چالش‌های همگرایی و واگرایی در حقوق خصوصی جهانی: مطالعه تطبیقی در زمینه قراردادها و مسئولیت مدنی
الموضوعات :
1 - کارشناس ارشد حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، موسسه آموزش عالی احرار، رشت، ایران.
الکلمات المفتاحية: همگرایی حقوقی, واگرایی حقوقی, حقوق خصوصی جهانی, حقوق تطبیقی,
ملخص المقالة :
مقاله حاضر به بررسی چالش‌های همگرایی و واگرایی در حقوق خصوصی جهانی، با تمرکز بر حوزه‌های قراردادها و مسئولیت مدنی می‌پردازد. در عصر جهانی‌سازی، افزایش تعاملات فرامرزی و تجارت بین‌المللی، تفاوت‌های نظام‌های حقوقی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی را به چالش‌هایی عمده در مسیر همگرایی حقوقی تبدیل کرده است. با استفاده از روش‌های تطبیقی و تحلیل کیفی، تفاوت‌های نظام‌های حقوقی «کامن‌لا» و «حقوق نوشته» در حوزه‌های قراردادها و مسئولیت مدنی بررسی شده و راهکارهایی برای تقریب این نظام‌ها ارائه می‌شود. همچنین، نقش سازمان‌های بین‌المللی مانند UNIDROIT و CISG در همگرایی حقوقی تحلیل شده است. در پایان، پیشنهاداتی برای تحقیقات آینده در زمینه تأثیر فناوری‌های جدید و نقش حقوق اسلامی و سایر نظام‌های حقوقی غیرغربی در همگرایی حقوقی ارائه شده است
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2. Bermann, G. A. (2021). *Enforcement of foreign judgments (1st ed.). Alphen aan den Rijn: Wolters Kluwer.
3. Blackaby, N., Partasides, C., Redfern, A., & Hunter, M. (2015). *Redfern and Hunter on international arbitration* (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Bonell, M. J. (2002). *The UNIDROIT principles in practice: Caselaw and bibliography on the UNIDROIT principles of international commercial contracts. Ardsley: Transnational Publishers.
5. Born, G. B.** (2021). International commercial arbitration (3rd ed.). Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International.
6. Brenner, S. W. (2004). Law and technology in the international community. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
7. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. (n.d.).Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB). Berlin: Retrieved from https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de
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12. Catala, P., & Cartwright, J. (2007). Comparative law of obligations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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15. Coulson, N. J. (1964). A history of Islamic law. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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17. Craig, P., & de Búrca, G. (2015). EU law: Text, cases, and materials (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. David, R., & Brierley, J. E. C. (1985). Major legal systems in the world today (3rd ed.). London : Stevens & Sons.
19. Davis, L (2018). Judicial procedures in civil liability. Law and Order Press.
20. Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice (3rd ed.). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
21. Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562. London
22. Donoghue v. Stevenson. (n.d.). *LawTeacher*. Retrieved March 2, 2025, from https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/donoghue-v-stevenson.php
23. European Union. (2011). Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights. EUR-Lex. Brussels: Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu
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25. Federal Trade Commission. (2023). Washington, D.C.: Retrieved from https://www.ftc.gov
26. Fleming, J. G (1998). The law of torts (9th ed.). Sydney: Lawbook Co.
27. French Civil Code. Paris
28. German Civil Code (BGB). (n.d.). Retrieved February 29, 2025, Berlin: from https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bgb/__823.html
29. Glenn, H. P. (2014). Legal traditions of the world: Sustainable diversity in law (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. Gordley, J. (1991). The philosophical origins of modern contract doctrine. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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32. Guzman, A. T. (2008). How international law works: A rational choice theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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35. HCCH. (2005). Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. The Hague: Hague Conference on Private International Law.
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37. Johnson, R. (2019). No-fault compensation systems. Justice Publications.
38. Katouzian, Nasser. (2006). General Principles of Civil Liability. Tehran: University of Tehran Press . [In Persian]
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