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Open Access Article

1 - Sexual schemas and psychological well-being in married women: Investigating the mediating role of sexual function
Reza Chalme Fateme Abdollahi

10.52547/Fsh.1.1.75

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of sexual function in the relationship between sexual schemas and psychological well-being in married women. The descriptive research method was a constraint type which was performed using structural equation m More

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of sexual function in the relationship between sexual schemas and psychological well-being in married women. The descriptive research method was a constraint type which was performed using structural equation modelling method. The statistical population included married women from Shiraz. Using the available sampling method, 150 people were selected. Assessment tools included women's sexual performance index questionnaires (Rosen et al., 2000), sexual schema (Anderson and Sirvanowski, 1994), and psychological well-being (Reef, 1995). The data collected were analyzed in two descriptive levels (using mean, standard deviation) and inferential (using correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling with amos-21 software). The results showed that passionate-romantic and explicit-comfortable schemas had a positive and significant relationship and shy-cautious schemas had a negative and significant relationship with psychological well-being in married women. Sexual function was also a positive and significant predictor of psychological well-being. In addition, the results indicated that sexual function was able to mediate between passionate and romantic schemas and psychological well-being. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that sexual schemas both directly and through sexual function can affect the psychological well-being of married women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Women and Endowment/vaqf (case study: Tehran city in the Qajar and Pahlavi Eras )
parvaneh shahhoseyni

People's voluntary contributions and activities to manage various affairs, especially in supportive affairs and poverty alleviation, have always been a part of human activities. Endowment or vaqf is one of the ways of social contribution that social groups, including wo More

People's voluntary contributions and activities to manage various affairs, especially in supportive affairs and poverty alleviation, have always been a part of human activities. Endowment or vaqf is one of the ways of social contribution that social groups, including women, are engaged in. The purpose of this research is to identify how women in Tehran participated in vaqf-related social activities during the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. The research method is documentary-descriptive. The statistical population includes all the endower women of Tehran city in the studied periods whose information is available. The vaqf-related data of these endower women were collected from valid sources, and were analyzed using statistical methods and AHP model. The findings show that the women of Tehran, having the right to own property and financial independence, have had the opportunity to participate in social affairs according to their tendency. Although in both studied periods, the religious motivation for vaqf had a higher position than other motivations, during the Qajar period, part of the development and Construction process of Tehran city has been accomplished through vaqf. The type of endowment sites is closely related to the social class of the endowers. Therefore, since most of the women in the city of Tehran during the Qajar period were mainly from the aristocracy and the lords, their most endowed sites is commercial, with a tendency towards dokan (old small store or shop), which in the Pahlavi era, was replaced with residential sites, especially home. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Performance of Agricultural Development Cooperatives in Women's Employment and Production of Agricultural Products in the Villages of Savojbolagh (Alborz Province)
nasrollah molaeihashjin Mohammadbaset Ghoreshi Akbar Motamedi Mehr

Agricultural production cooperatives are a suitable solution to achieve the economic and social development and realizing for realizing social justice. Based on this, the main aim of this study was describing the performance of agricultural production cooperatives in ru More

Agricultural production cooperatives are a suitable solution to achieve the economic and social development and realizing for realizing social justice. Based on this, the main aim of this study was describing the performance of agricultural production cooperatives in rural women employment, that was a case study in 28 villages that have cooperative company in Savojbolagh town in Alborz province. For this study descriptive-analytical method was applied. Statistical population include "villager members and managers of cooperative" with 708 persons and the samples volume for survey with questionnaire tool by Cochran method, was estimates 250 samples. The obtained results from descriptive and inferential statistics have showed the 6 types related to establishment of agricultural cooperative companies in these villages between 1981 to 2016 years, that the weighed average of the most of types were less than average and this show that the role of agricultural cooperative companies has not important and sensible in development of women employment. However the results of Chi 2 test has confirmed the hypothesis of the survey, but we should not forget that the effects of cooperative companies in employment and increasing income and reducing immigration of rural women, were low and investment and planning should be performed for improving the performance of cooperative companies and upgrading the situation of the women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - A Survey to the Narrative Time in the Play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man"
مهدی نیک‌منش سونا سلیمیان

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genett More

In the few decades that narratology has been introduced as a science, narratologists have tried to explore its universal structure by finding specific narrative patterns for different aspects of story writing, including narrative time. The French theorist, Gerard Genette, has posed an autonomous theory on "the parameter of time and its function and place in narration". According to him, timing arrangement in a narration is got through order, duration, and frequency. Studying and contrasting them against real time, one can determine the place of time in the process of story. Studying narrative time of in the play of "Moonlight Women, Sunny Man" by Chista Yaserbi shows that Yasrebi, avoiding the usual time sequence, and moving from chronological time to the text time, has made different selections and provided flashback and futurist narratives. Such selections and their especial timing plays a significant role in arranging the components of the plot, as well as suspense. Moerover, studying duration and frequency of the events narrated in this play, shows that the events enjoy an appropriate beat and speed according to the author's purpose. Regarding principles of narratology, there is a direct and significant correlation between content of the play and the speed of narrating the events, their repetition and frequency. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Recognizing the Women in “Safvat al- Safa”
azar akbarzade ebrahimi

Safvat al-safa is one of the mystical books in the 8th century written by Ebn e Bazzaz about the characteristics of Sheikh Safi Ardabili. This book, written in late Mongol era, has been always considered as a historical document because it illustrates the features of My More

