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Open Access Article

1 - The relationship between strategic thinking, transformational leadership and organizational learning for NPD idea support process in Ferdowsi University Incubator of Mashhad
somaye rahi amir rahimpour

The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between transformational leadership, strategic thinking and organizational learning whit the process of supporting the idea of new product development and intends to emphasize the importance of transformational l More

The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between transformational leadership, strategic thinking and organizational learning whit the process of supporting the idea of new product development and intends to emphasize the importance of transformational leadership, capacity building strategies for strategic thinking and organizational learning in order to support the ideas of new product development in knowledgeable companies, Ferdowsi University. The research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of collecting data, a descriptive surrey is considered as a correlation type. The statistical population of this study is the managers of knowledge based companies based in Mashhad Ferdowsi University’s comprehensive development center. (The census method has been used due to the low number of statistical population.) The data gathering tool is a standard questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and management experts, also the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. To test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling and PLS software have been used. The results of the research showed that the transformational leadership process, strategic thinking and organizational learning have a positive effect on the process of supporting the idea of new product development. In addition, transformational leadership also has a positive effect on organizational learning, but its relationship isn’t acceptable with the strategic thinking, on the other hand organizational learning has a positive effect on strategic thinking, too. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - An Investigation on the Effect of Multifactor Model of Improving Critical Thinking in E-learning Environments
mohammadreza nili jamshid heydari hossein moradi

In the third millennium, people deal with multiple, diverse, and complicated problems as they cannot possess full control over the information, which is constantly produced and accumulated. Having a high skill of critical thinking for assessing the results of different More

In the third millennium, people deal with multiple, diverse, and complicated problems as they cannot possess full control over the information, which is constantly produced and accumulated. Having a high skill of critical thinking for assessing the results of different issues and decision making about them based on evidences is an unavoidable necessity. The researchers of this work proposed a model with seven factors (components) for critical thinking in e-learning environments. The statistical group of this work is the M.Sc. medical education students of AZAD university e-learning environments, and the students of the same field from Islamic Azad University traditional education system studying during 2011-2012. Among the research community, 47 members were selected based on a simple random method and divided into two trial (with 23 members) and reference (with 42 members) groups. To train the trial group, the seven-factor critical thinking training scale was utilized in e-learning environments in 15 sessions with empirical sciences course. In the reference group, the same seven-factor critical thinking training scale was used in the classroom environment in lecturing in 15 sessions with empirical sciences course. The model factors and components are challenge, representation, creation of opportunity, creation of motivation, logical analysis, encouragement, responsibility, and commitment. Both groups were subject to two pretest and posttest steps within two trial groups, which were considered as reference to each other. Both groups responded to the Watson- Glaser™ Critical Thinking Appraisal within two pretest and posttest steps, while the covariance analysis statistical test was used for analysis of the results. The results indicate significant difference between the scores between trial and reference groups in improving the critical thinking of the students in terms of inferential, assumption detection, deduction, interpretation, and logical reasoning evaluation components (p=0.001). According to the results, in terms of improving critical thinking, the trial group trained in the e-learning environment indicates higher scores as compared to the group trained in the traditional classroom environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Modernity and Formation of Modern Political Theory
seyedreza shakeri

Modern political theory is of great value for its inner authenticity and outer implementations; but how this theory has been formed? The hypothesis of this study is that the modernity invented and formed the forces which caused dramatically changes in foundations and im More

Modern political theory is of great value for its inner authenticity and outer implementations; but how this theory has been formed? The hypothesis of this study is that the modernity invented and formed the forces which caused dramatically changes in foundations and implementations of modern theory. Two primary factors are important here: scientific thinking as grounding factor, and new politics (modern state), which emerged aftermath the collapse of medieval ages as outer factor. New scientific thinking prepared the context for such an evolution by transforming the concept of nature, and in the realm of politics by concentrating on power and distancing form the idea of “excellent city”. So, the modern political theory emerged as an effective and referential framework for illustrating the political life and offered solution for political problems. By separating between new and old political theories in a historical sense, this paper attend to show the formation of modern political theory in modern era and how it separated from old world; it also illustrate the characteristics of modern political theory and its new practical implementations; the results indicate that modern political theory was credible and successful for relationship between its theoretical ideas and values and its practical implementations in socio-political life; a task of modern theory which is in danger and doubt, in the ear of globalization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Avoidance of Thinking in A Religious Culture: A Review and Critique of Aramesh Doostdar’s Points of View
Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi Fatemeh Baee

Aramesh Doostdar considers “lack of question” as the main difficulty of Iranian society, which has been dominated by a religious culture since the ancient time. In this paper, his views are assessed on the basis of postmodern observations. Richard Rorty speaks of two ac More

Aramesh Doostdar considers “lack of question” as the main difficulty of Iranian society, which has been dominated by a religious culture since the ancient time. In this paper, his views are assessed on the basis of postmodern observations. Richard Rorty speaks of two accounts of rationality: a broad account which he favours and a narrow one which he crticises and attributes to modern thinkers. The main question in this paper is that in which category Doostdar’s views can be classified? It seems that he advocates the narrow modernist account of rationality that considers whatever does not comply with it as outside reason. Doostdar’s metanarrative on Iranian culture is based on unjustified extrapolations that ignore the complexity of the culture. Since he believes that Islamic and Iranian culture lacks fundamental philosophical questions, he disregards all other types of questions raised in that culture. In politics, Doostdar argues that the relationship between religion and the state in Iran, since the Achaemenid Empire, constituted the religious culture in the society in such a way that any escape from it and transition towards a developed society would be impossible. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Henry Corbin, Philosophical Hermeneutics, and the Cosmic Political Thought: A Critical Appraisal
Ahmad bostani

