characteristics of Silicon on Insulator Junctionless Field Effect Transistor (SOI-JLFET) Using the Auxiliary Gate
M. Vadizadeh

Silicon on insulator junctionless field effect transistor (SOI-JLFET) includes a single type doping at the same level in the source, channel, and drain regions. Therefore, its fabrication process is easier than inversion mode SOI-FET. However, SOI-JLFET suffers from hig More

Silicon on insulator junctionless field effect transistor (SOI-JLFET) includes a single type doping at the same level in the source, channel, and drain regions. Therefore, its fabrication process is easier than inversion mode SOI-FET. However, SOI-JLFET suffers from high subthreshold slope (SS) as well as high leakage current. As a result, the SOI-JLFET device has limitation for high speed and low power applications. For the first time in this study, use of the auxiliary gate in the drain region of the SOI-JLFET has been proposed to improve the both SS and leakage current parameters. The proposed structure is called "SOI-JLFET Aug". The optimal selection for the auxiliary gate work function and its length, has improved the both SS and ION/IOFF ratio parameters, as compared to Regular SOI-JLFET. Simulation results show that, SOI-JLFET Aug with 20nm channel length exhibits the SS~71mV/dec and ION/IOFF~1013. SS and ON-state to OFF-state current (ION/IOFF) ratio of SOI-JLFET Aug are improved by 14% and three orders of magnitudes, respectively, as compared to the Regular SOI-JLFET. The SOI-JLEFT Aug could be good candidate for digital applications. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - A Multigate Scheme to Improve CORPL under Traffic Load in Cognitive Radio Based Smart Grids with Mesh Topology
S. A. Hashemian V. Tabatabvakili

The conventional power grid has several drawbacks and a new powerful smart grid perspective has been recently introduced. The smart grid principle, allowing to efficiently manage an electrical grid network, needs to exploit a communication network for interconnecting t More

The conventional power grid has several drawbacks and a new powerful smart grid perspective has been recently introduced. The smart grid principle, allowing to efficiently manage an electrical grid network, needs to exploit a communication network for interconnecting the Smart Grid devices. An increasing interest is toward wireless communications due to their higher flexibility. Within this context cognitive radio (CR) techniques has been introduced aiming to exploit more efficiently the radio spectrum resources. In neighborhood area network (NAN), mesh grids can be considered as one of possible network topologies. In such networks no base station is required and data will be sent to gateway by means of nodes themselves. Hence, routing is one of the main issues in such networks. Routing in such networks should be done by a protocol which maximizes throughput against cognitive radio drawbacks and Packets delay in such protocol needs to be minimum and suitable for smart grids applications. CORPL has been introduced as a routing protocol to meet some of these goals. In this paper by CORPL functionality would be evaluated under burst and poisson traffic. It will be shown that by increasing active nodes, CORPL functionality would be decreased. Then average upper limit for delay would be mathematically modeled and to reduce that a multigate scheme would be introduced. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Enhancing Speed, Area and Power Consumption of Carry Select Adders Using a New Grouping Structure
A. Mohammad Nezhad M. Taghizadeh Firoozjaee

Design of low-cost and high-speed datapath is very important for current computing systems. The adders are the essential parts of datapaths in computing systems. Among different types of adders, the carry select adder (CSeA) has a high speed while having the area overhe More

Design of low-cost and high-speed datapath is very important for current computing systems. The adders are the essential parts of datapaths in computing systems. Among different types of adders, the carry select adder (CSeA) has a high speed while having the area overhead, as well. A factor influencing the speed of this adder is the incorporated grouping structure dependent to its components' delay. In this paper, at first, the delay and area of different existing CSeA architectures are reduced by utilizing a fast and small multiplexer. Then, a new grouping structure is proposed for more delay reduction based on a delay analysis. Implementation and experimental results show that applying the proposed grouping and modifications on different CSeA architectures leads to a high delay reduction in the add operation compared to the best existing grouping structure. For example, the amount of delay reduction in the investigated 32-bit CSeA architectures is more than 33%. In addition, the average reduction of power-delay-product criterion for 32-bit and 64-bit CSeAs utilizing the proposed grouping equals45% and 35%, respectively, compared to the CSeAs incorporating the current best grouping. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - High Speed and Low Static Power Scan Cell Design in CMOS 22 nm
P. Zakian R. Niaraki Asli

One of the popular methods in design for testability (DFT) is scan design which leads on increase observability and controllability in circuit nodes. In this paper, we present a scan cell design which decreases the number of transistors, improves PDP and decreases energ More

