Autonomy

Open Access Article

1 - A Comparative Study of Rorty’s Irony and Foucault’s Parrhesia
MohammadReza Sedghi Rezvani Seyed Mohammad Ali Taghavi

Irony is one of the constitutive concepts in Richard Rorty’s pragmatism. The ironist is his ideal type of the person: self-creative and self-conscious, aware of his own contingency, anti-foundationalist, and always ready to revise his account of the self and the world r More

Irony is one of the constitutive concepts in Richard Rorty’s pragmatism. The ironist is his ideal type of the person: self-creative and self-conscious, aware of his own contingency, anti-foundationalist, and always ready to revise his account of the self and the world radically. Michel Foucault, on the other hand, is concerned with the concept parrhesia. Parrhesiastes is a type of person comparable to the ironist. Hence, the main question in this paper is: what are the similarities and differences between the Rorty’s ironist and Foucault’s parrhesiastes. We will see that while the ironist is keen to confine irony to the private realm, in order not to humiliate anybody, the parrhesiastes has no reluctance to go beyond the limits of the private, and to speak the truth. He does not avoid the risk of saying the truth to those in power even at the cost of his life, while the former is more cautious. Self-creation and autonomy is shared between the two types of personalities. Socrates is the embodiment of both personalities. He is praised as an ironist as well as a parrhesiastes. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Autonomy of Technology, or Being Passive against Technological Attitude
Mostafa Taghavi Yaser Khoshneviss

Is technology autonomous? Answering to this question constitutes one of the main topics in the philosophy of technology. In this paper, we have considered this question in two contexts of development, and we have used use and three levels of abstraction containing techn More

Is technology autonomous? Answering to this question constitutes one of the main topics in the philosophy of technology. In this paper, we have considered this question in two contexts of development, and we have used use and three levels of abstraction containing technology instances, the technological system, and the technological attitude. First, we discuss some of proponents of the autonomy of technologys arguments, especially Elluls ones, and then criticize some Pits arguments against Elluls cases. We think that Pits response is convincing about technology instances. In the case of technological system, his response is metaphysically sound, but sociologically, the question of the autonomy of technological system is reduced to the question of autonomy of technologists society; the question which has been not discussed here. However, we may ask ourselves what moves technologists to develop the technology? We think that this motivation is a consequence of The technological attitude, the attitude in which all things in the world are seen as something for humans utility. We will show that it can not be stated that the technological attitude is autonomous, and maintain that the right interpretation is not the autonomy of technology, rather is the humans passiveness in front of the technological attitude. Thus, we can formulate concern of thinkers such as Ellul and Heidegger about the domination of technology over the human as the passive-ness of human in front of the technological attitude. It can be granted that nowadays people are passive in front of this attitude toward the world, and pay less and less attention to other attitudes such as poetical, religious or even scientific ones. We have to think about strategies for dominating such a passive-ness. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Role of Decentralizing Loosely Approach on the Creativity and Innovation Prosperity of the Industrial Organizations
Yaser Ghasemi nejad Mansoor Sadeghi Mal Amiri

10.7508/jstpi.2016.02.005

Creativity appearance in organizations surprisingly affects in successful solving of problems, their survival, and reaching to desirable point of competitiveness and industrial productivity. In one side industrial organizations with decentralizing approach from organiza More

Creativity appearance in organizations surprisingly affects in successful solving of problems, their survival, and reaching to desirable point of competitiveness and industrial productivity. In one side industrial organizations with decentralizing approach from organizational structure in the form of giving authority from managers to lower levels are going to reach to economical efficiency, creativity and finally to a higher productivity. In this article looking at Hanson Theory about decentralizing strategies, we have identified equifinality (using different technologies, methods, and resources for reaching to a creatively predetermined and great result) as a loosely strategies of decentralization. Considering researches have been done in a context of creativity and equifinality as a Decentralized Management Approach, we can see lots of researchers referred to the importance necessity of this phenomenon as a one of open system characteristics to intensify creativity, competitiveness’ prosperity, and productivity. But a comprehensive research has not been observed in related with correlation of creativity and equifinality in industrial organizations’ subject in a special case. In this research with using content Analysis method, a new category of equifinality usages in organization that causes creativity results, have been attempted to represent by surveying the past studies in relation with “decentralized management and equifinality” and “equifinality and creativity”. With revision and surveying the theories of different researchers in relation with the subject of decentralized management, equifinality and creativity, research's result subdivided in two dimensions accompanied with its components namely “equifinality and work process”, and “equifinality and structure”. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Relationship between Intelligence Beliefs and Autonomous Learning
Hossein Zare