Safvat al-safa is one of the mystical books in the 8th century written by Ebn e Bazzaz about the characteristics of Sheikh Safi Ardabili. This book, written in late Mongol era, has been always considered as a historical document because it illustrates the features of Mysticism and Sufism in that era especially in the west of Iran. Discovering the identity of the characters in the book while some of which have not been studied so far, gives us more information about Mysticism before the advent of Safavid. By studying the book Safvat- al-safa, we figure out the effective role of women in this era. Some of them were mystics or disciples of sheikh Safi and some of them were prominent characters in that era due to their influence on the government and society, besides their mystic trends. In this research, after the introduction, by presenting examples from stories in Safvat al-safa, 15 women are introduced in two fields of mysticism and politics , and their roles in these fields are studied. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Comparative Review of Reformist and Fundamentalist Currents toward Political Participation of Women in Islamic Republic of Iran (1997-2005)
Mohammad Abedi Ardakani پروین عظیمی

Since the victory of Islamic Republic of Iran up to now, there emerged two significant and effective intellectual and political currents. The first current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “Juristic Islamism Current” and from political dimension as “ More

Since the victory of Islamic Republic of Iran up to now, there emerged two significant and effective intellectual and political currents. The first current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “Juristic Islamism Current” and from political dimension as “Fundamentalism current”, got its climax political power in first and third decades of Islamic Revolution and it still keeps its power today. In contrast, the second current which could be called from intellectual dimension as “religious new thinkers” and from political aspect as the “Reformism current” reached its climax political power in the second decade of Revolution and from then on its is declining. The main purpose of this article is to comparatively review these two currents regarding the issue of women’s rights, particularly in relation to their political participation and its main hypothesis is as follows: “the different intellectual and religious principles of these two currents caused an inconsistency in their position toward the issue of women’s rights, particularly in relation to their political participations. To evaluate this hypothesis, using the descriptive-analytical method, it is tried to review intellectual and religious alphabets of these two currents and compare particularly these two in relation to political participation and family. The findings of this research shows that their attitudes toward the issue of women’s rights have significant differences in one hand, and in other hand, these differences are basically due to their different but inflexible interpretations of religion. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - A Comparative Study of Bouransasani’s Monarchy in The Ferdowsi’s Shahname and Historical Sources (in a Critical Review of a Challenging Verse)
Akram Joudi Nemati

Bouran became as the ruler of Sassanid Empire just before downfall of the empire and she was praised in Shahnameh; however, at the beginning of Bouran’s reign, Ferdowsi quotes: “there was a girl named Bouran/ things do not go well, when a woman becomes king”. This verse More

Bouran became as the ruler of Sassanid Empire just before downfall of the empire and she was praised in Shahnameh; however, at the beginning of Bouran’s reign, Ferdowsi quotes: “there was a girl named Bouran/ things do not go well, when a woman becomes king”. This verse has an obvious contradiction with next verses and and according to this verse, it seems that the decay of empire at that time was a result of her reign. In order to answer to the question of "which of the two contradictions is true" and "what could be the cause of the mentioned contradiction", the article author has compared the Shahnameh's claim about Bouran's statecraft with historical sources. Research data show that there’s no report of inefficiency in Bouran’s governance, and all historians, in more detail than Ferdowsi, have reported her governing as good. So, why did Ferdowsi compose such a poem? The author, by proposing related hypotheses, concludes that this verse is not related to how Bouran governs, but it has been due to Ferdowsi's commitment to the presuppositions that were formed in related to the religious beliefs in his time. Tracing the presuppositions leads us to a hadith of the Prophet (PBUH): "A nation that leaves its affairs to a woman will never be successful.” The hadith documents do not confirm its validity, and its not even mentioned about in early Shiite sources; But its socio-cultural shadow has led to the presumption that if a woman becomes monarch, the country will be ruined. So, the poet has remained in contradiction between those historical facts and this social presupposition, and the result has been a contradiction in composing the story of Bouran. However, the Shahnameh as a whole, does not confirm the society negative view to the women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Effect of University Education on the Development of woman Entrepreneurship Skills
Monireh Dizaji Maryam zeini

10.7508/jstpi.2019.01.004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of university education on the development of women entrepreneurship skills. This study is an applied research and the method of data analysis is a descriptive – survey study. The statistical population of the resea More

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of university education on the development of women entrepreneurship skills. This study is an applied research and the method of data analysis is a descriptive – survey study. The statistical population of the research is female graduate students at the Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. Data gathering method in this research, In addition to library studies, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed in the 5-option Likert scale that validity and reliability were confirmed. The results of the questionnaire were obtained using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.887 and por Data analyses SPSS and Lizrel software were applied. The results of the research indicate that university education has a significant effect on the development of entrepreneurship skills (personal skills, management skills and technical skills). Also, based on the results of factor load and confirmatory factor analysis, among the variables related to personal entrepreneurship skills, the highest load factor was related to inspirational skills, resilience and perseverance and the lowest factor related to innovation skill. On the other hand, among the variables related to entrepreneurial management skills, the greatest factor is the creation and maintenance of human relationships and the least factor load factor related to negotiation skills and among variables related to entrepreneurial technical skills, the most important factor is the supervisory skill and the assessment of the environment and the lowest factor was the coaching skill.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - واکاوی پیشران‌های موثر بر سطوح مشارکت پذيري زنان روستايي در پيشبرد اهداف صندوق‌هاي اعتبارات خرد استان کردستان

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Open Access Article

10 - The concept of Urban Entrepreneurship with grounded Theory aproach (case study:Tehran city)
mina shahamat nejad babak ziyae Majid Ashrafi Fereydoon Azma

The objective of this research is the design of a development process of urban entrepreneurship in workingwomen in Tehran city. The current research has a qualitative approach and utilizes the theory based on data. After selecting 14 outstanding urban entrepreneurs an More

