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Open Access Article
1 - The Effect of One Session of the Exhaustive Exercise & Caffeine Consumption on Muscle Fatigue Levels & Anaerobic Power of the Professional Female Karatekas
Reza behdari Soudabeh Ghasemi Seyed Kazem Mousavi SadatiBackground: The results of some research studies have revealed the positive effect of the caffeine consumption on the muscle fatigue and anaerobic power of the athletes. According to these findings, the purpose of the present research study is investigating the effect o MoreBackground: The results of some research studies have revealed the positive effect of the caffeine consumption on the muscle fatigue and anaerobic power of the athletes. According to these findings, the purpose of the present research study is investigating the effect of one session of exhaustive exercise and caffeine consumption on muscle fatigue levels and anaerobic power of the professional female karatekas. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 30 professional female karatekas who had at least been present in the Karate national team selected camp once, were chosen based on the entrance criteria and the purposive sampling. The samples were randomly divided into three homogeneous groups consisting of 10 individuals (two groups receiving the 6 and 9 milligrams of caffeine supplement for each kilogram of body weight) and the placebo (6 milligrams of dextrose for each kilogram of body weight). The blood samples were taken prior to and after the anaerobic exhaustive test of Cunningham and Faulkner. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The results of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between the control and 9-miligram caffeine groups in all variables (P0.005). Finally, the results of the study demonstrated that there was a significant difference resulting from the effect of 6 and 9-milligrams caffeine amounts on the levels of lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, peak, average, anaerobic power and fatigue of the professional female karatekas (P0.005), though, there was no significant difference among the lactic acid, PH and the anaerobic power drop (P×0.005). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it is recommended that female karatekas use the 9-miligram dosage caffeine supplement for reducing the levels of muscle fatigue and increasing the anaerobic power and blood PH. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Long-term effect of endurance training with myoclinic diet and calorie control on fat profile of overweight women
Maryam Rasouli Saniabadi Abdolrasoul Daneshjoo Alireza EizadiBackground: The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of endurance exercise combined with myoclinic diet and Calorie restriction on the lipid profile of overweight women. Materials and Methods: The method of the present study was semi-experimental w MoreBackground: The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of endurance exercise combined with myoclinic diet and Calorie restriction on the lipid profile of overweight women. Materials and Methods: The method of the present study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, 45 women referred to the Tehran Region 1 Fitness Club with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 and in the age group of 35 to 45 years voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects were homogeneously divided into three groups of 15 people based on weight, height and body mass index, including the endurance training group with myoclinic diet, the endurance training group with Calorie restriction and the endurance training group alone. Endurance exercise was three sessions per week for eight weeks. The program, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, starting at 65% of maximum heart rate and increasing by 5% every two weeks until it reached 80% of maximum heart rate in the last week. The recommended diet for the endurance training groups with the Myoclink diet and the endurance training group with the Calorie restriction was given. Endurance training was also asked not to change their normal diet. Subjects' lipid profiles were measured before and after the training protocol. One-way ANOVA use for data analyses. Results: The results showed that in overweight women endurance training combined with myoclinic diet and endurance training combined with Calorie restriction improve the lipid profile (lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increasing HDL) more than endurance training alone. (P ≤ 0.05) ؛ Also, there was no significant difference between the effect of endurance training with myoclinic diet and endurance training with Calorie restriction on improving lipid profile. (P ≥ 0.05) Conclusion: Combining endurance training with myoclinic diet or calorie control can be effective in improving the fat profile. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Analysing students' learning through morning exercise using data mining techniques
behzad lak narges abbasiSince school has identified as one of the major agents in the socialization process, it has found remarkable position in the educational system of any country. Improving student learning is also a key factor to enhance the educational system quality in schools. As regul MoreSince school has identified as one of the major agents in the socialization process, it has found remarkable position in the educational system of any country. Improving student learning is also a key factor to enhance the educational system quality in schools. As regular exercise has profoundly positive impact on learning, this paper mainly aims to provide an approach to enhance students' learning process through morning exercise based on artificial neural network (ANN) technique and intelligent water drop optimization algorithm. This study is a quantitative research, which is purposefully a descriptive-analytical and methodologically a practical study. To that end, ANN technique was used to classify and extract the results, as well as, intelligent water drop optimization algorithm was employed for feature selection. In ANN, eleven neurons were selected as the appropriate number of hidden layer neurons; a combination of two linear and sigmoidal activation functions were employed as interlayer transmission functions; a training function was applied to train the network; and a maximum 3000 duplicates was proposed for the training algorithm on dataset. The accuracy of the proposed method was 68%, which has improved by about 2.2% compared to the basic method, i.e., exercise has a positive effect on students' learning. The results showed a proper performance of the optimal classification on the dataset with homogeneous parameters as well as a better performance of the artificial neural networks than the novel methods. Accordingly, the proposed method can have an appropriate improvement in terms of output accuracy in strengthening the learning process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Concurrent Exercise Training on Appetite Suppressant Hormones in Overweight Women
