نماد

Open Access Article

1 - National and Religious Mythological Symbols in Holy Defense Poetry
Mohammad قربانی

Myth had inspired poets and authors in all cultures and they had applied it based on their contemporary circumstances and up to an acceptable level. Due to this, Myths were sometimes respected and sometimes disrespected and despicable. One of these periods is the perio More

Myth had inspired poets and authors in all cultures and they had applied it based on their contemporary circumstances and up to an acceptable level. Due to this, Myths were sometimes respected and sometimes disrespected and despicable. One of these periods is the period which is often called Holy Defense Period and or War Literature. Poets and writers of this period had used national and religious myths to awaken resistance and persistence morale against enemy. Symbols and myths were like a media in this period. Motivating audience to participate in war fields is indebted to these symbols and myths. The current article is to discuss about national and religious myths in Holy Defense Poetry and their view toward Myths and attempts to clarify how much these mythical names were effective in motivating audiences to war against enemy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Nima the Objector, Hermeneutic Interpretation of “Kak-kei”
فاطمه راکعی

“Kak-kei” is one of the symbolic poems of Nima whose date of composition is not mentioned by Nima; however, Nima-researchers has lodged it among two poems named “Barf” (Snow) and “Pass-ha az Shab Gozashte” (long hours has passed from the night) which are respectively d More

“Kak-kei” is one of the symbolic poems of Nima whose date of composition is not mentioned by Nima; however, Nima-researchers has lodged it among two poems named “Barf” (Snow) and “Pass-ha az Shab Gozashte” (long hours has passed from the night) which are respectively dated from 1955 and winter 1957. Structure, message and content of the poem itself prove this too. The author in this article, applying a method using Schleiermacher ideas and studying Nima’s works and works about Nima and reviewing social, political and cultural conditions and situations after the coup d'etat until the death of Nima, attempts to interpret “Kak-kei”. The author considers attempting to reach the given meaning of poet as the tasks of Interpreter in symbolic poems in which the poet tries to give social-political message; whilst due to the semantic leakage from symbol and the significance of semantic horizon of the Interpreter, the author emphasizes on the different interpretations of such poems, having pure linguistic purposes in mind. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Function of Tulip from Dictionary Sense to Symbolic Meaning
محرم رضایتی‌‌کيشه‌‌خاله فیروز فاضلی اسماعیل نقدی

Symbol is a sign not only refers to its sense but also to some contents beyond its literal meaning. To be more exact about the symbols, they are cited into the dictionaries by their literal sense, not by their innovative content in the aesthetic domain of poetry. This More

Symbol is a sign not only refers to its sense but also to some contents beyond its literal meaning. To be more exact about the symbols, they are cited into the dictionaries by their literal sense, not by their innovative content in the aesthetic domain of poetry. This paper aims to explain the contrast between the sense of the symbols in the dictionaries and their novel meaning in the poetry of different period of time in terms of the various styles. In this research, a short introduction about the symbols as well as a literature review about the herbal symbols in the both eastern and western cultures is going to be rendered from philosophical, psychological and mythologist point of views. Then, the significance of the symbolic meaning and function of the words is discussed, while the meaning of tulip and its metaphoric extension is determined to be mentioned based on Manouchehri, Saadi, Saib and Sepehri’s poetry due to their being representatives for different poetic styles, such as Khorasani, Iraqi, Indian and modern poetry. The purpose of this investigation is to illustrate the semantic evolution of a word from its bounded sense to its extended and symbolic function. What is more, it aims to be evidence for the literary and artistic capacities and possibilities which leads to the creation and extension of the word’s meaning. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Study and Analysis of Symbolism in the Poetry of Qeysar Aminpour
ali mohammadi جميله زارعي

Two types of symbol can be seen in Aminpour’s poetry: common symbols used in the Persian literature in general and the symbols the poet himself made and introduced to the Persian poetry. Though innovative, we should remember that it is the nature, and his religious beli More

