The Relationship between Attachment Style and Moral Identity: The Mediating Role of Empathy
Subject Areas :Ghasideh Hojjati 1 , zahra naghsh 2 , Mohammad Khodayarifard 3
1 - Department of Education Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Education Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Education Psychology and Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Attachment styles, Empathy, Moral identity,
Abstract :
The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and moral identity, mediated by role of empathy. This research was a correlational study. A total 350 participants were selected by means of multistage cluster sampling among all the girl students of tenth grade of Hamedan city’s public schools. The data were gathered by using 3 measures: Moral Identity Scale (Aquino & Reed, 2002), The Basic Empathy Scale (Joliffe & Farrington, 2006) and Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Collins & Reed, 1996). Using correlation and path analysis with software Spss and Lisrel, the data were analyzed. The results indicate that the model had a good fit to the research’s data. The secure attachment style was a significant positive predictor of moral identity and avoidant attachment style and ambivalent attachment style, were both negative predictors of moral identity. Also secure attachment was a positive predictor of empathy and avoidant attachment was a negative predictor of empathy. And in the meantime the relationship among ambivalent attachment style and empathy was not significant. Therefore, parents will be able to create a moral identity in their children by having a secure attachment style and through empathy.
پاکدامن، شهلا. (۱۳۸۳). بررسی ارتباط بین دلبستگی و جامعهطلبی در نوجوانی. مجلة علوم روانشناختی، ۳، ۲۵-۴۷.
حسننیا، سمیه؛ خرمایی، فرهاد؛ شیخالاسلامی، راضیه. (۱۳۹۴). رابطة علّی سبکهای دلبستگی با بنیانهای اخلاقی از طریق واسطهگری هویت اخلاقی. پژوهشهای روانشناسی اجتماعی، ۱۸، ۷۵-۹۸.
خدابخش، محمدرضا. (۱۳۹۱). رابطة سبکهای دلبستگی با همدلی در پرستاران. نشریة مرکز تحقيقات مراقبتهاي پرستاري دانشگاه علوم پزشكي تهران (نشرية پرستاري ايران)، ۷۷، ۴۰-۴۹.
رضایی، زینب؛ حجازی، الهه؛ کارشکی، حسین. (۱۳۹۹). نقش تعدیلکنندگی همدلی در رابطة بین قضاوت اخلاقی و رفتار اخلاقی در دانشآموزان. مجلة روانشناسی، ۲، ۱۶۷-۱۸۳.
عظیمپور، علیرضا؛ نیسی، عبدالکاظم؛ شهنی ییلاق، منیجه؛ ارشدی، نسرین؛ بشلیده، کیومرث. (۱۳۹۳). اعتباریابی مقیاس اهمیت برای خویشتن هویت اخلاقی برای دانشجویان. فصلنامة شخصیت و تفاوتهای فردی، ۴، ۱۹-۳۸.
فتحی آشتیانی، مینا؛ شیخالاسلامی، راضیه. (۱۳۹۸). رابطة بین سبکهای دلبستگی و بهزیستی روانشناختی: نقش واسطهای انعطاف پذیری شناختی. مجلة روانشناسی، ۲۳، ۱۳۴-۱۴۷.
فیضآبادی، زهرا؛ فرزاد، ولیاله؛ شهرآرای، مهرناز. (۱۳۸۴). بررسی رابطة همدلی با سبکهای هویت و تعهد در دانشجویان رشتههای فنی و علوم انسانی. مطالعات روانشناختی، ۳(۲)، ۶۵-۹۰.
محمدی، حمیده؛ فولادچنگ، محبوبه. (۱۳۹۳). نقش واسطهای سبکهای پردازش هویت در رابطة بین سبکهای دلبستگی و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان. مجلة روانشناسی، ۳، ۳۰۸-۳۲۵.
محمدی مصیری، فرهاد؛ حاجلو، نادر؛ عباسیان، مینا. (۱۳۹۲). دینداری و کیفیت رابطة با والدین با هویت اخلاقی نقش تعدیلکنندة خودتنظیمی. روانشناسی و دین، ۴، ۱۰۵-۱۱۷.
محمودی، هیوا. (۱۳۹۸). رابطة سبکهای دلبستگی و گرایش به خودکشی با نقش تعدیل کنندگی خودانتقادی و وابستگی در دانشجویان. مجلة روانشناسی، ۲۳، ۴۲۴-۴۳۹.
هومن، حیدر علی. (۱۳۹۰). تحلیل دادههای چند متغیری در پژوهشهای رفتاری. تهران: نشر فرهنگ.
Albert, L. S., & Horowitz, L. M. (2009). Attachment styles and ethical behavior: Their relationship and significance in the marketplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 299-316.
Albireo, P., Matric, G., Spentri, D., & Toso, D. (2009). The assessment of empathy in adolescent: a contribution to the Itallian validation of the basic empathy scale. Journal of Adolescents, 1-16.
Allen, P., Porter, M., McFarland, C., & McElhaney, K. (2007). The Relation of Attachment Security to Adolescents? Paternal and Peer Relationships, Depression, and Externalizing Behavior. Child Development, 78(4), 22-39.
Aquino, K., Freeman, D., Reed, A., Lim, V. K. G., & Felps, W. (2009). Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior: The interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 123-141.
Aquino, K., & Reed, A. (2002). The Self Importance of Moral Identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1423-1440.
Blair, R. J. (2001). Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders and psychopathy. Psychiatry, 71, 727-731.
Blasi, A. (1993). The development of moral identity: Some implications for moral functioning. The moral self, 99–122.
