شکستگی

Open Access Article

1 - The relationships between diagensis, fracture, distribution of matrix porosity, and well productivities in Bangestan reservoir of Ahwaz field
Mehdi Khoshnoodkia محمد حسين آدابي Mahboubeh Hooseni-barzi Mehdi Khoshnoodkia

Ahwaz Bangestan reservoir (Ilam and Sarvak formations with approximately 1000 meter thickness) were deposited in the Upper Cretaceous period, which is deposited in different sedimentological and tectonic situations. Ahwaz Bangestan reservoir is divided into four reservo More

Ahwaz Bangestan reservoir (Ilam and Sarvak formations with approximately 1000 meter thickness) were deposited in the Upper Cretaceous period, which is deposited in different sedimentological and tectonic situations. Ahwaz Bangestan reservoir is divided into four reservoir zones (C-E-G-I) which are separated by zones of dense limestone (A-B-D-F-H). This reservoir is formed due to repeating shallowing upward of shoal-bar to lagoonal facies with distribution of rudist debris, with the exception of younger sequence which belongs to deeper environment. Back shoal facies show frequent depositional changes in vertical and horizontal directions in zones C3-E-F-G-I, the changes which can be seen in reservoir. Furthermore, the effect of basement faults, with trend nearly N-S in Ahwaz Bangestan reservoir, resulted in changes of ancient paleogeography. These changes had an important effect on diagentic changes, depositional setting, and finally productivity in conventional and carbonate fractured reservoirs. Matrix porosity is fabric selective in zones C3-E-G-and I. So, grainstone, and packstone facies have better reservoir quality than wackestone and mudstone facies. Diagensis and meteoric waters affected the top of every exposure cycles, and caused the best reservoir quality in grainstone, and packstone facies and productivity of wells. But, zone C1 of Ahwaz Bangestan reservoir (chalky limestone) experienced dominantly solution and leaching, which caused an increase in matrix porosity, but little changes in permeability. Furthermore, the open fractures developed in zones E, F and G which are located in the central and southern parts of the field. Existence of open fractures are confirmed by mud losses, analysis of sedimentary structure and dynamic reservoir data. Increase of mud losses in some area of limestone zones (D, F, and H) could be an indication of vertical relationship of two reservoirs and absence of sedimentological barrier in these areas. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Dental Fracture Management in Cat and dog
Faezeh Alipour

Dogs and cats with broken or fractured teeth are an extremely common presentation for small animal practitioners. Every day, patients will be seen with a fractured tooth, dental caries, pulpal hemorrhage or some other dental complications. Many of these conditions are a More

Dogs and cats with broken or fractured teeth are an extremely common presentation for small animal practitioners. Every day, patients will be seen with a fractured tooth, dental caries, pulpal hemorrhage or some other dental complications. Many of these conditions are a source of pain to the animal but often ignored by the owners. Extraction, usually, is not the only solution, because the teeth of small animals respond very well to advanced dental techniques, especially endodontic treatment. This paper discusses treatment options for fractured teeth including endodontic treatment, vital pulp therapy, surgical dental extraction. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A Study of the Procedures for Liquidating Bankrupt Banks (A Comparative Study of American and Iranian Legal Codes)
Mohammad Isai Tafreshi Khadijeh Shirvani

Abstract: It was after the 1929 Great Recession in the United States that the world economy suffered heavy losses and Iranian officials began paying attention to the bankruptcy of the banks and its highly negative impacts on the national economy. Consequently, the lawma More

Abstract: It was after the 1929 Great Recession in the United States that the world economy suffered heavy losses and Iranian officials began paying attention to the bankruptcy of the banks and its highly negative impacts on the national economy. Consequently, the lawmakers came to the conclusion that rules and regulations on bankruptcy of the commercial corporations are not sufficient for verifying bankruptcy of the banks – which are considered commercial corporations in kind. On this basis, the United States has tried to consider certain rules and regulations for bankruptcy of banks, thanks to their role in national economy and their differences from the commercial corporations. The bankruptcy code for banks and financial institutions in the United States is called Resolution Regime. It is the government’s legal framework that resolves a failed bank in an orderly way to prevent the collapse of financial markets and the country’s financial system, to continue key services by the banks and to prevent the burden of bankruptcy on the government and taxpayers. In Iranian law, the bankruptcy regime of the banks is not a hundred percent apart from the bankruptcy of the corporations. In case of the bankruptcy of a bank, the Trade Law rules and regulations on bankruptcy will be considered as general rules and other monetary and banking rules and regulations will be particular ones. In case of the silence of the particular laws, the general rules and regulations will be applicable in case of the bankruptcy of the banks. In U.S. law, liquidation is the last step to deal with a bankrupt bank, while in Iranian law - since there is no substitute method for liquidation - the bankrupt bank starts liquidation immediately after receiving the order of bankruptcy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Numerical calculation of permeability tensor in fractured reservoirs
سیما جلیلی رئوف حسین معماریان محمد رضا رسائی بهزاد تخم چی

