Naturalism

Open Access Article

1 - Sohrab Sepehri and Critics
غلامرضا پيروز فاطمه‌زهرا صادقي

This study is an attempt to deal with the critics, made in form of speeches and papers, on the life, thoughts and works left by Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1978), the Iranian poet and painter. The study tries to examine and analyze the critical method and literature critics va More

This study is an attempt to deal with the critics, made in form of speeches and papers, on the life, thoughts and works left by Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1978), the Iranian poet and painter. The study tries to examine and analyze the critical method and literature critics value clear making, critics health, failure and success of the criticisms made by critics on Sepehri, contents of the works by Sepehri, treatment with Sepehri’s works and the likes as of the first time made till 1997 in Farsi literature publications. In the contemporary Farsi poetry extensive speaking has been made on Sohrab Sepehri after Nima Yushij. These parses and blames have continued from the time of the poet life till now. Most of the critics have been made on the links between Sepehri’s poem and painting, hit attention on the East Philosophy and Gnosticism, naturalism, simple style and sincerity of the poems, non dealing with politics-social issues, abstract concepts, language and style of expression. Among the critics, those dealt with Sepehri’s poems and arts on scientific-research viewpoints are handful. Moreover, some viewpoints are imitation and calques from the others’ works. The writers of the present article maintain that the criticisms made by the critics should be criticized aimed at evaluating their correctness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Naturalistic Novel (Nana), a Realistic Novel, (Lepere Goreiot); an Analytical Comparison
عبدالله حسن‌زاده ميرعلي

Apparent similarity and difficult distinction between principles and rules of naturalism and realism, resulted in many mistakes for critics. So that sometimes naturalistic works introduced realistic works. In this essay principles and rules of these schools criticized More

Apparent similarity and difficult distinction between principles and rules of naturalism and realism, resulted in many mistakes for critics. So that sometimes naturalistic works introduced realistic works. In this essay principles and rules of these schools criticized and analysed in prominent works of Emile zola (Nana) and Balzac (Le pere Goreiot). While persons of NaNa are ordinary and usual, each represents specific social stratum and the author don’t emphasize on type – making. But in Le pere Goreiot persones given special salience (type) though they selected from society. Criticism in naturalistic works considered as struggle with diseases targeting organic unitary of community. But in realistic works, the deepest origins of social conflicts are investigated. Although, scientific rules of naturalism allows to address any object, regardless of class, subjects of naturalistic works often include middle class and lower class. But the realist writer in his/her works mostly focuses on realities and labour class suffers, in spite of dramatizing both high class and lower class. Most of naturalistic novels ended sorrowfully and tragic and annoy readers. yet realistic works, in spite of their dramatic and tragic end, are not catastrophic to this extent. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Functions of Description in Some Contemporary Persian Short Stories
مینا اعلایی محمد جواد شکریان

In literary works, narratives and descriptions have always been interconnected in an indistinguishable way. In accordance with narratological studies during last decades, several theories have presented models of various functions of description in different literary wo More

In literary works, narratives and descriptions have always been interconnected in an indistinguishable way. In accordance with narratological studies during last decades, several theories have presented models of various functions of description in different literary works and ascribed a specific form of description to each of the literary genres. Among these genres, the importance of description in realism and naturalism, and its role in developing the events and characters, is irrefutable. This research, aims at applying the theories an literary description to several realist, and naturalist contemporary Persian stories. After studying the history and importance of description in novels, this research tries to explain its role in defining spatio-temporal framework, and the educational and generally aesthetic goals of several Persian short stories. In this regard, stories from Jamalzadeh, Hedayat, Alavi, Al-e-Ahmad, and Choubak have been selected, and different functions of description in these stories have been investigated. The results of the Research show that in the above mentioned authors’ works, description has not been a neutral element, and it doesn’t put a stop to the narrative process, but it helps the development of the story through different ways of camouflaging it. In addition to expressing the behavior and actions of characters, in the stories studied, description occasionally results in the preparation of spatio- temporal framework of the story, and sometimes it turns into a collection of encyclopedic insights and finds an educational function. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Appearance of Naturalistic Components In the Fiction works of the Sacred Defense (Case study: "Zemestan-e 62" (The winter 62) and "Safar be Geray-e 270 Darajeh" (Journey to 270 degrees))
Mahboubeh Banimahjour manouchehr akbari