The objective of this research is the design of a development process of urban entrepreneurship in workingwomen in Tehran city. The current research has a qualitative approach and utilizes the theory based on data. After selecting 14 outstanding urban entrepreneurs and woman using targeted sampling and semi-structured interviews, the data ware acquired. Then analyzed in three stages of selective, axial and open coding, leading to the identification of 4 main branches with 41 sub-branches. The results verify that the main aspects of the development model of urban entrepreneurship consists of causal factors (no discrimination, Family support, social values and norms, Religion and beliefs, establishment of supporting laws, Securing Women, development of technical and professional education,Provision of facilities and Promotion of entrepreneurial culture, Infrastructures, Methods and processes and Social innovations), the intervening factors(support of the public and private sectors, presence of media,System of education,Fixes barriers and permissions, community associations, External incentives,Support for new ideas and ideas, Parallel support services,Economic fluctuations,Social capital and Marketing services and promotions) and contextual conditions(Entrepreneurial behavior,Trust and Belief in Women's Ability, Experience and skill Inner encouragement, culture of the society, supervision and assessment, supportive statutory laws for ladies, Coordination between women, Network and communication skills and people) By shaping the policies and organizing educational plans, training courses, and empowering of women, as well as establishment of supportive units for the development, identification of the opportunities, Developing Protective Rules,Training and development of entrepreneurs and stability of the economy, the abovementioned factors might lead to a cultural, social and economic development, employment of women, motivation and tendency towards entrepreneurship, investment security and initiation and development of entrepreneurship among women. The outcomes of this research, improve the knowledge of researches in this area with regard to the objectives, challenges and consequences of the development model of entrepreneurship for workingwomen. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Investigating the Role of Women in the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Tendencies of Companies and Financial Performance in Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.
Seyed Davod Hosseini Rad Mostafa Ghasemi Abdol Reza Mohseni

In developing countries, women play a significant role in promoting families, also the growth and development of their countries. The success of women entrepreneurs in societies brings economic advantages and creates social and cultural benefits. Countries consider entr More

In developing countries, women play a significant role in promoting families, also the growth and development of their countries. The success of women entrepreneurs in societies brings economic advantages and creates social and cultural benefits. Countries consider entrepreneurship due to three reasons; "wealth creation, technology development, and productive employment." However, in Iran, this concept is simply synonymous with "employment" by mistake, and we are moving towards entrepreneurship only to solve the employment problem. The present study investigates the role of women in the relationship between entrepreneurial tendencies of companies and financial performance in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, data related to 140 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange between the years 2013 to 2020 were collected and examined by the method of the structural equation (PLS). Findings from the study show that women have a moderating role between the criteria of entrepreneurial orientation and performance indicators of the company. It means that the role of women will improve the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and corporate financial performance. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Psychometric Adequacy of Women's Sexual Well-being Scale in Married Women: Validity, Reliability and Factor Structure
reza chalmeh fatemeh abdolahi

10.52547/fash.2.1.29

The aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Female Sexual Well-Being Scale in Iranian married women. For this purpose, a sample of 297 married women (with a mean age of 33.7 years and an age range of 24 to 45 years) was More

The aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the Female Sexual Well-Being Scale in Iranian married women. For this purpose, a sample of 297 married women (with a mean age of 33.7 years and an age range of 24 to 45 years) was selected by simple random sampling. The Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (Reef, 1995) and Women's Sexual Well-Being Scale (Rosen et al., 2009) were completed by the sample group. The validity of this scale was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods, convergent and simultaneous validity. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by two methods of Cronbach's alpha and halving. The results of factor analysis using principal component method and varimax rotation showed that this scale consists of 4 factors with the titles of interpersonal relationships, cognitive-emotional domain, physical stimulation and orgasm satisfaction, which is more than 66% of the variance. They explain the whole. The convergent validity of this scale indicated a satisfactory correlation between the dimensions of the female sexual well-being scale and the total score. To determine the simultaneous validity of the scale, the correlation between the dimensions of the female sexual well-being scale and the psychological well-being scale was used, which indicated a favorable correlation (p <0.001). Cronbach's alpha and halving coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions ranged from 0.63 to 0.82. The final result is that the Persian form of the Women's Sexual Welfare Scale has good validity and reliability in Iranian society and can be used in research, educational and clinical situations. Manuscript profile

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13 - A survey of the roots and cultural aspects of virginity
Marziye Zadsham Marziye Borzoeyan

Virginity can be studied in various ways. Although virginity is a biological feature, it has been represented in different manifestations throughout history. Virginity is part of a woman's genitals. However, the conceptual meaning of virginity is not limited to women's More

Virginity can be studied in various ways. Although virginity is a biological feature, it has been represented in different manifestations throughout history. Virginity is part of a woman's genitals. However, the conceptual meaning of virginity is not limited to women's physiology. It also has penetrated the cultural and gender relations of societies, and in many cases, has determined the customary, moral, and legal criteria and standards. This study seeks to answer the question: What are the sources and roots of virginity and its meaning in human societies? To this end, virginity was reviewed in a sample of myths, religions, some primitive and modern communities. The results suggest that the concepts of virginity in different societies are related to the mythological, historical, economic, and cultural contexts and characteristics. These components generally confirmed virginity as a virtue throughout the history of most societies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Effectiveness of Forgiveness-Based Group Therapy on Depression and Psychological Distress Symptoms of Elderly Women
parvaneh Mohammadkhani

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of forgiveness-based group therapy on depression and psychological distress symptoms of elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Theran. To evaluate the effectiveness of More

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of forgiveness-based group therapy on depression and psychological distress symptoms of elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Theran. To evaluate the effectiveness of for-giveness-based intervenetion, quasi-experi-mental design with pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow up was used. The statistical population consisted of all elderly women who had been referred to Omid Gerontology Center in Tehran The sample consisted of 30 women meeting the research criteria who were ran-domly divided into control (N=15) and experi-mental group (N=15). Participants in both groups were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Brief Symptoms In-ventory (BSI). After pretest, the experimental group met for a total of 8 forgiveness-based intervention sessions (2 hours each). Data showed a reduction in depression severity in experimental group (P<0.05). It also showed remission on Brief Symptoms Inventory subscales and its 3 total indexes, namely Glo-bal Severity Index, Positive Symptom Total, and Positive Symptom Distress Index (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that Forgiveness-based group therapy is an effec-tive intervention in depressed elderly women and could be useful in promoting mental health in this stage of life. Manuscript profile

