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Open Access Article

1 - An Introduction to Equine Dentistry; Necessity of Much More Consideration
Alireza Raayat jahromi

Dental problems are one of the main challenges in equine medicine and its management has a considerable effect on horse’s performance and profitability in equine industry. Considering the fact that prevention is better than treatment, a regular dental care program based More

Dental problems are one of the main challenges in equine medicine and its management has a considerable effect on horse’s performance and profitability in equine industry. Considering the fact that prevention is better than treatment, a regular dental care program based on a scientific plan can lead to an early and definitive diagnosis; which results in a correct intervention and treatment. Dental and oral observation, necessary diagnostic and restraint equipment and instruments, attritional lesions and injuries will be explained and discussed. Finally, the current situation of equine dentistry in our country will be evaluated so that its necessity would be much more seriously considered. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Overview of colic risk factors in horses
Fattah Iranmanesh Seyed Mahmoud Shojaeian Amirsaeed Samimi

Gastrointestinal diseases are 50% of the problems and diseases that lead to death in adult horses. According to epidemiological studies, for every 100 horses per year, between 0.9 and 10 horses suffer from colic. The occurrence of colic varies between different farms an More

Gastrointestinal diseases are 50% of the problems and diseases that lead to death in adult horses. According to epidemiological studies, for every 100 horses per year, between 0.9 and 10 horses suffer from colic. The occurrence of colic varies between different farms and even at different times in one farm. The occurrence of colic seems to be strongly influenced by the level of quality of herd management and horse maintenance throughout the year. This means that variation in the rate of occurrence originates more from management than from the breed of horses. Various factors such as breed, age, sex, history, nutrition, activities, infectious and parasitic problems and dental problems can increase the risk of colic in horses. For example, Arabian horses have been identified as predisposed to colic, and other Heidegger breeds such as the Thoroughbred and Warmblad, and standard-range horses, are at high risk for colic. In addition, stallions, especially castrated stallions, are more susceptible to colic. Changes in the type of concentrate consumed, the type of other feeds, the quality of forage and pasture are closely related to colic and their causative agents. Intestinal parasites, especially tapeworms and streptococci, are important risk factors for colic that can increase the risk Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - An overview of colic in horses
Hanieh Fatemi Hesamodin Torghabeh Alireza Kavehaski

Colic or abdominal pain has long been one of the most important and challenging diseases that veterinarians in equine medicine have always dealt with. In colic, the choice of treatment method between medical and surgical has always been discussed. According to the findi More

Colic or abdominal pain has long been one of the most important and challenging diseases that veterinarians in equine medicine have always dealt with. In colic, the choice of treatment method between medical and surgical has always been discussed. According to the findings of physical examinations such as pain, cardiovascular system, anal examination and other clinical and laboratory methods, the type of treatment method is selected and if necessary, by using appropriate techniques in cases that require surgery, the patient recovers. Finally, attention to the care required after this period is also one of the effective measures in the treatment of colic in horses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - An overview of the management of mild colic
Fattah Iranmanesh Fatemeh Heydari Ehsanollah Sakhaee Reza Nikzad

Colic is one of the most important problems affecting horses and affects 4 to 10% of horses annually. It is noteworthy that 80% of colic cases are either gaseous or of unknown origin that improve without treatment or with a simple treatment. Usually, about 5% of horses More

Colic is one of the most important problems affecting horses and affects 4 to 10% of horses annually. It is noteworthy that 80% of colic cases are either gaseous or of unknown origin that improve without treatment or with a simple treatment. Usually, about 5% of horses develop mild colon accumulation in a mild form and respond to treatment, and less than 7% of colic cases require surgery. Horses that show mild colic symptoms have a better prognosis for survival, and ultimately in 13% of cases there is a chance of recurrence of symptoms. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Principles of oral and injectable fluid therapy in equine colic
Fattah Iranmanesh Fatemeh Heydari Ehsanollah Sakhaee

Fluid therapy is one of the most important parts of the treatment protocol for horses with colic. Fluid therapy methods include oral and intravenous administration. Although intravenous fluid intake is the most basic form of fluid therapy in horses with colic, prudent u More

Fluid therapy is one of the most important parts of the treatment protocol for horses with colic. Fluid therapy methods include oral and intravenous administration. Although intravenous fluid intake is the most basic form of fluid therapy in horses with colic, prudent use of oral fluid therapy can be used as an adjunct or alternative treatment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Anesthetic management differences between small animal and horse
Nasser Vesal

Veterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild ani More

Veterinary anesthesia is a relatively new science that uses different drugs and techniques to provide optimal condition (analgesia, immobility, muscle relaxation and amnesia) to perform various medical, diagnostic and surgical procedures in domestic, exotic and wild animals. In order to perform a safe sedation, analgesia, local and general anesthesia, adequate scientific knowledge of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of the species are required. The most common species that referred for surgical procedures are small animal (cat and dog) and horses. Although surgical procedure are also performed on ruminants, general anesthesia is not common in these species due to some specific reasons (economic costs, bloat, regurgitation and easily performed standing surgeries in cattle). There are several anatomical, physiological and pharmacological differences as well as difference in body weight and temperament between small animal and horses that should be considered before anesthesia. The present paper discusses the major differences that require appropriate preoperative preparation when conducting anesthesia in small animal and horses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Traditional analysis on the actual role of Imam Zaman
Qasem Tarkhan

Divine law is a forgotten topic that has no place in theological research, especially in studies of Corona virus and the post- Corona world. The present article has tried to answer this question by referring to religious texts and using the library method in collecting More

Divine law is a forgotten topic that has no place in theological research, especially in studies of Corona virus and the post- Corona world. The present article has tried to answer this question by referring to religious texts and using the library method in collecting information and descriptive-analytical method in inferring the view and ijtihad method in the functions and results and using divine laws, what is the role of Imam Zaman against Corona virus? On the one hand, the world is governed according to the causal system, which is inseparable, and on the other hand, the Imam is in the series of ultimate and actual causes of the world. The role of general and specific blessing of Imam Zaman should also be seen in a network of divine traditions; That is, the Imam plays a role in this system. According to the same system, in repelling or eliminating calamity, material causes must be used first; However, the function of material objects in repelling or eliminating the cause of spiritual calamity is not permanent and comprehensive; Secondly; The influence of spiritual factors is realized in the form of conditional and absolute law, in the former of which the existence of a condition and in the latter of the existence of expediency are central, and the role of His Holiness must be seen in this form. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Inflammation and arcing (BOWED TENDON) of the superficial flexor tendon (SDF)
Saeed Azizi Mahmoodjigh Nima Mozafari Farshid Davoudi

Among the flexor tendons in the horse's limbs, the superficial digital flexor tendon is more prone to damage than the deep digital flexor tendon. SDF tendonitis is a common injury in event horses. Recovery of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries is slow, bu More

Among the flexor tendons in the horse's limbs, the superficial digital flexor tendon is more prone to damage than the deep digital flexor tendon. SDF tendonitis is a common injury in event horses. Recovery of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries is slow, but re-injury is likely. SDF tendon injuries are more common in the forelimb. Flexor tendon injuries are due to strain on the tendon or a direct trauma. Tendon damage vary from inflammation and pain to complete rupture of the tendon. Injuries caused by strain are associated with swelling that require ultrasound assessment to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for these injuries includes anti-inflammatory treatment, which is initially followed by a rehabilitation program. In cases where drug treatment is not responsive, surgical procedures including tendon splitting and superior check ligament desmotomy can be used. In this study, we briefly review the tendonitis of the superficial digital flexor tendon, etiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Horse limb ligaments, injuries and its treatment
Rahim Mohammadi Farshid Davoodi

Disorders and problems of the ligaments of the motor limbs of horse are among the things that severely affect the performance of the horse and cause lameness. Early diagnosis, management and treatment measures will improve the prognosis of treatment. Damage to the ligam More

Disorders and problems of the ligaments of the motor limbs of horse are among the things that severely affect the performance of the horse and cause lameness. Early diagnosis, management and treatment measures will improve the prognosis of treatment. Damage to the ligaments of the suspensory apparatus, which includes the suspensory ligament and distal sesamoidean ligaments, is one of the most important ligament injuries of the fore and hind limbs. Despite advances in horse care, ligament injuries continue to occur. In this paper, we review the types of ligament problems in the limbs, etiology, clinical signs, examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - A review of the most common tendon sheath injuries in horses
Rahim Mohammadi Nima Mozafari

Tendon sheath is a connective tissue that main function is to protect the tendon in the areas that are most vulnerable to damage. One of the relatively common causes of lameness and abnormalities in the limb of horses is tendon sheath damage. Injuries to the digital ten More

