Value System

Open Access Article

1 - The structure of the social classes of the Kurdish people and their value system
Shuresh Ak Amir Maleki Mohammad Javad Zahedi Mazandarani Yaghub Ahmadi

Regardless of how ideal the issue of the need for equality and destroying classes is, stratification in society is a social reality, and human societies have different hierarchies, classes and social bases. Membership in a social class, as well as having a special statu More

Regardless of how ideal the issue of the need for equality and destroying classes is, stratification in society is a social reality, and human societies have different hierarchies, classes and social bases. Membership in a social class, as well as having a special status, determines values, goals of life and general biases towards human and social issues. The present article is aimed at analyzing the sociological structure of the class of Kurdish Mukryan society and its changes over the last half century (based on the class structure of Mahabad city), as well as the assessment of their value system. The research method is a combination method and consists of two qualitative approaches (historical analysis to examine the class structure of society) and quantitative (evaluation and evaluation of the value system of the classes). The statistical population consisted of all the people living in Mukherah. In the qualitative section of the research, the whole population was studied and in the quantitative part of the research based on cluster sampling, Mahabad city was selected as sample and appropriate sample size was determined with the maximum dispersion and error rate of 5% 356 people. In the historical analysis, based on valid documents, the class structure of the society has been studied from the past to date. In a quantitative part of the research, the data were analyzed by the standard scale of Schwartz cultural values and analyzed using one-way ANOVA test. Has been. Based on the results of the qualitative section of the research, the study population consists of four types of social strata: the ordinary people (Krimanj), Jinan, asylum (Soblaqhi) and Sadat, which has a relatively closed class structure and is more based on attribution and parenting criteria. And, in general, the characteristics of stratification in less developed societies. The findings of the quantitative research indicate that there is a significant difference in most aspects of Schwartz's cultural scale (arousal, pleasure, success, strengthism, reputation, securityism, consistency, traditionalism, benevolence, and universalism) and no difference Meaningful in the dimension of independence among the four classes. The results of the research are consistent with many of the theories presented in the study, including Marx's class theory, Weber social theory of dignity, and Pierre Bourdieu's theories, as well as the results of previous studies, such as the studies of Lansai Zadeh, Qasemi and Javaheri. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A cognitive view of the concept of innovation and innovation policy
Sina Laleh Ehsaneh Nazari

10.7508/jstpi.2017.04.007

Like all sciences, initially, we have to achieve basic understanding and deep cognitive about that science..the artificial constructs must commence with the recognition that there are phenomena to be observed and studied and about which testable hypotheses need to be ge More

Like all sciences, initially, we have to achieve basic understanding and deep cognitive about that science..the artificial constructs must commence with the recognition that there are phenomena to be observed and studied and about which testable hypotheses need to be generated and tested. The innovation and innovation policy concepts are not Exception too, although in relation to innovation and innovation policy issues, there are highly expression by many scientists, this paper presents the view that one of the reasons for the current state is a lack of a sufficiently wide ambit in our understanding of the various phenomena that go to make up innovation and not simply immaturity. so we offer another definition of the concept of innovation and creativity and their separation from each other at first, then, express The concept of "situated cognition" with the basic elements are associated with it. After that, according to this concept and value systems we define the innovation and express the effect of situation and changing of the manufacturers and creativity and innovation adopters, based on value systems and organizations and innovation adopters. Then, after expressing the definition of a constructive memory and effects of its interaction on the change of value systems and creating the Emergence values, finally, we present the concept of innovation and innovation policy. At the end, we introduce the FBS ontology to describe the innovation, we offer a Workbench to Test Innovation Policies Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Anthropological study from the perspective of the Qur'an and Western humanism
Shohreh Rahmani Firoozabad

The purpose of this study was to study anthropology from the perspective of the Qur'an and Western humanism. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and its contents have been collected by the library method. The humanist philosophy that I think of in the More