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15 - Literary sociological critique of the two short stories "Zan sisheii " and " Mesle hameye asrha "
yousef safian boldaji

Abstract: Sociological critique is formed by theorists such as Lukachc and Goldman, and every literary writing rises from the depths of society. The present article deals with the sociological critique of two short stories, "Zan sisheii" by Razieh Tojar and "Mesle hame More

Abstract: Sociological critique is formed by theorists such as Lukachc and Goldman, and every literary writing rises from the depths of society. The present article deals with the sociological critique of two short stories, "Zan sisheii" by Razieh Tojar and "Mesle hameye asrha" by Zoya Pirzad. While social analysis of stories, it recovers the forgetfulness of women in the storytelling community, and deals with self-seeking and self-discovery, as well as the concerns of women in the story community, and determines that the concerns of women storytellers today are loneliness, silence, despair and social attachments. However, women's social life is on a good evolutionary path. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The Effectiveness of Indigenous Marital Enrichment Package on Sexual Distress of Working Women in Shiraz, 2020-2021
maryam sazgar moloud keykhosravani effat merghati khoei hamidreza tohidnik

Sexual distress is a destructive factor in marital relationships, so if the right interventions are used, this sexual problem can be prevented. The purpose of this study is the effectiveness of the indigenous package of enriching marital relations on sexual distress of More

Sexual distress is a destructive factor in marital relationships, so if the right interventions are used, this sexual problem can be prevented. The purpose of this study is the effectiveness of the indigenous package of enriching marital relations on sexual distress of working women in Shiraz, 2020-2021. The research method was clinical trial with pre-test and post-test design and 8 and 12 week follow-up with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of all married women working in several government agencies in Shiraz in 2020. 120 women with sexual dysfunction were selected by purposive sampling method and were divided into experimental and control groups, which resulted in 79 final samples. 40 people were in the experimental group and 39 people were in the control group. All of these women applied to participate in training sessions to enrich couple relationships (4 sessions of 2 hours) which were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups. In this study, a sexual distress questionnaire (Dragatis, et al., 2008) was used to collect information. Analysis of statistical data was performed by SPSS22 software at both descriptive and inferential levels. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the scores of sexual distress in the research stages and the native package of enrichment of marital relationships has improved the quality of sexual intercourse and reduced sexual distress in the experimental group compared to the control group (p> 0. 001). Therefore, the indigenous package of enriching marital relations has played a significant role in promoting women's sexual relations. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - study The effectiveness of listening to Holy quran on depression among infertile women
Mohsen Golmohammadian Ebrahim Naeemi Mousa Choupani

Objective: infertility is one of the most stressful problems among young couple leads to their mental and emotional turmoil, the vulnerability of women from infertility consequences are more than men's. The present research aims to the effectiveness of listening to Holy More

Objective: infertility is one of the most stressful problems among young couple leads to their mental and emotional turmoil, the vulnerability of women from infertility consequences are more than men's. The present research aims to the effectiveness of listening to Holy Quran on infertile women’s depression. Method: The present study is a control group based on pre-test and post-test methods. The statistical population is Shahindej’s infertile women referring to the health clinic there. In this semi-trial investigation; 30 infertile women are selected based on sampling method then, the subjects are divided into two experimental and control groups; each group includes 15, randomly.in the experimental group, 15 sessions of 45 minutes with an intervention through listening to Holy Quran was implemented. But for the second group, i.e. there is no invention. Data collecting tool in this study is Beck Depression Inventory second edition. Manuscript profile

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18 - Investigating the Role of Family Factors in Suicide Attempt (Case Study: Women in Abdanan)
Mojtaba Shafieinejad Akbar Zare Shahabadi Zahra Mohammadi Elnaz Azadvari

The phenomenon of suicide attempts is one of the most important socio-psychological harms growing worldwide, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths worldwide. The aim of this study is to discover family factors in suicide attempt which has been done by qualitative methodolog More

The phenomenon of suicide attempts is one of the most important socio-psychological harms growing worldwide, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths worldwide. The aim of this study is to discover family factors in suicide attempt which has been done by qualitative methodology and using the method of Grounded Theory. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 women from Abdanan city whom suicide attempt and were selected by theoretical sampling method for more than one year. Nine main categories and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: strained family, family relationship inefficiency, Delinquent family, moral deviance of spouse, Divorced family, forced marriage, avoidance of unfavorable family atmosphere with marriage, marital disputes, experience of rejection and deliberate avoidance. Also, "Family Challenges - Significant Suicides" was selected as the core category, and finally a paradigm model derived from the data was set up. The findings indicated that family factors and family living conditions played an important role in the prevalence of suicide among women attempting suicide. Manuscript profile

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19 - An Analysis the Experience of Domestic Violence Against Working Women (Case Study of Working Women in Tehran)
Akram Ghelichkhan zahra abdoli

Domestic violence against women is a type of aggressive behavior that occurs in close family relationships. Domestic violence against women is one of the harshest results of cultural, social and economic inequalities in different societies, that has irreparable conseque More

Domestic violence against women is a type of aggressive behavior that occurs in close family relationships. Domestic violence against women is one of the harshest results of cultural, social and economic inequalities in different societies, that has irreparable consequences on the victom. it seems that working women are no exception to the experience of this type of violence and access to resources has caused they face domestic violence. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively analyzing the experience of domestic violence of working women and women's perception of this violence in Tehran. In the methodology section; Qualitative methodology and grounded theory (GT) strategy were applied. The interviewees were selected purposefully and 12 employed women for more than three months were examined. 7 main categories and one core category were extracted through data encoding. Physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, economic violence, social violence, verbal violence, psychological stress. The results show that working women in Tehran have a diverse perception of domestic violence and experience different types of violence. It seems that type and amount of economic and social violence are different among working women and housewives. Manuscript profile