Maryam Takhty Asal Ziloubaf Samira Feridoni Sadra Sheidaei Mostafa RahimiBackground: Concurrent exercises are one of the most practical exercises for the development of physical fitness factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Concurrent training with calorie Aerobic on suppressing hormones of appetite (lept MoreBackground: Concurrent exercises are one of the most practical exercises for the development of physical fitness factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Concurrent training with calorie Aerobic on suppressing hormones of appetite (leptin, YY peptide and insulin) in overweight women. Materials and Methods: The present study is quasi-experimental research with pre-test-posttest design. In this Study, 30 overweight women (with a BMI> 25), eligible subjects were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups of 15, including the concurrent exercise group and aerobic exercise group. The training protocol in this study was performed for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week, the duration of each session was 90 minutes and one day in between. Data were evaluated using the statistical method of analysis of covariance at a significant level (P <0.05). Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test variables of fat percentage, leptin hormone, insulin hormone, maximum oxygen consumption, BMI, muscle endurance in concurrent exercise group with calorie Aerobic and aerobic exercise group (P <0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that doing concurrent exercises with calorie Aerobic in overweight women reduces weight and improves appetite-related hormones. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The role of exercise genomics in preventive medicine
Mirzahossein Norouzi Kamareh Fatemeh RostamkhaniDear Editor Regular exercise and physical activity are effective preventative measures for over 25 chronic medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease and premature death. According to the World Health Organization, physical inactivity is the fourth leading ri MoreDear Editor Regular exercise and physical activity are effective preventative measures for over 25 chronic medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease and premature death. According to the World Health Organization, physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for death, killing about 3.2 million people annually (1). It is accepted that an individual's behavior is due to three factors: biological/genetic influences, environmental influences, and/or the interaction between biological and environmental factors. There are biological/genetic differences in sexual activity that are distinct from environmental influences on activity (2). Today, the development of genetic evaluation methods throughout the human genome has made it possible for sports scientists and physicians to study genetic factors that play a role in regular physical activity and exercise in preventing chronic diseases. Studies have shown that there is an interaction of the gene × physical activity in reducing the risk factors for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. In the following, we will review several studies in this regard. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Moderate aerobic exercise and probiotic intake on FOXA1 gene expression in non-alcoholic fatty liver animal model: An Experimental Study
Shahin Riyahi Malayeri Hamzeh MohamMadi Firooz Abad Omid Soleimani Ghaleh Soheila AzarkhoshBackground: Fatty liver disease is also known as fatty liver syndrome and is also called hepatic steatosis the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and probiotic intake on FOXA1 gene expression in rats with fatty liver. Metho MoreBackground: Fatty liver disease is also known as fatty liver syndrome and is also called hepatic steatosis the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and probiotic intake on FOXA1 gene expression in rats with fatty liver. Methods: This study is an experimental laboratory study. Thirty-two male wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 in the healthy, steatosis, steatosis + probiotic, steatosis + probiotic +aerobic exercise groups and tested for 8 weeks. The exercise protocol was as follows: in the first week from 10 minutes of running at a speed of 18 meters per minute to the eighth week with 60 minutes of running at a speed of 28 meters per minute. Consumption of probiotics; Relevant groups received 109 CFU / ml of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG by gavage daily for 5 weeks and 5 days a week. RT-pcr method was used to evaluate the expression of FOXA1gene. ANOVA were used for data analysis using SPSS 23 software at a significant level (p <0.05). Results: The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic exercise with probiotic intake had a significant decrease on the expression of FOXA1 gene and LDL in rats with fatty liver (P <0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of the study, It seems that aerobic exercise with probiotics intake can improve the liver function of non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Circulating concentrations of the BATokine 12,13-dihydroxy- 9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME) in different types of exercise training
Mehdi Zargani Ehsan Arabzadeh Fariba Aghaei Yosef EbrahimpourAccording to the investigation, Lipokines are a kind of bioactive compounds, derived from adipose tissue deposition, which manages multiple molecular signaling pathways. In recent years, 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecanoic acid (12,13-diHOME), an Oxylipin, has become increa MoreAccording to the investigation, Lipokines are a kind of bioactive compounds, derived from adipose tissue deposition, which manages multiple molecular signaling pathways. In recent years, 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecanoic acid (12,13-diHOME), an Oxylipin, has become increasingly important in the scientific literature. An increase of 12,13-diHOME in circulation was associated with an improvement in metabolic health, and the action of this molecule seems to be mediated by brown adipose tissue (BAT)(1). In fact, Oxylipins are oxidized metabolites of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs may be received immediately from the weight loss program or from the metabolism of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid(2). Research indicates that Oxylipins are present in every tissue, urine and blood(3). Linoleic acid may be metabolized through cytochrome P450 (CYP) in order to produce 12,13-diHOME(4). Circulating concentrations of BATokine 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic (12,13-diHOME) in rodents and humans have been shown to be elevated following exposure to cold and exercise. In other words, in mice, administration of 12,13-diHOME increased fatty acid absorption by brown/beige adipocytes and skeletal muscle after a session of moderate-intensity training, and in rodents using the same training protocol. Furthermore, investigation suggests that circulating 12,13-diHOME is associated with an increase in mitochondrial respiration capacity in the skeletal muscle. This information improves the opportunity that will increase in circulating 12,13-diHOME with exercising capabilities to assist expand the respiratory capacity of a training skeletal muscle and might increase exercise potential(5,6). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - The effects of detraining following a regular exercise program on plasma resistin concentrations in asthmatic patients
Daniel TarmastBackground: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular exercise and the following detraining on plasma resistin concentration in patients with asthma. Climate change and reduced rainfall have caused allergies and respiratory diseases to develop MoreBackground: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular exercise and the following detraining on plasma resistin concentration in patients with asthma. Climate change and reduced rainfall have caused allergies and respiratory diseases to develop in different people, resulting in 8.9% of adults suffering from asthma by 2025, and 400 million by 2050. Asthma prevalence or symptoms increase as a result of the secretion of some adipokines, such as the hormone resistin. Detraining results when there is insufficient training stimulus, causing the loss of training-induced adaptations. Training cessation or insufficient training can alter the detraining characteristics. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 30 available asthmatics were randomly divided into control and exercise groups. For three months, the exercise group followed a regular training regimen that included three 90-minute sessions each week. Each training session included 60 to 85% of the patients' maximum heart rate on the treadmill or pedaling on an ergometer. The control group did not do any physical exercise in addition to their normal routines throughout the same time period. Blood samples were drawn before the first session, 2 days, and 1 month after the last sessions. Results: Serum resistin levels were not affected by the three-month regular training program or one-month detraining period. They did not differ significantly in the control group either (P >0.05). Conclusion: Despite the benefits of regular exercise being beneficial for all individuals, asthma symptoms in asthmatics were relatively reduced, although these changes were not significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on TNF-α levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and depression in rats with Alzheimer's disease
Ehsan Mohammadikia Fereshteh Mohebbi Hossein BabaeiBackground: Exercise training plays an important role in combating Alzheimer's disease. Present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and also dep MoreBackground: Exercise training plays an important role in combating Alzheimer's disease. Present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks aerobic training on the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and also depression in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Methods: The 40 Wistar rats were divided into four equal groups including saline (S), saline +training (ST), training +STZ (AT) and STZ (A). Alzheimer's was induced by injection of 3 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) into the ventricles of brain. The aerobic training program (each session lasted 30 minutes with 10-12 meters per minute speed) performed for 12 weeks and five sessions per week on a treadmill. The 48 hours after last training session, brain tissue (hippocampal and prefrontal cortex areas) was removed and TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method. Data were evaluated using the statistical method of analysis of variance at a significant level (P <0.05). Result: TNF-α levels in the hippocampus were significantly higher in group A compared to S (p= 0.010), ST (p= 0.014) and AT (p= 0.041) groups. Moreover, no significant change was observed for TNF-α levels in prefrontal cortex in different groups (p= 0.276). In addition, a significant increase in inactivity duration (FST) was observed in group A compared to other groups (p <0.05) and also a significant decrease in sucrose preference (SPT) was observed in group A compared to other groups. (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study findings indicated that, the positive effects of aerobic training in rats with Alzheimer's disease are exerted partly by modulating the levels of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α in the brain especially the hippocampus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The effect of two methods of aerobic and combined training on biomechanics of blood in middle-aged patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary grafting
Gholamreza Rostami Heydar Sadeghi Yahya SokhangueiBackground: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death in the world and its prevalence increases with age. For the purpose of cardiac rehabilitation after heart disease, performing exercise training causes functional and structural adaptations in p MoreBackground: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death in the world and its prevalence increases with age. For the purpose of cardiac rehabilitation after heart disease, performing exercise training causes functional and structural adaptations in patient’s cardiovascular system and consequently reduces mortality from related diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two methods of aerobic and combined exercise training biomechanics of blood in middle-aged patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a pre-posttest design, 68 middle-aged men (mean age 56.19± 1.26 years) were studied after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery. Subjects were randomly and availably divided into 3 groups: aerobic (n =20) and combined (aerobic + resistance) (n =20) exercise training, and control groups (n =28). Subjects in the intervention groups performed 8 weeks of training/3 sessions per week. Each training session in aerobic and combined groups was considered for 40 minutes with the intensity of 70-85% heart rate reserved, and 60 minutes with the intensity of 40-80% one repetition maximum for each patient, respectively. In order to analyze the data, Leven, MANOVA and Bonferroni statistical tests were used at the significance level of P≤0.05. Results: The results of one-way MANOVA test showed that the levels of functional capacity, ejection fraction and maximal oxygen consumption were increased significantly after aerobic and combined exercise training compared to control group (p <0.05). However, Bonferroni post hoc test showed no significant differences between functional capacity, ejection fraction and maximal oxygen consumption post-test levels in aerobic and combined exercise training groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: the findings of this study show that both aerobic and combined exercise training can improve the heart functional variables in middle-aged patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery, and this improvement levels appears to be independent of the types of training. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Effect of Aerobic Training along with Garlic on Oxidative Stress Index in Obese Women with High Blood Pressure
Ghasem Torabi Palat Kaleh Mostafa Kazemi Ahmad Abdi Asieh Abbassi Daloii Masoomeh Alsadat MirshafaeiBackground: A large amount of evidence shows that oxidative stress plays a central role in hypertension pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to examine effect of aerobic training along with Garlic on oxidative stress index in obese women with high blood pressure. MoreBackground: A large amount of evidence shows that oxidative stress plays a central role in hypertension pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to examine effect of aerobic training along with Garlic on oxidative stress index in obese women with high blood pressure. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, 36 postmenopausal obese women with hypertension were purposefully and accessibly selected from Sari and were simple randomly divided into four groups Control (C), Aerobic Training (AT), Garlic (G) and Aerobic Training +Garlic (ATG). The training groups participated in a progressive aerobic training for eight weeks, three sessions a week (55% to 65% of the reserved heart rate and for 30 to 55 min). The groups of G and ATG were provided 1000 mg of garlic supplement for eight weeks (After breakfast and dinner). Two days before and after the protocol, blood samples were taken in fasting state. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA at p<0.05. Results: The results showed that the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P=0.0001) decrease significantly in the experimental groups. Also, superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P=0.001), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (P=0.000) and catalase (CAT) (P=0.001) in the experimental groups increased significantly compared to the C group. The amount of SOD, GPx and CAT in the ATG group was significantly higher than the AT and G group (p≤0/05). Conclusion: It seems that AT and G has interactive effects on reducing Oxidative Stress in obese women with high blood pressure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Plasma Nesfatin Responses Following a Single Session of Interval Exercise in Young Men: Effects of Glucose, Sucrose and Fructose Intake
Mandana GholamiBackground: Nesfatin is a key regulator of glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of glucose, sucrose and fructose intake following acute high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on plasma levels of nesfatin, insulin and glucose in young mal MoreBackground: Nesfatin is a key regulator of glucose metabolism. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of glucose, sucrose and fructose intake following acute high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on plasma levels of nesfatin, insulin and glucose in young males. Materials and Methods: 32 sedentary young males (21.9±2.3 yrs, 77.5±8.9 kg) were assigned into four groups (n= eight per group): glucose, sucrose, fructose and control or water groups. Subjects completed 4×4 min interval running with 90-95% maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 3 min active recovery with 65-70% HRmax between each interval. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after exercise session. Immediately after the second blood sampling, carbohydrate liquids (1.5 g/kg glucose, fructose, sucrose and water) were consumed by the subjects in different groups. The data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA test and SPSS-24 software. Results: Results indicated that there was no significant difference between groups for Nesfatin (p=0.519) and glucose (p=0.062) levels; but, there was a significant difference between groups for insulin levels (p<0.001). Bonferroni multiple comparison corrections as a post hoc test showed a significant difference between water and glucose, water and sucrose, glucose and fructose, and sucrose and fructose groups in 30 and 60 minutes after HIIE (P<0.05). Conclusion: with respect to the present study results, acute carbohydrate supplements (glucose, sucrose and fructose) don’t affect nesfatin response following exercise. Therefore, it seems that nesfatin doesn’t affect acute exercise-induced metabolic status response to different carbohydrate supplements in healthy subjects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The effect of one bout high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on serum levels of decorin and IGF-I in active young men
Mina Mina Daliran Lida Moradi Mohammad Ali AzarbayjaniBackground: Some researchers attributed the positive effects of exercise training on secretion of different myokines from skeletal muscles. Acute exercise lead to changes in gene expression and phosphorylation that stimulates muscular adaptation. However, one bout exerc MoreBackground: Some researchers attributed the positive effects of exercise training on secretion of different myokines from skeletal muscles. Acute exercise lead to changes in gene expression and phosphorylation that stimulates muscular adaptation. However, one bout exercise isn’t adequate to change muscle phenotype and phenotypic adaptation to training consists of aggregation stimulation of one bout exercise sessions Decorin is new discovered myokine that its changes in response to exercise such as high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is unknown. It seems that Decorin has effects on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Therefore, the aim of present study was investigated the effect of one bout high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on serum levels of decorin and IGF-I in active young male. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 10 active young males with mean age of 25.4±2.36 voluntary participated in this study. The subjects took part in HIIE protocol in 10 am and after 3 hours. HIIE protocol consisted of four minutes' intervals with 90-95 percent of maximum heart rate that between each interval, 3-minute active recovery with 60-70 percent of maximum heart rate performed. The subjects heart rate during HIIE protocol was monitored by polar belt. Blood samples were collected immediately after exercise, subsequently IGF-I and decorin levels were measured by ELISA method. In order to data analyzed, SPSS software version 24 and paired t test were used and significantly level was considered p<0.05. Results: The results indicated that decorin and IGF-I increased significantly after exercise (p≤0/05). Conclusion: It seems that some HIIT-induced adaptations partly are related to increase in decorin levels. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Two methods of aerobic and combined training on biomechanics of Vessels in patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary grafting