The purpose of this study was to study anthropology from the perspective of the Qur'an and Western humanism. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and its contents have been collected by the library method. The humanist philosophy that I think of in the sixteenth century with the Cartesian principle is that I came to a particular way of thinking and considered man as the only basis for cognition in his path: Rather, he denied the human soul, which was the axis of cognition. After Hume Kant, he tried to revive the "I" with his Copernican revolution, but the annoying Doraxim of "Nomen" and "Phenomenon" and the lack of access to the truths of things forced his descendants to establish unity between "Nomen" and "Phenomenon". While loyal to Kant's subjectivism, they proposed solutions. Anthropology is the science of man and the state of the soul in terms of general and specific matters, individual and social, theoretical and practical sciences. Accordingly, anthropology encompasses a very wide range of sciences and schools of thought. Therefore, the roots of anthropology should be sought in the humanities, arts, experimental sciences, and social sciences schools. With the advent of Islam and the teachings of revelation, the Qur'an, as the most important source, opened new horizons for human cognition. The Qur'an, by directing the sciences and knowledge involved in the education and guidance of man, believes that man, in addition to the body and the physical, also benefits from the soul and the clergy, and that the truth of man is the soul. In a way, the Qur'an emphasizes that man should know himself and recognize his place in the world, and the goal is for man to reach the high position he deserves. This article tries to compare anthropology from the perspective of the Qur'an and Western humanism and the challenges it faces. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Social Formulation of Value System for Women Social Entrepreneurs
Mona Emami Talieh Khademian Mostafa Karbasioun Abazar Ashtari Mehrjardi

Social entrepreneurship is an interdisciplinary concept that has been proposed in the fields of management, economics, psychology, and sociology. It can be an appropriate solution to solve social problems and an impetus for social changes and economic development. Despi More

Social entrepreneurship is an interdisciplinary concept that has been proposed in the fields of management, economics, psychology, and sociology. It can be an appropriate solution to solve social problems and an impetus for social changes and economic development. Despite the significant research conducted in the field of women's social entrepreneurship, the need was observed to conduct a research in the field of social entrepreneurship literature. Therefore, in this article, we are looking for a social formulation from a framework called the value system of women social entrepreneurs. The method used is content analysis, and the most important results obtained express that the internalized values of ethics of care, benevolence, equality, and self-reliance form part of the prosocial identity of women social entrepreneurs and their organizational/interpersonal relationships. These values create the value system of female social entrepreneurs in the face of the socio-cultural background of the outer space. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Analyzing Ethic Values in Samak-e-Ayyar: a Semiotic Approach
Effat Sarlak Fatemeh Seyed Ebrahimi Nejad HamidReza Shairi Ali Karimi firoozjaee

