روش‌شناسی

Open Access Article

1 - Political Ideonomy of Human Development Theory and Extracting its Policy Implications in Higher Education
reza mahidi

The dominant idea of development as economic growth has considered the formation of human capital for achieving the end of economic growth as the main function of higher education institutions in the development process. But the empirical failure of this overly simplifi More

The dominant idea of development as economic growth has considered the formation of human capital for achieving the end of economic growth as the main function of higher education institutions in the development process. But the empirical failure of this overly simplified idea and the emergence of other critical development theories have brought the necessity of applying different policy priorities in reconsidering the role of key institutions such as higher education to the fore. The purpose of this article is to study human development theory from the viewpoint of political thought and extract its policy implications in the realm of higher education; Thus the implicative narrative theory has been used as a conceptual framework and implication research as a methodology. According to the findings of the article, the political thought of the human development theory by going beyond the binary of individual and society, structure and agency, fact and value, the private and common good, or state and market, has emphasized and concentrated on their complementary role in designing and evaluating a good society. In addition to the importance of higher education institutions in human capital formation for achieving the end of economic growth, human development theory highlights the other key and neglected functions of higher education such as developing freedom, democracy, and social justice in the development process. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Kuhnian and Lakatosian's Political Order: Flexible or Hard?
mohamad ali tavana خلیل اله سردارنیا

Kuhn's paradigm and Lakatos's scientific research program, as two competing methodological traditions, created new perspectives on the history of science and knowledge/truth. This article tries to bridge the methodology of these two historians of science to theoretical More

Kuhn's paradigm and Lakatos's scientific research program, as two competing methodological traditions, created new perspectives on the history of science and knowledge/truth. This article tries to bridge the methodology of these two historians of science to theoretical politics, and raises the following questions: What political order does Kuhn and Lakatos's methodology imply? Is this political order hard (rigid) or soft (flexible)? How do these political orders change? This article tries to answer these questions based on the principle of compatibility (compatibility of results with basic principles). This article shows that the Kuhnian and Lakatosian's political order are both based on competition and conflict; But once established, they create a hard to semi-rigid order, the former accepting pluralism and change (reform) only within the framework of the hegemonic paradigm, and the latter merely on marginal issues that are not dangerous to the hard core of power. Nevertheless, the revolution in Kuhnian's political order is a little easier than Lakatosian's. Kuhn's relativistic methodology accepts that there is no superior substantive order; Thus, in a critical situation, that is, the loss of efficiency and the consensus of the elites, we can move towards a new order. But Lakatosian's historiographical methodology creates a more conservative order; Because he emphasizes that the hard core of the political order must be given the opportunity to reveal all its potential in the context of history, and it can only give way to a new political order if it does not produce empirical and theoretical content. In general, these orders are anti-dissident. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Methodology of How Wahhabis Raise Doubts and Its Systematic Criticism
Abdolhadi Ahmadi دکتر محمدتقی شاکر

Analyzing Wahhabis' doubts and classifying them can result in extracting their different kinds and awareness of the methods of raising doubts by them. In addition to presenting these methods, the present article tries to deal with the strategy of systematic criticism of More

Analyzing Wahhabis' doubts and classifying them can result in extracting their different kinds and awareness of the methods of raising doubts by them. In addition to presenting these methods, the present article tries to deal with the strategy of systematic criticism of each of these kinds of raising doubts. Analysis of these doubts and classifying them reveals that Wahhabis use four methods in raising doubts including: reviving past outdated doubts, raising doubts based on wrong beliefs, making use of sophistry, and making use of non-scientific methods like accusation along with propagation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Iranian Disposition of the Transcendent Philosophy and its Application to the Fundamental Transformation of Education
Nawab Moqarrabi

A great deal of research works have been carried out so far on the Transcendent Philosophy which symbolizes Iranian philosophy. But in spite of all these efforts still a basic question remained unnoticed, that is, what is the Iranian disposition of Mulla Sadra who seems More

A great deal of research works have been carried out so far on the Transcendent Philosophy which symbolizes Iranian philosophy. But in spite of all these efforts still a basic question remained unnoticed, that is, what is the Iranian disposition of Mulla Sadra who seems to be the last systematic and paradigm maker of the history of Iranian philosophy? What is the specific and essential feature of Mulla Sadra that sifts him from other philosophers of different cultures? On the other hand, it is a fact that if the Transcendent Philosophy is supposed to come out of the shelves of the libraries and play an effective role in people’s daily lives, it should be able to bring about a fundamental change in education, i.e. change in philosophical approach towards education, instead of grappling with certain useless and sterile theoretical discussions This paper is an attempt first to revise the salient features of Mulla Sadra’s Transcendent Philosophy, and then proceed to apply it to certain new teaching programs like that of philosophy and children which has totally a different attitude towards education in Iran and the world. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - A Study of the Methodological Development of Interpretive Philosophy in Islam from Kindī to Mīr Dāmād
Seyed Mohammad Hosain Mirdamadi

