نقد

Open Access Article

1 - Reviewing and Criticism of Research Articles on Literature in 1380 (2000) Decade
عبدالله راز Ahmad razi

Publishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there More

Publishing research articles in contemporary period is an appropriate chance to share research findings of different scholars and informing audiences about new scientific achievements. Although their publishing have been quantitatively increasing in recent decade, there were no due attention to their assessment and criticism. This article, with a descriptive-analytic method, assesses those kinds of research articles published from 1381/2001 to 1390/2011. The research expresses advantages and disadvantages of these articles and presents a picture of the status of scientific article writing in domain of literary studies. In so doing, 345 articles were selected as examples and most important subjects under focus of authors were identified and were classified in frame of text-based, context-based, author-based, reader-based, and different articles. Moreover, patterns of cooperation between authors, and quality and quantity of used resources in these articles were presented in different charts and tables. As this issue is so important and to assess the accuracy of obtained results from main sample size, another set of 345 articles were exactly reviewed in two groups of “evidence 1” and “evidence 2”. This review shows that although articles have various subjects, apply different kinds of resources, consider some interdisciplinary approaches particularly in second half of this decade relative accuracy in composing coherent articles, specialty of some journals related to literature and considerable increase of university instructors and students cooperation in publishing articles, there are lots of deficiencies in these articles, like methodology, dominance of descriptive approach, repeated contents, lack of critical view, high frequency of education-based articles, and spread of quantitative and formal criteria and so on… Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Dissociating Identity in “Your Redness from Me” Novel
Narges Oskouie

Writing a novel and making a film based on scientific studies from worldwide has a long history; but this matter is often forgotten in story literature. Dissociative Identity Disorder (or DID) is a rare identity and personality disease. This sickness was foundation of w More

Writing a novel and making a film based on scientific studies from worldwide has a long history; but this matter is often forgotten in story literature. Dissociative Identity Disorder (or DID) is a rare identity and personality disease. This sickness was foundation of writing novels and making films. “Your redness from me” Novel is one of the rare Persian novels that is written based on features and reasons of this disease. Current article, using a psychological interdisciplinary studies method, briefly introduces this sickness and assesses its method of disease description, available symbols in story text, characterization type and match or mismatch of sick character of story with patients stricken with this disorder. Another part of the article seeks to search for simultaneous techniques of storytelling and psychoanalysis which are used in different layers of story (association, effusion of repressed memories, and …). Obtained result shows that although author had a few scientific errors, she was so successful in storytelling and using techniques like suspense, association, narrator selection, and special language appropriate for this story and describing mentioned patient. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Archetypical Reviewing and Criticizing of Aeneid in Virgil
khadijeh bahrami rahnama

One of the significant events of literary criticism is archetypical criticism. Archetypes include potential and elementary images and ideas that are in collective unconscious of human. In Jung’s view, these elements are product of collective experience that repeated in More

One of the significant events of literary criticism is archetypical criticism. Archetypes include potential and elementary images and ideas that are in collective unconscious of human. In Jung’s view, these elements are product of collective experience that repeated in all generations’ lives. Aeneid is a mythical poem that is rooted in Romans collective unconscious. This work can be analyzed from different approaches like archetypical criticism. Archetypes such as “hero”, “animus”, “Old Wise”, and “shade” and their manner of manifest on every character of story are analyzed as the main issue of this research. Results show that Aene is hero archetype who passes successfully three stages of searching, debuting, scapegoat to reach individuality stage which is selfhood, the ultimate of individuality process. Archetype of Animus is overhang on “Didon” and “Camille” psyche. Venus is Old Wise archetype who helped the hero all over the poem and finally, fights against “Tornus” who is his internal shade and then dominates him. Research methodology is content analysis in framework of literary criticism. Therefore, the aim of current research is archetypical criticism of Aeneid by Virgil based on Jung ideas. Manuscript profile

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4 - Tradition and Modernity in “Neighbors” Novel
مهبود فاضلی فاطمه سادات حسيني

The relation of society and literature is one of the issues under constant research in literary studies. The relation of tradition and modernity as a social matter has been manifested in literary works too. The manifestations of these elements of these two (focusing on More

The relation of society and literature is one of the issues under constant research in literary studies. The relation of tradition and modernity as a social matter has been manifested in literary works too. The manifestations of these elements of these two (focusing on Anthony Giddens ideas) in “Neighbors” novel and expressing the relation of elements of tradition and modernity and reflection of other authors’ ideas about these two are main purposes of this article. Anthony Giddens believes that traditions are present even in the most modern societies. Research Results show that traditional indexes of culture and society are observed more than modern elements in these contexts in the story; due to this reason, although economical and political elements are mostly modern, they are dominated by tradition and fail to verify themselves. Mahmood has a negative view of most traditions especially cultural customs; however he does not ignore criticizing modern elements too. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Structural Criticism of Narrative Sketch in Story
عبدالله حسن‌زاده میرعلی علی ششتمدی

Structural criticism of narrative sketch in story is a method to story criticism. In this article, first the definition of narrative and its construction is proposed and then its discrimination with linguistic elements is provided. Narrative is a story element which is More

Structural criticism of narrative sketch in story is a method to story criticism. In this article, first the definition of narrative and its construction is proposed and then its discrimination with linguistic elements is provided. Narrative is a story element which is not in the domain of language and as the essence and base of story, tale, fiction, drama, and other related literary forms, creates the main structure of an artistic work. Narrative sketch includes some elements of story which are significant in reviewing the structure of narrative. The role of narrative sketch is very significant in story morphology and to review the narrative sketch and its structure, we should review its sketch elements. Narrative morphology reveals artistic motifs of story and the kind of addressee relation with story and narrative would be proposed from this perspective. In last part, the method and technique of this criticism would be proposed independently and functionally and the significance and value of this method would be reviewed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Criticizing the wisdom in Shahnameh
فریده وجدانی

This paper tries to demonstrate Ferdowsi`s concern toward the golden period of Iranian civilization in which wisdom was a distinctive factor through the application of a descriptive-analysis approach. Moreover, it aims to explain the significance of the wisdom in Irania More

This paper tries to demonstrate Ferdowsi`s concern toward the golden period of Iranian civilization in which wisdom was a distinctive factor through the application of a descriptive-analysis approach. Moreover, it aims to explain the significance of the wisdom in Iranian ancient culture to which this poet belongs as well as the place of wisdom in Shiite religion of which he was one of its followers. None of these factors, however, have dissuaded him, the scholar who believed and accepted the wisdom by his own personal talent, from considering negative and indecent aspects of the wisdom. Hence, despite the popular belief, not only does not Shahnameh praise the wisdom but also talks about noxious wisdom and its problems. As a result, this research could remove the existed ambiguity in the reading of the fourth verse of Shahnameh`s introduction, under the title of “in praise of the wisdom”, and could attract the reader to pay attention to Ferdowsi’s point of view about criticizing the wisdom. It is necessary to point out that, in spite of seeking for the related sources, the author could not uncover any background which may cover the proposed reading of the aforementioned verse and also any related resource about “criticizing the wisdom in Shahnameh.” Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Study, Analysis and Critique of Four Persian Odes Based on Systemic – Functional Linguistics
Reza چراغی Ahmad razi