Borba, M. (2001). Building moral intelligence: The seven essential virtues that teach children to do the right thing. USA: Jossey-Bass.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
Britton, P. C., & Fuendeling, J. M. (2005). The relations among varieties of adult attachment and the components of empathy. Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 519-530.
Brownfield, D., & Thompson, K. (2005). Self-concept and delinquency: the effect of reflected appraisals by parent and peers. Western Criminology Review, 6(1), 22-29.
Burnette, J. L., Taylor, K. W., Worthington, E. L., & Forsyth, D. R. (2007). Attachment and trait forgiveness: The mediating role of angry rumination. Pers Individ Dif, 42(8), 1585-1596.
Collins, N. L., and Reed, S. J. (1990). Adult Attachment, Working Models and Relationship Quality in Dating Couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663.
Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K., & Sweitzer, V. L. (2008). Moral Disengagement in Ethical Decision Making: A Study of antecedents and Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 374-391.
Elgar, J., Arlett, C., & Groves, R. (2003). Stress coping behavioral problems among rural and urban adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 26, 574-585.
Fyfe, G., & Yanez, R. (2014). Personal Distress Mediates the Relationship between Attachment and Empathy. Student Research and Creative Endeavor, 3-28.
Gillath, O., Sesko, A. K., Shaver, P. R., & Chun, D. S. (2010). Attachment, authenticity and honesty: Dispositional and experimentally induced security can reduce self and other deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(5), 841-855.
Hardy, S. A. (2006). Identity, Reasoning and Emotion: An Empirical Comparison of three source of Moral Motivation, Motivation and Emotion, 30, 207-215.
Hart, D., & Matsuba, M. K. (2009). Urban neighborhoods as contexts for moral identity development, Moral personality, identity, and character, 214-230.
Hazen, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualizes as an attachment process. Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
Henschel, S., Nandrino, J. L., & Doba, K. (2020). Emotion regulation and empathic abilities in young adults: The role of attachment styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 156, 40-51.
Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. Handbook of affective sciences, New York: Oxford University Press.
Joireman, J. A., Needham, T. L., & Cummings, A. L. (2001). Relationships between dimensions of attachment and empathy. North American Journal of Psychology, 3, 63-80.
Jollife, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of basic empathy scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611.
Kafetsios, K. (2004). Attachment and emotional intelligence abilities across the life. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 62, 48-60.
Kochanska, G. (2002). Committed Compliance, Moral Self and Internalization: A Mediated Model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 339-351.
Koleva, S., Selterman, D., Iyer, R., Ditto, P., & Graham, J. (2013). The Moral Compass of Insecurity: Anxiety and Avoidant Attachment Predicts Moral Judgement. Social and Personality Psychological Science, 1-23.
Leonard, G. R. (2010). Moral identity in adolescence: A literature review. University of Asuza California.
Maclean, A. M., Walker, L. J., & Matsuba, M. K. (2004). Transcendence and the moral self: Identity Integration, religion, and moral life. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43(3), 429-437.
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others’ needs: Evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1205-1224.
Naravaez, D. (2014). Natural Morality, Moral Natures and Human Flourishing. In B. Musschenga & A. Van Harskamp (Eds), Why ne moral? On the capacities and conditions for being moral. Germany: Springer.
Panfile, T. M., & Laible, D. J. (2012). Attachment security and child's empathy: the mediating role of emotion regulation. merrill-palmer quarterly. Wayne State University Press.
Pellerone, M., lacolino, C., Mannino, G., Formica, I., & Zabbara, S. M. (2017). The influence of parenting on maladadaptive cognitive schema: A cross-sectional research on a group of adults. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 10(1), 47-58.
Piliavin, J. A., & Charng, H. W. (1990). Altruism: A review of recent theory and research. Annual review of psychology, 16, 27-65.
Rieffe, C., Ketelear, L., & Wiefferink, C. H. (2010). Assessing empathy in young children: Construction and validation of an Empathy Questionnaire. Personality and individual differences, 49(5), 362-367.
Robinson, J. S., Joel, S., & Plaks, J. (2015). Empathy for the group versus indifference toward the victim: Effects of anxious and avoidant attachment on moral judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 56, 139-152.
Shao, R., Aquiono, K., & Freeman, D. (2008). Beyond moral reasoning: A review of moral identity research and its implication for business ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 18(4), 513-540.
Shaver, P., & Mikulincer, M. (2009). What’s inside the minds of securely and insecurely attached people? The secure-base script and its associations with attachment-style dimensions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 615-633.
Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Gross, J. T., Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2016). A lifespan perspective on attachment and care for others: Empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior. Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, 3, 878– 916.
Sigelman, C. K., & Rider, E. A. (2018). Life-span human development, 9th Ed. Cengage Learning.
Stefan, C. A., & Avram, J. (2016). The multifaceted role of attachment during preschool: moderator of its indirect effect on empathy through emotion regulation. Early Child-hood Development and Care, 188, 62-76.
Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2018). Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 47, 1-22.
Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-372.
Thompson, R., & Walden, T. (2001). Dimensions of emotional intelligence: Attachment affect regulation alexithymia and empathy. Journal of Dissertation Abstract International, 58, 210-216.
Troyer, D., & Greitemeyer, T. (2018). The impact of attachment orientations on empathy in adults: Considering the mediating role of emotion regulation strategies and negative affectivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 198-205.
Trusty J. (2005). Model of effects of adult attachment on emotional empathy of counseling students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 83(1), 66–77.
Vanjizendoorn, M. H., & Sagi, A. (1999). Cross cultural patterns of attachment universal and contextual dimension. Handbook of attachment, New York: The Guilfords.
