The analysis of effects of heat stress on citizenships of Tehran
Subject Areas :
1 -
2 -
3 - Tarbiat Modares University
Keywords: Heat stress, mental responses, cluster analysis, factor analysis, citizenships of Tehran,
Abstract :
Exposure to heat and heat stress that most people encounter during daily activities or activities in the workplace will have an impact on human physical activity. The aim of this study was to discuss the effects of heat stress in the 22 districts on citizenships of Tehran. For this purpose, the questionnaire data has been used. This research was descriptive and fieldwork was done and a questionnaire was used for data collection. This questionnaire was performed according to a sample size of 385 cases and through using Cochran's formula. For analysis the data of questionnaire was used SPSS and MATLAB software. The findings of descriptive showed that 60% of the respondents were female and 40% men. Since weight has almost direct connection to heat stress, the evaluation of the weight class diversity can be almost suitable for the analysis of the factors and mental responses of heat stress on citizenships of Tehran. Based on this issue, 32.7% have a weight between 55 and 65 and 29.09% have weight more than 75 kg. In order to analysis, the role of heat stress on citizenships of Tehran factor analysis and cluster analysis have been used. The results indicated that based on factor analysis, heat stress has the most effects on the calm of soul and spirit, fatigue and heatstroke and decreased activity and increased transpiration of the body, cramps, pulmonary and heart disease. According to cluster analysis, cardio pulmonary disease and cramps, the calm of soul and spirit and fatigue, dizziness, heatstroke and decreased activity and increased transpiration have been affected respectively. The study showed that the effects of heat stress on gender, type of occupation, marriage, celibacy, male and female and there is a significant relationship between heat stress and gender, occupation and age while marital, celibacy and weight don't have influence on heat stress.
1. آبکار، علی¬رضا (1388)، جایگاه فعالیت‌های جسمانی در اوقات فراغت دانشجویان، فصلنامه علوم شماره1(1) صص9-28؛
2. رضازاده آذری، منصور، معتمدزاده، مجید (1381)، ارزیابی مقایسه¬ای تنش گرمایی کارکنان بندر امام¬خمینی به دو روش پایش محیطی و پایش زیستی، دو ماهنامه پژوهشی پژوهنده علوم پزشکی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، جلد 7، شماره 4، صفحات 9-15؛
3. دهقان، حبيب¬الله؛ مرتضوي، سيدباقر؛ جعفري، محمدجواد؛ مراثي، محمدرضا (1394)، بررسي پايايي و روايي پرسشنامه ارزيابي مقدماتي استرس گرمايي در محيط کار، دوماهنامه طبّ جنوب پژوهشكده زيست- پزشكي خليج فارس،دانشگاه علوم پزشكي و خدمات بهداشتي درماني بوشهر، سال هجدهم، شماره 4، صفحه 6؛
4. گلبابایی، فریده؛ مظلومی، عادل؛ محمودخانى، سمیه؛ کاظمى، زینب؛ حسینى، مصطفی؛ عباسی¬نیا، مرضیه؛ فرهنگ¬دهقان، سمیه (1394)، ارزیابى اثر استرس گرمایی بر توجه انتخابى و زمان واکنش در کارگران یک صنعت گرم: کاربرد آزمون استروپ رایانه¬اى. فصلنامه بهداشت و ایمنی کار،جلد 5، شماره 1؛
5. طرح جامع توسعه گردشگری تهران،1385؛
6. فرشادفر، عزت¬الله؛ (1389)، اصول و روش¬های آماری چند متغیره، انتشارات طاق بستان، دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه،صفحه 368؛
7. فلاح قالهری، غلام¬عباس؛ اسماعیلی، رضا و شاکری، فهیمه (1395)، ارزیابی روند تغییرات فصلی تنش¬های گرمایی طی نیم قرن اخیر در چند نمونه اقلیمی ایران، مجله سلامت و محیط زیست، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی انجمن علمی بهداشت محیط ایران؛ دوره نهم، شماره دوم، صص233 تا 246؛
8. محمدی، حسین؛ سعیدی، علی (1387)، شاخص¬هاي زيست اقليمي موثر بر ارزيابي آسايش انسان مطالعه موردي: شهر قم، نشریه محیط¬شناسی، دوره 34، شماره 47، صفحات 86 تا 73؛
9. Abrahamson, V., Wolf, J., Lorenzoni, I., Fenn, B., Kovats, S., Wilkinson, P., Adger, W. N., and Raine, R. (2009), Perceptions of heatwaverisks to health: interview-based study of older people in London and Norwich, UK, J. Public Health (Oxf.), 31, 119–126,doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdn102;
10. Alam Arham, Purwitasari, Widhawati Dwi Nisa, Fardiansyah Rachmat,Tualeka Abdul Rohim,(2014), Factors Related To Subjective Complaint of Heat Pressures in Employees Basement Mtc Karebosi Makassar, International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science ,Volume 3, , PP.49-54;
11. Allen, W.L. III (2012), Advancing green infrastructure at all scales: From landscape to site. – Environmental Practice 14 (1): 17-25;