Henry Corbin was the first thinker who attempted to apply philosophical hermeneutics as an analytical tool for understanding the Shiite texts in particular, and Iranian intellectual history in general. Making use of various intellectual traditions, including phenomenolo More

Henry Corbin was the first thinker who attempted to apply philosophical hermeneutics as an analytical tool for understanding the Shiite texts in particular, and Iranian intellectual history in general. Making use of various intellectual traditions, including phenomenology, hermeneutics, Christian theology, and Platonic tradition, he provided a methodological and hermeneutical approach to the Iranian intellectual heritage. Although there are a literature body regarding his significance in the Islamic and Shiite scholarship, a critical evaluation of his works, and especially his own hermeneutical approach, has not been done yet. This paper aims to discuss Corbin’s hermeneutical approach from a critical and philosophical-political perspective. Thus, it will be demonstrated that his hermeneutics suffers from three main deficits: the lack of critical dimension, over-interpretation, and finally de-politicization of Islamic and Iranian intellectual and religious tradition. All of these three issues are rooted in a “cosmic” ontology in his philosophical system that makes no room for an intersubjective and social realm. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Critical thinking and Islamic training: Difference and similarity's dimensions
Mohammad

The goal of research is the dimension of differences and similarities thinking and Islamic educating and training and the method of studying in describing document analysis. The tool of data gathering is indexing from resources and written documents in educating and Isl More

The goal of research is the dimension of differences and similarities thinking and Islamic educating and training and the method of studying in describing document analysis. The tool of data gathering is indexing from resources and written documents in educating and Islamic training and critical thinking. The information which gather are shown follows; 1- analysis، comment، evaluation، presumption، explaining and self-regulating from critical thinking that has paid attention and emphasis on both matters.2. The goal of Islamic training is of please God، but critical thinking is the growth of mental skills that is the basic differences between two categories. 3. With respect to Islamic training view point critical thinking is one the thinking goals in achieving intellectualization and moving all around nel the world or and where or one and God direction. 4. With attendance to Islamic emphasis on unrecieieving works without reason and proof contradiction that critical thinking is one of the social and rational growth principles in Islamic training. 5. Critical thinking is the most important growth and movement process that is completing dated. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Explain the Position of critical Thinking in Epistemic Deontology of Ethic of Belief
فرامرز محمدی پویا

The aim of this study is explain the position of critical thinking in epistemic deontology of ethic of belief. So، used from conceptual analysis method for analyzing epistemic deontology and critical thinking and explain the position of critical thinking in epistemic d More

The aim of this study is explain the position of critical thinking in epistemic deontology of ethic of belief. So، used from conceptual analysis method for analyzing epistemic deontology and critical thinking and explain the position of critical thinking in epistemic deontology. The findings show that for rationality to the beliefs and regard of ethic of Belief، should provide the necessary and sufficient reasons for belief (Evidentialism). Achieving to this reasons and evidences needed to investigate about the belief (Epistemic Deontology). For to conduct the research، should have rules that their application cause done efficiently epistemic deontology process. Critical thinking consists of skills that each can be as a rule and will use in the process of investigation a belief. These rules include "judge with clear criteria and avoid hasty judgments"، "questioning"، "self-correction"، "to distinguish strong from weak reason"، "Failure to follow the majority and truth-seeking"، "analyzing"، "perfect review"، "obvious and avoid ambiguity"، "avoid prejudice"، "comprehensive review"، " flexibility"، " follow up doubts"، "listening to opposite opinions"، "separate belief from the owner belief"، "review defaults" that with use in process of ethic of belief، cause epistemic deontology be lawful. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Multicultural Learning Environments Based on Constructivism
iraj hidari Mohammad sifie hosain moradimokles

Today, the proper and effective use of multimedia learning environments requires the design, compilation, and integration of the components of the field of science education. One of the main components that has been overlooked in these softwares is the critical thinking More

Today, the proper and effective use of multimedia learning environments requires the design, compilation, and integration of the components of the field of science education. One of the main components that has been overlooked in these softwares is the critical thinking component. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the curriculum of the sixth elementary school curriculum based on the constructivist approach (Van Morinbour's multimedia model) and its impact on critical thinking skills in two interpretive and inferential areas. This research was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the curriculum was designed and prepared with the emphasis on interpretive and inferential skills based on the Van Mearburn multimedia model. In the second stage, the effect of the application of the educational package prepared on the basis of interpretive and inferential skills was assessed by semi-experimental and based on pre-test and post-test design. The results showed that the teaching of thinking and research based on the educational package prepared on experimental and experimental inferential skills had a significant effect (P <0.05). According to the results of the research, the application of the curriculum of thinking and research with constructivist approach increases the skills of critical thinking in two areas of interpretive skill and inferential skills of learners Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - A Comparison between Science and Technology Policy Institutes in Iran and Vision 2025 Region Countries
Mostafa Taghavi Yaser Khoshneviss

Nowadays, science and technology policy think tanks have an important role in design, analysis and evaluation of science and technology policies. These institutes have key impacts on the facilitating and improvement of science and technology development programs in many More