The present study examined the relationships between beliefs about intelligence and automatic learning regarding the mediating role of achievement goals and academic emotions using path analysis.To fulfill this, goal 322 graduate students of Fars Payame Noor University More

The present study examined the relationships between beliefs about intelligence and automatic learning regarding the mediating role of achievement goals and academic emotions using path analysis.To fulfill this, goal 322 graduate students of Fars Payame Noor University were chosen through ratio stratified sampling, and then, answered to the Self-Report Questionnaire consisting of the Intelligence Beliefs, Questionnaire of Achievement Goals, the Questionnaire of Academic Emotions, and the Automatic Learning Subscales. The results showed the indirect and direct effects of entity and incremental intelligence beliefs on autonomy in learning. Incremental intelligence belief had indirect positive effect on autonomy in learning via the mediation of mastery goals and positive emotions. Moreover, innate intelligence belief had indirect negative effect on autonomy in learning through the mediation of performance-avoidance goals, performance-approach goals, and negative emotions. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Exploration of "Moral Autonomy" as an Aim of Education (With Emphasis on the Views of Kant and Peters)
masoud safaei moghadam

Moral autonomy means "self-government" and "self-rule". This paper presents the analysis and reasoning in search of answers to the following questions: first, what conditions does moral autonomy require? Second, does moral autonomy possess the requirements necessary for More

Moral autonomy means "self-government" and "self-rule". This paper presents the analysis and reasoning in search of answers to the following questions: first, what conditions does moral autonomy require? Second, does moral autonomy possess the requirements necessary for being considered as an aim of education? The theoretical framework of this study is based on Kant’s and Peters’ views that have served the theoretical sources and bases of the survey questions. The first question has been answered by referring to Kant’s ideas, whereas the answer to the second question has been derived from Peters’ sources. Kant believes that reason and free will are the fundamental bases for moral autonomy. On the other hand, Peters argues that the concept of "education" and the "educated person" provide the criteria and necessary conditions for moral autonomy. Hence, it was concluded that by recourse to conceptual analysis, and here, the analysis of the concepts of "education" and "educated person", we are able to demonstrate that moral autonomy should be one of the main aims of education because moral education implies the concepts of both education and educated person. The paradoxes between the concept of "autonomy” and “educational authority”, between "reason and habits" and "authenticity of choice and educational content" are also discussed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Moral Autonomy in Taylor's Ethics of Authenticity and its Implications for Education
Mohammad ravanbakhsh

The main purpose of this research is to explore the educational implications of Charles Taylor's notion of Autonomy. This research consists of two parts. The first part addresses the ethics of authenticity from the perspective of Taylor. Based on the findings of this se More

The main purpose of this research is to explore the educational implications of Charles Taylor's notion of Autonomy. This research consists of two parts. The first part addresses the ethics of authenticity from the perspective of Taylor. Based on the findings of this section, the underlying self-reference of the idea of authenticity from Taylor's perspective is limited to the field of method and way of living, instead of content. The second part is devoted to educational implications of Taylor's view, including educational principles and other educational issues, based on the findings of the first part. The educational implications are based on the following two components: attachment and belonging. From the first component, five educational considerations are derived: Strengthening the argumentation, strengthening the feeling of self-esteem, strengthening self-awareness and self-control in moral choices. Educational implications based on the principle of belonging are as follows: firstly, consideration of the roles of social and family communications in education, and secondly, sensibility to the cultural gap between parents and children in education. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Freedom of will from view of Immanuel Kant and Mulla Sadra
Batoul Yarali Mohsenn Fahim mojtaba jafari