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The present research has investigated the value system of Ethics in Samak-e-Ayyar using the analytical descriptive method and relying on the semiotics approach.The main problem of the research is: what mechanisms are used for the production of EthicValues in Ayyari discourse? How Ayyari has changed the boundaries between reality and idealism that leading to changing the normal and common values to idealistic and even mythical ones? The data have been selected purposefully and based on action discourses from Samak-e-Ayyar.The results indicated that Ayyari divides the social and cultural functions and even the usual value system into extra-value types such as collectivism, myth-centric, risk acceptability, adaptability, renewability, and other pioneering values in the lifestyle of actors.   Keywords: semiotic, value system, Ethic, action discourse, ayyari.       Introduction   The oldest and most valuable book in which the value system of Ayyari discourse can be searched is the story of Samak-e-Ayyar which has been written by Faramarz Ebn Arrajani. The word “Ayyari” is derived from the Persian word “yar” (korban, 2004: 170). Semantically, Ayyari refers to the brotherhood and friendship among them (means the Ayyar). Samak-e-Ayyar forms value spaces where values enter into challenges with each other, compete, prove, or disapprove of each other, and at the end, a more valuable space is formed. This new value space or value system belongs to the Ayyari discourse. The present research seeks to find the answer to this main question: How do Ayyari action discourses produce Ethic values through which they will be able to achieve their goals? finding an answer to this question, and the mechanisms used to form the Ethic value system by the Ayyar is the goal of the present research. The hypothesis of the present research is that the Ethic value system in Ayyari produces an ideal transactional morality system which is very important in this discourse.       Research Background   Ghobadi and Nouri (2007) believed that works such as Samak-e-Ayyar and Hossein Kurd Shabestari have been influenced by Shahnameh. Qanadzadeh (2007) believed that Heroic and Ayyari discourses can be found in the culture of Iranian even before Islam and up to now, they remained a social value in different periods in different forms. Panahi (2009) has concluded that the term chivalry is rooted in the Quran and Hadith and its most important components are not seeing fairness and forgiveness. Pushneh (2012) examines the value system in ethical discourse with a semiotic approach and in a descriptive-analytical way. This study shows that the flow of meaning-making or the formation of values is dynamic and in this way, the subject passes over ordinary human beings. Alavimoghadam and Jafarpour (2013) investigated the epic narratives of Ayyarin. They also studied the historical background of chivalry and Ayyari in Samak-e-Ayyar and Darabnameh and they concluded that Ayyari is a social and moral movement whose formation dates back to the pre-Islamic Period. After Islam, it took an Islamic color. Ayyari has transformed over time and has been supported by the people of Iran and the West. Bahamani (2017) investigated the narrative and semantic features of Ayyari in AbuMuslimname based on the semiotic approach. The results showed that Ayyar changes their actions for the benefit of another one based on his logical calculation. It should be noted that these actions are done voluntarily.       Theoretical Framework    The theoretical framework of the current study is semiotics, especially the value system from the semiotic point of view. Semiotics is a combination of semantics and semiology that integrates meaning and perception to produce meaning in different formats. In the semiology tradition of structuralism, the relationship between the signifier and the signified is studied without the presence of a human agent (Shairi and Vafai 2018).   Shairi and Seyedebrahimi (2021) believed that we should tend the title of the semiotics of value so that based on it, we would be able to explain the value-oriented aspects of the actions of the actors as well as their presences. Semiotics of the value teaches us that the universe needs care, therefore to realize such care it is necessary to be an interpreter and to participate in the creation of situations that open the way to interpret the world (Shairi and Seyedebrahimi2021: 194). They also believed that three kinds of value can be found in the discourse: Linguistic, Ethical, and Aesthetic.   From Saussure's point of view value is obtained by differentiation and meaning is a product that exists between words. Saussure divides the relationships and differences between the elements of a language into two areas: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Each of them creates a certain category of values based on Saussure (2001: 176-177).   Shairi (2011) believes that value can be considered as the smallest unit of meaning which is the product of the system of opposition. He considers effective factors such as dissymmetry, orientation, reversibility, and supplementary conditions for the formation of values.       Data Analysis   After analyzing the data, the following values were found in the Ayyari discourse. These features are shown in the table 1 below:   Table 1: Structural and semantic forms of Ethic values in Ayyari discourse   <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 347.3pt; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext;" border="1" width="463" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; height: 17.5pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.5pt;" width="175"> Semantic form </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.5pt;" width="142"> Structural form </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.5pt;" width="146"> The values produced by Samak </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; height: 24.1pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.1pt;" width="175"> Collectivism- respect for the others </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.1pt;" width="142"> Partnership Additive </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.1pt;" width="146"> we-centered instead of I-centered/ Reversibility </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; height: 