Nowadays, science and technology policy think tanks have an important role in design, analysis and evaluation of science and technology policies. These institutes have key impacts on the facilitating and improvement of science and technology development programs in many countries. In this paper, we introduce three instances of science and technology policy institutes in our country and three other instances of these institutes in the vision 2025 region countries and then, compare their features and activities. The results can be utilized in design, establishment and development of science and technology policy think tanks in Iran Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The relationship between organizational procrastination and components of psychological capital in employees: The mediating role of critical thinking
Leila Nikrad Ahmad Baseri Hossein Bigdeli

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of critical thinking in the relationship between procrastination and psychological capital in employees. The research method was descriptive and correlational and the method of structural equation modeling. The More

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of critical thinking in the relationship between procrastination and psychological capital in employees. The research method was descriptive and correlational and the method of structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all employees of Parsian Bank of Tehran in 2020-2021 with a volume of 2600 people and 300 samples were selected by stratified sampling method. Measurement tools were Saffarinia et al. (2011) organizational procrastination questionnaire، Luthans et al. (2007) ، psychological capital scale and Ricketts critical thinking questionnaire (2003). Data were analyzed by SPSS25 and LISREL software. According to the results، the factor load of the direct path of the effect of psychological capital on procrastination was not significant، but with the mediation of critical thinking، this path became significant at the level of 0.05.Then، in order to modify the model، paths whose factor load was not significant were removed. Finally، the modified model had a good fit. According to the results، it can be said that the more psychological capital and critical thinking a person has، the less negligence he will have. Therefore، by using appropriate executive strategies to increase the psychological capital of employees، a step can be taken to reduce organizational procrastination. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - A Study of the Augmentation of Effectiveness of Teaching Philosophy for Children and Youth on the Happiness of First Grade Middle Girl Students in Tehran
Ma’ideh Yusufi

The objective of the present work is tostudy the impact of implementing programof thinking skills upon augmentation ofhappiness of first grade middle girl studentsin Tehran. This research work includes sixtyfirst grade middle girl students in Tehranand are divided casua More

The objective of the present work is tostudy the impact of implementing programof thinking skills upon augmentation ofhappiness of first grade middle girl studentsin Tehran. This research work includes sixtyfirst grade middle girl students in Tehranand are divided casually into experimentaland control groups. The instrument forcollecting data is Oxford test of happiness.Meanwhile, pre-test and post-test withcontrol group are used for studying thehypothesis of research work. For theanalysis of data the comparison of marksbefore and after tests have been made,employing the test T Student forindependent groups.A workshop consists of twenty sessions,one session (45 minutes) in a week washeld, using the method of Sharp-Lipman’scommunity of inquiry with reference toPhilip Kamp and Robert Fisher’s intellectualstories. The conclusion of the researchindicates that the implementation ofteaching philosophy for children withcommunity of inquiry is effective in thedevelopment of happiness of children andhas positive impact in its wake. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Place of the Art of Dialectic in the Program of “Philosophy and Children”: An Explanation
Ali Asghar Jafari Valani Mahya Mehrjedi

The concept of philosophy is closely intertwined with the concept of intellectualization. Moreover, the way of transmitting thought from the realm of subject to the realm of object has been the inevitable concern of thinkers. A question may arise in our mind as to how c More

The concept of philosophy is closely intertwined with the concept of intellectualization. Moreover, the way of transmitting thought from the realm of subject to the realm of object has been the inevitable concern of thinkers. A question may arise in our mind as to how can we express our ideas so that to be perceivable to the lovers of philosophy? On the one hand, the technique of choosing proper terms, the way of chapter wising and referring to philosophical ideas, all acknowledge the close relationship between art and philosophy. On the other hand, in the program of “philosophy and children” the way of developing stories and rising questions as well as the style of speaking of teachers indicate the use of a kind of art in this field. Dialectic or conversation in the program of “philosophy and children” is one of the basic principles and if we succeed to apply exactly the art of dialectic to attain exact definitions of philosophical concepts then we can concede our relative success in implementing this program. The present work, by reviewing the pattern of critical thinking and giving a brief account of the program of “philosophy and children”, intents to explain the place of the art of dialectic in the program of “philosophy and children”. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Teaching Intellection to the Children in Rumī’s Mathnawī
Fatemeh Bandalizadeh Zohreh Hosaini Khamenei Ehsan Gheisari

The main objective of the present work is to explore the views of Rumī concerning the teaching of intellection to the children. In his view human intellection is rooted in the divine revelation. Indeed, in his view human intellect is complemented by the revelation so, i More

The main objective of the present work is to explore the views of Rumī concerning the teaching of intellection to the children. In his view human intellection is rooted in the divine revelation. Indeed, in his view human intellect is complemented by the revelation so, in order to attain intellectual perfection, man from the beginning was in need of a perfect guide such as God. Rumī followed the same path in his approach to children. Children usually enjoy certain limited experience and are endowed with honesty and purity in their characters and have nothing to do with the adult’s mischievousness and impurities. Childhood in Rumī’s poems is considered the symbol of a period that man has not yet attained his beloved. In this stage a lover is in need of a mediator, similarly, children in this stage need to learn the way of thinking. With reference to Rumī’s Mathnawī the present article seeks to draw Rumī’s views in this regard. In this article we try to take some step in the field of education of children and behold the actualization of their potencies. Manuscript profile

