List of Articles WTO

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  1 - Trade of Services within the realm of World Trade Organization
  Vali Sajedi
  The strategic subject of membership in WTO is one of the important subjects in world transactions; and countries from all around the world enthusiastically follow this matter. Since WTO covers 148 countries and more than 95% of world trads, not attending in this realm i More

  The strategic subject of membership in WTO is one of the important subjects in world transactions; and countries from all around the world enthusiastically follow this matter. Since WTO covers 148 countries and more than 95% of world trads, not attending in this realm is not possible and meaningful. Therefore, it is necessary to study about different aspects of commodity, service and industrial property trade. By considering the necessity of joint of Iran to WTO, that is one of the main concerns of capitalists and governors, and since the forth development plan is based upon liberating the commerce; and regading the fact that Iran is accepted as an observer member in WTO (Since 26, May 2005), it is vital that before taking any actions, different aspects of each activity be examined thoroughly. Further more, the legal situation of different services should be examined by the experts to comment upon professional aspects. The above mentioned experts, then, according to the position of services trade in Iran and in the world, evaluate the capacity of different services to recognize the internal market and try to expand it into external markets as well. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Determination of Available Transfer Capability by Combined Method of Newton-Raphson-Seydel and Holomorphic Load Flow with Improved Matrix Calculations
  Mostafa Eidiani
  This paper first demonstrates that high direct current lines will undoubtedly be the backbone of the future transmission network. The Newton Raphson Seydel alternating load flow equations are then combined with the direct current line equations. This paper employed matr More

  This paper first demonstrates that high direct current lines will undoubtedly be the backbone of the future transmission network. The Newton Raphson Seydel alternating load flow equations are then combined with the direct current line equations. This paper employed matrix techniques to increase the speed of solving problems as the dimensions of the equations get larger. Furthermore, the holomorphic load flow does not require an initial estimate to run the load flow, and if a solution exists, the precise answer is calculated. The initial guess of Newton Raphson Seydel was calculated using this approach. In this paper, we describe a novel approach that can compute the available transfer capability in small and large networks with sufficient accuracy and speed by combining these methods. The simulation in this paper uses five networks: 39 IEEE buses, 118 IEEE buses, 300 IEEE buses, 145 Iowa state buses, and 1153 East Iran buses network. In addition, four approaches were employed for comparison: continuous power flow, the general minimum residual method, Newton Raphson Seydel classical method, and the standard holomorphic power flow method. The results of the simulations suggest that the proposed strategy is acceptable. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Constructive interaction of the World Trade Organization with developing countries
  Mahdi  Sadeghi Shahdani Amir Kargar Ali Javanjafari
  The consequences of the accession and non-accession of the developing countries to the World Trade Organization have been stated in many articles, which point to the inefficiency of this organization and the political and economic power of developed countries and their More

  The consequences of the accession and non-accession of the developing countries to the World Trade Organization have been stated in many articles, which point to the inefficiency of this organization and the political and economic power of developed countries and their influence on the decisions of this organization. Research Assuming that the process of globalization and increasing membership of countries in the World Trade Organization is upward, we consider the membership of many of them in this organization to be inevitable; However, since some of the goals of this organization are the same as the economic goals of developing countries, it is possible to use effective and timely policies to interact effectively and achieve goals such as the efficient and equitable exploitation of nature. New benefits and opportunities for all were eradicated, eradicating poverty, corruption and discrimination in the country, and maintaining economic independence. For this reason, there is a need to review and adapt this organization to the economic foundations of these countries. The research question is what are the benefits and costs of membership in this organization for developing countries? what steps should they take to maximize opportunities and minimize membership costs? According to the descriptive-analytical approach and based on some theoretical assumptions of international economics and understanding the atmosphere of this organization, we will reach the hypothesis that this organization, considering the influence of developed countries in establishing fair and effective trade relations, It is inefficient, but with some flexible policies and regulations, costs can be minimized. Manuscript profile
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  4 - The process of China's accession to the World Trade Organization
  Masood Kamali Ardakani
  By adopting an open door policy in the 1970s, China gradually became an emerging power in the international arena, increasing its economic power, and now is a major player in the political arena, challenging the interests of the great powers. The process of economic ref More

  By adopting an open door policy in the 1970s, China gradually became an emerging power in the international arena, increasing its economic power, and now is a major player in the political arena, challenging the interests of the great powers. The process of economic reform in China changed dramatically in the mid-1980s (before joining the World Trade Organization) and this development can be well seen in the trade performance of thiseconomy. China is now a major player in international trade, both in terms of imports and exports. Moving from the older methods of import planning to issuing import licenses and then using customs tariffs, the market mechanism and price have a special place as the most important determining factors in China's future relations with the rest of the world. In view of the above, the author of the present work seeks to answer the strategic question: what are the hidden goals of the People's Republic of China through its accession to the World Trade Organization? The hypothesis that can be posed against this question is that Meanwhile, China's accession to the World Trade Organization as part of China's economic reform process has enabled them to consolidate the benefits of the trade reform process pursued by the Chinese government in the two decades before accession and to lay the groundwork for future reforms. Manuscript profile
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  5 - An Analysis of WTO Reform Process
  Mahmoodreza Jalili Mehdi Fakheri
  World Trade Organization reform has been discussed since its establishment. Issues such as the reform of special and differential treatment and also the reform of the consensus decision-making system have been among the most important cases of attention. The constant co More

  World Trade Organization reform has been discussed since its establishment. Issues such as the reform of special and differential treatment and also the reform of the consensus decision-making system have been among the most important cases of attention. The constant conflict between developed and developing countries, which led to the collapse of the Doha Round negotiations and the failure of the reforms debate in WTO, can be attributed to the different perspectives of these two country groups on the main purpose of WTO. Developed countries believe that the final aim of WTO is to facilitate free trade between countries, they also demand that WTO should expand free trade to e-commerce and intellectual property. On the other hand, developing countries believe the final goal of the WTO is to accelerate the development of all countries. They also expect WTO to announce the approval of an overall result of the Doha Development Round negotiations as a precondition for new negotiations of WTO reform. In addition, after the U.S crisis in WTO Dispute Settlement Body (DSB), the reform of DSB has become one of the most challenging pillars of the WTO reform process. Making consensus in the decisions has faced a deadlock in the decision-making mechanism of WTO. For instance, some of the recent issues in international trade, such as e-commerce have created different conditions in WTO in comparison to time WTO was established. Furthermore, in recent years some events like the Coronavirus pandemic and changing of the president of the United States, have made WTO reform inevitable. Manuscript profile