The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time- Azraq More

The first ode in Farrokhi Sistani’s Divan is a poetic description of clouds. It has been imitated by many poets. The authors of the present research have studied the first part of the ode (Taqazzol), which has been imitated by three poets close to Farrokhi’s time- Azraqi, Masoud Sa’d, Amirmo’ezy- comparing them with Farrokhi’s own poem, in the framework of systemic–functional linguistics. Since Azraqi is known for his poetic innovations and Amirmo’ezy is accused of sheer imitation – if not literary theft – of Farrokhi’s Divan and Onsory’s, the research can also provide a scientific and objective analysis of creativity, innovation or sheer imitation. No doubt many literary artistic beauties and fine points cannot be explained through linguistic analysis. However, most linguistic approaches, methods, and tools are useful for understanding literary texts preventing subjective evaluations and judgments. Manuscript profile

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8 - Analyzing the movement of Iranian Mythological Themes and Narrations in Persian Novels. (Mordad 28, 1332 – 1387)
سعید بزرگ بیگدلی حسن شاهی‌پور دکتر سید علی قاسم‌زاده

The emergence of mythology in the contemporary Persian novels, as the dominant literary discourse, is an epoch making movement. Based upon their vision and socio- political situation, many of the contemporary authors have used mythology in order to achieve two main goal More

The emergence of mythology in the contemporary Persian novels, as the dominant literary discourse, is an epoch making movement. Based upon their vision and socio- political situation, many of the contemporary authors have used mythology in order to achieve two main goals: one, to present an interpretation of the world around, and the other, to enhance the esthetic and attractive values which they are to present in their works. According to the findings of the research, novelists within the 1340’s and 1350’s showed most concern toward restructuring and reproducing myth ever. A main reason was the authors’ nostalgias caused by the events such as the defeat of folk movement and the coup of Mordad 28th which mad long and deep impression on them. The most tendencies to myths in post-revolution period can be seen in 1370’s and 1380’s. However, the authors’ motivations differ from those of the pre-revolution period. A vast number of writers follow modernist and postmodernist movements and aesthetical tastes; some try to strengthen and revive national features, turn back to their traditional origins rather than pure imitating the West. The present research seeks to study and analyze how the mythological theme and narratives have been reflected, reproduced in the contemporary Iranian novels from mordad 28th 1332 to 1387. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Analyses of Definitions of Parody
محمدرضا صدريان

‘Naqizeh’ (parody) in Old Persian literature was both in serious and humorous forms, and it was not confined to poetry, but has been used in prose, as well. The closest term in English to ‘Naqizeh’ is parody. Parody has different forms; however, such diversity is not su More

‘Naqizeh’ (parody) in Old Persian literature was both in serious and humorous forms, and it was not confined to poetry, but has been used in prose, as well. The closest term in English to ‘Naqizeh’ is parody. Parody has different forms; however, such diversity is not suggestive of lacking a thorough agreement on the genre. Based on Bakhtin’s theory of Dialogue, and Genette’s and Barthes’s views, the present article provides a definition of parody in English literature covering most cases. Accordingly, parody can be defined as a deliberate imitation or transformation of a socio-cultural product (including literary and non-literary texts, and discourse in its Bakhtinian broad sense) so that it will recreate its original subject in a playful, not necessarily ironic way. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Deviation from the Norms in Nezami’s Khamseh
زينب نوروزي

Nezami Ganjavi employs a complex symbolic language in his poetry. His frequent play with words is an attempt to emotionally affect the readers. The present paper is a study of the language Nezami used in his poetry, based on the formalist theory of the deviation from t More

Nezami Ganjavi employs a complex symbolic language in his poetry. His frequent play with words is an attempt to emotionally affect the readers. The present paper is a study of the language Nezami used in his poetry, based on the formalist theory of the deviation from the norms. A prominent aspect of deviation from norms is to use words for meanings other than their usual ones; this has frequently been used in Khamseh. Studying such deviations helps to discover the artistic and poetic techniques of Nazami’s literary creation. Nezami has created his poems by deviation from standard language, and defamiliarization. Notably, the later should be studied regarding the linguistic norms and the time when they were in use. In the construction of Nezami’s poems, deviations of musical, lexical, syntactic, and semantic types play a crucial role. Manuscript profile

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11 - Coordinate Structures and Their Aesthetic Function in Kalila - o - Demna
محمدرضا عمرانپور

This paper is the result of a reasearch which has been done for studying and analysis of the coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna. Applying coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna is one of the techniques by Abolmaali for creating dignified prose which is imi More

This paper is the result of a reasearch which has been done for studying and analysis of the coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna. Applying coordinate structures in Kalila - o - Demna is one of the techniques by Abolmaali for creating dignified prose which is imitated by other writers in the periods after him not only in literary prose but also in writing historical and scientific books. What we mean by "coordinate structures" is two words, two phrases or two sentences which are connected by conjunction particularly ''and''. The coordinate structures may have been made of two parts or more. These parts which may be synonymous, antonym, cause and effect, etc. occupy the place of subject, object, complement, adjective and adverb in sentence structure. The most important using of the coordinate structures in Kalila-o-Demna is for aesthetic techniques. Manuscript profile

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12 - Critical Analysis of Radviani’s Literary Views in Tarjoman-Al-Balagheh
مهدي محبّتی

As the first prose Persian book about critical literary and rhethoric Tarjoman-Al-Balagheh has a unique role in these debates and subjects and their analysis. Writing this book, Radviani became the leading in prose literary issues and entered common ideas and thoughts More

As the first prose Persian book about critical literary and rhethoric Tarjoman-Al-Balagheh has a unique role in these debates and subjects and their analysis. Writing this book, Radviani became the leading in prose literary issues and entered common ideas and thoughts of poem aesthetics, which was mostly in Arabic language, in Persian language and Iranian culture thereby made those issues vernacular to some extent. While creating this work, he stepped an important pace to theorise Persian prose and make it scientific; prepared the ground for addressing these topics in a greater leisure; and made new wave among thinkers and literary commentators – including Rashid VatVat and his followers – and, through centuries exercised Literature scholars’ and friends’ mind and written. In addition to its prominent role in initiating and linking cultural and literary debates, this book presented many ideas and new opinions concerned to criticism, eloquence, and figures of speech; sometimes tended to practical and even structural criticism of thought and poem in those days and offered new and excellent notes to the learned. In addition to explain the position of Tarjoman-Al-balagheh in Iranian culture and literature – partly addressed by Ahmad Atash and mostly left out -, this article sought to explore Radviani’s thoughts and opinions about poem and its constituents in detail and construction and form and meaning in poem as well. While this book criticized as a whole and analyzed structurally and comparatively, Radviani’s origin, his view point, methods of analyzing literary figures and his defects and strength have been studied and criticized, too. Manuscript profile

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13 - Naturalistic Novel (Nana), a Realistic Novel, (Lepere Goreiot); an Analytical Comparison
عبدالله حسن‌زاده ميرعلي

Apparent similarity and difficult distinction between principles and rules of naturalism and realism, resulted in many mistakes for critics. So that sometimes naturalistic works introduced realistic works. In this essay principles and rules of these schools criticized More