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20 - The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Increasing Self-Efficacy and Life Expectancy of Divorced Women and its Effect on Reducing the Initial Maladaptive Patterns of their Daughters
mojtaba aghili Arezou Asghari mitra namazi

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of schema therapy on increasing self-efficacy and life expectancy of divorced women and its effect on reducing the initial maladaptive patterns of their daughters. The scheme of this experimental study was pretest-posttest More

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of schema therapy on increasing self-efficacy and life expectancy of divorced women and its effect on reducing the initial maladaptive patterns of their daughters. The scheme of this experimental study was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population was considered all divorced women and their daughters in Urmia in 2017. The sample consisted of 30 divorced women and their daughters who were referred to the family health clinic under the supervision of the Welfare of West Azerbaijan Province. These women were purposefully selected and divided into two experimental groups (15 people), and a control group (15 people) were randomly assigned. In the experimental group, the intervention was performed in groups of 8 sessions of 90 minutes based on schema therapy, but no intervention was applied to the control group. The instruments were Schier's self-efficacy questionnaire (1982), Schneider's life expectancy questionnaire (1991), and the short form of Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (1998). Research data were analyzed by covariance. Findings showed that schema therapy has effectively increased self-efficacy, the life expectancy of divorced women, and modulating maladaptive schemas of their daughters (P<0.000). Schema therapy as a technique can effectively improve the self-efficacy and life expectancy of these divorced women and modify the maladaptive schemas of their daughters. Manuscript profile

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21 - The mediating role of social support in the relationship between psychological well-being and quality of life of female-headed households in Isfahan province
Bitaalsadat Mirghazanfari hassan khoshakhlagh

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of social support in the relationship between resilience and psychological well-being in the quality of life of female-headed households in Isfahan province. The research was correlational. The statistical population incl More

This study aimed to determine the mediating role of social support in the relationship between resilience and psychological well-being in the quality of life of female-headed households in Isfahan province. The research was correlational. The statistical population includes all women heads of households in Isfahan province in 1399, whose number based on the statistics of the Welfare Organization of this province was equal to 1200 people. The statistical sample consisted of 330 people selected by the convenience sampling method. Research instruments included the Wax et al. (1986) Social Support Assessment Scale, the Reef Psychological Well-Being Scale (1989), and the WHO Quality of Life Short Scale (1989). Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and AMOS version 22 and the statistical method of structural equation analysis. The results showed that social support adds 21.1% to the path between psychological well-being and quality of life. The results also showed that social support has a minor mediating role in the relationship between resilience and quality of life of women heads of households in Isfahan province (β = 0.211 and (p <0.05)). Social support has a minor mediating role in the relationship between psychological well-being and quality of life of female-headed households in Isfahan province (β = 0.211 and (p <0.05)). Resilience has a direct effect on the quality of life of female-headed households in Isfahan province (β = 0.350 and (p <0.05)). Also, psychological well-being has a direct effect on the quality of life of female-headed households in Isfahan province (β = 0.350 and (p <0.05). Manuscript profile

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22 - Investigating the mediating role of couples communication styles in the relationship between safe and insecure attachment styles and forgiveness in the family in married women
reza chalmeh fatemeh abdolahi sanaz bageri

This study was aimed to investigate the mediating role of couples' communication styles in the relationship between safe and insecure attachment styles and family forgiveness in married women. This study was a descriptive correlational study based on path analysis. The More

This study was aimed to investigate the mediating role of couples' communication styles in the relationship between safe and insecure attachment styles and family forgiveness in married women. This study was a descriptive correlational study based on path analysis. The statistical population included all married women in Shiraz. The sample of this statistical population was selected by the available sampling method, 202 people. Research instruments included attachment style questionnaires (Bartolomio and Horotiz, 1991), couples' communication styles (Mabler Nanali and Ekman, 2006), and family forgiveness (Pollard et al., 1998). Findings from this study indicate that attachment styles were a direct and significant predictor of forgiveness in the family. Also, couples' communication styles were able to predict forgiveness in the family. In addition, attachment styles were also significant predictors of couples' communication styles. Finally, the results showed that couples' communication styles could play a mediating role in the relationship between attachment and forgiveness styles in family. The results show that safe and insecure attachment styles and communication styles between couples are among the variables affecting forgiveness in the family and need to be considered by experts and specialists in the field of family. Manuscript profile

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23 - Predicting married women’s mental health based on quality of life components
Mansor Beyrami soolmaz dehghani dowlat abadi

Women's mental health can influence their other responsibilities, so the investigation of the role of mental health factors is considered as an important subject. The present study aimed to investigate the role of emotional components of quality of life in predicting th More

Women's mental health can influence their other responsibilities, so the investigation of the role of mental health factors is considered as an important subject. The present study aimed to investigate the role of emotional components of quality of life in predicting the mental health of married women. This study was conducted with a correlational method. Therefore, using purposeful sampling, 240 individuals were selected from the population of Shiraz married women and tested in cyberspace using the SF-36 Quality of Life Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire – 28 (GHQ-28). Data were analyzed using multiple regression method (simultaneous model). Results showed that emotional components of quality of life had a significant relationship with mental health. Findings showed that the components of energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, and social functioning had a positive role in predicting the mental health of married women; and role dysfunction had a negative role due to lack of emotional health. Hence, it can be concluded that emotional well-being, happiness, and vitality of married women could play an important role in their mental health. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Investigating the Predictive Power of Agreeableness, Marital Empathy and Marital Forgiveness on Marital Satisfaction in Married Women
Hossein Tahmasby Yadollah Khorramabadi

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the predictive power of agreeableness, marital empathy, and marital forgiveness on marital satisfaction in married women. In this investigation, employing the correlational methodology of the regression type, an assem More