58.85pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 58.85pt;" width="175"> Creating a new perspective-collective wisdom, Dedication, self-sacrifice for serving the society, and collectivism </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 58.85pt;" width="142"> Inaugural Multifaceted (Chivalry such as-other courage, thought, empowerment) </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 58.85pt;" width="146"> Generalizability value permeability value/ Risk-taking value/ pioneer value </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; height: 17.85pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.85pt;" width="175"> Expansion-supra ideational </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.85pt;" width="142"> Multifaceted (Respect, greatness, thought) </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 17.85pt;" width="146"> Myth-centered value </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; height: 24.15pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.15pt;" width="175"> Guarantee of action- Continuation of action </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.15pt;" width="142"> Belief certainty birth </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 24.15pt;" width="146"> Elevation- oriented/ oath to Superior force- centered (God)/ renewable value </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; height: 23.25pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 23.25pt;" width="175"> Achieving the goal and fixing the defect </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 23.25pt;" width="142"> Thought-oriented </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 23.25pt;" width="146"> Value of wisdom and prudence </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes; height: 30.85pt;"> <td style="width: 131.2pt; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 30.85pt;" width="175"> Righteousness- Alignment with thought and honesty </td> <td style="width: 106.3pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 30.85pt;" width="142"> The sameness of the power relationship/ Conformity of words and actions </td> <td style="width: 109.8pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; height: 30.85pt;" width="146"> The value of justice, chivalry, honesty, and trustworthiness </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>       Conclusion   This research was looking for an answer to the question of which mechanisms are used to produce the Ethic value system in Ayyari discourse. For this purpose, after examining the active discourses of Samak-e-Ayyar it was shown that the value system in Ayyari first of all is something cultural that can be spread in society. Meta-values are formed by Ayyari discourse such as chivalry and gallantry. Ethics does not forget the cultural perspective and draws a vision for itself according to the cultural accumulations to lead to idealization. Risk-taking is among the value criteria in the discourse that Ethics produces in Ayyari. In the inner layers of the discourse, there are many social and cultural themes such as pioneering, risk-taking, trustworthiness, myth-centered, penetration and wisdom, merit of justice, and truthfulness.       Keywords: semantic sign, value system, Ethique, action discourse, ayyari.       References   Afshari, Mehran (2015) Obituaries and Khaksarieh’s treatise (30 years), Tehran Cheshmeh publishing.   Alavimoghadam, Mahyar, and Milad Jafarpour (2013) the theme of ayari and chivalry and its inductive educational teaching in the textual epics of Persian literature, fifth volume, number 3, PP. 13-36 University of Esfahan.   Al-rrajani faramarz ebn Abdullah al-katib (1984) Samak-e-Ayyar, volume (1-5) Introduction and Correction: Parviz Natel Khanlari, Tehran, publications of Iran culture foundation.   Babak, Moein, Morteza (2014) meaning as a lived experience Tehran Sokhan.   Bahar, Mehrdad (2014) Ancient sports of Iran and its roots, year 1, number 2, p 140.   Bahmani, Kobra (2016) Narrative analysis of ayyaran and presentation of its semantic model based on abu Muslim nameh” two. Narratology Quarterly, year 1, number 1, PP. 27-50.   Ferdinand, de Sussour (2001) Basics of constructivism in linguistics translated by Koresh Safavi in constructivism, post-structuralism and literary studies by Farzansojodi, Tehran, art department.   Fontanille, J (2008) Pratique et éthique: la théorie du lien, Protée, 36(2), 11- 26.&rlm;   Fontanille, J & Zilberberg, C (1998) Tension and signification, Sprimont- Belgique, Pierre Mardaga.&rlm;   Greimas, A, J (1987) De l’imperfection (Périgueux: PierreFanlac) Trad: Raúl Dorra, De la imperfección.&rlm;   Landowski, E (2004) Passions sans nom: essais de socio- semiotique III, Presses universitaires de France   Levinas, S, E (1994) Theorie de L'Intuition Dans La Phenomenologie de Husserl, paris, Librarie Philosophique.   Panahi, Mahin, (2008)” Chivalry, synonyms and its components in mystical texts” Literature research journal, number 4, pp21-220.   Pushneh, Athena (2012) Value system in ethic discourse based on the story of “dar khame rah”. the second. conference national literary criticism with the semiotic approach, Tarbiat Modares.   Qanadzadeh, Siddique (2007) investigation of ayari ritual in the history of Iran, teaching and learning researches. 2, number 7, consecutive 7, PP. 1-16.   Qobadi, Hosseinali and Ali Nouri (2007) “The effect of ferdowsi’s shahnameh on ayyari literature”. Persian language and literature quarterly of the former publication of Tabriz University faculty of literature in 1971 spring and summer 2007, no, 201, PP. 63-96.   Saki, mohammadreza and Reza Komasi (2014) comparative study of ayyari religion in Iran and chivalry in the West. Comparative literature studies. number 32, year 8, PP. 79-96.    Shairi, Hamidreza (2006) Semantic analysis of discourse, Tehran, samt publication.   Shairi, Hamidreza & Taraneh Vafaei (2009) Phoenix, a way to the sign of fluid semantics, Tehran company scientific and cultural publication.   Shairi, Hamidreza & Fatemeh Seyed Ebrahimi (2021) criticism of the translation of the semiotics book, from Hard Semiotics to soft anthropological signs, a critical research paper on humanities texts and programs of the year 21st number one. PP. 177-199.   Manuscript profile

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