Two types of symbol can be seen in Aminpour’s poetry: common symbols used in the Persian literature in general and the symbols the poet himself made and introduced to the Persian poetry. Though innovative, we should remember that it is the nature, and his religious beliefs that feed them. Studying the symbols in Aminpour’s works we concluded the following: 1. Source of most symbols is religion. 2. The poem collection of “Breathing of the Morning” bears more symbols. 3. The words tulip; yellow, red, green, unripe, and … are of symbolic meanings in his poems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Image and its Position in Iranian Portrait Painting
جواد عليمحمدي اردكاني مصطفی گودرزی محسن مراثی

This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings More

This article is an investigation into the position, importance, and effect of image on Iranian portrait painting. It is an intertextual analysis of Persian poetry and painting, focusing the elements of mysticism in both. The discussion is documented offering paintings from different Persian painting schools so that it can better show how this field of art has always used the element of image and mystical understanding to convey a figurative universe. The article, first, introduces image and its position in Iranian painting, then contrasts the figurative elements in both Persian poetry and portrait painting, and finally concludes that Persian painting, using institutionalized signs and symbols in poetry has created its own figurative and ideal human. This feature can be found in Persian painting up to the first half of Qajar reign in the 13th century A. H.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - An Investigation into How Animal Symbols Function in Poetry of Saib Tabrizi and Bidel Dehlawi

The present article is a semiotic analysis of some animal symbols in poetry of Saib and Bidel, two prominent poets of ‘Indian poetic style’. Its main objective is to show how the symbols function in the structure of poetic language. Such symbols have repeatedly been use More

The present article is a semiotic analysis of some animal symbols in poetry of Saib and Bidel, two prominent poets of ‘Indian poetic style’. Its main objective is to show how the symbols function in the structure of poetic language. Such symbols have repeatedly been used as motives in literary works in all history of literature, and accordingly caused shifts in their signification paradigms. The analysis is mainly aims at symbolic status of the signs, and the role they play in expansion of the semantic domain of the poems; it ends in formal classification of the symbols based on their possible significances in both communal mind and the poet’s mind. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Symbolism in Ave Sina’s Poem of Einiyyeh, and its Effect on the Thought of Muslim Gnostics
علی فتح اللهی علي نظري

How the human soul falls from the upper world and descends in the body cage is one of the complex philosophical and Gnostic debates. The duality of subtle spirit and dirty body is a matter of debate in most philosophical and Gnostic schools. Defending the duality doctri More

How the human soul falls from the upper world and descends in the body cage is one of the complex philosophical and Gnostic debates. The duality of subtle spirit and dirty body is a matter of debate in most philosophical and Gnostic schools. Defending the duality doctrine, like many other Muslim Gnostics, Ave Sina is considered as one of the pioneers in symbolically depicting the fall of the soul into the body. His Poem of Einiyyeh, among the works of Muslim scholars, follows such a view. The present article studies symbolism, its development, and the relevant factors in developing mystical-gnostic stories in the works of Muslim thinkers. The other focus of the research is to explore the traces of Gnosticism, neo-Platonism, and Akhavan-ol-Safa in the Poem of Einiyyeh, and their influence on its mystical concepts, and the compatibility of its symbolic language with the Sufi terms and expressions used by Muslim Gnostics, along with the study of the belonging of spirit to the upper world, its unwillingly Fall, and the duality of the soul and body. At the end, we will study the ways to set the everlasting subtle spirit free from the prison of the body. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Government and Society in the Poetry and Thought of Farokhi Yazdi
رسول حسن‌زاده

Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi is considered one of the famous poets of Persian proletarian literature. In the present article, we analyze Farokhi’s ideal governmtal system, show the changes of his political thought in different periods of his life, and study his ideal co More

Mirza Mohammad Farokhi Yazdi is considered one of the famous poets of Persian proletarian literature. In the present article, we analyze Farokhi’s ideal governmtal system, show the changes of his political thought in different periods of his life, and study his ideal constitutional government, its foundations and principles, and the causes of its failure from the view of the poet himself. This will be followed by a survey to the motivations of Farokhi’s inclination to the thought of Constitutional Revolution, and his critical standpoint against authoritarianism or ‘authoritarian government’ and introducing republicanism. At last, we evaluate the causes and motivations of his advocacy of communist ideas and its various dimensions by reference to his written works, specially his poetrry. To show the depth of his political thoughts, we also study and analyze his use of the national-religious symbols, and the way he employs them in line with the realization of his thoughts. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The Transformation of Symbols in Contemporary Poetry
حسن شاهی‌پور Mohammad خسروی شکیب