Apparent similarity and difficult distinction between principles and rules of naturalism and realism, resulted in many mistakes for critics. So that sometimes naturalistic works introduced realistic works. In this essay principles and rules of these schools criticized and analysed in prominent works of Emile zola (Nana) and Balzac (Le pere Goreiot). While persons of NaNa are ordinary and usual, each represents specific social stratum and the author don’t emphasize on type – making. But in Le pere Goreiot persones given special salience (type) though they selected from society. Criticism in naturalistic works considered as struggle with diseases targeting organic unitary of community. But in realistic works, the deepest origins of social conflicts are investigated. Although, scientific rules of naturalism allows to address any object, regardless of class, subjects of naturalistic works often include middle class and lower class. But the realist writer in his/her works mostly focuses on realities and labour class suffers, in spite of dramatizing both high class and lower class. Most of naturalistic novels ended sorrowfully and tragic and annoy readers. yet realistic works, in spite of their dramatic and tragic end, are not catastrophic to this extent. Manuscript profile

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14 - Jahez and his viewpoints importance to Iranian – Islamic criticism and literature
حسن شاهی‌پور

Undoubtedly, Jahez is a prominent and unique figure among the founders of Islamic culture and literature. His extensive information, deep knowledge and special attitude toward literature and its arts resulted in his prominent personality. In addition to his general know More

Undoubtedly, Jahez is a prominent and unique figure among the founders of Islamic culture and literature. His extensive information, deep knowledge and special attitude toward literature and its arts resulted in his prominent personality. In addition to his general knowledge and command of literature and Islamic sciences, he is unique figure in literature criticism, especially in rhetoric criticism. Although much attentions have not been paid to his works and ideas in Islamic civilization and especially in Farsi language environment, most of the theoreticians of the rhetoric and poets and writers interested in rhetoric have been considerably affected by Jahez’s ideas. He has some new and considerable ideas in the areas of the origins of poetry and the reasons of its emergence, the characteristics of good poetry and speeches, the distinction of meaning and speech and the features of structure and content and context, the psychology of poetry and poems, the reasons for nations’ different approaches toward poetry and prose and nonexistence of some in forms of writing. He has some new numerous ideas upon etymology, comparative phonetics, semantics and the likes whose understanding and interpretation give a new life to the Persian literature and Islam theoreticians. Although he has created more than 360 works, his literature related ideas have been stipulated in his two books of “Albayan o Altabyeen” and “Alhayvan” and he also has created some independent literature theses. This article is aimed at revealing two points: first, analyzing, interpreting, classifying and studying Jahez’s literature and criticism works and expressing his status as the founder of rhetoric sciences. Second, the deep and extensive impact of Jahez on Iranian thinkers especially its writers and poets and literature criticism and rhetoric approaches because the writer believes that rhetoric approach has been the most important literature criticism in Persian language and literature and Jahez is the founder of rhetoric sciences in Iran – Islam world. Manuscript profile

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15 - An analysis of the fictions stipulated in Persian Memories
حسن شاهی‌پور

Among the new literature works such as novels and stories, the fictions (tales, memories, anecdotes and …) fictions are regarded as the Persian past literature types. Fictions are defined as the works composed in animals’ tongue or in the form of syllabic verses aimed a More

Among the new literature works such as novels and stories, the fictions (tales, memories, anecdotes and …) fictions are regarded as the Persian past literature types. Fictions are defined as the works composed in animals’ tongue or in the form of syllabic verses aimed at amusing children. It might consists of the life stories of the poets, mystics and … which gradually developed and stipulated in memories books and other works with decorated prose. Fictions show the ups and downs of the poets’ life and their various literature, spirit, moral and thought dimensions. This article analyses and critics the main features of fictions from different dimensions in addition to defining the fictions. The present study can be applied in different sciences such as literature history, stylistics, literary criticism, figures of speech, and rhetoric and also it clarifies the unclear points in the literature history and reveals the details of the mentioned sciences. Manuscript profile

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16 - The Structural Analysis of Sadi’s Argument with Claimant upon Fortune and Humility
حسن شاهی‌پور

The argument of Sadi with the Claimant is one of the anecdotes created as the result of essay writing impacts in Persian and Arabic literature. Sadi has been affected by the mystical works written before him and also the book “Ehyaye Ulom Al Din” written by Imam Mouhamm More

The argument of Sadi with the Claimant is one of the anecdotes created as the result of essay writing impacts in Persian and Arabic literature. Sadi has been affected by the mystical works written before him and also the book “Ehyaye Ulom Al Din” written by Imam Mouhammad Ghazzali and addressed the current issue put forward by the Sofia namely, poverty and fortune and the priority of the one over the other. It seems that all the thing the mystics and especially Ghazzaly about the poverty and fortune could meet Sadi’s desires and he wanted to approve the priority of the fortune over the poverty by planning an argument essay. This article is an attempt to study the structural elements of the text such as personification, the style of narration, the structure of phonetics, terms and words balance, grammatical, syntactical, terms and relationship coherence regardless of the style for reasoning and the content of the disputants. Although the structure of the anecdote is strong but, the major principles of the discussion namely, observing the civility and respectfulness and giving opportunity to the parties have not been complied with. Manuscript profile

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17 - A comparison between the stories of Khosro and Shirin by Ferdowsi and Nezami
حسن شاهی‌پور

This article is aimed at comparing two stories of Khosro and Shirin written in two different verses. First, a summary of two verses namely Shahname and Khosro and Shirin are presented as a total framework and outline of the stories in front of the readers’ eyes. The More

This article is aimed at comparing two stories of Khosro and Shirin written in two different verses. First, a summary of two verses namely Shahname and Khosro and Shirin are presented as a total framework and outline of the stories in front of the readers’ eyes. Then two versions of the story have been compared with a historic source in order to reveal that which of the poets was more obligated to the historical narration. Certainly the refer should be made to a source which had been written before the two verses were written because it is highly probable that the dates following the two verses had been effected by one of them. Meanwhile, the stories might have been changed through the history. For this reason we have chosen the book Tarikhe Tabari which is the oldest source in order to measure the two summaries. There were some points in Tarikhe Tabari, not written in Shahname or Khosro and Shirin. In such a case, we referred to the books Majmaoltavarikh and Tarikhe Saalabi written before Nezami period. Manuscript profile

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18 - Phonotactics and repetition in Khaghani’s poem
حسن شاهی‌پور Saeed Hessampour

This essay is an attempt to study the literature devices in Khaghani’s Divan which are used widely and repetition of the morpheme is its major constructive element. At first, the issue which is put on the sharp focus is that all the issues regarded as literature devices More

This essay is an attempt to study the literature devices in Khaghani’s Divan which are used widely and repetition of the morpheme is its major constructive element. At first, the issue which is put on the sharp focus is that all the issues regarded as literature devices are in deed some kinds of artistic repetition or phonetics because their common aspect is only the repetition of the voice used by the poets widely, with especial skills. In the distribution and repetition order, the poet repeats the morphemes freely when he / she sees it appropriate in any part of the poetry but, the voices are repeated based on the specified order in any parts of the poets in homophony, inversion, derivation, epanalepsis etc… .In homophony, for example, the voices are repeated in parallel words. In derivation or inversion the voices are interchanged. In epanalepsis, the specified voices are used in especial places as the particular words. Khaghani, with his skillfulness in language and words, have use all the styles and skills in order to create the meaning and apparent arrangement widely and skillfully. It should be said that the coordination of most of these methods and total structure in considerable. The internal and figurative music can boost it. Manuscript profile