Gholamreza Rostami Haider Sadeghi Yahya SokhangueiBackground: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death in the world and its prevalence increases with age. For the purpose of cardiac rehabilitation after heart disease, performing exercise training causes functional and structural adaptations in p MoreBackground: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of death in the world and its prevalence increases with age. For the purpose of cardiac rehabilitation after heart disease, performing exercise training causes functional and structural adaptations in patient’s cardiovascular system and consequently reduces mortality from related diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two methods of aerobic and combined exercise training biomechanics of blood in middle-aged patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study with a pre-post test design, 68 middle-aged men (mean age 56.19± 1.26 years) were studied after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery. Subjects were randomly and availably divided into 3 groups: aerobic (n =20) and combined (aerobic + resistance) (n =20) exercise training, and control groups (n =28). Subjects in the intervention groups performed 8 weeks of training/3 sessions per week. Each training session in aerobic and combined groups was considered for 40 minutes with the intensity of 70-85% heart rate reserved, and 60 minutes with the intensity of 40-80% one repetition maximum for each patient, respectively. In order to analyze the data, Leven, MANOVA and Bonferroni statistical tests were used at the significance level of P≤0.05. Results: The results of one-way MANOVA test showed that the levels of functional capacity, ejection fraction and maximal oxygen consumption were increased significantly after aerobic and combined exercise training compared to control group (p <0.05). However, Bonferroni post hoc test showed no significant differences between functional capacity, ejection fraction and maximal oxygen consumption post-test levels in aerobic and combined exercise training groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: the findings of this study show that both aerobic and combined exercise training can improve the heart functional variables in middle-aged patients after bilateral femoral artery coronary bypass grafting surgery, and this improvement levels appears to be independent of the types of training. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The effect of exercise and vitamin B6 on the expression of COX2 and IL-1B genes in endometrial tissue of endometriosis rats
Fatemeh Rashidpour Parvin Farzanegi Hajar AbbaszadehBackground: Endometriosis is a chronic disease, afflicting about 5-10% of women. Many possible environmental and molecular factors have been proposed for the pathogenesis of endometriosis; nevertheless, its real mechanism is still under investigation. This research aime MoreBackground: Endometriosis is a chronic disease, afflicting about 5-10% of women. Many possible environmental and molecular factors have been proposed for the pathogenesis of endometriosis; nevertheless, its real mechanism is still under investigation. This research aimed to examine the effect of physical exercise and B6 vitamin on the expression of COX2 and IL-1B genes on endometriotic tissue in endometriosis model rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental research, 25 Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups: control-healthy, endometriosis, endometriosis + exercise, endometriosis + B6, endometriosis + exercise + B6. Vitamin B6 were administered as 60 mg/kg per body weight of each rat. The swimming exercise program involved 8 weeks of exercise, each week 5 days, and each day for 30 min. For data analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey test were used. Results: The extent of expression of COX and IL-1β genes increased significantly in the endometriosis group compared to the control-healthy group. All three groups of endometriosis + exercise, endometriosis + B6, and endometriosis + exercise + B6 showed a significant reduction of COX2 expression compared to the endometriosis group. Two groups of endometriosis + exercise and endometriosis + exercise + B6 indicated a significant decline in the extent of expression of 1L-1β gene, as compared to the endometriosis group. The endometriosis + exercise + B6 group revealed a significant reduction in the extent of expression of COX2 and IL-1β genes compared to endometriosis + B6. Finally, the endometriosis + exercise group revealed a significant decrease in the extent of expression of IL-1β gene, when compared with the endometriosis + B6. Conclusion: Overall, the results suggest that changes in the key molecules or signaling pathways as well as gene expression in the endometriosis process can contribute to improving this condition. Doing physical activity and concurrent consumption of B6 vitamin will be helpful in curbing this disease and improving the level of this condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Muscular Adaptations in Exercise: A Narrative Review