12. Argüeso D, Evans JP, Pitman AJ, Di Luca A (2015), Affects of City Expansion on Heat Stress under Climate Change Conditions. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117066;
13. Barriopedro D, Fischer EM, Luterbacher J, Trigo RM, García-Herrera R. (2011), The hot summer of 2010: redrawing the temperature record map of Europe. Science.; 332(6026):220-24;
14. Fernandez Milan, B. and Creutzig, F.: 2015. Reducing urban heat wave risk in the 21st century, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 14, 221–231, doi: 10.1016/j.cosust;
15. Gill S.E., J.F. Handley, A.R. Ennos and S. Pauleit (2007), Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. – Built Environment 33 (1): 115-133;
16. Großmann, K., Franck, U., Krüger, M., Schlink, U., Schwarz, N., and Stark, K.: Soziale; Dimensionen von Hitzebelastung in Grossstädten (english title: Social dimensions of heatstress in cities), disP – The Planning Review, 48, 56–68,doi:10.1080/02513625.2012.776818, 2012;
17. Habeeb, Dana, Vargo.J, Stone Jr.Brian,(2015), Rising heat wave trends in large US cities, Nat Hazards, 76:1651–1665;
18. Hancock PA, Ross JM, Szalma JL. (2007), A meta-analysis of performance response under thermal stressors. Hum Factors; 49:851–877;
19. Kahya E. The effects of job characteristics and working conditions on job performance. Int J Ind Ergon. 2007;37:515–523;
20. Kunz-Plapp Tina, Hackenbruch Julia, and Willem Schipper Janus,(2016), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 977–994;
21. Kuttler, W., D. Dütemeyer und A.-B. Barlag (2012a), Erarbei-tung eines Konzeptes zur städtebaulichen Anpassung an den Klimawandel in Gelsenkirchen. Stufe III: Handlungs-strategien und Maßnahmenkatalog zur Mitigation und Adaptation möglicher Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Stadtklima Gelsenkirchens. – Unpublished. – Essen;
22. Kuttler, W., D. Dütemeyer und A.-B. Barlag (2013), Handlungs-leitfaden – Steuerungswerkzeug zur städtebaulichen Anpassung a thermische Belastungen im Klimawandel. – Dynaklim-Publikation 34 /Februar 2013 im Verbund-forschungsprojekt dynaklim des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF). – Berlin. – Online avail-able at: www.dynaklim.de;
23. Lahey, James W. (1984), 'What To Do When The Heat's On', National Safety News,vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 60-64;
24. Luterbacher J. Dietrich D, Xoplaki E, Grosjean M, (2004),Wanner H. European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500. Science.303(5663): 1499-503;
25. Maras, I., Buttstädt, M., Hahmann, J., Hofmeister, H., andSchneider, C. 2014.Investigating public places and impacts of heat stress in the city of Aachen, Germany, Erde, 144, 290–303,doi:10.12854/erde-144-20;
26. Mayer, H. (2006), Indizes zur human-biometeorologischen Bewertung der thermischen und lufthygienischen Komponente des Klimas. – Gefahrstoffe – Reinhaltung der Luft 66 (4): 165-174.
27. Parsons, K.C, (2003), Human Thermal Environments: The Effects of Hot, Moderate and Cold Temperatures on Human Health, Comfort and Performance, 2nd ed.; Taylor & Francis: London, UK;
28. Pfaffenbach, C. and Siuda, A.: Hitzebelastung und Hitzewahrnehmung im Wohn- und Arbeitsumfeld der Generation 50plus in Aachen, Europa Regional, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-314920 (last access: 31 March 2016), 18,192–206, 2010.
29. Ramsey, JD (1995), Task performance in heat: a review. Ergonomics, 38.1: 154-165;
30. Schar C, Vidale PL, Lüthi D, Frei C. Häberli C, Liniger MA,. 2004. The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves. Nature. 427(6972):332-36;
31. Tebaldi C, Hayhoe K, Arblaster JM, Meehl GA(2006). Going to the extremes- An Intercomparison of Model-Simulated Historical and Future Changes in Extreme Events. Climatic Change. 2006;79(3-4):185-211;
32. Venugopal.Vidhya, Chinnadurai. Jeremiah S, Lucas.Rebekah A. I. and Kjellstrom Tord.(2015), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13, 89; doi:10.3390/ijerph13010089;
33. WHO (World Health Organization) and WMO (World Meteorological Organization): Atlas of health and climate, World Health Organization WHO and World Meteorological Organization WMO, http://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/atlas/report/en/ (last access: 31 March 2016), 2012;
34. Wolf, J., Adger, W. N., Lorenzoni, I., Abrahamson, V., and Raine, R.,(2010), Social capital, individual responses to heatwaves and climate change adaptation: An empirical study of two UK cities, Global Environ. Chang. 20, 44–52,doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.09.004.