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19 - PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PERSIAN LYRIC LITERATURE (ON KHOSROW-SHIRIN, LEYLI-O-MAJNOON AND VAICE-O-RAMIN)
ebrahim eghbali حسين قمري گيوي

In this survey three Persian lyric i.e. Khosrow-Shirin and Leyli-o-Majnoon by Nezami Ganjavi and Vaice-o-Ramin by Fakhrodin Asad Gorgani are chosen as main sources of psychological interpretation. The method is content analysis, three hypothesis are used and the adjustm More

In this survey three Persian lyric i.e. Khosrow-Shirin and Leyli-o-Majnoon by Nezami Ganjavi and Vaice-o-Ramin by Fakhrodin Asad Gorgani are chosen as main sources of psychological interpretation. The method is content analysis, three hypothesis are used and the adjustment degree of latest concepts of psychology in these works with Freud’s psycho-analysis approach and analytic psychology of Young is surveyed. Manuscript profile

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20 - CRITIQUE AND STUDY OF POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTENT OF TALE COLLECTION OF "SHAHRI CHUN BEHESHT" (A CITY SAME AS HAVEN)
ليلا يوسفي قدرت‌ الله طاهري

A tail collection called "shahri chun behesht" (A city same as haven) by Simin Daneshvar, is the product of political, social and cultural conditions of the years of fear and violence of the post-coup-d'etat of 28 Mordad 1332. the period in which aspirations of a nation More

A tail collection called "shahri chun behesht" (A city same as haven) by Simin Daneshvar, is the product of political, social and cultural conditions of the years of fear and violence of the post-coup-d'etat of 28 Mordad 1332. the period in which aspirations of a nation who demanded independence and liberty, by conspiracy of alien counteries agents and some mistakes of religio-political leaders dissipated and feelings of hopelessness and defeat and failure spreaded in cultural society of Iran. In this collection, Daneshvar with her accuracy and intelligence has tried to show a part of bitter socio-political truths of those dark years of Iran's people. Short stories of Daneshvar, despite their importance in contemporary narrative literature, have been ignored in the shade of her more prominent novels such as Sovushon, Jazireh Sargardani and Sarban–e-Sargardan. This article is trying to reflect the light on one of the short stories collection of a such. Manuscript profile

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21 - NEGATING GOOD-NAME AND PRAISING BAD-NAME BY SUFFIS
Reza Shajari

Runing away of good-name and praising of bad-name and public disgrace, is one of the characteristics of libertine school and amatory mysticism which is emphasized in sayings of mystics, works of poets and behaviour of libertines. The cloth of famousness, is a troublefu More

Runing away of good-name and praising of bad-name and public disgrace, is one of the characteristics of libertine school and amatory mysticism which is emphasized in sayings of mystics, works of poets and behaviour of libertines. The cloth of famousness, is a troublefull finding which splashes the dye of hypocrisy and sham on the stature of worship and devotion and covers the face of sincerity and honesty. Therefore, the fight with such a characteristics, always has been one of the mental disturbances of the real mystics and truth finders. They always have shown the various ways of breaking jar of name and shame, self-respect and dignity. Showing these ways and pointing to the cause and signs of these pests, in the form of tales, examples and poems have come in the works of mystics particularly Attar, Moulana and Abusaid-Abulkheir which will be discussed in this article. Manuscript profile

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22 - THE DIALOGUE AMONG CULTURES AND ANALYSIS OF ITS FACTORS IN MATHNAVI
قدرت‌الله طاهري

The modern story literature of Iran has a rised and down condition from the beginning. The structure and form of this genre has been affected by poletical and social movements. The coup d'etate 1953 in Iran was the end point of Iranian struggle for independence that hap More

The modern story literature of Iran has a rised and down condition from the beginning. The structure and form of this genre has been affected by poletical and social movements. The coup d'etate 1953 in Iran was the end point of Iranian struggle for independence that happened by external and internal intrigues. This great political event, not only effected on economy and political condition but also influenced on art and culture, so that literature movements of this era (60s, 70s) have been surpassed. Literature of this period, in spide of many works in early years after coup d'etat, no seriouse works have been presented. But some valuable stories and novels composed and presented during these critical years. In this article we tried to show the main tendencies and happenings of story writing after coup de'tate until 1964 and classify and analyse them. Manuscript profile

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23 - Reviwing Time in "A crypt for otter" by Hooshanf Golshiri from Content Criticism
معصومه حامی‌دوست محمدعلی خزانه‌دارلو

Time is a special and abstract quality of human life that is understood through a concrete and objective thing. Due to this, although we live in Time, we are surprised when we want to talk what Time is and consider it as different from other realities. “George Paulet” ( More

Time is a special and abstract quality of human life that is understood through a concrete and objective thing. Due to this, although we live in Time, we are surprised when we want to talk what Time is and consider it as different from other realities. “George Paulet” (1902-1999), a critic following content criticism, reviews the quality of understanding of authors of different Times (periods) and attempted to have a better angle of “world of awareness” of author and a more exact reading of text by analyzing the apprehension of story characters. “Hooshang Golshiri” is one of Iran modern story writers who -using stream of consciousness method- designs his contemporary human identity and his/her apprehension. His story characters are all somehow involved with Time. Using analytic-descriptive method and based on Paulet attitude, the current article reviews Golshiri idea about Time in his story of “A crypt for otter”. This review shows that Golshiri reflects a special kind of Time in story writing that is different from usual and routine Time. Imagination, love, expectation and hope to reform things and persons are some outstanding features of such a Time. However, a pure moment which Golshiri and his heroes seek never occurs in moment of living and this time cannot save them too. Manuscript profile

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24 - Pathology of Ascetic Behavior in Persian Sufi Literature
علی‌اکبر کیوانفر

Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the More

Asceticism, like other cultural phenomena, because of the special level it attained in Islamic Sufism has a great tendency to deviate from its primary origin and roll towards different kinds of damages. Muslim ascetics, themselves, were the first serious critics in the domain of asceticism pathology, and have identified and fixed the damage from different angles. General account of this subject reveals that damages like falling into traps of arrogance, pride, an unfaithful and tradesman- like attitude towards ascetic efforts and using hypocrisy to gain public acceptance, have been noticed by the prominent characters of this domain since the first centuries of spreading Islamic asceticism and Sufism, and it has even been accelerated as the damages expanded more. This critical intra- discoursal view which is a prominent part of the Sufi literature has been much more successful in refining the Islamic asceticism. This article tends to display the unique and special role of pathological intra-discoursal view by refining it. Manuscript profile

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25 - Methodological analysis of the issue of literary influences in'Sokhan- va- Sokhanvarn' by Forouzanfar
Ahmad khatami Maryam Mosharraf-o-lmolk azam saadat