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14 - A Study of the Principles of an Approach for Promoting Children Perception of Environment through Environmental Art
Faezeh Hasani Helm

Today, a modern and strategic approach has come out for teaching the environmental concepts to the children which is based on environmental art. The aim of this approach is to turn the environmental crisis into a thoughtful discourse for deepening our understanding, imp More

Today, a modern and strategic approach has come out for teaching the environmental concepts to the children which is based on environmental art. The aim of this approach is to turn the environmental crisis into a thoughtful discourse for deepening our understanding, improving the techniques, nourishing our feeling and sentiments in order to have a different and fresh view towards the relationship between man and environment. The present article proceeds to study the principles of various solutions through which we can apply it to environmental art which leads to the enhancement of environmental understanding of children. Accordingly, the present work follows a descriptive- analytic method according to which the role of art creations and researches in nature will be used to promote the environmental awareness of children. The findings of this work indicate that environmental art by establishing easy relationship with the audiences by taking into account the objective, empirical, and reflective consideration can turn out to be a suitable method for children in their approach towards the environment. One of the main features of this approach is that it is based on visual, symbolic and conceptual method of environmental art versus mere scientific method of certain approaches. Manuscript profile

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15 - مطالعه تطبیقی خطوط فکری عمده آرمان شهرگرایان مسلمان و غیر مسلمان

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Open Access Article

16 - Innovation in combining theory of constraints thinking process with system dynamics (A case study : supply chain management )
mehdi ghazanfari حسين محمدي

Theory of Constraints is a kind of management philosophy that uses a systemic approach for understanding and analyzing the whole system. With this attitude identifying and removing the limitations (contradiction or problem that can limit the output of the system) in a s More

Theory of Constraints is a kind of management philosophy that uses a systemic approach for understanding and analyzing the whole system. With this attitude identifying and removing the limitations (contradiction or problem that can limit the output of the system) in a systematic process of change is possible. The tools that the theory of constraints uses for identifying, removing and transferring from current adverse conditions to future desirable conditions, is called the thinking process tools. But always there is this need that the effect of various factors on each other in the process is investigated as a feedback loop and in long term. Thus the system dynamics methodology can be used as a complementary tool to this. In fact, This paper aims to describe show to integrate theory of constraints and system dynamics according to their assumptions and their philosophical foundation. To explain how to use these two intersect methods, the problem of inventory management in SCM, which today is known of the challenges, is used. The results show that the combination of these two approaches in terms of theoretical foundation, offer good supplement to understand the problem . Manuscript profile

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17 - کاربرد تئوری محدودیت ها در شناسایی و رفع مشکلات ریشه ای سازمانی (يک مطالعه موردي)
mehdi ghazanfari حسين محمدي Kamran shahanaghi

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18 - Identifying the Dimensions and Components of Training Based on Lean Thinking in Social Security Organization
Fatemeh Manoochehri Parivash Jaafari Nadergholi Ghorchian Amir Hosein Mohammad Davoudi

The purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions and components of training based on lean thinking in social security organization. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, descriptive-survey method. The statistical populatio More

The purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions and components of training based on lean thinking in social security organization. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers, deputies, heads and educational experts in the headquarters and executive staff, and educational supervisors of the hospitals affiliated to the Social Security Organization (420 people). The sample size was 200 people according to Cochran formula and were selected by simple random sampling method. In order to collect information, a researcher-made questionnaire was used including 17 components and 126 items. The face validity of the questionnaire was verified through pilot implementation, content validity through comprehensive review of literature and expert judgment, and construct validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was estimated by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency tables, mean, variance, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) were used. The results of data analysis at the level of 0.01, 17 dimensions, and 117 components as dimensions and components of pure education in the social security organization showed that the overall effect of these dimensions was 63.73% and dimension of value stream (identification of waste and value-creating activities) had the highest share (84.52) and dimension of human resources management had the lowest share (0.48). Therefore, in order to eliminate education in the social security organization, it is necessary to identify the losses and create valuable activities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Identifying indicators of managerial competency in different companies of Tehran Municipality
fatemeh javadifard Alireza Amirkabiri mahmood dehgan

Objective: The importance and necessity of the present research can be examined in both theoretical and practical dimensions. Theoretically, considering that no research has been done in the field of designing and explaining the competency model of managers in different More

Objective: The importance and necessity of the present research can be examined in both theoretical and practical dimensions. Theoretically, considering that no research has been done in the field of designing and explaining the competency model of managers in different companies in Tehran Municipality, this research can identify the concept of competence, dimensions as much as possible to fill the theoretical gap in the field of competence in Tehran Municipality. , Indicators and how to expand and improve and improve it more accurately and operationally and lead to an integrated and coherent model. From a practical point of view, this research can also play an effective role in improving their performance and ultimately improving the performance of the organization by determining the current status of managers in different companies of the organization Also, not studying the subject causes the managers in different companies to have an incomplete and incorrect view of the subject based on their different tastes and personal perceptions. Method: The type of research is applied in terms of purpose, expansion and improvement, and in terms of how it is collected, and it is combined in terms of data type. The statistical population of the study in the qualitative part consisted of 15 experts who were selected by non-probabilistic judgmental and purposeful sampling method and in the quantitative part included all managers in different companies of Tehran Municipality and the sample size was 384 people by method Simple random sampling was selected. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Comparison of Criminal Thinking Styles of Substance-Dependent and Independent Offenders
malek Mirhashemi