Naturalism is a literary perspective that considers the behaviors, attitudes and thoughts of humans originated from inner instincts and natural urge. According to the theory of naturalists, all the facts and phenomena in nature are in the field of scientific knowledge a More

Naturalism is a literary perspective that considers the behaviors, attitudes and thoughts of humans originated from inner instincts and natural urge. According to the theory of naturalists, all the facts and phenomena in nature are in the field of scientific knowledge and can be justified by the laws of natural sciences.in the other words, naturalism is the formula for the application of modern science in literature.Naturalism emphasizes aspects of inheritance, environment, definitive fate, see life away from idealism and negating supernatural issues in literature,and in this way draws details which are generally ugly and disgusting. After the constitution, literary naturalism entered the field of Persian fiction through the translation of literary works and influenced writers such as SadeghChobak, SadeghHedayat, Ahmad Mahmoud, Mohammad Masoud, Ismail Fasih, etc.Examining the literary works of holy defense shows the existence of some prominent elements of naturalism such as objectivism, pessimism, black thinking, extensive description of war disasters, rare use of some unconventional expressions about warriors, attention to the science of physiology, and so on taht are seen in some of such works.This research has analyzed some of the characteristics of naturalism in the two novels "Zamestan 62" by Ismail Fasih and "Safar be Geray-e 270 Darajeh" by Ahmed Dehghan using a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of library sources.The result of the investigation based on the textual evidence shows that some naturalistic elements are prominent in these two works.It can be said that what distinguishes naturalistic works from other writings can be identified in these two novels. Manuscript profile

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5 - Themes of Love and Determinism in the Naturalistic Stories by Sadegh Chubak
Nasrin Hallajan Parvin Dokht Mashhur Mehdi Norouz Mahboubeh Zia Khodadadian

Love and determinism ‎are the most prominent themes of Persian literature. Determinism ‎is opposite to the highly frequent term Free will. Love in its spiritual aspect is reminiscent of the mysticism of the Divine Atonement, both physically and according to its instinct More

Love and determinism ‎are the most prominent themes of Persian literature. Determinism ‎is opposite to the highly frequent term Free will. Love in its spiritual aspect is reminiscent of the mysticism of the Divine Atonement, both physically and according to its instinctual origin, and is known as earthly love. The current paper aims at examining, describing, and analyzing Sadegh Chubak Naturalist fictional works to study his view of Earthly and Physical Love and Human Fate. The animal nature of human in these stories as an overbearing, lustful creature is portrayed in a naturalistic view, and love is presented as a legitimate experience in the form of physical and gendered desire and determinism, that is, human beings - has to comply with biological requirements, and fails to exercise the will of man to submit since destiny is inevitable. In his stories, Chubak relies on the influence of modernism on fate, ambiguity and inheritance on characters Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - A man in a cage summarizes naturalism
Neda nabizadeh ardebili

As a literary school, in the middle of the nineteenth century, naturalism opened up a new hinge to the artist in France, where the hero of the story was no longer a romantic man, not even a realist man, but a more humane, more subtle human being than that It can even b More

As a literary school, in the middle of the nineteenth century, naturalism opened up a new hinge to the artist in France, where the hero of the story was no longer a romantic man, not even a realist man, but a more humane, more subtle human being than that It can even be in the outside world; that is, an animal in the form of a human being that manifests itself in particular in difficult circumstances. This school has come to be found all over the world, among which Sadegh Chubak is one of the emblems who have been kidnapped by others in drawing up a jade-filled atmosphere from Jabrust. In this article, which analyzes the style of Chubak, we sought to discover the naturalistic elements in Chubak's story. The result of the study shows that almost all the principles of this school in the works of Chubak can be seen as determinism, Yas and Vanamidi, followed by absurdism, the use of colloquial language, anti-morality, religious unreliability, the cost of living animals And in contrast to the degradation of a human-animal-level human being, he is one of the characteristics that he finds in most of his stories. But in the meantime, the story of "Man in a Cage," he extracts all the features of the school of naturalism, which we have examined in this article Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Mullā Ṣadrā’s Strategies for Reducing Death Anxiety and its Philosophical Principles
Manouchehr Shaminezhad Hossein Atrak Mohsen Jahed