Abstract Proper characterization of fracture reservoir is crucial for their sound development plan. It is however very difficult to correctly obtain various fracture reservoir properties such as permeability due to high order of heterogeneity and anisotropy within th More

Abstract Proper characterization of fracture reservoir is crucial for their sound development plan. It is however very difficult to correctly obtain various fracture reservoir properties such as permeability due to high order of heterogeneity and anisotropy within these reservoirs. Classical dual porosity and/or dual permeability models consider a regular fracture network across the reservoir. To improve the concept, we develop a numerical method for tonsorial permeability calculation of blocks with random/disordered fracture distribution. We considered a 2D Cartesian fine grid in which the fractures were defined explicitly with their endpoints coordinates. Applying proper boundary conditions, single phase flow is then solved. Full tensor permeability is then obtained analytically from the calculated flow and pressure fields. The result of our method is compared well with that of the analytical models for simple fracture systems. In addition we reported the permeability tensor values of random fracture networks where no analytical solution is available. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Fractures systematic analysis Asmari reservoir Formation in the Marun oil field (based on image logs interpretation results)
فارسی مدان arsimadan

In the oil buildings to investigate fractures in the reservoir rock fractures in stages of production and field development is very important and necessary. Now application of software repository in the realization of this issue will help to petroleum with the geologist More

In the oil buildings to investigate fractures in the reservoir rock fractures in stages of production and field development is very important and necessary. Now application of software repository in the realization of this issue will help to petroleum with the geologists.. Marun oil field is one of the largest oil fields in the South West Iran of the city of Ahvaz in the Northeast and the North embayment Dezful of geology in the eastern. Marun field is the most important Asmari reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate systematically Asmari reservoir fractures and the development of fractures in the reservoir. For this purpose, using image logs, best and most complete method interpretation and results of 11 wells in fracture studying and 16 wells in in-situ stress direction studying. According to frequency of fractures (based on image logs interpretation results) in the southern and north-eastern limb of the field, The theory of tectonic folding and bending events later caused the possible activities during the north-south strike-slip faults affect the compression force has been created to strengthen. Most of image logs data in Marun field are fractures with extensions; N155E, N130E, N95E, N60E, N30E. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Fractures systematic analysis Asmari reservoir Formation in the Marun oil field (based on image logs interpretation results)
Zahra Kamali Mohammad reza Mahdevar meysam farsi madan

In the oil buildings to investigate fractures in the reservoir rock fractures in stages of production and field development is very important and necessary. Now application of software repository in the realization of this issue will help to petroleum with the geologi More

In the oil buildings to investigate fractures in the reservoir rock fractures in stages of production and field development is very important and necessary. Now application of software repository in the realization of this issue will help to petroleum with the geologists.. Marun oil field is one of the largest oil fields in the South West Iran of the city of Ahvaz in the Northeast and the North embayment Dezful of geology in the eastern. Marun field is the most important Asmari reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate systematically Asmari reservoir fractures and the development of fractures in the reservoir. For this purpose, using image logs, best and most complete method interpretation and results of 11 wells in fracture studying and 16 wells in in-situ stress direction studying. According to frequency of fractures (based on image logs interpretation results) in the southern and north-eastern limb of the field, The theory of tectonic folding and bending events later caused the possible activities during the north-south strike-slip faults affect the compression force has been created to strengthen. Most of image logs data in Marun field are fractures with extensions; N155E, N130E, N95E, N60E, N30E Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Fractures systematic analysis Asmari reservoir Formation in the Marun oil field (based on image logs interpretation results)
meysam farsi madan Mohammad reza Mahdevar Zahra Kamali

In the oil buildings to investigate fractures in the reservoir rock fractures in stages of production and field development is very important and necessary. Now application of software repository in the realization of this issue will help to petroleum with the geologi More