The symbols have the potential to change through time and history and revolve in concept and meaning. Symbolic tendency in the domain of contemporary literature is a result of the tyrannical situation and the dictator governments, added to the cautiousness and fear of m More

The symbols have the potential to change through time and history and revolve in concept and meaning. Symbolic tendency in the domain of contemporary literature is a result of the tyrannical situation and the dictator governments, added to the cautiousness and fear of media censorship, and stylistic transformations. All this can be furthermore combined with the delicate attempts taken for artistic enrichment; known as ‘ambiguity’, while it also intends to make the reader participate in the reading process and literary creativity in order to gain further enjoyment. Poets who are capable of independent thinking and are innovatively creative, protect the symbols; and save them from daily obscenity and even gradual death and decadence. Nima and the followers of his literary theory emphasized two words; that is “balance” and “naturalness” in using the symbols. They made an effort to utilize the repetitive, old and obsolete symbols within new concepts in order to enrich poems; in addition to enriching their own stylistic theory. Some of the symbols enjoy a particular entity and internal value, due to their history or flexibility in conveying multiple meanings and also being more influential in different artistic levels; therefore we can regard them as super-symbols. For gaining a proper semantic concept of a literary work demands an appropriate interpretation and understanding of such super-symbols. “Water”, “ wind”, “ night”, “ wall”, “ mirror” etc are some of such symbols; frequently used in contemporary poetry. The transformation of these super-symbols is the main question of the present article. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - “Moth” and “Siolisheh”; Two Symbols for One Situation; Paraphrase of Two Symbolic Poems by Nima Yushij
فاطمه راکعی

In the symbolic paraphrase of Nima Youshij’s poetries, we already face this pre-assumption; that some of these poems have a social-political theme which the poet either could not or has chose not to express directly and clearly, therefore in order to convey these themes More

In the symbolic paraphrase of Nima Youshij’s poetries, we already face this pre-assumption; that some of these poems have a social-political theme which the poet either could not or has chose not to express directly and clearly, therefore in order to convey these themes, he has resorted to poetic symbols. The author of this essay tries to approach the poet’s actual and intended concept and meaning as he created them through using the paraphrase methods of Schlamaikher (Shumaker) and his other fellow thinkers. For this purpose, by a constant and close study of the poet’s life, thoughts, works and the social-political situation related to Nima’s time, in addition to using the text as a guide, the researcher has reached this goal to a fair extent. In the present essay, two poems-“The Moth Close to the Beach” and “Siolishes” in which both enjoy a close atmosphere- and both mention someone tapping on the window of the poet’s room, are paraphrased. Also due to the manner in which the poet speaks in both cases, it is concluded that the symbols in “The Moth Close to the Beach” and “Siolishe”, both point to a similar situation or even the same case; where a person with communistic views hopes to creep in Nima’s house and so taps on the window of his house. This approach towards Nima’s symbolic works does not in any respect deny the reader-response approach towards literary texts, as the author of this essay finds it quite possible that even symbolic poems bear social and political motifs and therefore resemble various paraphrases within different approaches. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Eponym (Nambakhsh): Eponym (Nambakhsh): A kind of rhetoric in Persian language
hosein ghorbanpoor elmira taslimi

The eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it More

The eponym is a noun and an adjective that has become a concept. In fact, the concept has become one with the object, and nowis used in as aconcept that has been accepted by the collective subconscious.Unlike Metaphor, eponym is not used in literary language; rather it is mostly used in common language; and contrary to metaphor, which requires a symmetrical understanding, eponym is rooted in the unconscious group of a particular people or culture.In fact, eponyms are stereotyped metaphors which understanding them depends on cultural similarity. Such words have been widely used in language; but in Persian, so far no research has been done on this genre. This research seeks to introduce eponym as a genre and also to classify such nouns based on their semantic domain and type of its usage.The method of this research has been qualitative and its data has been done based on descriptive-analytical method and using library study tools. The result of this division is putting eponyms in eight different groups: religious and non-religious, animals and people, positive and negative, politics and place. On the other hand, they have been put in six categories: names of persons, animals, place, accessories related to religious and mythical elders, and in the meanings of virtual worlds and adjective. The most frequent eponyms in Persian are special nouns that have become adjectives such as Iblis and the Antichrist. Some eponyms are animals that have become adjectivessuch as carnivores and hyenas. Some place names have also become adjectives; like Sahrayeh Karbala & Resurrection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Dialogue of Civilizations from a Feminist Perspective
فاطمه صادقی

This article is an attempt to clarify some aspects of interaction among civilizations from a feminist point of view. Questions that this article tries to answer are: If we consider the “symbolic” order of modern societies on one hand, and “semiotic” anarchy More

This article is an attempt to clarify some aspects of interaction among civilizations from a feminist point of view. Questions that this article tries to answer are: If we consider the “symbolic” order of modern societies on one hand, and “semiotic” anarchy (in Kristevian terms) of other societies on the other, is there any possibility to establish a dialogue among these cultures on the basis of mutual understanding? Or would that be an agonal dialogue which, as Lyotard puts it “ falls in the domain of agonistics” of power? And finally, how would a non- agonal dialogue be possible without reduction of any culture into another? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Psychoanalysis and Politics
Mohammadreza Tajik

Post-Freud psychoanalysis, as manifested in Lacan’s teachings, has had a deep influence on the contemporary theoretical criticism, feminism, film theories, post-structuralism, and Marxism. As a matter of fact this branch of psychoanalysis is a post-modern separation fro More

Post-Freud psychoanalysis, as manifested in Lacan’s teachings, has had a deep influence on the contemporary theoretical criticism, feminism, film theories, post-structuralism, and Marxism. As a matter of fact this branch of psychoanalysis is a post-modern separation from Sigmund Freud’s teachings. This theory is also to some extent based on the structural and linguistic humanistic discoveries. One of Lacan’s most fundamental beliefs, as the most prominent figure of this school, is that the unconscious has a concealed and hidden structure; quite similar to the structure of language. The recognition of the world, others and self is determined through language. An individual’s precondition for gaining knowledge about himself- as a distinct entity- is language. Lacan also offers a three-angled pattern of the social-psychological world; including the imaginative aspect, the symbolic aspect and the real aspect; which has a vast and serious influence on the domain of the new political realm; post-modernism, post-structuralism, post-Marxism, and feminism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Critique of Reza Zangiabadi's Novel "Shekar-e Kabk (Hunting in Quebec)" Based on Jacques Lacan Psychology’s Theory
ayoob moradi

Jacques Lacan is undoubtedly one of the most influential figures in the science of psychology after Sigmund Freud, whose ideas have been influential not only in the field of psychology, but also in other fields such as literature, anthropology, social sciences and women More

Jacques Lacan is undoubtedly one of the most influential figures in the science of psychology after Sigmund Freud, whose ideas have been influential not only in the field of psychology, but also in other fields such as literature, anthropology, social sciences and women's studies. The most important idea of this contemporary psychologist is to describe the process of individuality under the threefold system of imaginary and symbolic and the realm of reality. Reza Zangiabadi's novel "Shekar-e Kabk (Hunting in Quebec)" is one of the remarkable works of recent years, which, in addition to its success among the audience, has been selected as a novel by the jury of the 12th Golshiri Foundation Literary Award. This novel tells the story of an innocent teenager who turns into a ruthless murderer due to the hardships and events of life. The present article, written in a descriptive-analytical manner, seeks to examine the process of transforming Ghodrat from an innocent adolescent into a psychotic and isolated person, using Jacques Lacan's ideas. The results show that the transition of this character from the imaginary to the symbolic realm, which is accompanied by the absence of the mother, due to the negative and dysfunctional role of the father -which according to Lacan is the subject's psychological node in the symbolic realm- causes his permanent suspension and suspicion of social order. As a result, she has taken refuge in maternal objects. This is in conflict with the nature of the symbolic realm and results in mental disorders such as paranoia, fear, isolation and suspicion in the subject. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Symbolism in poems of Frough Farrokhzad
zeynab rahmanian leila Adleparvar