Daniel TarmastNowadays, sports science uses scientific methods and medical devices to assist people with any improvements in sports. Muscle adaptations have significantly benefited as a result of the use of these advanced devices. It has been shown that neuromuscular electrical stimu MoreNowadays, sports science uses scientific methods and medical devices to assist people with any improvements in sports. Muscle adaptations have significantly benefited as a result of the use of these advanced devices. It has been shown that neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) devices effectively improve muscle function. The use of NMES devices in exercise physiology shows that neuromuscular adaptation is a current research area in both athletes and non-athletes. This narrative review aims to address neuromuscular adaptations and describe neuromuscular changes based on research using NMES. Many researchers and sports trainers will benefit from the results of this article by better understanding neuromuscular adaptations. NMES training has been shown to be an effective way to improve muscle growth, maximum voluntary strength, neuronal drive, oxidative metabolism, and antioxidant defense systems. In addition, NMES is capable of regulating the homeostasis of muscle proteins and increasing oxidative enzyme activity. In animal models, it has also been shown to increase axonal outgrowth, fiber reinnervation, and motor axon regeneration. Various NMES methods may decrease age-related muscle atrophy and functional deterioration. The use of NMES, which is one of the most successful strategies for increasing athletic performance through neuromuscular adaptations, is one of the most promising areas of research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on some apoptotic factors of elderly men
Seyed Hossein Mousavi Bahram Abedi Mojtaba KhansoozBackground: Considering the significant increase in apoptosis in the elderly, which is related to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on some factors of apoptosis in elderly MoreBackground: Considering the significant increase in apoptosis in the elderly, which is related to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on some factors of apoptosis in elderly men was investigated. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted using a semi-experimental method with 30 healthy elderly men aged 60 to 75 years. who voluntarily participated in this research project and were randomly divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The experimental group participated in aerobic exercises for 8 weeks (three sessions of 1 hour per week) based on the special recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) for the elderly. The control group did not have any physical activity during this period. Serum caspase-8, P53 and IGF-1 were measured by ELISA method. Dependent t-test and independent t-test were used to check the intra-group and inter-group differences of variables. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 software and the significance level was considered p≤0.05 in all steps. Results: The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic exercise increased the serum levels of caspase 8(P=0.0001) and decreased the serum levels of P53(P=0.0001) and IGF-1(insulin-like growth factor) (P=0.0001). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present research, it seems that eight weeks of aerobic exercise significantly increases the serum levels of caspase 8 and decreases the serum levels of P53 and IGF-1 in elderly men. According to these results, more research is needed in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Effects of acute intensive exercise on hormone response in children, adolescents, and youth athletes
Mohammad Reza Fadaei Chafy Mohammad Reza Annabi Toolgilani Ramin ShabaniBackground: The transition from childhood to adulthood is associated with many physiological changes that result from hormonal changes. Despite this, it has been reported that hormonal response to exercise can be age-dependent.the purpose of this study was to investigat MoreBackground: The transition from childhood to adulthood is associated with many physiological changes that result from hormonal changes. Despite this, it has been reported that hormonal response to exercise can be age-dependent.the purpose of this study was to investigate growth hormone, insulin, testosterone, and cortisol response to acute intensive exercise in children, adolescents, and youth male athletes. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine eligible football players volunteered to participate in the study. Participants assigned to three groups: children (age = 10.88 ± 0.92, n=9), adolescents (age = 14.40 ± 1.17, n=10), and youth (age = 17.70 ± 0.82, n=10). The Bruce Protocol Stress Test was performed as an acute intensive exercise on treadmill. Plasma hormones were measured before and after the exercise. Results: The acute intensive exercise leads to a significant increase in circulating levels of testosterone (p = 0.02) and Cortisol in children (p = 0.001). In the adolescent group, only a significant increase in GH (p = 0.001) was observed. In the youth group a significant increase in GH (p=0.05) and testosterone (p=0.001) was observed. However, insulin levels did not change significantly after intensive exercise in all groups. Results showed that there were no significant differences between hormonal changes within the three groups. Conclusion: The results showed that the basal levels of some hormones and their changes after exercise were different. However, the pattern of hormonal changes after acute intensive exercise was similar in children, adolescents, and young athlete boys. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Investigating the effect of aerobic exercise and octopamine on HIF-1 gene and protein expression and the permeability of white cells into visceral adipose tissue in rats fed with heated oil
Fateme Shokri Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani Maghsoud Peeri Farshad GhazalianBackground and purpose: the use of heated oils has become an integral part of today's nutrition. Studies show that with the development of obesity, capillarization in adipose tissue does not occur in line with changes in cell size. Therefore, adipose tissue in obese peo MoreBackground and purpose: the use of heated oils has become an integral part of today's nutrition. Studies show that with the development of obesity, capillarization in adipose tissue does not occur in line with changes in cell size. Therefore, adipose tissue in obese people is always associated with lack of oxygen and it causes systemic inflammation by releasing inflammatory mediators. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and octopamine on HIF-1 protein concentration in visceral fat and white cells in rats fed with deeply-heated oil. Methodology: In an experimental trial, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: healthy control, control-heated oil, aerobic exercise-heated oil, octopamine-heated oil and exercise, and octopamine-heated oil. Octopamine was given to rats by IP intraperitoneal injection daily for four weeks and five days a week. Aerobic exercise was also performed for four weeks and five days a week with moderate intensity on the treadmill. Forty-eight hours after the last intervention, the rats were anesthetized and visceral adipose tissue was removed from the body to measure HIF-1a gene expression. As a result of receiving deeply-heated oil, the expression of HIF-1 gene and protein in visceral fat increased significantly (P=0.001), but the number of white cells in visceral adipose tissue increased significantly (P=0.001). Aerobic exercise significantly decreased HIF-1 gene and protein expression (P=0.01). In addition, octopamine supplementation had no significant effect on HIF-1 gene expression of visceral fat of white cells in rats poisoned with deeply-heated oil. Receiving octopamine also decreased HIF-1 gene and protein expression (P=0.002). In addition, exercise significantly reduced the number of white cells (P=0.001). Octopamine could significantly reduce the expression of HIF-1 protein and the number of white cells. The interaction of exercise and octopamine was significant for the expression of HIF-1 protein and the number of white cells. Findings: The results of this study showed that aerobic exercise and octopamine improve the angiogenesis process of the visceral adipose tissue that had been disrupted by heated oils, and reduce the damage caused by feeding with deeply-heated oils. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Concepts and methods of teachers in geological field work
hamidreza moslemidoustGeology learning taught in secondary schools has undergone changes over time. Many researchers are looking for new strategies or trying to modify existing strategies to improve the teaching methods of this subject and help the emergence of active, critical and decisive MoreGeology learning taught in secondary schools has undergone changes over time. Many researchers are looking for new strategies or trying to modify existing strategies to improve the teaching methods of this subject and help the emergence of active, critical and decisive citizens. Fieldwork is an increasingly popular strategy for integrated learning in the geosciences. In this research, we sought to identify the type and frequency of fieldwork performed by geology teachers. Also, our goal was to understand the importance of fieldwork in earth science education. For this purpose, a survey was prepared and answered by 16 11th grade biology and geology teachers. The results show that most teachers resort to fieldwork up to three times a year. Also, teachers know that the most suitable type of fieldwork for this level of teaching is problem-solving fieldwork. However, most of the activities carried out by the teachers show that they usually use the direct observation type of field work. These results show that teachers need training at the level of implementing problem-solving field work. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - The effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and papaya supplementation on lipid profile of men with fatty liver in Yazd city
leila Rahimi Abbas Fattahi Bafghi Seyed Abbas Hoseini MotlaghBackground: Today, researches have shown that the combination of some herbal supplements and doing sports exercises can have more effects on the recovery of some diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic tra MoreBackground: Today, researches have shown that the combination of some herbal supplements and doing sports exercises can have more effects on the recovery of some diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and papaya supplement consumption on the lipid profile of men with fatty liver. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the present study included all men with fatty liver in Yazd city, among whom there were 60 men with an average age of 25 to 35 years and a body mass index between 25 and 35 kg/m2, were randomly divided into four groups of 15 including aerobic exercise group, aerobic exercise group-papaya supplement, papaya supplement group and control group. The subjects of the training and training-supplementary group performed aerobic exercise according to the given program for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session lasted for 70 minutes. In the same period, the supplement and training groups also received a papaya supplement in the form of capsules at a dose of 30 mg per kilogram of body weight every day after dinner. Karika Papaya Slim capsules produced in the Philippines in 2021 were prepared. Blood samples were taken from the subjects in the fasting state and at night, 72 hours before and after 8 weeks of training. Data analysis at the level of descriptive statistics using mean and standard deviation tests and at the level of inferential statistics after checking the normality of the data by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used. A significant level was considered in the current research (P<0.05) and all statistical steps were performed using spss25. Results: he present study showed that eight weeks of aerobic training with papaya supplementation had a significant effect on serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG) However, there was no significant change in the level of cholesterol (TC) (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from the present research, it is possible to use aerobic exercise and papaya supplement separately and especially simultaneously to improve the lipid profile of patients with fatty liver. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Elucidating the Impact of Iranian Herbs on Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review of Scientific Evidence
Daniel TarmastThis article explores the growing trend among athletes to seek out substances that can enhance their performance to achieve optimal athletic performance. The increasing concerns regarding banned supplements have led to a growing interest in exploring the effectiveness MoreThis article explores the growing trend among athletes to seek out substances that can enhance their performance to achieve optimal athletic performance. The increasing concerns regarding banned supplements have led to a growing interest in exploring the effectiveness of herbal alternatives. Herbs native to Iran have gained significant attention due to the substantial body of research that supports their potential to enhance athletic performance and protect overall health. Research has demonstrated that herbs such as jujube and saffron can augment cognitive function, regulate tension, reduce the likelihood of injuries, improve sleep quality, and restore vitality and endurance. Simultaneously, Iranian sage and chamomile effectively reduce inflammation and accelerate recovery after physical activity. An additional treasure from Iran's herbal treasury, Ginkgo biloba is notable for its profound advantages on focusing and cognitive ability. The combined use of these herbs enhances athletic performance and promotes overall well-being. This presentation broadly examines Iran's medical herbs and explains how they can help athletes in many ways. These natural remedies provide a sustainable route to optimal performance, particularly during the critical pre-competition phase, by facilitating fatigue reduction and obesity management. All things considered, this highlights the revolutionary potential of Iranian herbal mixtures for molding top-notch athletic performance and fostering overall wellness. Athletes can attain peak performance levels while avoiding the drawbacks of illegal supplements when they advocate for taking these natural substances in their workouts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The effect of eight weeks of crocetin consumption and aerobic exercise on the expression of Myod in the heart tissue of elderly prediabetic rats
