معتزله

Open Access Article

1 - An Analysis of the Impact and Role of hosn and ghobh Intellect in Ethics
hormoz asadikohbad

Intellectual admiration and rebuke is one of the foundational issues of human thought that has always been one of the cornerstones of dialogue . The struggle between Socrates and Plato with the Sophists was centered on whether there were firm principles for measuring t More

Intellectual admiration and rebuke is one of the foundational issues of human thought that has always been one of the cornerstones of dialogue . The struggle between Socrates and Plato with the Sophists was centered on whether there were firm principles for measuring the truth. In Islamic thoughts too, the basis of the controversy between Asharite thought and Justice has been the belief in the rational admiration of things that until the time of Ibn Sina all thinkers believed in the essence and reasonableness of good and evil. But then some took a different approach, although the origins of these discussions in theology were in the discussion of the attributes of transcendency, and theologians of the both thought argued to prove their theory. But its role and impact in other sciences such as ethics and moral philosophy is undeniable. The importance and necessity of this issue is that the denial at the good and the inherent evil of the verbs eliminates the eternal foundations for moral and ethical affairs and will lead to moral relativism. So these two theorems are at the root of all human ethics and additionally make sense in the light of this theory of moral responsibility, so this research has examined this important analytically and descriptively. Manuscript profile

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2 - The history of the concept of the articles of faith in Sunni theological tradition

The discussion of the principles of religion or the articles of faith is one of the most important discussions among Muslim thinkers. This important concept of the principles of religion or the articles of faith has its own history among Muslims. The concept of the five More

The discussion of the principles of religion or the articles of faith is one of the most important discussions among Muslim thinkers. This important concept of the principles of religion or the articles of faith has its own history among Muslims. The concept of the five articles of faith in Islam is not extant in Quran or in Hadith but has entered the works of Muslim theologians especially by the works of Mutazilites. In its early stages in the history, the concept of principles of the religion or the articles of faith was used in a general way and referred to the whole theological beliefs but later its usage has narrowed and just referred to some special theological creeds. In this period usually five items were referred to as the five principles of religion. Different theological traditions have their own principles of religion in the way that sometimes seven and even fifteen items were referred to as the principles of religion. Unlike the rationalist Mutazilites, there is no such a concept among Ash'arites or Maturidites. In this article we will survey the history of the changes the concept of the articles of faith experienced in Sunni Kalam tradition Manuscript profile

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3 - Islamic theologians approach to intellect in verbal theories
hormoz asadikohbad

Islamic thinkers from the formation of Islam's culture and civilization in the interpretation of Islamic texts and privileged the inference and taking advantage of those scriptures in the typology and principles of ideological use of them in commissioning guidelines and More

Islamic thinkers from the formation of Islam's culture and civilization in the interpretation of Islamic texts and privileged the inference and taking advantage of those scriptures in the typology and principles of ideological use of them in commissioning guidelines and the Muslim procedure (jurisprudence), a variety of views. Therefore, various orientations have emerged and the origin of various theological schools, some of which have been implicated in texts without any interpretations and interpretation, and opposed to any crushing and involvement of the intellect in this field. And another group, for wisdom, the importance of abundance and verses and narratives were interpreted as a result of the emergence of multiple verbal ashaareh, such as Justice, Matoridye, and Lung.... There has been another way of thinking in the realm of Fiqh and the basics of inference and various jurisprudential schools such as, the Companions of the vote, Hadith, and the appearance of the lung.... In the Ahl al-Hadith and the principles of the principled manner in Shiite Shia, this research is achieved by descriptive analysis and by adapting various thinkers of these schools to the conclusion that although all the Islamism and the custody have common goals, but their approach to wisdom in the face of texts has caused the multiplicity of methods and attitudes, in the field of and practical. Manuscript profile

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4 - The Relationship between Religion and Ethics in the View of the Mu‘tazilite
Azam Ghasemi