This research was carried out based on causal-comparative research to compare cri-minal thinking of substance-dependent and in-dependent offenders. The population consisted of 300 prisoners in Tehran Province in 2014. Sampling was the one stage clustering sam-pling meth More

This research was carried out based on causal-comparative research to compare cri-minal thinking of substance-dependent and in-dependent offenders. The population consisted of 300 prisoners in Tehran Province in 2014. Sampling was the one stage clustering sam-pling method. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that means of criminal thinking styles of power-orientation and criminal rationalization are higher for substance-dependent offenders than substance-independent offenders (p<0.05). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Coping Styles and Critical Thinking Skills of Students with Perceived Stress of Earthquake
Fariborz Nikdel

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between coping styles and critical thinking skills of university students with their perceived stress after Yasouj earthquake (April 2018). The research method was non-experimental and correlational. Statistical po More

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between coping styles and critical thinking skills of university students with their perceived stress after Yasouj earthquake (April 2018). The research method was non-experimental and correlational. Statistical population of the study consisted of students of Yasouj universities in the academic year of 2017-18. The sample of the study included 280 students selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), and Coping Innventry for Stressful Situations (CISS) were administered. The results showed that there was a negative and significant relation-ship between problem-oriented coping style and students' perceived stress. Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between students' emotion-oriented coping style and their perceived stress. The relationship between avoidant coping style and students' perceived stress was not significant. Critical thinking had significant negative relationship with students' perceived stress. The results of step wise regression analysis showed that emotion-oriented coping style, critical thinking, and problem-oriented coping style were respectively predictors of students' perceived stress. Manuscript profile

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22 - An investigation on the humorous Persian Stories In terms of components of philosophical thinking
yahya ghaedy

The aim of this research is to compare philosophical thinking components in the humorous stories of the ancient and contemporary Persian literature. In order to achieve this goal, a story from Masnavi and a story from Tanz va Shukhtabei Mulla Nasreddin were selected and More

The aim of this research is to compare philosophical thinking components in the humorous stories of the ancient and contemporary Persian literature. In order to achieve this goal, a story from Masnavi and a story from Tanz va Shukhtabei Mulla Nasreddin were selected and analyzed. The criterion of comparison was Lipman's view about philosophical thinking components. These components were chozen from Lipman's works and were divided into three categories of critical, creative and caring thinking. In the second part, by using the deductive method and based on the theoretical framework provided in the first part, components of philosophical thinking were identified and analyzed in the the stories. The findings show that the selected story from Masnavi (The Fox and the Donkey in front of the Lion) is richer in the aspect of critical thinking and the two components of creative and caring thinking, being at the margin, make the story more powerful. As for the selected story of Tanz va Shukhtabei Molla Nasreddin (Bozorge Shahr), it is rich with regard to the creative and caring thinking. It provides a suitable platform for philosophical thinking because of the components of independence, innovation, testing, amazement, imagination, active and normative thinking. So, the two stories because of the components of philosophical thinking, are suitable for preparing this kind of thinking and they can be used in community of inquiry. Manuscript profile

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23 - A Comparative Study on Critical Thinking in Social Philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for Children Program”
yahya ghaedy

This article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 as More

This article is a comparative study between foundations, goals, and methodology of critical thinking in social philosophy of Horkheimer and “Philosophy for children”(P4C) program, and criticizing them. In order to realize this goal 3 questions are investigated on 3 aspects of foundations, aims and methods; and their relationship is studied. The result shows some similarities and differences between them. Similarities in foundations like being affected by Socrates, emphasize on thinking position in philosophy more than metaphysical subjects. About similarities in aims intellectual growth and to create better life is common in two approaches but the meaning of better life for them is different; for Horkheimer it means creating happiness for more people but in P4C program it means living in a democratic society with responsible and thoughtful citizens. Differences like adopting with social circumstances and the place of knowledge in social critic are mentioned. In methodology the main difference is to present certain and definable method for improving critical thinking in p4c but Horkheimer argue that critical thinking is a continuous process, so he doesn’t present a definite method only speaks of negative critique. The result of this study can be used for other researchers in philosophy and philosophy of education and other educational fields, curricula developer in educational systems, especially in developing an educational model for educating critical thinking. Manuscript profile

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24 - 4 Arts in Faithful Lifestyle Based upon Teachings of Imam Reza (AS)
Hamed Pourrostami

Lifestyle has been defined as the way individuals, groups or societies live in the face of their physical, mental, social and economic relations. Whether we call it a way of life or a manner originating from insight, one cannot ignore the fact that it is an art, or rath More

Lifestyle has been defined as the way individuals, groups or societies live in the face of their physical, mental, social and economic relations. Whether we call it a way of life or a manner originating from insight, one cannot ignore the fact that it is an art, or rather, a set of arts that form a macro model and style. This paper investigates the qualitative and quantitative arts in the lifestyle of the faithful as the essence of this style is faith in God. The paper seeks to clarify four arts of reflection, Tawakkul (putting one’s trust in God), Tawaddud (being friendly toward others) and Talazzuz (seeking enjoyment). Reflection is the art of processing and editing one’s knowledge in light of the power of intellect, which is sort of wise interaction with oneself. Tawakkul is the art of trusting in God, who is the source of self-confidence. In fact, Tawakkul is a realistic interaction with God. Tawaddud is the art of loving others, which is a major criterion in the faithful lifestyle and kind of friendly interaction with people. And finally, Talazzuz is also an art, the art of enjoying life and benefiting from the world purposefully. It is a kind of smart interaction with the world and it phenomena and blessings. This research was conducted through descriptive-analytical method in three stages of planning, implementing and reporting. Manuscript profile