At the same time with Bakhtin's (1895-1975) drafting, in the early twentieth century, about "Logic of conversation” that provided the basis for the theory of Intertextuality in the 60s by Julia Christova(1941- ), Badiozzaman Forouzanfar(1899-1970) created a critical app More

At the same time with Bakhtin's (1895-1975) drafting, in the early twentieth century, about "Logic of conversation” that provided the basis for the theory of Intertextuality in the 60s by Julia Christova(1941- ), Badiozzaman Forouzanfar(1899-1970) created a critical approach in writing of Sokhan-O-Sokhanvaran (printed 1929-1933) that later Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob in his literary Criticism book referred to it as "Criticism of influence" (printed 1959). This study seeks to explain Forouzanfar's attempt in creating a coherent way of expressing the efficacy and influence in form and content in Persian poetry and to compare it with “criticism of influence”, introducing it as an independent critical approach. Forouzanfar, maneuvering on the old topic of plagiarism, changed it into an effective and practical tool to describe literary influences in the Persian poetry, and despite the distance from the theoretical origins of intertextuality, he applied similar concepts in analyzing literary relationships in poetry and determining the role and position of poets in the context of history. Manuscript profile

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26 - Analysis of Women's Storytelling after the Islamic Revolution Based on the Cognitive Current
sepideh seyyed faraji Farhad Tahmasbi Ruqayyah Sadraie

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, women's storytelling has developed. Both the number of female writers has increased and the themes of the stories have become more diverse. The political and social atmosphere after the revolution has also provided the ground More

After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, women's storytelling has developed. Both the number of female writers has increased and the themes of the stories have become more diverse. The political and social atmosphere after the revolution has also provided the ground for the expansion and diversity of women's storytelling. In most of what women have written, the focus of the story and characters is on the issue of women. Some women in their stories search for their feminine selves and reflect this identification from the perspective of female narratives; This section of women's works deals with female narratives that describe the female world (in terms of identity, emotion, gender, etc.). Some of the works of women reflect the political and social issues of the time. In these stories, the role of women in politics and society is generally shown, most of these stories refer to the role of women in the revolution and the war. Some female writers also write popular narratives of life and society for audiences that are generally female. A number of other women narrate the contrast between tradition and modernity, sometimes arguing for tradition and sometimes protesting against prevailing traditions and beliefs. This study has been done to identify and introduce the currents of women's storytelling in the post-revolutionary years. Therefore, based on a cognitive current model, this reserch categorizes and introduces several currents of women's storytelling. To separate and recognize the currents, three factors have been considered: first, the political and social context of the emergence of the current is introduced, then the focal points of the current are shown, and finally, the initiators and continuators of the current are discussed. Manuscript profile

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27 - A Survey on the Rational Fundamentals and Theories of Abouria in the field of Hadith
mehrdad abbasi Akhtar Soltani

The knowledge of hadith is one of the most important issues among Sunni scholars and priests. It is considered much significant how to use and how to consider this knowledge. Accordingly there have been different doctrines created around the hadith, such as “Quraniyoon” More

The knowledge of hadith is one of the most important issues among Sunni scholars and priests. It is considered much significant how to use and how to consider this knowledge. Accordingly there have been different doctrines created around the hadith, such as “Quraniyoon” , “Ahl-e-hadith” , “Salafia” and also “hadith critics”. In the present paper it has been assayed to indicate some outstanding features and properties of the three mentioned schools and then the hadith critics doctrine has been studied focused on the Rational Fundamentals and Theories of “Muhammad Abouria” , one of the prominent scientists of this school. Some of his hadith basics include: No opposition to Quran, No agreement with sunnah, No agreement with whatever proven by the science and No opposition to the wisdom. Abouria commented on different issues related to the knowledge of hadith such as prohibition on writing and publication of hadith in the first couple of hegira centuries, multiplicity of forges and editions, emphasis on the content critique in order to distinguish right and wrong narrations, No regulation and legislation of the single narration over the beliefs. existence of quoting based on definition in the hadiths, difference between the manner of sermon and behavior and so on. This study pursues these topics and answers to the related problems and ambiguities with an analytical, descriptive and librarian method Manuscript profile

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28 - Historical Review of the Formation of Islamic Fundamentalism in Pakistan
mahdi imani Kyhan Barzegar

Today, the spread of radical and fundamentalist movements in the world has become a fundamental issue for the governments of the world. There are a variety of fundamentalism in different religions and religions that Islamic fundamentalism is about. In the Oxford politic More

Today, the spread of radical and fundamentalist movements in the world has become a fundamental issue for the governments of the world. There are a variety of fundamentalism in different religions and religions that Islamic fundamentalism is about. In the Oxford political dictionary, Islamic fundamentalism has been used to describe any movement that demands the full and unconditional implementation of the teachings of the Quran and the Sharia, which is due to the political, social, economic and cultural situation of the various countries with strong prejudice Sectarianism and violent movements.Undoubtedly, one of the most effective variables in the security policies of each country is the threats and opportunities created by the neighbors of that country. In the meantime, the immediate threats and dangers of the neighboring countries are likely to affect countries, which affect the political behavior, strategies, interests and national goals, national security, territorial integrity, survival and the existence of nations. Which is considered by Pakistan in this article Manuscript profile

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29 - The study of belief components of in Mehdi Akhavan Sales and Ahmad Shamlou poetry from the perspective of intertextual critique
Elham badloo Abol-Ghasem Amir-Ahmadi Ali Eshghi Sardehi

intertextuality is a concept that implies the existence of a basic text in the field of literature, critique, or science in relation to texts, that these texts deal directly or indirectly with the original text over time. Intertextuality and, in a sense the theory of in More

intertextuality is a concept that implies the existence of a basic text in the field of literature, critique, or science in relation to texts, that these texts deal directly or indirectly with the original text over time. Intertextuality and, in a sense the theory of interacting texts, is an important topic of attention of scholars and literary critics, and this new achievement in the field of literature studies the similarities, differences and the impact of a text from other texts, both in poetry and prose. The current paper aims at examining the poetic words of Mehdi Akhavan Sales and Ahmad Shamlou based on their relationship with the Qur'anic verses and narratives based on the intertextual theory of the direct or indirect borrowings of the terms. This is an applied analytical-descriptive paper based on intertextual theorists theoretical foundations to revealing the coherent structure of the work, the audience understands how the poets, with what literary tricks, include these revelatory themes in their poems and contrary to the beliefs of some critics, they have given their words a Quranic and religious tinge. In the end, it is concluded that, in spite of the critics' opinion about the thinking governing the poetry of Mehdi Akhavan Sales and especially Ahmad Shamlou, the Qur'anic and Islamic and religious beliefs are evident in their works. Manuscript profile

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30 - Reviewing and criticizing Orientalists' views on the virtues of Ahlul-Bayt (AS)
Mohammad jahadi alireza saberyan reza kohsari

The present article explores the important question with Orientalists about Shi'a and Ahlul-Bayt (AS), what is the oriental view of the virtues of the Ahlul Bayt (as) and what are the implications of their opinions? After explaining and analyzing various Orientalists' v More