In Islamic culture, the Mu‘tazilite were the first group who employed the rational method and considered the intellect to be the sole means of knowing the truth and to be independent from religion. That is why they have been referred to as the followers of the “religion More

In Islamic culture, the Mu‘tazilite were the first group who employed the rational method and considered the intellect to be the sole means of knowing the truth and to be independent from religion. That is why they have been referred to as the followers of the “religion of the intellect”. The Mu‘tazilite granted a kind of sanctity to the intellect and maintained that when human beings perfect their intellect, they can perceive essential truths, which consist of the knowledge of God and the knowledge of the good and evil. On the other hand, they never denied revelation but believed that it cannot be in contrast to human intellect. They also stated that since the intellect has a longer history than revelation, it is identical with light, without which no one can be led to the right path. The purpose of revelation is to increase intellectual knowledge and make it more accurate. The Mu‘tazilite, thus, concluded that the intellect is the criterion for revelation. This idea was one of their most important principles. Hence, it can be said that, for this group, ethics is based on a kind of intellect which is prior to religion. One of their most famous principles is, “thinking before hearing”. The Mu‘tazilite are mutikallim, and a mutikallim looks at the intellectual human being as a responsible individual before God. They consider the intellect to be sufficient regarding Man’s need to revelation at the outset of obligation. This paper deals with Mu‘tazilites’ view of the relationship between religion and ethics. Manuscript profile

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5 - A Study of Kalami School of Ya‘qub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi
Afshin Mo’azzen

Ya‘qub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi is one of the prominent scientific figures of the Islamic world who is usually referred to as the first Islamic philosopher. He was the first to introduce philosophy as an independent field of study in the world of Islam. In addition to transla More

Ya‘qub Ibn Ishaq al-Kindi is one of the prominent scientific figures of the Islamic world who is usually referred to as the first Islamic philosopher. He was the first to introduce philosophy as an independent field of study in the world of Islam. In addition to translating several philosophical works into Arabic, he made great efforts in order to introduce and reveal the coordination between rational thinking and Islamic teachings. Although some consider al-Kindi to be a follower of Judaism or Christianity, available evidence indicates his belief in Islam. Moreover, there are different ideas regarding his kalami views. Some believe that he was a follower of Abu Hanifah; some view him as a Shi‘ite philosopher, and some consider him to be associated with the Mu‘tazilite school of thought. A study of available proofs demonstrates that there are several religious and historical reasons suggesting his attachment to each of these schools. However, meticulous scrutiny reveals that he followed a particular kind of Shi‘ism which was prevalent in his own time called “Muhibbi Shi‘ism” and the “Mu‘tazilite School of Baghdad”. A synthesis of these two trends demonstrates that he was a believer in a religious school called the Mu‘tazilite Shi‘ism. Manuscript profile

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6 - A Comparison of the Nature of Divine Word in Mutikallimun and Ibn Arabi
Zohreh Masoumi Fatemeh Mohammad

The question of whether the Divine Word is originated or pre-eternal has always challenged the minds of both the Mu‘tazilites and Ash‘arites. Gnostics refer to it as the Merciful Divine Breath, which is neither pre-eternal nor originated. The present paper discusses the More

The question of whether the Divine Word is originated or pre-eternal has always challenged the minds of both the Mu‘tazilites and Ash‘arites. Gnostics refer to it as the Merciful Divine Breath, which is neither pre-eternal nor originated. The present paper discusses the quality of the Prophet’s receiving revelation, and how the Divine Word, irrespective of its originated or pre-eternal nature, is manifested in the mould of words. Some of the Mu‘tazilites believe that it is of the type of sounds and words, while a group of the Ash‘arites conceive of it as a soulish truth transferred through sounds and words. Ibn Arabi distinguishes between God’s Book and God’s Word and attributes the difference between its being Arabic or non-Arabic to the Book and not to God’s Words. He believes that the words of the Holy Qur’an belong to God and not the Prophet (s) and argues that their descent to his heart were in the verbal from; in other words, the Prophet (s) received the Qur’an in its present Arabic version and did not change any part of it. In his commentary on this holy Book, Qunawi also writes that the concrete existential form of the Qur’an is similar to its perceptive form, thus, the Qur’an is light (nur) by essence. Manuscript profile