Abolhasan Sharifi Rigi Khosro Jalali Dehkordi Mohsen Akbarpour Beni Farzaneh TaghianBackground: Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to changes in the heart as a result of impaired glucose homeostasis, leading to ventricular dysfunction and associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Since sports activity is known to protect the heart, the aim of the present MoreBackground: Diabetic cardiomyopathy refers to changes in the heart as a result of impaired glucose homeostasis, leading to ventricular dysfunction and associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Since sports activity is known to protect the heart, the aim of the present study was to investigate aerobic exercise and the effective substance crocetin on the expression of Myod gene in the heart tissue of an experimental model of elderly prediabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental trial, 25 elderly female c57bl6 male mice with prediabetes (20 mg/kg peritoneal injection) aged 14-16 weeks and weighing 30-35 grams were divided into 5 healthy control groups, prediabetic, prediabetic + aerobic exercise, pre-diabetic + crocetin, pre-diabetic + aerobic exercise + crocetin were divided. aerobic training was performed for eight weeks, five sessions per week. Mice received crocetin 30 mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal injection. Myod expression was measured by Real Time PCR method. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used (P≥0.05). Results: Myod gene expression was significantly decreased in the prediabetic group compared to the healthy group (P=0.01). Myod gene expression was significantly higher in the pre-diabetes group + aerobic exercise + crocetin supplement and diabetes group + aerobic exercise + crocetin supplement than other groups (P=0.01). Conclusion: It seems that intermittent aerobic exercise and crocetin both alone and simultaneously are effective in improving Myod gene expression in prediabetic heart tissue. Therefore, the use of periodic aerobics and crocetin n is recommended in pre-diabetes conditions of old age Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The effectiveness of sensory-motor integration exercises on balance performance in children with autism spectrum disorder
Sajjad Alizadeh Asli Abbas Ali Hossein Khanzadeh Mahnaz Khosrowjavid Seyyed Zahra Sidnoori<p>Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes failure in communication, social interaction and stereotyped behaviors. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of sensory-motor integration exercises on bal More<p>Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes failure in communication, social interaction and stereotyped behaviors. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of sensory-motor integration exercises on balance performance in children with autism spectrum disorder. The quasi-experimental research design was pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the research was all the students of Rasht who were studying in the academic year of 1402-1403. The sample consisted of 30 children (boys and girls) who were selected by the available sampling method and based on the entry and exit criteria of the study and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people. The children of the experimental group were subjected to an intervention with a package of sensory-motor integration exercises for 12 sessions of 45 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate covariance analysis methods in SPSS 25 software. The research findings showed that sensory-motor integration exercises improve balance performance in children with autism spectrum disorder (P<0.001). In general, it can be said that the desired intervention has improved the child's deficiency in balance performance by affecting the improvement of sensory coherence and eliminating the problems related to less or more sensitivity than the sensory limit; Therefore, it is suggested to use the intervention program used in this research to improve the balance performance of children with autism spectrum disorder.</p> Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The effect of selected taekwondo exercises and ginseng consumption on body composition and some selected factors of physical fitness of overweight girls
Behzad Divkan Soheila Azarkhosh Parisa GoudarziBackground: The Aim of The Study Was to Investigate the Effect of Selected Taekwondo Exercises and Ginseng Supplement Consumption on Body Composition and Some Selected Factors of Physical and Movement Fitness of Overweight Girls. Materials and Methods: The Research Is MoreBackground: The Aim of The Study Was to Investigate the Effect of Selected Taekwondo Exercises and Ginseng Supplement Consumption on Body Composition and Some Selected Factors of Physical and Movement Fitness of Overweight Girls. Materials and Methods: The Research Is a Semi-Experimental Research That Was Conducted in The Field Method, For This Purpose, 28 Overweight Girls Interested in Taekwondo in Tehran, Who Had At Least Three Years of Taekwondo Experience. By Cluster Sampling Method and Using G-POWER Software, They Were Selected Purposefully and Randomly Divided Equally in to Four Experimental and Control Groups of Seven People. Taekwondo Training Program as Well as HIIT Training Program Including 8 Weeks of Training Were Implemented. HIIT Training Includes a rest Test, Meaning 6 Intervals Of 35 Meters, With A 10-Second Rest At The End Of Each Interval. After Eight Weeks of Training, All Dependent Variables of The Research Were Measured Using Standard Tests in The Statistics Section, T Test, Variance Analysis and LSD Post Hoc Test Were Used. Results: The Results of One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Showed that the Percentage of Body Fat in The Experimental Groups Decreased Compared to The Control Group and Showed a Significant Difference (P≤0.05). Also, In the Supplement Group, Due to The Consumption of Ginseng Supplement and Its Relationship with The Increase in Muscle Volume and Strength, An Increase in Sargent's Jump Was Reported (P≤0.05). Conclusion: It Was Found that the Reason Can Be Considered the Nature of The HIIT Exercise That Has Been Performed Under High Pressure. Manuscript profile
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