The present article explores the important question with Orientalists about Shi'a and Ahlul-Bayt (AS), what is the oriental view of the virtues of the Ahlul Bayt (as) and what are the implications of their opinions? After explaining and analyzing various Orientalists' views, the author believes that they did not have the same motives and positions in this regard. Among the three general admirable, fair, and biased views of the Ahlul Bayt of infallibility and purity (AS) The goals of colonialism, Islamophobia and Islamophobia, and on the other hand, their lack of mastery and full familiarity with authentic religious texts and the rich and rich history of the Shi'a school, more than any other issue. Therefore, considering that the reputation of the Shiite Imams has never been limited to the Muslim religious space, the author of the article, using the limited resources available, intends to present, in spite of the shortcomings and shortcomings of the Oriental writings in this field, the introduction of each What more is Lebanon Mohammadi (PBUH) and the Universal School of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). It is worth noting that the research method in this research is library and analytical descriptive.. Manuscript profile

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31 - Criticism and examination of the doubts about the necessity of obedience to the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
najmeh ansari alireza mokhtari mohsen zarei jalyani

There is no doubt that God Almighty has called people to absolute obedience to the Holy Prophet in the Holy Qur'an, because in many verses of the Qur'an, obedience to God and His Messenger is accompanied by the fact that wherever obedience to God Almighty comes, it come More

There is no doubt that God Almighty has called people to absolute obedience to the Holy Prophet in the Holy Qur'an, because in many verses of the Qur'an, obedience to God and His Messenger is accompanied by the fact that wherever obedience to God Almighty comes, it comes with obedience to the Prophet. The word "obedience to God and obedience to the Messenger" has been explained. Has reviewed and answered based on Quranic arguments and narration. The result of this article is that obedience and obedience to the Prophet, like obedience to God Almighty, is obligatory and necessary under the command and words of the Prophet and the words of God Almighty. Manuscript profile

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32 - A critical look at the foundations of the Tafkik School (centered on Sheikh Mojtaba's Qazvini)
Ali Ghadrdan Gharamaleki

The Tafkik School has different principles, principles and rules that rely on them to explain their views and opinions. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain and evaluate the principles of this view. The purpose of this study is to show the weakness of th More

The Tafkik School has different principles, principles and rules that rely on them to explain their views and opinions. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain and evaluate the principles of this view. The purpose of this study is to show the weakness of the foundations of this view. The weakness of the foundations of a view is the source of doubt in the validity of that view. By researching the library in the works of the separatists, especially Mr. Mojtaba Qazvini, the author has studied their foundations and analyzed them in the form of "epistemological and methodological" and "ontological" foundations. After explaining these principles, the author critically evaluates them. Whereas, on the one hand, one of the basic conditions for the application of "school" to an approach and attitude is the existence of correct and sound foundations, and on the other hand, segregation lacks this condition; It should be said that separation is an attitude and an intellectual view and not a school, and it is permissible to refer to a school. Manuscript profile

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33 - A hermeneutical approach to Ode of Ivan Mada'in by Bahtari
DR abolfazl ghanizadeh

An artistic genre sends an overt or covert massage. The apparent structure of text creates a message based on the ethical and mental interests of the reader. The search of meaning in every unwritten word helps understanding the work. Accordingly, considering the histori More

An artistic genre sends an overt or covert massage. The apparent structure of text creates a message based on the ethical and mental interests of the reader. The search of meaning in every unwritten word helps understanding the work. Accordingly, considering the historical atmosphere, hermeneutics deals with the author, text and reader and determines the aesthetical types of the text. This article employs hermeneutics to interpret the aesthetic aspects of Ode of Ivan Mada'in by Bahtari. As hermeneutics is a new topic in linguistics and Persian literature, there is no previous study on the area. This study might provide a platform for future scholars and needless to say, the efforts of other scholars would give way to deeper insight. As hermeneutics is a new topic in linguistics and Persian literature, there is no previous study on the area. This study might provide a platform for future scholars and needless to say, the efforts of other scholars would give way to deeper insight. Manuscript profile

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34 - Critical review of Thirty-Qasida of Nasir Khusraw
arash amraei

It is essential for students and fans of Persian literature to read and know Persian classical literature and Nasir Khusraw’s Diwan one of them. Thirty-Qasida of Nasir Khusraw, therefore, as a fabulous piece of the Diwan is part of a textbook that students of Persian la More

It is essential for students and fans of Persian literature to read and know Persian classical literature and Nasir Khusraw’s Diwan one of them. Thirty-Qasida of Nasir Khusraw, therefore, as a fabulous piece of the Diwan is part of a textbook that students of Persian language and literature should study; so there are several books about this topic. One of these books is “Thirty-Qasida of Nasir Khusraw” gathered and written by Ali Asghar Halabi, published by Payame Noor University. Author of this book tried to prepare a textbook that helps students to figure out the lyrics on themselves through many explanations included within the book. Even if it is somehow helpful but surely needs reviews and editions. Since this book is an obligatory resource for many students in Payame Noor University, it is reviewed in this essay and bugs and slips of the textbook including semantic, punctuation, and typographical bugs and incorrect record lines (couplets) are mentioned. Manuscript profile

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35 - Managing the formation of Habermas public domain theory in Instagram and Telegram social networks
Ali asadnzhad Ali Jabari Nahid Kordi

The aim of the present study is to manage the formation of Habermas public domain theory in Instagram and Telegram social networks. The research method is field survey and survey. This research is a descriptive research in terms of the purpose of applied research. In th More

The aim of the present study is to manage the formation of Habermas public domain theory in Instagram and Telegram social networks. The research method is field survey and survey. This research is a descriptive research in terms of the purpose of applied research. In this research, after conducting library studies and complete and comprehensive compilation of theoretical literature and research background, a questionnaire has been designed and compiled in line with research related theories and research questions and hypotheses and distributed among the respondents. The statistical population of this research consists of the audience (cyberspace users) whose number is estimated at 8,674.621 million and according to Cochran's formula, its statistical sample is equal to 384 people. Therefore, in this research, by following this formula, 384 people have completed a questionnaire as a statistical sample. Using purposive non-random sampling method, the study sample was selected and the research data were analyzed by Pearson correlation method. The results showed that the highest impact in the first place of Internet access (β = 0.42), the second time of logical and rational critique of political, economic, social and cultural issues in social networks (Telegram and Instagram), respectively (= 0.39 b) The third time, the audience had a two-way and free conversation (all) with government officials on social networks (Telegram and Instagram) (β = 0.38). The fourth time, they used social networks (Telegram and Instagram) (β = 0.17). Manuscript profile

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36 - Book Review: Science of Mind or Psychology from the Standpoint of Education
Esmaeil Naseri

Abstract: The book "Science of Mind or Psychology from the Standpoint of Education" by Ali Akbar Siassi (1938) is mentioned as the first academic textbook of psychology in Iran. In this article, an attempt has been made to review and critique this work according to the More