This essay in the field of philosofy of athics is a comparative research about freedom of will. According to Mullah Sadra, human actions are both voluntary and coercive. In his philosophy, the opposition of causal necessity to free will is one of the most important an More

This essay in the field of philosofy of athics is a comparative research about freedom of will. According to Mullah Sadra, human actions are both voluntary and coercive. In his philosophy, the opposition of causal necessity to free will is one of the most important and ambiguous issues. He proves the freedom of will through practical reason .He accepts a middle way in this case and calls his theory a theory of who are firmly grounded in knowledge. From this point of view, human actions are attributed to themselves on the one hand, and on the other hand, according to monotheism, actions are attributed to God. From Kant's point of view that free will is one of the fundamental foundations of his athics philosophy. He considers the desire for freedom to be inherent in human beings and man, as a rational being, has free will. According to Kant, the human will is a dependent will, but the will of God is a completely independent will. He considers theoretical reason incapable of proving the free will of man, but presupposes it in practical reason. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Dichotomy of Autonomy and Authenticity in Education; An Autonomous or Responsible Person?
jalal karimian Narges Sajjadieh khosrow Bagheri Mahdi Montazerghaem

Autonomy, a widely recognized ideal in the realm of education, has been subject to diverse interpretations. In its broadest sense, autonomy pertains to adhering to one's own laws. Imbued with significance by Kant, the progenitor of this notion within contemporary philos More

Autonomy, a widely recognized ideal in the realm of education, has been subject to diverse interpretations. In its broadest sense, autonomy pertains to adhering to one's own laws. Imbued with significance by Kant, the progenitor of this notion within contemporary philosophy, autonomy is regarded as a descriptor of human volition, crucial for the establishment of an absolute moral code. This term finds a profound association with modern rationality. In contrast to autonomy, authenticity emerges as a concept that, while acknowledging human freedom as the aim of education, directs attention toward the actualization of freedom throughout the educational process and human development. In the contemporary era, educational conceptions of autonomy have presented various definitions attempting to elucidate the nexus between rationality and authenticity. However, the philosophical profundity of authenticity has received limited attention within these delineations. Within this context, Heidegger's explication of authenticity (or Eigentlichkeit) possesses the potential to deepen the ideal of autonomy within education. In his ontological existentialism, Heidegger conceives of authenticity as humanity's capacity to engage in spiritual contemplation, aligned with a profound understanding of existence as a meaningful totality, while acknowledging an ongoing connection with truth. Being authentic, therefore, implies openness toward Being itself and an earnest quest for truth within human life. Authenticity arises from a departure from the prescribed paths laid by others, leading toward a more fulfilled existence and facilitating an existential consciousness concerning Being-towards-death. The pursuit of this path necessitates an acceptance of the inner calling of human conscience, embracing fully one's ontological responsibility. Hence, authenticity and its concomitant truth-seeking nature become profoundly intertwined, ultimately serving as a complement to existing definitions of autonomy. Therefore, as a consequence, authenticity emerges as a foundational principle, serving as a guiding light that elevates human responsibility to the forefront as the central objective and primary pathway within the realm of educational pursuits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality in the Views of Ronald Dworkin
افشین خاکباز seyed alireza Hoseyni Beheshti Sayed Ali Mahmoudi