The present study investigates Mullā Ṣadrā’s strategies for treating death anxiety and its philosophical foundations. It also aims to suggest some philosophical and ontological strategies to decrease modern Man’s anxiety when thinking about death based on some of Mullā More

The present study investigates Mullā Ṣadrā’s strategies for treating death anxiety and its philosophical foundations. It also aims to suggest some philosophical and ontological strategies to decrease modern Man’s anxiety when thinking about death based on some of Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophical principles, such as the principiality of existence, the union of the intellect with intelligible, the trans-substantial motion, theism, religiosity, and believing in the Hereafter. According to Sadrian philosophy, Man’s life is meaningful and purposeful, and being has been created based on divine emanation. The human soul is corporeally-originated; however, its essence changes because of its union with the intelligible and its own trans-substantial motion and attains higher levels of being though going through different existential grades. This developmental move continues until reaching the origin of being and does not end with death. It also grants meaning to Man’s life and decreases their death anxiety. Mullā Ṣadrā is an existential philosopher who advocates a supernaturalist, theistic, and procedural approach to death. The reality of death in Mullā Ṣadrā’s philosophy is a part of Man’s process of existential development. Some of the strategies that can be inferred from his philosophy to reduce death anxiety include following a teleological approach to the world, being’s view of God as pure connection, believing in the Hereafter and Man’s resurrection after corporeal death, advocating ontological evolution, and having a developmental view of death. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Combining Architecture and Art Inspired by Nature Case Study: Islamic Era Architecture of Kurdistan Province
Amineh Rashidi Gholamreza Tousian Shandiz

Despite the numerous efforts in recent decades to improve the architectural design process, however, not any rich solution are developed for applying art in architecture inspired by nature. Therefore, it is necessary to respond to how to extract design solutions in the More

Despite the numerous efforts in recent decades to improve the architectural design process, however, not any rich solution are developed for applying art in architecture inspired by nature. Therefore, it is necessary to respond to how to extract design solutions in the face of nature and inspiration from nature and to get clues to stimulate the imagination of designers by analyzing, comparing, and reviewing the existing examples and works of great contemporary architects. This paper aims to extract and categorize the influential components of art inspired by nature with an emphasis on Islamic architecture. Additionally, the foundations and principles that may be understood in a general and striking way in the spaces of Islamic architecture inspired by nature are explained in the form of different topics to achieve a better understanding of the architecture. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to provide the mental associations of artists in the design process, based on modeling from nature to improve the thinking of Islamic architecture. However, the paper employ an applied descriptive-analytical methodology. The data was collected by the library method, and the analysis was conducted by the field studies. In this research, components, and solutions for better exercise of art and nature are proposed to stimulate imagination and use by designers. Furthermore, the results show that nature, holds a significant effect on Islamic architecture and is effective in various strategies leading to architectural creativity. Nature's art is ever-present and unclassifiable as influential means for inspiration, which is significant in the landmark buildings and examples presented. Moreover Islamic architecture, rather than seeking a specific form, serves the Muslim to achieve perfection with the aid of nature and pursues the ultimate purpose of human creation, which is indeed the worship of God. Therefore, the formalistic and apparent perceptions of nature alone shall not be enough, and the presence of the spirit of nature in architecture lead to its improvement and manifestation. However, the climatic, cultural, social, and political issues of each region may strongly influence architecture and its functions, therefore, the particular Islamic culture also creates its forms and functions; this is the point that makes Islamic architecture distinguish from other buildings. Manuscript profile

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