Sanctions

Open Access Article

1 - United Nations Sanctions Against the International Criminal Court Cooperation: The Impact of Ethical Principles Caused by Human Rights
Mohammad seyed ghasem zamani hasan savari mahdi hadavand

The Security Council has, since 1966, exercised its authority to impose international sanctions and in response to the threat to international peace and security, has imposed 26 sanctions regimes against 21 countries, as well as organizations, terrorist organizations an More

The Security Council has, since 1966, exercised its authority to impose international sanctions and in response to the threat to international peace and security, has imposed 26 sanctions regimes against 21 countries, as well as organizations, terrorist organizations and groups. Currently, 13 regimes from the 26 regimes in the areas of hostilities, nuclear proliferation and terrorism are still active. Each regime is run by a sanctions committee headed by a non-permanent member of the Security Council. The author examines the regime of terrorist sanctions, which is generally linked to justice and ethical rules derived from human rights doctrines. The moral mechanisms behind international criminal justice and the United Nations terrorist sanctions regime are tightly intertwined, to a point where friction sometimes occurs. The coordinated relationship between them is in the interest of both institutions and is in line with their goals. According to the author, for this purpose, it is necessary to take several steps. The proposal to establish a Security Council subcommittee with a special mission "Review Mutual Reciprocal Institutions" along with observance of the ethical rules derived from human rights doctrines is in this regard Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A moral look at chapteristic sanctions regarding the legal implications of this, Bernslett II Human Rights
حسین اخوان Seyyed Bagher Mirabassi Abo-Mohammad Asgarkhani

Since the establishment of the United Nations, many countries have been subject to sanctions by the Security Council under Chapter 7 of the Charter. The increase in sanctions imposed by the Security Council has raised concerns about the damage done to the citizens of th More

Since the establishment of the United Nations, many countries have been subject to sanctions by the Security Council under Chapter 7 of the Charter. The increase in sanctions imposed by the Security Council has raised concerns about the damage done to the citizens of the sanctioned countries. Research on the effects of sanctions in countries such as Iraq, Haiti, Libya and Iran suggests that these sanctions increased the deaths of children, poverty, migration, food and drug deficits, and other social and economic disruptions. Consequently, there are widespread debates at the UN and abroad about criticism of the Security Council sanctions as well as the responsibility of the Council for the violation of human rights, especially the second generation of human rights of citizens. In this essay, the human rights dimensions of the bansel sanctions of the second Barnsl has been examined. According to the author, sanctions imposed by the Security Council on human rights violations, in particular with regard to economic and social rights and sanctions imposed by the Security Council, result in serious violations of the human rights of the Security Council because of its severe negative effects on the target countries. While the United Nations Charter has committed that organization to "promoting and respecting human rights," the UN Security Council's economic sanctions are in breach of the provisions of the Charter and are responsible for violating human rights. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - An Analytical View about the Impact of Nuclear Sanctions on Iran's Agricultural Trade
Mostafa Baniasadi

Unprecedented sanctions have been imposed on the Iran since 2008 under the pretext of Iran's peaceful nuclear activities, which have had a significant impact on the country's economy. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of nuclear sanctions on More

Unprecedented sanctions have been imposed on the Iran since 2008 under the pretext of Iran's peaceful nuclear activities, which have had a significant impact on the country's economy. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of nuclear sanctions on the trade relationships, mix of goods, trade partners and balance of Iran's agricultural sector. For this purpose, descriptive-analytical method and time series data analysis of agricultural trade of Iran were used. In this analysis, four periods of pre-sanctions (1999-2007), sanctions initiation and enforcement (2008-2011), sanctions intensification (2012-2014) and post-sanctions and post- JCPOA (2015-2016) were examined. The data of this study were collected from the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs. Results show that the sanctions had a positive impact on agricultural exports but have changed the country's trading partners. Sanctions have not, Contrary to expectation, reduced imports of agricultural products and foods, but have changed trade relations, import origins and trading partners, but have not changed the composition of imported goods. Since the beginning of the sanctions, the agricultural trade balance has improved. Based on the results of this study and the experiences of the pre- and post-sanctions, a trade plan for the future in the face of sanctions, and with resistive economic approach can be formulated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The place of UN Security Council sanctions resolutions in the US sanctions strategy (2018-2020)
Mahdi Pakzat Saeed Daghineh

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating More

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating UN security council resolutions. However, following US withdrawal from JCPOA and re-imposing unilateral sanctions in 2018, it became evident that the government’s perception wasn’t accurate. Thus, an important question rises up that what was the main goal in US efforts for making consensus against Iran in UN security council? In this article it is presumed that US efforts mainly made in order to fortify its regime of unilateral sanctions through UN security council resolutions. Therefore, this article in context of Wendt’s Constructivism and through document analysis aims to review sanction resolutions against Iran, deriving how these resolutions help US sanctions strategy on Iran. Accurate perception on UN security council resolutions’s role in US sanctions strategy could significantly help accuratley planning for better confronting economic and sanction pressure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The place of UN Security Council sanctions resolutions in the US sanctions strategy (2018-2020)
Mahdi Pakzat Saeed Daghineh