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25 - Investigating and analyzing the irreplaceable role of Basij in holy defense
Behrouz Kasht Zar Seyed Sadif Danshi

According to the Supreme Leader, the eight-year era of holy defense is "the pinnacle of the honor of the Iranian nation". Therefore, in order to preserve and transmit the values of holy defense and the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom to the future generation, this cu More

According to the Supreme Leader, the eight-year era of holy defense is "the pinnacle of the honor of the Iranian nation". Therefore, in order to preserve and transmit the values of holy defense and the culture of sacrifice and martyrdom to the future generation, this culture must be seriously implemented in the cultural, social and economic planning of the country in question. be placed According to the Supreme Leader, "If we want the revolution and the country to be safe, we must strengthen this enthusiasm, this general movement and mobilization of the nation day by day." Undoubtedly, we must accept that although Basij itself is the guardian of the achievements of the Islamic Revolution, it is also a great achievement. An achievement that, as a precious legacy of Imam Khomeini (RA), can be the source of great changes in the world today, the same model that anti-oppression and justice-seeking resistance groups in every corner of the world use, and the mention of the role of the Basij in the sacred defense actually refers to a corner of The function of this institution is sacred. Focusing all eyes on this type of performance is actually ignoring the huge and valuable potential of this noble tree. Although the sacred defense is a golden leaf of the proud history of the Iranian nation, which was turned over by the most popular forces defending the Islamic revolution, but today, the way and method of those great forces has become a thought. which he refers to as "mobilization thinking". Therefore, although the role of mobilization in holy defense is always mentioned, the higher and higher goal is that this thinking should always be current in the society. The result of this will be the continuity of victories and successes. Manuscript profile

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26 - Examining teaching methods in primary school students
Abdul Hossein Peshgo Golnar Bergrizaneh Zahra kshavarz

The process of education and teaching methods and techniques along with training has an important place. The method means "the way of doing something" and the teaching method means "an orderly, regular and logical way to present the lesson" and the teaching method is "a More

The process of education and teaching methods and techniques along with training has an important place. The method means "the way of doing something" and the teaching method means "an orderly, regular and logical way to present the lesson" and the teaching method is "a set of regular measures and ideas that the teacher adopts to achieve the educational goals according to the conditions and opportunities" Teaching is the interaction between the teacher and the student, which is carried out based on the regular and purposeful design of the teacher to change the student's behavior. In the present research, which was carried out under the title of "Evaluation of teaching methods in elementary school students", it is perhaps the only method in this research. which teaches the content with the cooperation of students and indirectly. Then, group and social education methods (based on cooperation) were identified as the most appropriate educational models in elementary ages, especially for establishing high-level intellectual skills such as critical thinking, and were analyzed and interpreted. In the results of the research, in addition to introducing selective teaching methods, their merits and demerits were discussed and their relationship with the concepts and characteristics of critical thinking were shown and analyzed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Analyzing the methods of teaching critical thinking in primary school students
sadeg peshgo Hamid Reza Roshan Nesab Yaqub Hosseini Nejad

Abstract In the current research, which was carried out under the title "Analysis of the methods of teaching critical thinking to primary school students", based on the same research method, after studying the theoretical foundations, to collect all the concepts relate More

Abstract In the current research, which was carried out under the title "Analysis of the methods of teaching critical thinking to primary school students", based on the same research method, after studying the theoretical foundations, to collect all the concepts related to the education and upbringing of primary school children, and then to collect all the materials and resources related to Critical thinking was discussed. During these studies, all available teaching methods and relevant books and articles were also studied and reviewed. After putting together all the data collected from different teaching methods due to the importance of the age of the elementary school and of course the interpretations given in this research, finally, in addition to introducing the selected teaching methods, they discussed their merits and demerits and their relationship with the concepts and characteristics of thinking. We have shown criticism and analyzed it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Analysis of the content of Persian books in the second half of the elementary school (fifth grade)
Alireza Mohtaghednejad Zainab pisahang

The main goal of the current research was to analyze the content of Persian books in the second half of the elementary school (fifth grade) based on Gilford's creativity factors. Based on the statistical society, the Persian book has been determined and the measurement More

The main goal of the current research was to analyze the content of Persian books in the second half of the elementary school (fifth grade) based on Gilford's creativity factors. Based on the statistical society, the Persian book has been determined and the measurement tool is the content of two Persian books, i.e. reading and writing books (in the fifth grades) and the researcher-made form. In order to analyze the content, the unit registration method has been used in the field, and the data has been described and analyzed using tables, frequency and percentage. The validity of the measurement tool through the formula in the fifth grade, 91.33% agreement and the reliability of the tool was accepted based on the time agreement coefficient method during three consecutive months. Analysis and interpretation of data based on spss, using Pearson's correlation formula and descriptive statistics software, and the frequency difference test formula was analyzed by relying on the chi-square (chi-square) single-variable formula. The results of this research showed that: Most of the content and images of Persian books (reading and writing) are at the level of cognitive memory, and less attention has been paid to the level of divergent and value-seeking thinking. In addition, based on the results obtained in the field of activities and exercises in the fifth grade level of thinking Convergent, cognitive memory and divergent thinking have a relatively good balance. In the fifth grade, more attention is paid to convergent thinking in reading activities, and more attention is paid to divergent level in writing exercises. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Analysis of the content of Persian books in the second half of the elementary school (fourth grade) based on Guilford's creativity factors
Maryam Vahedi Zainab Rahbar hadis Khasht Zar