Tendon sheath is a connective tissue that main function is to protect the tendon in the areas that are most vulnerable to damage. One of the relatively common causes of lameness and abnormalities in the limb of horses is tendon sheath damage. Injuries to the digital tendon sheath, tarsus, and carp are more common than tendon sheaths in other parts of the limbs. Lameness and swelling at the site of the lesion are common clinical findings in many tendon sheath injuries. Primary diagnosis of tendon sheath inflammation is possible with the help of animal history and clinical signs. The use of diagnostic tools, especially diagnostic imaging, is very useful for definitive diagnosis and identifying the primary cause of the disorders or damage to the surrounding tissues. Complete treatment should be done after identifying the underlying cause of sheath inflammation, although treatments such as rest, the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, and cold therapy are effective in reducing inflammation and improving clinical signs. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Comparison of emotion-focused couple therapy and Guttman couple therapy On the marital compromise and the four horses that destroy the couple
Leila Jafari Isaac Rahimian Boogar, Jamshid Jarareh علی تقوائی نیا

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy and Guttman couple therapy on marital compromise and four destroyer equestrian horses. The research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is quasi-experimental of pre-test-p More

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy and Guttman couple therapy on marital compromise and four destroyer equestrian horses. The research is applied in terms of purpose and its method is quasi-experimental of pre-test-post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study includes all couples referring to psychology and counseling centers under the supervision of the judiciary in Tehran in 2020-2021 couples in this project were divided into three groups of 14 (first recipient of emotion-focused couple therapy intervention); second experimental group (recipient of Guttman couple therapy intervention and control group) and randomly placed. To answer the hypotheses. The study used 1) Marital Adjustment Scale (Spanier (1976)) and the Four Horseman Work Questionnaire by Guttman et al. (2014). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and multivariate analysis of covariance and Duncan's post hoc test using computer software (SPSS) it placed. The results of this study indicate that Guttman couple and emotion-focused couple therapy had a significant effect on marital compromise, four destroyer equestrian horses; Also, the effect of Guttman couple therapy on marital reconciliation is more than the emotion-focused couple therapy and the effectiveness of these two treatments on the four horsemen of the destructive work is not significantly different. Considering the effect of these two treatments on marital reconciliation and four destructive equestrian horses, the use of these two interventions will be fruitful for couples referring to psychology and counseling centers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

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Open Access Article

13 - Investigation of tectonics, fault data and their relationship with mineralization and alteration in Asbkhan, Heris area (East Azerbaijan Province - Northwest Iran)
N. Yadegari Seyed Ghafor Alavi Mohsen Moayyed

The study area is located in the south of Qushadagh mountain range, in the north of Asbkhan village, Heris township and in East Azarbaijan province. In terms of structural geology of Iran, this area is located in the main zone of Central Iran and Alborz-Azerbaijan sub-z More

The study area is located in the south of Qushadagh mountain range, in the north of Asbkhan village, Heris township and in East Azarbaijan province. In terms of structural geology of Iran, this area is located in the main zone of Central Iran and Alborz-Azerbaijan sub-zone. The geological units of the region are including Eocene igneous and pyroclastic rocks with combination of andesitic, Trachyandesitic, basaltic, tuffic and ignembritic. The semi-deep intrusive mass with Oligocene age, with the combination of quartz diorite, diorite and quartz monzonite in the form of stock and dyke is exposed in the area. Structural studies, including fault plates, slickenside on them, and the joints system in various lithologies, indicate at least two general stress directions in the range, Which can be created following one tectonic regime or two tectonic regimes. If we consider the tectonic regime as a phase and consider the tensors with different directions as the result of rotation in the fault plates, We can introduce a general strike-slip regime with a general north-south trend that controls the existing structures of the region. At the same time, the infiltration of intrusive masses has caused the disintegration of these structures and made the issue more complicated. In general, faults with a northwest-southeast trend and a right on strike-slip mechanism, form the main structures of the area.Other faults are controlled by the main structures following the Riddle fractures system. Based on the system of joints in four different lithologies, lithological units from old to new include: basaltic andesite, quartz diorite, quartz monzonite (porphyry mass) and diorite, which from old to new reduces the diversity of the joints system. The northwest-southeast tectonic system has been involved in the development of argillic alteration and the northeast-southwest system has been important in the development of siliceous and mineralized veins. Manuscript profile

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