This study examines the background of pre-Sadrian Islamic philosophers’ method of interpretive or t’awīlī thinking following a descriptive-analytic method. Interpretive philosophy has been defined in different ways; however, its general feature is going beyond the surfa More

This study examines the background of pre-Sadrian Islamic philosophers’ method of interpretive or t’awīlī thinking following a descriptive-analytic method. Interpretive philosophy has been defined in different ways; however, its general feature is going beyond the surface meaning of concepts and employing both reason and revelation in interpreting a text. A glance at the historical development of this method demonstrates its general growth, although with some fluctuations, in the Islamic philosophical tradition. This is because the process of t’awīl is rooted in the move from the separation of religion and philosophy towards their graded unity. A method of thinking that leads to unity indicates intellectual growth in case it is based on sound reasoning because the intellect advocates unity while imagination is pluralist. From a historical perspective, it can be said that philosophers’ interpretive thoughts have gradually moved away from defending the opposition of religion and philosophy to accepting that their truths are inseparable. In the case of the former standpoint, philosophers sometimes followed the exoteric meanings of religion and sometimes took side with the intellect and philosophy. However, later they unanimously concluded that religion and philosophy share the same truth that has been expressed in different languages. Therefore, the important point is to perceive their methods and languages and explain the related constraints. Hence, we are witnessing a process of monopoly and partiality instead of universality and holism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Recognizing the Effective Factors Affecting Human Resource Development (Case study: A Single Provincial Agency SID)

With the emergence of the knowledge economy, human capabilities known as the Attitude change and variety of insight may enhance or reduce development of human resource in organization. Thus it needs rethinking how to provide human resource development. The aim of curren More

With the emergence of the knowledge economy, human capabilities known as the Attitude change and variety of insight may enhance or reduce development of human resource in organization. Thus it needs rethinking how to provide human resource development. The aim of current paper is to reorganize effective mental factors and patterns or to explain the dominant mental paradigm for human resource development. The statistical society is experts of SID Organization in a province of Iran. According to the aim of study Q methodology was used and its performance of steps presented 7 effective factors. Based on the results of factor analysis, statistical or new roles for community research unit or experts are provided. Weaknesses that leads to a decrease in human resource development, has also been explained. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Communicative methodology: Contributions to social impact assessment in psychological research
saheb imani دیرک ون روی لیز تاد mohammadhosein madani sh n

Recent advancements in the social impact assessment of science have shown the diverse methodologies being developed to monitor and evaluate the improvements for society as a result of research. These assessment methods include indicators to gather both quantitative and More

Recent advancements in the social impact assessment of science have shown the diverse methodologies being developed to monitor and evaluate the improvements for society as a result of research. These assessment methods include indicators to gather both quantitative and qualitative evidence of the social impact of science achieved in the short, medium, and long terms. In psychology, the impact of research has been mainly analyzed in relation to scientific publications in journals, but less is known about the methods for the social impact assessment of psychological research. Impact assessment in the domains of educational psychology and organizational psychology presents synergies with bottom-up approaches that include the voices of citizens and stakeholders in their analyses. Along these lines, the communicative methodology (CM) emerges as a methodology useful for the communicative evaluation of the social impact of research. Although the CM has widely demonstrated social impact in the social sciences, less is known about how it has been used and the impact achieved in psychological research. This article unpacks how to achieve social impact in psychology through the CM. In particular, it focuses on the theoretical underpinnings of the CM, the postulates linked to psychological research and some key actions for the implementation of the CM in relation to the design of Advisory Committees, working groups, and plenary meetings in research. Furthermore, it shows how the CM has been implemented in illustrative cases in psychological research. The article finishes with a conclusion and recommendations to further explore the ways in which the CM enables the social impact of research in psychology.. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Methodological Exploration of the Conceptual Analysis Process in the Islamic Philosophy of Education Based on the Theory of Conventional Perceptions of M.H. Tabatabaie
sara hanifehzadeh alireza sadeghzdeh ahad faramarz gharamaleki Mohsen Imani Naeini

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodological exploration of the process of analyzing educational concepts in philosophy of education with an Islamic approach based on the theory of conventional perceptions of M.H. Tabatabaie. The findings show firstly that e More

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodological exploration of the process of analyzing educational concepts in philosophy of education with an Islamic approach based on the theory of conventional perceptions of M.H. Tabatabaie. The findings show firstly that educational concepts have these characteristics: 1. Conventional and normative, and therefore the impossibility of connecting them to facts and the truth 2. Not having a productive relationship with the obvious and theoretical theorems. 3. The possibility of change. 4- The possibility of the psychological connection of these types of concepts with the set of facts and needs of human existence. Therefore, it is necessary for educators to integrate these realities and existential needs in the process of analyzing educational concepts. Secondly, the most important criteria for accreditation of such concepts are: 1- Validity of values and supporting propositions, 2- Efficiency (in meeting the needs of human beings), and 3- Compatibility with other social values. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Methodological Exploration of the Conceptual Analysis Process in the Islamic Philosophy of Education Based on the Theory of Conventional Perceptions of M.H. Tabatabaie
sara hanifehzadeh alireza sadeghzdeh ahad faramarz gharamaleki Mohsen Imani Naeini

