Power and the Commune: Priority of Power to Right in Political Philosophy of Spinoza
Subject Areas : Research in Theoritical Politics
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Shahid Beheshti University
Keywords: Right Desire (cupiditas) nature natural law political theology of grace,
Abstract :
Baruch Benedict Spinoza’s theoretical constellation formulates a theory of right and law that prepares bases for his special rationalism and humanism that is specific to republican political philosophy. This philosophy of right and law relies on metaphysics of power and prefigures the “Multitude” and the “Commune”. This philosophy of right and law is one of the many unique aspects of Spinoza`s practical philosophy. Spinoza`s theory of right as articulated in his political essays Ethica and Tractatus Politicus is as following: The more right extends, the more power extends and since society or commune produces more power, it produces more right. This unique aspect of practical philosophy of Spinoza relies on some aspects of old theory of right and law. In other words, the right and law theory of Spinoza can be considered one of Spinoza’s bonds with old traditions. The right and law Spinoza theory relies on “power” and considers “Multitude” and “Commune”.
اسپینوزا، باروخ (1376) اخلاق، ترجمۀ دکتر محسن جهانگیری، چاپ دوم، تهران، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.#
اشتراوس، لئو (1373) حقوق طبیعی و تاریخ، ترجمۀ باقر پرهام، تهران، آگه.#
بریه، امیل (1374) تاریخ فلسفه، جلد دوم، دورۀ انتشار فرهنگ یونانی و دورۀ رومی، چاپ دوم، تهران، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.#
پولس رسول (بی‌تا) نامه به مسیحیان روم، کتاب مقدس، متن کامل، ترجمه فاضل خان گروسی همدانی.#
طباطبایی، جواد (1393) تاریخ اندیشۀ سیاسی جدید در اروپا، جلد نخست از نوزایش تا انقلاب فرانسه، دفتر سوم: نظام¬های نوآئین در اندیشۀ سیاسی، تهران، مینوی خرد.#
Aquinas, St Thomas (2002) Political Writings, Edited And Translated By R.#W.# Dyson, In Cambridge Texts In The History Of Political Thought, Series Editors Raymond Geuss And Quentin Skinner, University Of Cambridge.#
Cicero (1993) The Nature of the Gods, translated with Introduction and Explanatory Nates by P.# G.# Walsh, Oxford, Clarendon Press.#
-------- (1999) On the Commonwealth and On the Laws, edited by James E.# G.# Zetzel, Cambridge University Press.#
-------- (2006) Political Speeches, Translated with Introductions and Notes by D.# H.# Berry, Oxford Worlds Classics.#
Cooper, J.# M.#, (2012) “Stoicism as a Way of Life”, in Pursuits of Wisdom: Six Ways of Life in Ancient Philosophy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.#
Deleuze, Gilles (1968) Spinoza et le problème de l'expression, Editions de Minuit.#
----------------- (1990) Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza, translated by Martin Joughin, Zone Books.#
----------------- (1981) Spinoza - Philosophie pratique, Editions de Minuit.#
----------------- (2001 a) Spinoza: Practical Philosophy, translated by Robert Hurley, San Francisco, City Lights Books.#
Garret, Don (ed) (1995) The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza, Cambridge University Press.#
Inwood, B.#, (2003) The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.#
Israel, Jonathan (2001) Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750, Oxford, Oxford University Press.#
------------------- (2010) A Revolution of the Mind: Radical Enlightenment and
the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy, Princeton and Oxford, Princeton University Press.#
Long, A.# A.#, (1986) Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics, 2nd edition, London: Duckworth.#
----------------- (2002) Epictetus: a Stoic and Socratic guide to life, Oxford, Oxford University Press.#
Rist, J.# M.#, (1969) Stoic Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.#
Rosen, Stanley (1987) `Spinoza`, in Strauss, Leo and Joseph Cropsey (ed), History of Political Philosophy, The University of Chicago Press.#
Sambursky, S.#, (1959) The Physics of the Stoics, London, Routledge.#
Sandbach, F.# H.#, (1994) The Stoics, 2nd edition, London, Duckworth.#
Sellars, J.#, (2006) Stoicism, Berkeley and Durham, University of California Press and Acumen, UK.#
Sharples, R.# W.#, (1996) Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics, London, Routledge.#
Spinoza, Benedictus de (2002) Political Treatise, in Spinoza: Complete Works, translated by Samuel Shirley, edited with introduction and notes by Michael L.# Morgan, Indianapolis I Cambridge, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.#.#
---------------------------- (1846) Opera Quae Supersunt Omnia, Ex Editionibus Principibus Denuo Edidit Et Praeeatus Est, Carolus Hermannus Bruder, Vol.# Iii.#, Tractatus Theologico – Politicus Compexdium Grammatices Linguae Hebraeae, Editio Stereotypa, Lipsiae, Ex Officina Bernhardi Tauchnitz.#
Wolfson, Harry Austryn (1934) The Philosophy of Spinoza: Unfolding the Latent Processes of His Reasoning, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.#