The main goal of the current research was to analyze the content of Persian books in the second half of the elementary school (fourth grades) based on Guilford's creativity factors. It has been determined based on the Persian book statistical society, and the measuremen More

The main goal of the current research was to analyze the content of Persian books in the second half of the elementary school (fourth grades) based on Guilford's creativity factors. It has been determined based on the Persian book statistical society, and the measurement tool is the content of two Persian books, i.e. reading and writing books (in the fourth grades) and the researcher-made form. In order to analyze the content, the registration unit method has been used in the field, and the data has been described and analyzed using tables, frequency and percentage. The validity of the measurement tool through the formula in the fifth grade, 91.33% in the fourth grade, Scott's 94.66 and with the agreement coefficient method of experts at 90% in the sixth grade, and the reliability of the tool was accepted based on the time agreement coefficient method during three consecutive months. . Analysis and interpretation of data based on spss, using Pearson's correlation formula and descriptive statistics software, and using the frequency difference test formula, relying on the chi-square (chi-two) single-variable formula, were analyzed. The results of this research showed that: Most of the content and images of Persian books (reading and writing) of each level are at the level of cognitive memory, and less attention has been paid to the level of divergent and evaluative thinking. In addition, based on the results obtained in the activities and exercises of both books, it has been shown that in the sixth grade level of convergent thinking, cognitive memory and divergent thinking have a relatively good balance. In the fifth grade, more attention is paid to convergent thinking in reading activities, and more attention is paid to divergent thinking in writing exercises. In the fourth grade, more attention is paid to cognitive memory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Cultivating critical thinking and its approaches
Ali Bakhsh Nazariani Asl sharullah Allameh Hakimeh Moradi Behrooz rahbarian

Defenders of critical thinking believe that critical thinking can increase the general impact of human characteristics on social classes and groups. Critical education and critical thinking emphasize the role of empowering human resources. In such a way that learners de More

Defenders of critical thinking believe that critical thinking can increase the general impact of human characteristics on social classes and groups. Critical education and critical thinking emphasize the role of empowering human resources. In such a way that learners develop critical thinking and practice and pay attention to the criterion of sufficiency in this regard. The purpose of this research is to cultivate critical thinking and its approaches. The research method is documentary-analytical. The results showed that more attention should be paid to developing critical thinking methods in people. Also, in the education process, while strengthening the spirit of criticism in teachers, it is necessary to create the spirit of criticism and the field of investigation and research in students. It has stated the results of the related researches, which confirm the effect of this method in the development of research thinking. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - The Dichotomy of Autonomy and Authenticity in Education; An Autonomous or Responsible Person?
jalal karimian Narges Sajjadieh khosrow Bagheri Mahdi Montazerghaem

Autonomy, a widely recognized ideal in the realm of education, has been subject to diverse interpretations. In its broadest sense, autonomy pertains to adhering to one's own laws. Imbued with significance by Kant, the progenitor of this notion within contemporary philos More

Autonomy, a widely recognized ideal in the realm of education, has been subject to diverse interpretations. In its broadest sense, autonomy pertains to adhering to one's own laws. Imbued with significance by Kant, the progenitor of this notion within contemporary philosophy, autonomy is regarded as a descriptor of human volition, crucial for the establishment of an absolute moral code. This term finds a profound association with modern rationality. In contrast to autonomy, authenticity emerges as a concept that, while acknowledging human freedom as the aim of education, directs attention toward the actualization of freedom throughout the educational process and human development. In the contemporary era, educational conceptions of autonomy have presented various definitions attempting to elucidate the nexus between rationality and authenticity. However, the philosophical profundity of authenticity has received limited attention within these delineations. Within this context, Heidegger's explication of authenticity (or Eigentlichkeit) possesses the potential to deepen the ideal of autonomy within education. In his ontological existentialism, Heidegger conceives of authenticity as humanity's capacity to engage in spiritual contemplation, aligned with a profound understanding of existence as a meaningful totality, while acknowledging an ongoing connection with truth. Being authentic, therefore, implies openness toward Being itself and an earnest quest for truth within human life. Authenticity arises from a departure from the prescribed paths laid by others, leading toward a more fulfilled existence and facilitating an existential consciousness concerning Being-towards-death. The pursuit of this path necessitates an acceptance of the inner calling of human conscience, embracing fully one's ontological responsibility. Hence, authenticity and its concomitant truth-seeking nature become profoundly intertwined, ultimately serving as a complement to existing definitions of autonomy. Therefore, as a consequence, authenticity emerges as a foundational principle, serving as a guiding light that elevates human responsibility to the forefront as the central objective and primary pathway within the realm of educational pursuits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Analysis magical realism in the metamodernism approach in order to present its implications in creating intellectual exploration and empath
mustafa Zabandan mohammadhassan mirzamohammadi Akbar panahi dorcheh