This research investigates the function of symbolism in Farrokhzad poetry and her approach to the symbol. Symbol is one of the methods of deviation and de-familiarization in poetry. In this way, the poet alienates the meaning that is repeated to the reader. Thus it caus More

This research investigates the function of symbolism in Farrokhzad poetry and her approach to the symbol. Symbol is one of the methods of deviation and de-familiarization in poetry. In this way, the poet alienates the meaning that is repeated to the reader. Thus it causes extending the meaning of the text and its explicability. The complexity and lack of clarity in expressing the symbol has made it one of the most artistic imagery. Poets and writers have used this feature of the symbol to express their social and political ideas. Frough Farrokhzad is a contemporary poet who has used symbols and symbolic myths to express her ideas. The present research, which has been conducted through an analytical-descriptive method, suggests that she has employed symbols in the creation of her poems for deepening, ambiguity and semanticization of her poetry. Her symbols include social themes and sociological criticisms Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The ancient resurrection of Jung's model in awakening the devil Mu'awiyah is the time of prayer
azadeh ebrahimipoor

10.52547/qap.22471.4.3.71

Archetypes are the eternal primordial forms common in the collective minds and subconscious of human beings that manifest themselves in the common beliefs of that period in each period, and their attitudes can increase our knowledge of deep cultural, literary and religi More

Archetypes are the eternal primordial forms common in the collective minds and subconscious of human beings that manifest themselves in the common beliefs of that period in each period, and their attitudes can increase our knowledge of deep cultural, literary and religious currents in historical periods. . In his works, Jung mentions several archetypes and considers each of them individually and in general connection as one of the most meaningful manifestations of the collective unconscious. In this article, Jung archetypes in the form of a story from the second book of Masnavi (Awakening of Iblis Mu'awiyah is the time of prayer) are analyzed. In this study, Jung's school of psychoanalysis is viewed from the perspective of Rumi's poetic world and it is found that this category Archetypes have had a significant impact on the mind and language of this poet. Also, the influence of archetypes such as love, death, rebirth, hero, etc., which have always occupied the human mind, has been studied in Rumi's poetry. has taken. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Explaining the Concepts of Illuminationist Philosophy in Iranian Houses
‏Takameh Abbasnia Tehrani Khosro Sahhaf Hassan Rezaei Abolghasem Qavam

Illuminationist philosophy is a discoursive-intuitive and light-centered school of philosophy. It has exercised a significant effect on Iranian art and architecture because of the Iranian-Islamic philosophical concepts that it employs. The present paper examines the ef More

Illuminationist philosophy is a discoursive-intuitive and light-centered school of philosophy. It has exercised a significant effect on Iranian art and architecture because of the Iranian-Islamic philosophical concepts that it employs. The present paper examines the effects of Illuminationist views as a common language for the design of spiritual houses in the contemporary era. Hence, following a descriptive-analytic method, the authors initially explain some of the concepts and ideas in Suhrawardī’s Illuminationist philosophy and then examine their manifestation in the architecture of Iranian houses. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Investigating the influential factors in the creation of brand equity in higher education (A study of Payame Noor University)
میرزا حسن حسینی رومينا فرهادي نهاد

The purpose of this study is examining the influential factors in the creation of brand equity in higher education. The population of the present research is students at the under graduate level at the university of Payame Noor at Tehran campus. Self-administered questi More

The purpose of this study is examining the influential factors in the creation of brand equity in higher education. The population of the present research is students at the under graduate level at the university of Payame Noor at Tehran campus. Self-administered questionnaire was utilized for data collection from 423 students and ultimately the data gained from 304 students by applying Spss18 and Amos18 software was analyzed. The research findings indicate that among the elements of brand awareness dimension in research model, publicity has a direct and significant effect on university brand equity. Further, among brand image dimensions, perceived value and after sale services belonging to service attributes, brand personality belonging to symbolic attributes and finally international reputation element from provider attributes have the positive effects on Payame Noor University brand image. Thus, with regard to the results, service attributes and provider attributes have the most as along with the least influence on brand equity respectively. Moreover, some practical implications in order for promoting the brand equity of Payame Noor University are presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Investigating the function of symbolism in corporate branding
maboud abbaszade Seyed mohammad tabatabaeenasab

