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Open Access Article
1 - Ethical and Behavioral Standards: Legal Reading and Their Social Effects
Mohammad Reza Vijeh Azad RezaeiEthical and behavioral standards (professional standards) are based on several principles, values and ethical standards related to occupations that ethical standards like ethical and value declarations determine ethical virtues and behavioral standards set them to guide MoreEthical and behavioral standards (professional standards) are based on several principles, values and ethical standards related to occupations that ethical standards like ethical and value declarations determine ethical virtues and behavioral standards set them to guide the members of minor areas. On the other hand, in particular, our country faces a range of problems and challenges such as the water crisis, the environmental crisis, the crisis of public trust and other social crises which in many cases may threat the integrity of the country. It is believed that such problems are derived from inattention of moral values, preference of personal and group interests to public interest and corruption in general and etc,. Our assumption is that the adoption of professional standards in every kind and in particular, legal perceptions of them will lead to the rule of ethical values at the levels of occupation at first and then, lead to ethical excellence of a large part of society. In the meantime, we found through descriptive-analytical study that ethical excellence, fight against corruption and the strengthening of public trust, the safeguarding of citizenship rights, the strengthening of professional solidarity, the preservation of the dignity and integrity of the minor areas, and etc., will be prove to be true as the positive effects that can overcome many of mentioned problems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Ethical Principles of Judicial Oversight in Criminal Proceedings
Abdulreza Mansouri Dehbid Ahmad Ramezani mansour atasheneThe enactment of numerous laws and regulations in accordance with ethical standards all results from knowing and respecting the inherent dignity of individuals. The inherent dignity of the human being requires that due process be observed in the process of criminal proc MoreThe enactment of numerous laws and regulations in accordance with ethical standards all results from knowing and respecting the inherent dignity of individuals. The inherent dignity of the human being requires that due process be observed in the process of criminal proceedings in order to maintain and uphold this criterion to protect the rights of the parties, in particular the accused. The premise of innocence or the principle of absurdity, the principle of the rule of law, the principle of accountability and the avoidance of distortion of justice and judicial errors can be considered as one of the most important ethical principles of judicial supervision. In this regard, the observance of citizenship rights, in the domestic and international context as reflected in the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 2013, has led to judicial oversight of judicial authorities' conduct in the process of prosecution and investigation in relation to the fundamental rights of individuals. Special attention is given to the law. The basic principles of the law in criminal proceedings, and consequently the responsibility and accountability of the relevant judicial authorities, to prevent the abuses and violations of the rights of individuals, in particular the defendants; Descriptive analysis of the philosophy and ethical foundations of the legal establishment of judicial oversight in modern criminal justice systems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Psychologists' Professional Codes of Ethics in Iran, America, Canada, England, and Australia
Behnaz Dowran Ali Fathi-Ashtianithe present study compares psychologists' professional Codes of Ethics in Iran, America, Canada, England, and Australia. The study population consisted of all countries with professional Codes of Ethics, of which, America, Canada, Britain, Australia, and Iran were purpo Morethe present study compares psychologists' professional Codes of Ethics in Iran, America, Canada, England, and Australia. The study population consisted of all countries with professional Codes of Ethics, of which, America, Canada, Britain, Australia, and Iran were purposively selected due to their progressiveness in the development of professional Codes of Ethics, and their ethical principles and standards were compared. The results obtained showed that with the exception of Iran and America, all codes studied had defined the basic concepts and terminologies after introduction. In addition, they all contained two main sections, namely, general principles and standards. The general principles were almost the same and common in these codes, and included respect for people's dignity, accountability, integrity, no discrimination or injustice, philanthropy, and avoidance of harm. The ethical standards in Iran’s and America's codes appear independently from the general principles. Meanwhile, the standards are presented under relevant ethical principles in the Australian, Canadian, and British codes. Iran's standards of ethical codes almost exactly match those of America's, and the only difference is in the order of presenting standards of "Accountability" and "Storing registered information and fees" and the extent of explanations and details. According to the present study, the following changes can contribute to a greater understanding and practicability of Iran's Code of Ethics: Providing definitions and explanations for specialized terminologies and general principles, adding more details to standards and considering local culture and religion. Manuscript profile