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7 - Efficient Causality in the View of Islamic Mutikallimun and Philosophers
Seyyed Sadra al-Din Taheri

Causality is at the center of several natural relationships which are studied in empirical sciences. Presently, it is the basis of the discovery of scientific laws. Moreover, the applications of different laws in various sciences, including all the laws related to indiv More

Causality is at the center of several natural relationships which are studied in empirical sciences. Presently, it is the basis of the discovery of scientific laws. Moreover, the applications of different laws in various sciences, including all the laws related to individuals, societies, and other natural realms, in relation to fauna, flora, and minerals or inanimate things, have causality at their center. Here, the author has tried to examine the validity of the principle of causality from the viewpoints of two Islamic schools (Mu‘tazilah and Ash‘ariyyah) and two schools of Islamic philosophy (Peripatetic and Transcendent – from Ibn Sīnā to ‘Allāmah Ṭabāṭabā’ī). This paper consist consists of an Introduction, three detailed reports, a summary of findings, and a conclusion. Manuscript profile

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8 - An Evaluation of the Theories of Suhrawardī Versus the Mu‘tazilites on God’s Will
Mostafa Esfandiari Mohammad Mahdi Salami Rasool Padashpour

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roma More

<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">One of the attributes and perfections of God is Will, a correct perception of which, similar to other attributes, can lead to the perfection of the knower. Although all Muslim phosphors attribute this Will to God, the quality of this attribution has always created some clash of ideas. Most Mu‘tazilite mutikallimūn negate God’s affirmative attributes, including will, to essence and consider them to be additional to it. They maintain that the Divine Essence is the vicegerent for attributes. Among pre-Suhrawardī philosophers, some interpret the free will as the knowledge of the higher order, and some others have referred it to the attribute of knowledge to clarify its meaning. As a result, these two attributes are in unity with each other in terms of concept and referents. Regarding Suhrawardī, some believe that he denies the free will, while a study of the fundamental principles of his philosophical system reveals that the opposite holds true. From among such principles, reference can be made to the gracefulness of the light of all lights (nūr al-anwār), identity of Divine Attributes with Essence, and the light of all lights as the sum of all perfections. According to these principles, all the perfections at lower levels exist in the highest level in a more complete and nobler form. The attribute of will is also an existential perfection, the demonstration of which leads to honor and eminence, and the denial of which leads to the negation of perfection. Hence, given the general content of Shurawardī’s philosophy, he must have necessarily agreed with attributing will to Almighty God. Regarding the inclusiveness of will, the Mu‘tazilites do not view Man as possessing the necessary will, while Suhrawardī considers the attributes of the light of all lights to belong to all existents, including Man in the light of introducing the light of all lights as an all-inclusive truth. Manuscript profile

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9 - The process of confrontation between Mu'tazila and Ash'ari from the period of Ma'mun to Mutawakkul Abbasi
Mohammad Jafar vasef Seyyed Mohammad Saghafi Nejad Mahmoud Seyyed

From the second half of the first century of Hijri, different theological sects and religions began to appear. The Mu'tazila sect was founded by Wasil bin Atta. This sect was seriously supported during the caliphate of Mamun, Mutasim, and Wathiq. When Mutawakkil reache More