Abstract: The book "Science of Mind or Psychology from the Standpoint of Education" by Ali Akbar Siassi (1938) is mentioned as the first academic textbook of psychology in Iran. In this article, an attempt has been made to review and critique this work according to the book review method of the Council for the Study of Humanities Texts. This work has most of the apparent indicators of the books, including the title page, preface, table of contents, list of terms, list of names, and list of gravures (photos, figures, tables, and diagrams). The lack of an introduction, both at the beginning of the book and at the beginning of the chapters, and the lack of a list of sources at the end of the book are among the most significant shortcomings of this work in the later form. In terms of content, the relevance of the book's content to the current topics of general psychology, the organization of the book's chapters according to the topics of the science of mind, attention to empirical psycho-logy, pioneering word retrieval, attention to educating children and adolescents, examining important theories of psychology and Criticism of them, and attention to Iranian sources, are among the strengths of the book. The weaknesses in referencing and not updating the latest editions of the book, are among the most significant shortcomings of this work. Manuscript profile

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37 - Network Analysis of Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas: A Research Critique
masoumeh masoumi Majid ZarghamHajebi Mohammad Rabi'ei محمد حسین ضرغامی

The aim of the present study was Network Analysis of Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas. sampling method was non-random with maximum variation, the sample size was 849 people and research tool was Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-L3). Network analysis More

The aim of the present study was Network Analysis of Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas. sampling method was non-random with maximum variation, the sample size was 849 people and research tool was Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (YSQ-L3). Network analysis, R software and Qgragh package were used for data analysis. The results showed that according to the shape of the drawing network, only the schemas of one domain (disconnection and Rejection) correspond to Young's domain and There are differences in the other 4 domains (Impaired Autonomy and Performance, Impaired limits, Other- directedness and Over vigilance/Inhibition). The importance of these findings is on the one hand in the field of clinical and schema therapy approach and on the other hand in the field of psychometrics and localization of diagnostic tools. Manuscript profile

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38 - An Investigation of Foundations of Quran’s Reference Status in Critique of Hadiths Based on Seerah of the Infallible (AS)
Ahmad jamali mohammad kazem rahman setaiesh

The main criteria recommended by the Infallibles (AS) to ensure the authenticity of Hadiths is Quran-based critique or comparing Hadith to the Quran. This study, using the descriptive-analytical method, after assessing the status of Quran-based critique of Hadith, enume More

The main criteria recommended by the Infallibles (AS) to ensure the authenticity of Hadiths is Quran-based critique or comparing Hadith to the Quran. This study, using the descriptive-analytical method, after assessing the status of Quran-based critique of Hadith, enumerates the main roots of a lack of benefiting from the Quran in critique of Hadith. They include “resorting to pretexts and justifications for not accepting the authenticity of this criteria”, “a belief by some Muslims that the Companions (of the Prophet) were just (and trustworthy) which, consequently, leads to the belief that some Hadiths in certain available sources must be correct”, “a wrong assumption about the independent status of Hadith beside the Quran”, “a wrong understanding of the status of attributed Hadith and definite Sunnah”, and “the fear that the credibility of some Hadiths in the available sources may be undermined”. As for the foundations of the Quran’s reference status in critique of Hadiths, the study found, based on examples of comparing Hadiths to the Quran by the Shia Imams (AS), that the majority of the studies conducted on Quran-based critique of Hadiths have lacked a Hadith view and been based on personal views and other sciences. Manuscript profile

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39 - 1
reza ataee rasol ataee

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40 - 1
rasol ataee

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41 - Local color criticism of the novel The Fig Tree of Temples
Khadijeh Bahrami Rahnama

Local color criticism is one of the important approaches in literary criticism that examines the specific climate of a region and its influence on cultural, economic, political, geographical, etc components. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers who has paid special at More

Local color criticism is one of the important approaches in literary criticism that examines the specific climate of a region and its influence on cultural, economic, political, geographical, etc components. Ahmad Mahmoud is one of those writers who has paid special attention to the climate of the south, and elements of climate criticism can be found in his works, including the fig tree of the temples. Therefore, the present essay has investigated the issue of local and environmental elements in the novel The Fig Tree of Temples with a descriptive and analytical method. The results of the research show that geographical and regional coordinates have an effect on the formation of the type of clothing, architecture, occupations and political developments, and also, the author has reflected extensively on native and local elements, idioms and proverbs in this novel. Local color elements and nature have caused the formation of many popular beliefs, including tying to trees, lighting candles, making sacrifices for trees, etc. The author of the novel has reflected the hot and humid weather and low rainfall in Khuzestan by using Local color imagery, and the nature and climate of the south has become the basis for the conflict between two traditional and modern societies. Ahmad Mahmoud has placed the arrival of foreigners and oil smugglers as a useful tool for people's awakening in this novel. Manuscript profile

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42 - Depicting Tunisia's socio-cultural atmosphere in the four novels (Aisha, Adel, Ali, Nasser) by Al-Bashir bin Salameh
Shahin Nasiri mostafa yegani ardashir sadraldini

The novel is one of the new literary genres that strengthened its position in Arabic literature in the early twentieth century, as an independent literary art. Depicts an era, the present study has tried to write a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of explainin More

The novel is one of the new literary genres that strengthened its position in Arabic literature in the early twentieth century, as an independent literary art. Depicts an era, the present study has tried to write a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of explaining literary criticism on Ibn Salameh's four novels. The results of the research indicate that: Ibn Salameh in his novel using He uses the symbolic language to critique the political and social situation of Tunisian society, depicting the protagonist's mental crisis, the plight of intellectuals, and their internal conflicts. Also, Al-Bashir Ibn Salameh, by using the technique of description and its various methods and tools, in addition to succeeding in conveying the emotions and inner states of the characters of the novel to the reader, puts him well in the events of the novel and a very tangible image of the space. The novel has provided. Manuscript profile

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43 - A Prospective Analysis of the Discourse of War in the Novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine": Reader-Response Criticism
Ali Taghizadeh Mahmoud Kamali