One of the popular methods in design for testability (DFT) is scan design which leads on increase observability and controllability in circuit nodes. In this paper, we present a scan cell design which decreases the number of transistors, improves PDP and decreases energy usage. The first proposed design is an optimized version of integrated low power gating scan cell, and the main idea of this design is reducing leakage current in the part of the circuit which is not used. Also, this design has the ability of reducing the propagation delay due to decreasing output parasitic capacitance. In the second proposed design, the scan cell is designed for controlling in pull down part of the inverter at slave latch so that static power consumption is diminished when current path is cut in unnecessary position. Simulations are carried out in 22 nm PTM technology CMOS by Hspice software. The results show that the proposed designs are superior to the previous designs considering propagation delay which is decreased, and enhanced static power consumption. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - testDesign Decentralized Controller for a Group of Cooperative Robot to Pushing a Box in Presence of Network Constraints
میلاد مرادی سید محمد مهدی Seyyed M. Mehdi Dehghan

The problem of pushing objects by a group of cooperative robots has many applications on land and sea level and due to its importance, it has become a standard problem for evaluating various theories of robot cooperation. In this case, each robot produces distributed co More

The problem of pushing objects by a group of cooperative robots has many applications on land and sea level and due to its importance, it has become a standard problem for evaluating various theories of robot cooperation. In this case, each robot produces distributed control force to push the object in the desired direction. The proposed methods for distributed control of an object on a time-varying path require information about the position of the robots relative to the object. The problem of the lack of sufficient knowledge of each robot of how the robots are positioned relative to the body can be solved by proposing a consensus issue on positional moments. In this case, the robots must reach a consensus on these moments by exchanging information through the communication network between them. The effect of communication network between robots on the process of reaching consensus and the effect of delay in consensus on the results of control of object on the desired path is the subject of this article. In this paper, the appropriate control law for achieving consensus in the absence of full connection between all bots, delay and the probability of data loss in the communication network is presented. The maximum allowable network delay is also specified to prevent the instability of object motion control. The simulation results show the capability of the proposed method for controlling the velocity of the object on the desired variable path and show the effect of network constraints on the performance of the controller. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Detection and Mitigation of a Combined Cyber Attack on Automatic Generation Control
Tina Hajiabdollah H. Seifi Hamed Delkhosh

Recent advances in power system monitoring and control require communication infrastructure to send and receive measurement data and control commands. These cyber-physical interactions, despite increasing efficiency and reliability, have exposed power systems to cyber a More

Recent advances in power system monitoring and control require communication infrastructure to send and receive measurement data and control commands. These cyber-physical interactions, despite increasing efficiency and reliability, have exposed power systems to cyber attacks. The Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is one of the most important control systems in the power system, which requires communication infrastructure and has been highly regarded by cyber attackers. Since a successful attack on the AGC, not only has a direct impact on the system frequency, but can also affect the stability and economic performance of the power system. Therefore, understanding the impact of cyber attacks on AGC and developing strategies to defend against them have necessity and research importance. In most of the research in the field of attack-defense of AGC, the limitations of AGC in modeling such as governor dead band and communication network transmission delay have been ignored. On the other hand, considering two cyber attacks on the AGC and proposing a way to defend against them simultaneously, have not been considered. In this paper, while using the improved AGC model including governor dead band and communication network transmission delay, the effect of two attacks - data injection attack (FDI) and delay attack which are the most important cyber attacks on AGC - has been investigated. Also, the simultaneous effect of these two attacks is discussed as a combined cyber attack. The Kalman filter-based three-step defense method has been proposed to detect, estimate and mitigate the impact of the attacks and its effectiveness has been tested on the two-area AGC system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Robust Finite-Time Chattering Free Sliding Mode Adaptive Impedance controller in Remote Control System in Presence of Random Delay
Abolfazl Kamali Ardakani Hadi Safdarkhani

Remote control of robots is one of the most relevant and practical fields in robotics. Most of the control structures of remote operation systems seek to achieve transparency and stability at the same time, which the simultaneous achievement of the both, considering the More

Remote control of robots is one of the most relevant and practical fields in robotics. Most of the control structures of remote operation systems seek to achieve transparency and stability at the same time, which the simultaneous achievement of the both, considering the uncertainty and disturbances in the system and random delay in the communication channel is very challenging. So far, many researchers have used position, speed, force or impedance information to provide various control methods, but none of these methods have achieved complete transparency and robust stability in the presence of random delay and uncertainties and disturbances and compromises between them should be made. In this paper, using a new method, a control structure including sliding mode control, adaptive control and impedance control is presented. This method has been simulated by Simulink of MATLAB software and it has been shown that this method is able to establish ideal transparency and ensure robust stability in the system with disturbances and uncertainties in the presence of random delay in the network. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Load Balancing in Fog Nodes using Reinforcement Learning Algorithm
niloofar tahmasebi pouya Mehdi-Agha Sarram