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the predictive power of agreeableness, marital empathy, and marital forgiveness on marital satisfaction in married women. In this investigation, employing the correlational methodology of the regression type, an assemblage of 840 wedded women domiciled within the geographic confines of Lorestan province, was chosen through the multi-stage cluster random sampling. The Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale, the NEO-FFI Questionnaire, the Marital Empathy Scale, and the Marital Forgiveness Scale were used as standard questionnaires for data collection. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software. The coefficient of determination with a value of 0.373 in the multiple linear regression test showed that the model explains 37.3% of the changes in marital satisfaction. The standardized coefficients showed that agreeableness, empathy, and forgiveness are significant predictors of marital satisfaction. The results indicate that marital satisfaction is positively affected by agreeableness, empathy, and forgiveness, so a one-unit increase in agreeableness, empathy, and forgiveness corresponds to an increase of 0.101, 0.252, and 0.433 units in marital satisfaction, respectively. Forgiveness played the most important role in marital satisfaction, followed by empathy, and then agreeableness. In conclusion, in order to increase the satisfaction of married couples, especially women, it is recommended to hold workshops focusing on increasing knowledge of agreeableness personality trait and strengthening positive traits such as empathy and forgiveness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - The Comparison of Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions in Married Women with and without Symptoms of Cluster B Personality Disorders in Tehran
Elahe Mahdi Asghar Mirmehrabi reza qorban jahromi Zahra Zabihi fard

Sexual dysfunction is considered a common sexual problem affecting different aspects of life, that has several etiologies and psychiatric disorders play an important role in its formation. This paper aims to comparison of prevalence of sexual dysfunctions between marrie More

Sexual dysfunction is considered a common sexual problem affecting different aspects of life, that has several etiologies and psychiatric disorders play an important role in its formation. This paper aims to comparison of prevalence of sexual dysfunctions between married women with symptoms of cluster B personality disorder and healthy persons in Tehran. This is a causal – comparative research. To do so, 1000 married women from Tehran City were screened in first half of 2021, among them 145 persons were diagnosed with symptoms of cluster B personality disorder and 56 persons were selected through convenience sampling as individuals with disorder. Data of 20 healthy married women were analyzed for comparative purposes. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI3), Female Sexual Functions Index (FSFI) and International Index of Erectile Function (ILEF) were used. Data were analyzed by comparing two independent groups in SPSS, Version 26. In married women, the mean sexual function in healthy persons was more significant than borderlines, histrionics, and narcissists (P<0.05) But, this difference in antisocials was not significant (P>0.05). The results show that prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in cluster B personality disorder is more than healthy married women. Therefore, it is recommended that psychotherapy specialists in the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunction, pay attention to the role of personality disorders and the issue of comorbidity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Investigating the effect of object intervention on attachment and anger of female heads of households in Isfahan city
armita nooien Belgheis Einali

The aim this study was to investigate the effect of object relations intervention on attachment and anger of female heads of households in Isfahan city. This semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design was carried out in the statistical population of More

The aim this study was to investigate the effect of object relations intervention on attachment and anger of female heads of households in Isfahan city. This semi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design was carried out in the statistical population of female heads of households referring to Isfahan Social Work Clinic in 1401. Among these women, 30 people were randomly selected and placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. Using Spielberger's (1962) anger questionnaires and Hazen and Shaver's (1987) attachment styles, anger and attachment were evaluated before the start of the intervention sessions and after the end. Data analysis was done using spss20 software and covariance test to analyze hypotheses. The results of data analysis showed that object intervention on anger and its components (angry feeling, tendency to express anger verbally, tendency to physical expression of anger, angry mood, angry reaction, occurrence of external anger, occurrence of internal anger, management external anger and internal anger management) had a significant effect and caused an increase in anger management and a decrease in other components (P<0.05). Also, object intervention has had a significant effect on attachment styles among female heads of households in Isfahan city and has increased secure attachment and decreased ambivalent and avoidant attachment (P<0.05). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The Relationship between Spiritual Health and Marital Quality in Married Women in Shiraz
Soodeh Dashtiane Nasir Dastan sepideh keshvarz

This paper aims to compare spiritual health and marital quality in married women. The method of descriptive research was correlational. The statistical population of this study included all married women in Shiraz. Moreover, the statistical sample included 100 indivi More

This paper aims to compare spiritual health and marital quality in married women. The method of descriptive research was correlational. The statistical population of this study included all married women in Shiraz. Moreover, the statistical sample included 100 individuals, and cluster sampling was applied to determine the sample size. Paloutzian and Ellison's Spiritual Health questionnaires and Busby's Marital Quality Questionnaire were utilized to collect data. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed at two levels (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics). Correlation coefficients and multivariate regression analysis were applied at the inferential level for descriptive statistics. The results showed a significant relationship between spiritual health and marital quality in married women. Generally, spiritual health was higher among married women with good marital quality. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Investigating the Relationship Between Rumination and Perceived Stress with Life Satisfaction in Married Women in Shiraz
Fatemeh Dinakani reza chalmeh fatemeh abdolahi

The aim of the present research was to explain the relationship between rumination and perceived stress with life satisfaction in married women in Shiraz. The research method was a descriptive and survey-based. The statistical population included all the women of Shi More

The aim of the present research was to explain the relationship between rumination and perceived stress with life satisfaction in married women in Shiraz. The research method was a descriptive and survey-based. The statistical population included all the women of Shiraz city, and 210 individuals were selected as the statistical sample size using a convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Hoeksma and Maro's Rumination Questionnaire (1991), Cohen et al.'s Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983) and Diener Ammons Larsen and Griffin's Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (1985). The findings revealed that among the dimensions of rumination, the two components of preoccupation and depression had a negative and significant relationship with life satisfaction. However, there was no significant relationship between reflection and life satisfaction. In conclusion, the overall score of rumination was negatively and significantly related to life satisfaction, and ultimately, perceived stress is not a significant predictor of life satisfaction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Challenges and Conflicts in Women's Homeless Shelters in Tehran: A Qualitative Study
Maryam Isari