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In recent periods, reader-response criticism has challenged traditional and author-centered criticism, and by giving importance to the reader's position, it has changed its absolutist approach to a relativistic one.Wolfgang Iser believes that each reader obtains a new meaning from the text, which indicates the relative nature of meaning.He turns reading fiction into an activity that results in the formation of "literary text" as a phenomenological structure in the reader's mind.In contemporary Iran and under the influence of the imposed war, many texts have addressed the issue of war; among them, the widely read novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh, with its new and different approach and perspective, has managed to gain a good position in this field.The present study examines the relativism of war discourse in this novel based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-response criticism and shows that the discourse of the novel, which is the result of the interaction between the text and the reader, is interactive and relativistic.The findings of this research show that although one side of this novel presents a jihad-oriented discourse, the other side cultivates a revisionist discourse that wants the reader to look at the war from a new perspective.In addition, the novel succeeds in attracting the reader and interacting with him, and the reader can fill in the empty spaces of the text, which are often hidden, by reasoning and inferring.       Introduction   Relativism in literary criticism came out of Husserl's phenomenology, and of course, it was Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser who expanded this concept.Following this type of view, Jauss proposes the concept of "reader's expectation horizon", which means that the reader's expectation from the text changes in different periods according to the specific conditions of the reader.Like Jauss, Wolfgang Iser is one of the new hermeneutic thinkers and supporters of the theory that he explained in his book “Act of Reading ".The novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" by Habib Ahmadzadeh is one of the works that narrate the events of the war with its special perspective.       Research Background   Yahya Talebian and Mona Sadat al-Sayed (2021) in an article entitled "Critical Examination of the Novel Chess with Doomsday Machine based on Theodore Adorno's Theory" conclude that the critical analysis of the text shows the reflection of the society's situation in the narrative and the submission of the text to socially imposed correlations, and makes the tension between dualities a place for reflection.Mohammadreza Yousefi and Tahereh Ahmadi Varzaneh (2019) in a research study of the female characters in four novels including Chess with Doomsday Machine conclude that Ahmadzadeh has been completely successful in characterization based on behavior, dialogue, description of appearance, and environment.Mohammad Alijani (2018) in the article "The Quality of Reflecting Myths in the Doomsday Chess Novel", believes that the author of the novel focuses on the Iran-Iraq war and recreates the mythological narratives of the conflict between God and Satan, creation, and The fall of Adam, the legend of the fight between the dragon and the hero of the Last Supper, Jesus raised some archetypal human concerns such as the suffering and death of humans and whether they are free or forced in the context of destiny and the conflict between good and evil.Sahar Ghaffari (2015) in research entitled "The effect of paratexts on the formation or distortion of the text (an examination of the duality of the novel Chess with Doomsday Machine through the lens of paratexts)" observes a kind of "duality" in Ahmadzadeh's novel, which this work is based on on the one hand It is included in the category of sustainable literature, but on the other hand, it is "in the ranks of nihilistic and predestination works" that considers man to be forced and captured by fate and consider war as a historical force and a product of the rule of fate, an ominous and reprehensible phenomenon.Sahar Ghaffari and Soheila Saeedi (2014) in "Carnivalism in Chess with the Doomsday Machine" include this novel among the works that match Bakhtin's definition of carnivalism in polyphonic novels.It matches and is the center of multilingual performance that emerges from the interaction of different sounds.Hijazi (2013) in research entitled "Analysis of the Polyphonic Novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" discussed the functions of the language of the novel and different voices based on Milan Kundera's opinion.From Hijazi's point of view, this work is a philosophical realist novel whose wise philosophical dialogues between the characters arouse the audience's curiosity to receive and understand the answers to the questions that are his mental conflict.Razi and Abdulahian (2011) in "Analysis of story elements in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine" examine things such as scene design, character design, plot, style, and language of the novel believe that the skill of using story elements in this novel, It has made it a valuable work.In research entitled "Criticism: Chess with a Warrior Who Wanted to Checkmate / Criticism of the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Zanouzi-e Jalali (2006) considers the remarkable score of the novel to be the appropriate point of view of the author and the honesty of the narrator.       Theoretical Framework   The present study examines the discourse of war in Ahmadzadeh's story.This story avoids dogmatism and one-sidedness and moves towards discursive relativism, which will be analyzed based on Wolfgang Iser's theory of reader-centered criticism.Therefore, the main approach of this review is reader-response and interactive.Although it discusses the semiotics of the story to some extent, however, semiotics will be a secondary discussion in this review.Despite this, because in the relativistic discourse of Ahmadzadeh's novel, the possibilities of Iser's aesthetic criticism are well provided, the present review of some of the categories and methods proposed in Iser's theory, including "reading experience", the action of the text and the reader will trace and examine the phenomenological text (virtual text) and the designed process in this novel.Therefore, in this research, "accurate reading" of the main source and other sources is very important, and an effort is made to make the research discussion textual and objective by bringing several examples of novels and some theoretical works of Iser.       Data Analysis   Although the novel "Chess with Doomsday Machine" is in the genre of "Resistance literature", it has fundamental differences from other works of this genre; Because with the issue of war, he prepares a discourse that avoids dogmatism and absolutism and turns to relativism; Because wants the reader make a cultural and discursive review of the war.The text rejects the traditional and predestined views of war and considers it the will of those who want war, and therefore considers it the duty of man to refrain from war to enjoy the blessings of peace.Therefore, it fosters the discourse that contemporary man has the responsibility to control and refuse this phenomenon through understanding in reasoning and interaction in the discourse, which implies a kind of cultural behavior with war.In Chess with the Doomsday Machine, the "reading experience" is an interpretive and productive thing that causes the interaction between the text and the reader.In the article "Reading Process: Phenomenological Approach", Iser argues that the formation of new experiences in the text is the result of the interaction of the sides of this discourse triangle; Although the literary text does not refer the reader to the external reality, its sentences, and other linguistic factors are productive units whose correlation and interaction create a series of claims, statements, and observations in the text; This means that they determine the direction and nature of reading.In this way, reading and understanding are the result of the interaction of factors such as linguistic structures and their effect on the reader's mentality, fictional characters, lanterns that the characters carry with them, shadows on the wall, and even the circulation of the narrator's memory in the ceremony of lamenting by his friends.Now, if the narrator is the representative of the author, and if Mahtab and his mother are the objects of the reader, the giant shadows on the wall are the embodiment of the literary text, and like this type of text, they are borrowed and phenomenological.Icons such as jinn and shadow are intermediate and although they are non-existent, they are considered phenomena; because their existence depends on being presented to our minds, just as the text is the result of the interaction of linguistic structures and the reasoning mentality of the reader and is formed during reading.Discourse relativism is formed in a way that in this work, a three-day section of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran is designed in such a way that its narrative is a space for the interaction of the text and the reader.This process only happens in reading.Its purpose is to achieve tolerance and discourse interaction to avoid dogmatism in the approach of war, and it cultivates a discourse that is not necessarily the same as the discourses of the author, the text, and the reader but is the result of their communication and interaction.Therefore, the story of chess is the literature of discursive relativity of war, which is built in a critical and debated atmosphere.       Conclusion   The novel "Chess with the Doomsday Machine" has a two-sided and incongruous structure, one side of which creates an ideological and jihad-oriented discourse.In contrast, the other side presents a doubt-oriented and revisionist discourse.This novel, in the revisionist direction, refuses to adopt a definite and emphatic position about the war; because its dual discourse includes a space that does not put concepts such as good/evil and light/darkness in conflict with each other, but even prepares the desire for solidarity and compromise between them.Therefore, the dominant discourse of this story, while refraining from dogma, moves towards relativity and tolerance.       Keywords: Chess with the Doomsday Machine, Reader-Response criticism, Discourse relativism, Wolfgang Iser, Response-seeking structure       References   Alijani, Mohammad (2017) "The quality of the reflection of myths in the novel Chess with the Doomsday Machine", Narratology Journal, Year 2, Number 4, pp.115-145.   Abjadian, Amrullah (2012) History of English literature, ninth volume, poetry and literary criticism of the 20th century.Second edition.Shiraz: Shiraz University Publishing Center.(First edition: 1387).   Ahmadzadeh, Habib (2008) Chess with the doomsday machine.Tehran: Surah Mehr Publications.   Arvin, Shokofeh, Abulqasem Dadvar and Maryam Hoseini (2019) "The novel of war in Iran from the perspective of the presence of the "other" based on Bakhtin's views".Literary Text Research, No.79, 31-53.   Barthes, Roland (1998) Criticism and truth.Translated by Shirin Dokht Daqiqiyan.First edition.Tehran: Nashre Markaz.   Bennett, Andrew (2013) Readers and Reading, London, and Newyork: Routledge.   Eliot, T.S. 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