From the second half of the first century of Hijri, different theological sects and religions began to appear. The Mu'tazila sect was founded by Wasil bin Atta. This sect was seriously supported during the caliphate of Mamun, Mutasim, and Wathiq. When Mutawakkil reached the caliphate, he persecuted the Mu'tazilah. The Ash'ari school separated from this school at the age of forty and founded a new religion called Ash'ari. The current research, using the historical research method which is based on description and analysis, answers this question, according to such an atmosphere, was this school able to continue its way of thinking? The purpose of dealing with this issue is how the Atzali movement continued in the fourth century of Hijri and it examines the process of confrontation between Mu'tazila and Ash'ari. The findings of the research show that the emergence of Abul Hasan Ash'ari is one of the factors of the fall of Mu'tazila. Although some people believe that the Mu'tazila religion was in danger of dissolution in that era. In order to keep the Mu'tazili religion alive, Ash'ari used a policy that changed the method with all vigilance and saved the Mu'tazili religion. But it must be said that Ash'ari had various debates with Abu Ali Jabai, his teacher, and in terms of jurisprudence, he was a follower of Ahl al-Hadith. However, from the time of Mutawakkul to the time of the caliphate of Al-Qadir Ballah, the Mu'tazila did not have a place in the Abbasid caliphate system. Manuscript profile

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10 - Criticism and review of the views of theologians about the creation of actions based on the theory of Sadr al-Mutalahin Shirazi
Ozra Yousefi Seyyed Hassan Bothaie Mohammad Reza Motaqian Rohollah NadAli

The issue of "deterrence and free will" is one of the important theological and philosophical issues of human voluntary actions. The thinkers tried to explain the truth and dimensions of this issue based on their religious, scientific and epistemological foundations and More

The issue of "deterrence and free will" is one of the important theological and philosophical issues of human voluntary actions. The thinkers tried to explain the truth and dimensions of this issue based on their religious, scientific and epistemological foundations and assumptions. Some were inclined to the theory of determinism and others to the theories of free will. Acknowledging the monotheism of verbs, Ash'ari theologians believe that all the verbs of the servants are God's creation and man is the only current acquirer that God creates by man's hand. Mu'tazila, motivated by the negation of evils from God, have denied the issuance of the verb ``Abd'' from God, and consider ``Abd'' as the origin of optional verbs. Sadr al-Mutalahin, by using rational reasons and revealed principles, has sought to gather the will of man and monotheism of actions. In this research, the Ash'areh principles and Mu'tazila principles about the voluntary actions of man are explained and the analysis and criticism of Mulla Sadra's principles about the voluntary actions of man are explained and its relationship with the monotheism of verbs is analyzed and researched according to rational and narrative reasons. It will be said that the authentic view of Imamia is Mulla Sadra's view. Manuscript profile

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11 - Comparative study of rationalism in Mu'tazila and New Mu'tazila thought
zeinab shafavi Aziz Javan pour Heravi Tavakkol Kohi Beigloo

Mu'tazila are a group of Islamic theologians who fully believe in the originality of reason and consider theoretical reason to rule over revealed teachings. This principle has had effects on the whole intellectual system and their religious beliefs and has given a sp More

Mu'tazila are a group of Islamic theologians who fully believe in the originality of reason and consider theoretical reason to rule over revealed teachings. This principle has had effects on the whole intellectual system and their religious beliefs and has given a special understanding of monotheism and divine justice. The New Mu'tazila movement is one of the most important theological movements in the Islamic world. This movement finds its origin in the opinions of the old Mu'tazilies and seeks to renew the epistemological foundation of Islam. This group considers reason to be sacred and they believe that reason has limitations and man needs revelation to understand the truths of the world. These two schools of thought have many intellectual commonalities and differences, which justifies the necessity of applying the concept of rationalism; Therefore, this research is trying to compare the Mu'tazila and New Mu'tazila intellectual approaches using the descriptive-analytical method and show their intellectual similarities and differences. The findings of the research show that Mu'tazila and Neo-Mu'tazila generally have similarities in philosophising, the five principles, monotheism and justice, promise and promise, and status between al-Mazlatin and the well-known and forbidding evil, the accidental nature of the Qur'an, beauty and ugliness, but in concepts such as the type of rationalism, mechanism Rationalism and some rational foundations have distinctions. Manuscript profile

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