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Challenges and Conflicts in Women's Homeless Shelters in Tehran: A Qualitative Study       Maryam Isari<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>       Introduction   Homelessness is one of the major social and urban issues in most parts of the Global North and Global South cities. In Iran, various structural processes have led to the intensification of poverty and homelessness, increasing the number of individuals in need of shelter in Tehran. Beside the exclusionary and criminalizing approach to the issue of homelessness, a pathological perspective has emerged on this field since the beginning of the contemporary era in Iran.   Nowadays, in accordance with Article 69 of Tehran's Third Development Plan, the municipality is obligated to address social issues by shifting from "social exclusion" to "social inclusion" approach. This involves creating infrastructure and providing services to support vulnerable citizens, such as expanding and equipping social service centers like local and regional shelters in order to provide housing for homeless and vulnerable individuals.   Some critical researchers view the establishment and supportive function of shelters with skepticism, considering them as part of a structure aimed at hiding the homeless population. Accordingly, developing shelters can be seen as a way to protect the population against homeless people. Some other researchers consider shelters as a social welfare response to the homelessness crisis, in contrast to the critical view mentioned above.   As of 2020, there have been over sixteen shelters for men and four permanent shelters for homeless women in the city of Tehran, the study and evaluation of the performance of these centers, their impact on the homeless population, and their internal challenges are essential. The current article attempts to explore the experiences of being in shelters and the common challenges and conflicts at various levels from the perspective of executive staff and women experiencing homelessness residing there.       Methodology   The current research is grounded in the qualitative tradition and interpretive approach. It involved interviewing 24 homeless women living in shelters and staff members (such as managers, social workers, assistants, psychologists, etc.) for an in-depth qualitative study. The research focused on all four women's shelters in Tehran in 2020. Convenience sampling and the snowball sampling method were employed in this study.       Finding   Despite the services offered in shelters, these temporary accommodations encounter a range of challenges and issues at various levels. challenges such as displacement and lack of acceptance of homeless women, power struggles, disciplinary measures, and tension can be observed in the shelter environment. Homelessness is closely linked with informality, such as involved in the informal economy, informal housing, and informal use of urban space.   Various rules and limitation of these places sometimes lead to conflicts. These conflicts sometimes result in the production of disputes and challenges in shelters, leading to the exclusion of homeless women. Based on this, one of the key challenges in the social space of shelters is the power struggles between homeless women and shelter staff. This becomes problematic when shelter staff attempt to enforce certain rules and disciplinary measures, which homeless women often resist due to conflicts with their lifestyle and habitus. Consequently, power dynamics, resistance, and assertiveness are evident among the women in these situations.   Among the various challenges faced by shelters, management challenges stand out. These include a high ratio of homeless women to social workers, difficulties with commuting hours, lack of procedural consistency, and ambiguity surrounding certain laws. The findings suggest that challenges in providing services to homeless women are some of the identifiable issues. Problems such as inadequate food quality, failure of rehabilitation and entrepreneurship programs for women, and absence of infrastructure for empowering women are among these issues.   One of the other challenges in shelters is the segmentation of homeless women. This includes the presence of elderly women and the juxtaposition of addicted and non-addicted individuals.       Conclusion   all residents of these shelters aspire to a better life and to leave the shelters behind. If homelessness on the streets challenges women's hopes of returning and integrating into society, life without a home in shelters puts them on the brink; the threshold of entering a new life or returning to the past life of homelessness. Many women residing in shelters are in a state of "permanent temporariness." They are constantly waiting for improvements in their lives and stepping out of the temporary space of shelters. They hope for acceptance from family, divorce from their spouses, reunification with their children, overcoming addiction, finding a job, obtaining a steady income, and having a place of their own. Therefore, the necessity of support mechanisms to empower and help them exit the shelters is strongly felt.   The experience of women's shelters in Tehran shows that these centers have provided significant services to immediately reduce harm and meet the basic needs of homeless women but have generally failed in empowerment, social integration, and their return to normal life. Therefore, the function and position of shelters have evolved for some homeless women from transitional housing to permanent housing. The primary reason for this lies in the inefficiency of economic policies and the weakness of social policies at a macro level, and at a meso level, in the insufficient inter-agency collaboration towards facilitating the integration of homeless women into society and removing mechanisms of social exclusion.   In such circumstances, grassroots actors and social workers cannot solely rely on their available resources—such as benefactors—to address fundamental issues faced by homeless women like housing and employment. While in a few cases, sustainable employment, housing acquisition, and life necessities have been provided for some homeless women through existing capacities and the involvement of benefactors, this is generally perceived as an “event.” To transform this event into a common practice, enhancing welfare policies at a macro level and elevating the supportive and facilitating role of municipalities to improve inter-institutional collaborations and attract required resources appears crucial.   Alongside this, attention to the challenges faced by shelters in improving their performance and efficiency in the future is vital. To address these challenges, specific solutions can be proposed that require further scrutiny and consideration of all stakeholders, capacities, and available resources. Recognizing the informal aspects of homeless women’s lives, providing mental health services to shelter staff, enhancing food quality, converting shelters into DIC (drop-in center) shelters, promoting entrepreneurship and employment opportunities for homeless women, prioritizing sustainable housing, reassessing outsourcing to contracting companies, and categorizing shelters based on the stratification of homeless women are some of the actions that can be taken. <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Assistant Professor in Sociology, Institute for Humanities and Social Studies in ACECR. maryamisary@gmail.com </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Decision-making Frameworks of Female Political Elites in Parliament Commission (A case study of women parliamentarians)
Zahra Heidari Zeynab Heydari Nahid Heidari