In the oil buildings to investigate fractures in the reservoir rock fractures in stages of production and field development is very important and necessary. Now application of software repository in the realization of this issue will help to petroleum with the geologists.. Marun oil field is one of the largest oil fields in the South West Iran of the city of Ahvaz in the Northeast and the North embayment Dezful of geology in the eastern. Marun field is the most important Asmari reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate systematically Asmari reservoir fractures and the development of fractures in the reservoir. For this purpose, using image logs, best and most complete method interpretation and results of 11 wells in fracture studying and 16 wells in in-situ stress direction studying. According to frequency of fractures (based on image logs interpretation results) in the southern and north-eastern limb of the field, The theory of tectonic folding and bending events later caused the possible activities during the north-south strike-slip faults affect the compression force has been created to strengthen. Most of image logs data in Marun field are fractures with extensions; N155E, N130E, N95E, N60E, N30E. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Structural Modeling and Estimation of Tectonic Stresses at Lali Oilfield in Dezful Embayment
Nasrin kianizadeh Behzad Zamani Rahym khadkhodayi Hoseyn Talebi

Structural geological study is one of the most important stages of an oilfield exploration and production (E&P) program, since a knowledge of existing structures can play a fundamental role in the oilfield development plan. The main purpose of this study is to create More

Structural geological study is one of the most important stages of an oilfield exploration and production (E&P) program, since a knowledge of existing structures can play a fundamental role in the oilfield development plan. The main purpose of this study is to create three-dimensional (3D) structural models to determine direction of tectonic stresses at Lali oilfield using subsurface geophysical data. The study area is located within the so-called Dezful Embayment (northern Khuzestan Province, Iran). Accordingly, in order to provide a 3D model of the reservoir, geostatistical tools in Petrel Software were utilized. Incorporating density log data into several coded formulations in MS Excel Software, the reservoir had its modulus of elasticity calculated. Subsequently, maximum and minimum horizontal stresses were calculated using poroelastic equations. Fault modeling results showed that, fault dip increases with increasing the depth towards the center of the field. Obtained values of stress using the poroelastic equations show that σ_H>σ_h>σ_v, confirming a regional reverse stress regime, which is consistent with previous studies in this area. Also, the formal stress ratios (Φ = (σ2-σ3) / (σ1-σ3)) obtained from poroelastic equations and inverse analysis method were found to be well-correlated across the area. Finally, average azimuth of the reverse faults on the southern limb (as calculated by Petrel) and the fractures on the limb (as obtained from FMI images and core samples) were found to be N305 and N315, respectively (average = N310). Thus, N040E was inferred to be the average direction of principal stress, i.e. principal stress is mostly directed along a NE-SW axis (perpendicular to the general trend of Zagros Orogeny); this is probably a result of the activities of youngest Zagros orogeny phase. The agreement between the obtained principal stress directions by fractures, faults, and focal mechanism of earthquakes across the World Stress Map (WSM) confirms the validity of this study. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Study the role of drilling mud loss modeling and FMI log in determining Asmari reservoir fractures in one of the oil fields in Southwest Iran
Kioumars Taheri Mohammad Reza Rasaei Abbas Ashjaei

Understanding of oil and gas reservoirs is of great help in maximizing hydrocarbon recovery. In the study of the characteristics of oil structures, the study of fractures of reservoir rock in the stages of production and development of the field is very necessary. Nowad More

Understanding of oil and gas reservoirs is of great help in maximizing hydrocarbon recovery. In the study of the characteristics of oil structures, the study of fractures of reservoir rock in the stages of production and development of the field is very necessary. Nowadays, the use of mud loss modeling and image logs in helping accomplish this task is of great assistance to oil geologists. Since the most of Iran's reservoirs are carbonate kind, investigating and identifying fractures, the degree of fissures opening and porosity distribution in the Asmari reservoir field of study, It is one of the most effective factors in the production of hydrocarbons from this field. One of the best ways to identify and interpret geology in the well, using of the FMI image log is, which can create high quality images from the well. With the help of the images provided, can determine the types of fractures, porosity, the distribution of diagenetic porous spaces and the estimation of permeability trend. In this article, first, structure and Functionality of the FMI image log and then drilling and production problems were evaluated in Asmari reservoir. In the following, the functional role of the log in interpreting and determining the degree of fissures opening, porosity distribution and permeability level in 8 wells in Asmari reservoir, has been evaluated. In this study, identification of Asmari reservoir fractures and how to expand these fractures in the reservoir By using mud loss modeling, interpretation of the FMI image log and the effect of these fractures was on the porosity and permeability of the reservoir. In this study, it has been determined that, fractures identified in wells very good matching with drilling mud loss maps with rock basement faults at the has anticline of the Asmari reservoir. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Management of fractures in cattle
Nasim Qaemifar Faezeh Alipour

Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fractu More

Today, bone fracture is one of the common problems that can occur in animals and can cause many damages. Fracture is common in ruminants including cattle, these animals are generally considered as good candidates to perform surgical operations in order to correct fracture and recovery. Generally, fractures which occur in ruminants and generally in large ruminants are of great importance for treatment because according to experiences, despite the cost incurred, the treatment of these complications is a good result .Often fractures occur in hind limb and fore limb parts of the animals and fewer cases are reported from the other parts. Selection of appropriate treatment method and control of these complications is affected by several factors, but in general, economic factors in patients can be considered as one of the most effective factors in this selection. About fracture management, some factors such as physical examination, prevention of subsequent secondary infection and etc, are discussed. In general, from 1950 onwards, the use of internal fixation in the treatment of fractures increased. The costs that are used to provide internal fixation instruments, preparation of radiographs, the salary of surgeons, postoperative cares and etc, may be considered for the owner, therefore, it should be considered before the beginning of surgery. Although there are many studies about the modification of fractures with external fixation, but there is a little data about the use of this system in large animals. In this article, the principles of treatment of internal and external fixation fractures are mentioned. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Internal Fixation Methods of Bone Fractures in Small Animals
Arian Pouramin Seifollah Dehghani

Bone fractures in dogs and cats are usually see and we concern with those in the clinic. Usually, fractures occur after a traumatic accident such as being hit by a car or falling from a height, some fractures occur following pathological bone weakening, which is seen wi More

Bone fractures in dogs and cats are usually see and we concern with those in the clinic. Usually, fractures occur after a traumatic accident such as being hit by a car or falling from a height, some fractures occur following pathological bone weakening, which is seen with some neoplastic conditions such as osteosarcoma. The main goals of fracture stabilization; Immobilization of broken parts, quick repair of the damaged bone, return of primary mobility, full function and stability to weight bearing of the bruise limb. All internal and external fixation methods that allow significant intersegmental motion under weight bearing are considered flexible fixation. The best important point in the stabilization of fractures is that a possibility of repair, that is, the blood supply to the place is maintained and the fixation is not so tight that it leads to a delay in bone fusion. Open fixation and internal fixation have been used to restore bone anatomy and original mobility and to overcome the limitations encountered when treating fractures with skeletal traction or cast immobilization. The main goal of internal fixation is to achieve rapid and, if possible, full function of the affected limb with rapid rehabilitation of the patient. The selection of the internal fixation method is based on the classification of the fracture, break bone, synchronize injuries, open fracture, and of course the forces that are neutralized by the fixation method. Internal stabilization implants are made of stainless steel and include; There are intramedullary pins, orthopedic wire, plates and screws. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The healing process of bone lesions and fractures, effective treatment methods
Haniyeh yabandeh jahromi Abodol hamid Meymandi Parizi Alireza Shaikhzadeh

Fracture repair involves proliferation and differentiation of multiple tissue types in a sequence followed by regeneration. All of these processes may be affected by medications. Some drugs can affect the proliferation of primary callus tissue, others can affect the dif More

Fracture repair involves proliferation and differentiation of multiple tissue types in a sequence followed by regeneration. All of these processes may be affected by medications. Some drugs can affect the proliferation of primary callus tissue, others can affect the differentiation of chondrocytes or osteoblasts, formation of capillaries, sensitivity to mechanical input, etc. Therefore, the subject of drugs and fracture repair not only includes pharmacology and orthopedics, but also includes a wide scope. Repair steps after bone damage include: stage 1: (swelling stage), stage 2: (primary bone repair): over the next 4 to 21 days, a callus is formed around the broken bone. In this stage, a substance called collagen gradually replaces the blood clot. Step 3: (secondary bone repair) approximately two weeks after the fracture, cells called osteoblasts start working. These cells cause new bone to fuse and provide minerals needed for bone strength. Step 4: (reconstruction step): in this stage, cells called osteoclasts make the needed changes and adjustments. These cells break down any extra bone that is formed during this healing phase to return the bone shape to its normal status. In current veterinary and also human orthopedics, bone grafts are used for stimulation of fractures healing, accelerate joint fusion and repair of bone defects. Native grafted bone in addition to healing stimulator substances, contains cells that do not stimulate immune reactions and do not transmit infectious diseases. Currently, due to the problems of autologous bone grafting, the desire to use non-autologous bone grafts such as allograft and xenograft has increased. Kinetic hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and their both combination are among the common materials for bone grafting. Hydroxyapatite works as a scaffold for the growth of bone-forming cells; tarantula cubensis is an extract that is widely used in the treatment of tumors, smallpox, septicemia and toxemic diseases. Also, other materials that are used as substitutes, after being implanted at the site of bone lesions, induce the differentiation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells present at the site of the lesion into chondrocytes or immature bone cells, and finally, the defects are successfully repaired. Manuscript profile

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