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating More

Iran’s Eleventh government efforts toward termination of UN security council resolutios were made on this perception that the resolutions shape the basis of all sanctions and the regime of sanctions (international and unilateral sanctions) would collapse by terminating UN security council resolutions. However, following US withdrawal from JCPOA and re-imposing unilateral sanctions in 2018, it became evident that the government’s perception wasn’t accurate. Thus, an important question rises up that what was the main goal in US efforts for making consensus against Iran in UN security council? In this article it is presumed that US efforts mainly made in order to fortify its regime of unilateral sanctions through UN security council resolutions. Therefore, this article in context of Wendt’s Constructivism and through document analysis aims to review sanction resolutions against Iran, deriving how these resolutions help US sanctions strategy on Iran. Accurate perception on UN security council resolutions’s role in US sanctions strategy could significantly help accuratley planning for better confronting economic and sanction pressure. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The effect of Dedollarization on reducing the effect of sanctions and increasing economic integration Case study: exchanges between Iran and ASEAN member countries
Abialghasem Shahryari

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of sanctions on Iran's commercial exchanges and the effect of dollarization on reducing the effect of sanctions. Dependence on the dollar has created many problems such as the devaluation of the national currency More

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of sanctions on Iran's commercial exchanges and the effect of dollarization on reducing the effect of sanctions. Dependence on the dollar has created many problems such as the devaluation of the national currency and inflationary shocks, and for this reason, dollarization is a policy to increase the power of central banks, especially for countries like Iran that suffer sanctions. ASEAN is the latest union to approve its de-dollarization measures at the beginning of 2023. The current study aims to investigate Iran-ASEAN trade exchanges and the feasibility of using the dollarization decision to improve Iran's trade exchanges. Therefore, these questions have been raised, what effect have the sanctions had on Iran-ASEAN exchanges? And how will ASEAN's dollarization decision affect Iran-ASEAN exchanges? The research hypothesizes that the embargo has a strong impact on Iran-ASEAN exchanges and dollarization will provide a suitable basis for increasing exchanges. To investigate the current situation, using the time series technique, the period from 2000 to 2020 was investigated and it was determined that the exchanges between Iran and ASEAN were severely affected by the sanctions of 2018 so exports decreased four times in terms of value. Choosing an alternative currency to the dollar and using SWIFT alternative systems will prepare the ground for improving Iran-ASEAN trade exchanges. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Impact of De-Dollarization on Reducing the Impact of Sanctions and Increasing Economic Convergence Case Study: Exchanges between Iran and ASEAN Member Countries
ابوالقاسم شهریاری سیدنصراله حجازی فهیمه عسگرآبادی

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on Iranian trade exchanges and the effect of de-dollarization on reducing the effect of sanctions. Dependence on the dollar has created several problems such as the devaluation of the national currency More

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sanctions on Iranian trade exchanges and the effect of de-dollarization on reducing the effect of sanctions. Dependence on the dollar has created several problems such as the devaluation of the national currency and inflationary shocks, and therefore de-dollarization is a policy to increase the power of central banks, especially for countries such as Iran that are under sanctions. ASEAN is the latest union to adopt its de-dollarization measures at the beginning of 2023. The present study seeks to investigate Iran-ASEAN trade and feasibility of using de-dollarization decision to improve Iran's trade exchange. Accordingly, questions have been raised about the impact of sanctions on Iran-ASEAN exchanges? And how ASEAN's de-dollarization decision will affect Iran-ASEAN exchanges. The hypothesis of the research is that sanctions will have a severe impact on Iran-ASEAN exchanges and de-dollarization will provide a suitable ground for increasing trades. To examine the current situation using the time series technique from 2000 to 2020, it was determined that Iran-ASEAN exchanges were severely affected by the 2018 sanctions so that exports have fallen sharply in value. The choice of the dollar alternative currency and the use of alternative SWIFT systems will provide the basis for improving Iran-ASEAN trade exchanges. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Analysis of the effects of monetary policy, government control and sanctions on production growth in Iran
Taherh Omodi Fathkohi Morteza Ezzati رقیه حسن‌زاده

Abstract Production growth is the most important goal in all world economies. The main goal of all macroeconomic policies in different countries is to maintain and increase production as much as possible in the first step. Different policies are implemented in differen More

Abstract Production growth is the most important goal in all world economies. The main goal of all macroeconomic policies in different countries is to maintain and increase production as much as possible in the first step. Different policies are implemented in different countries. Among these policies, a main category is monetary policies. The purpose of this article is to estimate the effects of monetary policy (within the framework of liquidity regulation and interest rate control), government control (in the monetary sector) and sanctions on Iran's GDP. In this study, data from the years 1357 to 1399 were used. Monetary policy, government control and sanctions were considered as independent variables and production as a dependent variable. The method of data analysis is econometrics, autoregressive with distributed lags (ARDL). EViews software was used to estimate the model. The findings of the research show that the embargo had a negative effect on the GDP. The monetary policy of increasing the applied liquidity has had a positive effect on production, and the monetary policy within the framework of interest rate or bank interest has not had a significant effect on production. Also, government control policy has had a positive effect on production. Manuscript profile

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