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Critique of the Idea of Government Neutrality   in the Views of Ronald Dworkin                                                               Afshin Khakbaz<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">*</a>   Seyyed Alireza Hosseini Beheshti <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2">**</a>   Seyyed Ali Mahmoudi<a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3">***</a>       One of the fundamental concepts that categorizes intellectuals who speak within the framework of liberalism into various groups is autonomy itself and its limits and boundaries. Among these categories, one can refer to the division between supporters of government neutrality and perfectionism, or in other words advocates of non-intervention or government intervention in relation to different aspects of life, which place liberal thinkers in two distinct camps in terms of the limits and boundaries they advocate for. Dworkin constructs his theory of equality based on two principles of concern and equal respect and unique responsibility and extracts government neutrality and autonomy from these two principles. Like many advocates of government neutrality, he attaches importance to autonomy; however, he does not endorse absolute autonomy and advocates for limits and boundaries. He distinguishes between autonomy and authenticity, considering autonomy to have a narrower scope than authenticity. Dworkin, while opposing the adoption of paternalistic policies by the government, does not outright negate government intervention in various areas of political and social life, deeming such interventions to some extent necessary and unavoidable. This article, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, critically examines the concept of autonomy and its position in Dworkin's intellectual framework and seeks to answer the question of what place autonomy and consequently neutrality hold in Dworkin's thought. Ultimately, this article concludes that although the restriction of autonomy in his views, especially regarding equality in resources, is more than he admits, a paternalistic viewpoint stands out in certain aspects of his theory of resource equality.       Keywords: Ronald Dworkin, State neutrality, Autonomy, Authenticity, Paternalism.   <div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title="" href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1">*</a> Corresponding Author: Ph.D Student of Political Thought, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. afshinkhakbaz2012@gmail.com </div> <div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title="" href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2">**</a> Assistant Professor, Political Science Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran. abeheshti2002@yahoo.com </div> <div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;"> <a style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title="" href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3">***</a> Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of International Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iran. mahmoudi3000@gmail.com </div> </div>   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Moral autonomy in the Holy Qur'an
mohsen bagheri seyed ahmad fazeli

autonomy is a concept that has been in the field of politics since ancient Greece, but Kant assigned a fundamental role to it in ethics. He believes that the moral subject, in addition to being subordinate to the absolute, as the moral law, is also its creator. After Ka More

autonomy is a concept that has been in the field of politics since ancient Greece, but Kant assigned a fundamental role to it in ethics. He believes that the moral subject, in addition to being subordinate to the absolute, as the moral law, is also its creator. After Kant, this concept found other definitions and positions such as personal autonomy and rational autonomy. In his book about autonomy, Dworkin gave a general formulation of moral autonomy, in which the axis is " owner to moral principles" with various meanings. In this article, the concept of autonomy and its components such as self- constitution, self-control, rationality, and independence have been explained from the perspective of philosophers, and then through these components, a reading of this concept in the Holy Quran has been followed. It can be said that autonomy is mentioned in some of its meanings in the Holy Qur'an and is considered one of the components of the moral agent. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Capability of issuing conditional cheques; A criticism to article 3 of Cheque Issuing Act modified at 1382/06/02
فرشاد فرازمند

The autonomy principle in payment and guarantee instruments such as Letters of Credits, Demand Guarantees (Bank Guarantees), Bills, Promissory Notes and Cheques have become one of the inseparable characteristics, to the point that it constitutes the nature of these in More

The autonomy principle in payment and guarantee instruments such as Letters of Credits, Demand Guarantees (Bank Guarantees), Bills, Promissory Notes and Cheques have become one of the inseparable characteristics, to the point that it constitutes the nature of these instruments. Most countries laws and international conventions have identified the principle in their rules. Autonomy principle increases payment certainty remarkably so that any excuse, exterior from payment relationship cannot block payment procedure. On the other side the execution of the principle in absolute and inflexible manner can cause issuer (The person who is responsible for payment) to be harmed where the beneficiary is not entitled to pay rightfully and fairly. One of the ways which could reduce the absoluteness of autonomy principle and make it flexible is possibility of predicting conditions which acts as a complementary for autonomy principle in different rules and reduces harmful and unfair consequences of absolute application of autonomy principle. By comparatively study the provisions of various payment and guarantee instruments, In this research, we are trying to consider that are cheques, as a common payment and guarantee instrument among people, possible to be issued with conditions or not. Manuscript profile

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