Fog computing is an emerging research field for providing cloud computing services to the edges of the network. Fog nodes process data stream and user requests in real-time. In order to optimize resource efficiency and response time, increase speed and performance, task More

Fog computing is an emerging research field for providing cloud computing services to the edges of the network. Fog nodes process data stream and user requests in real-time. In order to optimize resource efficiency and response time, increase speed and performance, tasks must be evenly distributed among the fog nodes. Therefore, in this paper, a new method is proposed to improve the load balancing in the fog computing environment. In the proposed algorithm, when a task is sent to the fog node via mobile devices, the fog node using reinforcement learning decides to process that task itself, or assign it to one of the neighbor fog nodes or cloud for processing. The evaluation shows that the proposed algorithm, with proper distribution of tasks between nodes, has less delay to tasks processing than other compared methods. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Examining The Terms Of Foreclosure And Comparing It With Late Payment Damages
Fatemeh Jameei Hirad Mokhayeri mohsen poormohammad

10.61186/ahrar.38617.2.4.148

Transactions in the form of trade in goods have long been common And sometimes in such transactions one of two items of the same type that are of equal weight, On the other hand, it is exchanged in excess on one side and causes the realization of one of the types of usu More

Transactions in the form of trade in goods have long been common And sometimes in such transactions one of two items of the same type that are of equal weight, On the other hand, it is exchanged in excess on one side and causes the realization of one of the types of usury called "exchange usury".There is also another type of increase in assets in transactions in which one party does not fulfill its obligation on time and as a result causes a loss to the other party and must compensate the damage caused by this delay, which is called "payment delay compensation".Since both of these issues increase the other party's assets,In the present study, while examining the exchange usury, the conditions of its realization and comparing it with the compensation for late payment in these respects, in response to the question that "Is obtaining compensation for late payment one of the examples of usury and is it sanctity or legitimate like exchange usury?"Examining the prohibition of usury and also mentioning the reasons for the legitimacy of late payment damages, we came to the conclusion that although some consider imposing a penalty for late payment as a trick to receive usury.However, several legal articles indicate its acceptance by the legislator, and it is considered legitimate by most jurists for various reasons, and it is not sanctity usury. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - An Algorithm for Optimal Control of a Class of Linear Time Varying Systems with Computational Time Reduction and Increasing Its Speed Approach in Engineering Problems
Mehdi Yousefi Tabari Zahra Rahmani Ali Vahidian Kamyad Seyed Jalil Sadati

Time-delay systems have been very much considered in the last few decades. Many of these time-delay systems appear in different systems and branches of science such as engineering, chemistry, physics, disease models. The presence of delay makes the analysis and control More

Time-delay systems have been very much considered in the last few decades. Many of these time-delay systems appear in different systems and branches of science such as engineering, chemistry, physics, disease models. The presence of delay makes the analysis and control of such systems much more complicated. In fact, the application of Pontryagin’s maximum principle to the optimal control problems with time-delay results in boundary value problem involving both delay and advance terms. In this paper, we consider a time-delay optimal control problems. The first section, using the Pontryagin's maximum principle for optimal control problems with time delay, the necessary optimality conditions for this problem, are obtained. Then a new algorithm is proposed to solve this problem numerically. This algorithm is based on an approximation for derivatives and linear interpolation for delayed arguments. Finally, the resulting equations becomes a linear programming problem that can be solved numerically. The efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated by solving several numerical examples. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Bounded Delays in Switching Signal for Switched Affine Systems
Arman Sehatnia F. Hashemzadeh Mahdi Baradarannia

In this article, the consequence of the presence of delay in the switch signal for switched affine systems is investigated. First, based on the principles of stability, the process of extracting the switch law as the only control input is examined, then by presenting th More

In this article, the consequence of the presence of delay in the switch signal for switched affine systems is investigated. First, based on the principles of stability, the process of extracting the switch law as the only control input is examined, then by presenting the practical stability issue for switched systems, more realistic view of these systems is proposed. The main focus of the article will be on the effect of delay in the transmission of switching signal information. The presence of limited delay in switching signal is usually caused by high volume of switching law calculations or any cyber attacks. In this paper, the practical Lyapunov stability results related to the states before and after the presence of delay in switching signal for a linear switched affine system are compared analytically and simulated. The results of the comparison of these modes show that when the value of delay in switching signal increases, the ultimate limit of the error for system states becomes larger, and this means a decrease in the convergence of the system states. In this regard, the results implemented for a DC-DC power converter and the necessary comparisons are presented in the last chapter. Manuscript profile

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