Women's political participation in the macro arenas of political and management decisions is one of the basic components of sustainable development. This paper aims to answer the question, "What are the decision-making frameworks of female political elites in parliam More

Women's political participation in the macro arenas of political and management decisions is one of the basic components of sustainable development. This paper aims to answer the question, "What are the decision-making frameworks of female political elites in parliamentary commissions?" In this research, the statistical sample includes 20 female representatives of the Islamic Council in ten terms. Moreover, the research method is based on qualitative and quantitative content analysis techniques, semi-structured interview techniques in the data collection process, and interview text. For data analysis, Excel and Visio were applied in the framework of various charts and models. The findings concerning multiple categories, such as decision-making framework, showed that the highest frequency of commission decision-making is based on interest and expertise. In the category of commission preference framework, the highest frequency is the cultural commission due to the cultural background, knowledge, and interest of the female political elite. Furthermore, the number of supporters and opponents of forming the women's commission is almost the same. Although relatively the number of those who support the formation of the women's commission is more, most of those who support it are from the fundamentalist faction. Concerning the causal framework of agreeing to the formation of the women's commission, the most frequent insufficiency of the faction and the discussion of the necessity of the formation and effective functioning of the women's faction have passed. The highest frequency concerning the causal framework of opposition to this commission is the lack of necessity and the sufficiency of the faction and the commission to investigate women's issues. Generally, the researcher develops a total of 3 main categories, six first sub-categories and 60 second sub-categories. Some 221 semantic expressions are identified, portrayed, and analyzed in the form of a diagram. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Evaluation of the Quality of Life of Patients with Bipolar Disorder Type I (Women Under 50 Years Old)
negar sangari reza qorban jahromi

Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormal happiness. Considering the high prevalence of this disease in women, the present research was conducted with the aim of ev More

Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, is a mood disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormal happiness. Considering the high prevalence of this disease in women, the present research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the quality of life of patients with bipolar disorder type I in women under fifty years of age. To conduct the research, the individual characteristics of the participants were examined first, then the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life. The statistical population of the present study was 50 female patients who were diagnosed with bipolar I disorder based on the criteria of DSM-IV-TR and who had referred to counseling and treatment centers in Tehran in 1402 and were included in the study using available sampling method. Also, in order to compare this group with healthy people in the community, a group (50 people) was selected from among the companions of the patients and the staff of counseling centers and the results were analyzed using independent T-test in SPSS software. Based on the findings of this research, the quality of life score for the healthy group was equal to 78 and above the average level (µ=50), which shows that the healthy group has a better quality of life. On the other hand, in the patient group, the quality of life score equal to 36 was obtained, which is lower than the average level and indicates the unfavorable quality of life of the patient group. This difference was also statistically significant. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Sleep Quality and Psychological Health of Postmenopausal Women
Delshad Sadegnezhadei Seyedeh Sima Mahdilou Zahra Alizadeh hadi AkbariNejhad

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on sleep quality and psychological health in menopausal women. The research method was a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases with a control More

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on sleep quality and psychological health in menopausal women. The research method was a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all menopausal women referred to health centers in Tabriz in 2023. A total of 30 women were selected through convenient sampling and randomly assigned into two groups (each consisting of 15 participants). The experimental group received ACT in eight 1.5-hour sessions, while the control group received no treatment. Both groups completed the 19-question Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and 28-item Goldberg's general health questionnaires before, after, and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance & Bonferroni post hoc test. The results indicated that ACT significantly improved sleep quality and psychological health in the post-test phase compared to the control group. These improvements were maintained at the follow-up stage. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy may effectively improve the sleep quality and psychological health of menopausal women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Efficacy of Resilience Training Based on Acceptance and Commitment Approach on Acceptance, Gratitude, and Courage among Female Heads of Household in Shiraz
seyed safiyeh moaiydee Soheila Bastani kazem khorramdel

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training based on the acceptance and commitment approach on the levels of acceptance, gratitude, and courage among female heads of households in Shiraz. This experimental research employed a semi-experim More

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of resilience training based on the acceptance and commitment approach on the levels of acceptance, gratitude, and courage among female heads of households in Shiraz. This experimental research employed a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test design with a control group. A total of 100 participants were selected, with 30 participants attending the workshops and divided into two experimental groups (15 participants each). Data collection instruments included the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), and Courage Questionnaire. The intervention consisted of 10 sessions, each lasting 1.5 hours, conducted weekly for the experimental group. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that resilience training significantly enhanced acceptance, gratitude (GQ-6), and courage among female heads of household. Therefore, resilience training based on the acceptance and commitment approach can be considered an effective method to enhance acceptance, gratitude, and courage among heads of household. Moreover, the intensity and duration of resilience training played a significant role in the outcomes. The results indicate that resilience training based on the acceptance and commitment approach had a positive and significant effect on acceptance, gratitude levels, and courage among female heads of household. Consequently, resilience training programs tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of female heads of household, considering environmental, cultural, and social factors in their living environment, can play an effective role in improving family functioning and well-being, as well as enhancing their gratitude and courage. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Analysis of the biological-psychological-social model on the occurrence of irritable bowel syndrome in women:
sobhan pornikdast

In the last decade, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has evolved from a movement disorder to a complex disease that involves various factors, especially in women. Some of these factors include increased sensitivity in the internal organs. changes in the relationship be More

In the last decade, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has evolved from a movement disorder to a complex disease that involves various factors, especially in women. Some of these factors include increased sensitivity in the internal organs. changes in the relationship between the intestinal nervous system and the central nervous system, as well as psychological and social factors. There is increasing evidence that a history of abuse and stressful life events play a role in the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Studies have explained the clustering of IBS with social learning mechanisms or genetic factors. This review study focuses on female patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and, based on the biological-psychological-social model, examines health beliefs, exercise, stressors, and environmental factors. Manuscript profile

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