The aim of this study is to systematically study the research literature in the field of symbolism, identify research gaps and and use the relevant findings to design a corporate branding model. This research is among secondary studies based on systematic review and More

The aim of this study is to systematically study the research literature in the field of symbolism, identify research gaps and and use the relevant findings to design a corporate branding model. This research is among secondary studies based on systematic review and grounded theory method. 130 articles were investigated through examining the keywords in the related databases as Emerald, sciencedirect, Sage, etc and according to the predetermined criteria. Quick review of the abstracts of the target articles helped delete the irrelevant articles, and then the content of reviewed, and finally the fulltext of 56 articles were selected to be reviewed. According to grounded theory approach, three coding steps were used in the present study: open coding, axial coding and selective coding for data analysis. In addition, MAXQDA software was used to organize the findings.The research findings were adapted with corporate branding theories and gaps in this field were identified. The results of adaptation in this study show that there is a structural and substantive relationship between the core categories and theories of corporate branding, in a way that meaning, symbol and value as interconnected constructs form the corporate brand ecosystem. The brand ecosystem has three levels of fundamental ideology, organizing ideology and consumption ideology. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Radon-Based Text and Script-Independent Gender Detection Using Symbolic Dynamic Filtering
K. Nouri K. Nouri Y. Akbari S. M. Razavi H. Ahmadi Torshizi

In this paper an automated system based on feature extraction of new techniques is presented to detect the gender from the scanned images (off-line) handwriting samples. In order to show the difference between examples of handwriting, in the first step Radon transform i More

In this paper an automated system based on feature extraction of new techniques is presented to detect the gender from the scanned images (off-line) handwriting samples. In order to show the difference between examples of handwriting, in the first step Radon transform is taken from the handwritten image, and then each handwriting sample features are extracted using symbolic dynamic filtering. Training and classification of extracted features from the samples are carried out by the multi-layer perceptron neural network. At the end, to determine the effectiveness of the proposed method, experiments are carried out on the Multi Script Handwritten Database (MSHD). In addition, two new challenges of text and script-independent gender detection are explored. Experiences show that the proposed method improves the detection rate compared to the previous works such as fractals, chain codes and textures. The best detection rate is able to achieve accuracy of 84.9% in experiences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Symbolic Verification of Temporal Fuzzy Logic Properties on Fuzzy Program Graph
G. Sotudeh A. Movaghar

We may investigate the correctness of dynamic fuzzy models by a combination of Modal Temporal Logics and Fuzzy Logic. So far Fuzzy-extended Kripke structure (FzKripke) and Fuzzy-extended Program Graph (FzPG) are introduced as two timed Fuzzy logic models. Meanwhile, a F More

We may investigate the correctness of dynamic fuzzy models by a combination of Modal Temporal Logics and Fuzzy Logic. So far Fuzzy-extended Kripke structure (FzKripke) and Fuzzy-extended Program Graph (FzPG) are introduced as two timed Fuzzy logic models. Meanwhile, a Fuzzy-extended Temporal Logic (FzCTL) is introduced. Although no verification technique is devised for verifying FzCTL properties of timed Fuzzy logic models, its applications in verification of Fuzzy Logic Circuits (i.e., Fuzzy Flip-Flops) are studied and elaborated. In this paper we introduce a symbolic approach to tackle the state space explosion problem in timed Fuzzy logic models with which models are simultaneously compressed and processed in the most compact representation possible yet. The applicability of this approach is also demonstrated through experiments on a case study concerning dynamic hazards in a Fuzzy D-Flip Flop. Performance measures like runtime and memory consumptions are also provided for different scenarios. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - نقد و تحلیل داستان (باده کهن)
سارا حسین آبادی

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