This paper was conducted with the aim of analysis magical realism in the Metatmodernism approach in order to provide its implications in creating intellectual exploration and empathy. The main components of metamodernism include oscillation, magical realism, neo-romanti More

This paper was conducted with the aim of analysis magical realism in the Metatmodernism approach in order to provide its implications in creating intellectual exploration and empathy. The main components of metamodernism include oscillation, magical realism, neo-romanticism, "As If" thinking and pragmatism. Although the use of magical realism predates metamodernism, this literary genre is now associated with neo-romanticism and metamodernism. This literary approach, as a mixture of imagination and reality, is considered one of the effective components of metamodernism. Considering the importance of this component in the approach of metamodernism, this research has analyzed magical realism in the approach of metamodernism in order to provide its implications creating intellectual exploration and empathy. The method of this research is of qualitative type and its library studies are conducted using the content analysis research method. Also, there is a research community, relevant and accessible documents and articles in the field of magical realism and metamodernism. The tool for recording and maintaining information in this research was the fiche. The result of this research shows that magical realism can significantly help the growth of learners, promote critical thinking and intellectual exploration, empathy, intercultural sensitivity and a deeper understanding of complex issues. . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Investigating the formation of fake news and examining modern forms of fake news
Hadi Abangah Azgomi

10.61186/ahrar.45868.4.7.1

News reporters are a special group in the jurisprudence and hadith of Shia Islam, whose way of thinking has cast a shadow over the people and seminaries for years. The founder of this sect was Mohammad Amin Esterabadi, who, by residing in Medina and writing the book "Fa More

News reporters are a special group in the jurisprudence and hadith of Shia Islam, whose way of thinking has cast a shadow over the people and seminaries for years. The founder of this sect was Mohammad Amin Esterabadi, who, by residing in Medina and writing the book "Fawaed al-Madaniyah," spread his beliefs in Iraq and Iran. He considered deduction and ijtihad to be "innovation" and rejected them, believing that only the apparent meaning of hadith should be adhered to and that only the infallible Imams (AS) could interpret the Quran and hadith, which is beyond the capacity of ordinary people. He also disregarded reason and consensus. His opinions were similar to Sunni Ahl al-Hadith to some extent, although he differed from them in terms of belief. The thought of Esterabadi news reporting led to more attention being paid to hadith books, but it resulted in harmful effects such as regression, sectarianism, and superficiality, which hindered rational thinking. Of course, the thought of Esterabadi news reporting was limited and restricted by the efforts of scholars, but its effects can still be seen to some extent: the emergence of modern news reporting in today's world from Egypt to Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, etc., and cultural news reporting among elites and people are examples of this category. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Women, Family, Childbearing in Strengthening the Position of Motherhood
Nahid Javidi Seyed Ali Mousavi nasab

<p>One of the most fundamentalneeds of any society for its survival is the reproduction of the generations. The issue of women, as a vital part of human society, deserves the same level of scrutiny and deep analysis as the human condition itself. Any analysis of women's More

<p>One of the most fundamentalneeds of any society for its survival is the reproduction of the generations. The issue of women, as a vital part of human society, deserves the same level of scrutiny and deep analysis as the human condition itself. Any analysis of women's life dimensions, excluding gender characteristics, equates to an analysis of human life. Therefore, understanding a woman's status and dignity is essentially understanding human dignity. It is also indisputable that knowledge of oneself is a benchmark for other knowledge. Considering that half of the population consists of women, and they play crucial roles in various societal domains, including the family and child-rearing, which form the foundation of society, addressing women's issues as social and human capital is of utmost importance. If women shy away from marriage and childbearing, the population will decline, and the human race will face the risk of extinction. This study examines women, family, childbearing, and strengthening the position of motherhood from the perspective of the Holy Qur'an using the library research method and an analytical-descriptive approach. The findings indicate that attention to women's intrinsic qualities, gender justice, and social security in society can significantly impact childbearing and family dynamics. Conversely, the major obstacle is the adherence to feminist thinking, which can undermine the roles of motherhood and childbearing.</p> Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - An Analysis of Magical Realism in the Meta-modernism approach in order to Present its Educational Implications in Intellectual Inquiry and Empathy
mustafa Zabandan mohammadhassan mirzamohammadi Akbar panahi dorcheh

This research was conducted with the aim of analysis of magical realism in the Meta-modernism approach and looking for its educational implications in intellectual inquiry and empathy. The main components of Meta-modernism include oscillation, magical realism, neo-roman More

This research was conducted with the aim of analysis of magical realism in the Meta-modernism approach and looking for its educational implications in intellectual inquiry and empathy. The main components of Meta-modernism include oscillation, magical realism, neo-romanticism, "As If" thinking and pragmatism. Although the use of magical realism predates Meta-modernism, this literary genre is now associated with neo-romanticism and Meta-modernism. Literary approach, as a mixture of imagination and reality, is considered as one of the effective components of Meta-modernism. Considering the importance of this component, this research has analyzed magical realism in this approach in order to provide its implications for education. The method of this research is of qualitative type and its library studies are conducted using content analysis in relation to the relevant and accessible documents and articles. The result of this research shows that magical realism can significantly help learners in intellectual growth, critical thinking, intellectual inquiry, empathy, intercultural sensitivity, and a deeper understanding of complex issues Manuscript profile

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