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodological exploration of the process of analyzing educational concepts in philosophy of education with an Islamic approach based on the theory of conventional perceptions of M.H. Tabatabaie. The findings show firstly that e More

The purpose of this paper is to present a methodological exploration of the process of analyzing educational concepts in philosophy of education with an Islamic approach based on the theory of conventional perceptions of M.H. Tabatabaie. The findings show firstly that educational concepts have these characteristics: 1. Conventional and normative, and therefore the impossibility of connecting them to facts and the truth 2. Not having a productive relationship with the obvious and theoretical theorems. 3. The possibility of change. 4- The possibility of the psychological connection of these types of concepts with the set of facts and needs of human existence. Therefore, it is necessary for educators to integrate these realities and existential needs in the process of analyzing educational concepts. Secondly, the most important criteria for accreditation of such concepts are: 1- Validity of values and supporting propositions, 2- Efficiency (in meeting the needs of human beings), and 3- Compatibility with other social values Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Historical Frequency within Quranic Scholarship and Hadith Studies
mohammad hasan Ahmadi

The Islamic historiography has been inaptly studied as a nonstructural concept in current Quranic scholarship by Orientalists. It usually abstains from attempts at making sense of the history as a structural concept. This pathology of common historical methodology is de More

The Islamic historiography has been inaptly studied as a nonstructural concept in current Quranic scholarship by Orientalists. It usually abstains from attempts at making sense of the history as a structural concept. This pathology of common historical methodology is dealing with two principal issues i.e. the analysis of the Islamic historiography (Hadith) outside its structure and disregarding the Historical frequency in the historical scholarship. A fresh approach goes beyond the verbal shape of historical frequency. It is argued in this paper that every historical narration contains un-limited narrations regarding not just its expressed direction but the numerous directions beyond the textual implication. This Ultra expression's view is often ignored within analysis of the narratives transmitted in Islamic tradition. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - 1
nayreh eshaghi saeedeh gharavi

1

1 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Rumi's rational methodology in order to prove human free will in Masnavi
Abolfazl Afsharipour reza Haidari Nori reza fahimi

The issue of determinism and free will is one of the most complex points of theology in the religion of Islam. According to the diverse interpretations of different theological sects and intellectual and religious schools, including mystics, from the verses of the Holy More

The issue of determinism and free will is one of the most complex points of theology in the religion of Islam. According to the diverse interpretations of different theological sects and intellectual and religious schools, including mystics, from the verses of the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the Prophet; it has been followed different and sometimes contradictory interpretations; to the extent that each of the intellectual societies, including the Ash'arites and Mu’tazilites, have been in constant search to prove their beliefs according to their own intellectual and ideological basis. Meanwhile, Muslim mystics, including Maulana Jalaluddin, due to his great work, Masnavi, mentions one of the strong and convincing reasons in order to prove free will and human will that the use the rational method of the thought power is in absorbing desires and seeking phenomena which is referred to as "common value". By the rational methodology, Rumi seeks to prove the subject of free will and the negation of determinism, and in the light of human free will, he proves the power of thought. The findings of this research, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library and documentary studies, show that the power of thought in human has been considered as a force to prove the power of free will in Rumi's theology. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Editor's Note
Hossein Kalbasi Ashtari

تفکیک و تمایز علوم از جهت روش، هدف، موضوع و مسائل ـ‌که ازجمله موارد رئوس ثمانیه بشمار میروند‌ـ همواره مورد توجه دانشمندان دورۀ اسلامی قرار داشته، بگونه‌یی که در آغازین سده‌های هجری قمری، مجموعه‌یی از آثار ذیل عنوان طبقه‌بندی علوم به قلم آنان به رشته تحریر درآمده است؛ آث More

تفکیک و تمایز علوم از جهت روش، هدف، موضوع و مسائل ـ‌که ازجمله موارد رئوس ثمانیه بشمار میروند‌ـ همواره مورد توجه دانشمندان دورۀ اسلامی قرار داشته، بگونه‌یی که در آغازین سده‌های هجری قمری، مجموعه‌یی از آثار ذیل عنوان طبقه‌بندی علوم به قلم آنان به رشته تحریر درآمده است؛ آثاری چون احصاء‌العلوم فارابی، کشاف اصطلاحات الفنون تهانوی و مفاتیح‌العلوم خوارزمی. این امر گذشته از آنکه نشان از تبحّر و تسلّط و حتی جامعیّت دانشمندان دورۀ آغازین تمدن اسلامی دارد، بر التفات و آگاهی آنان نسبت به مقوله‌یی که امروزه به نام روش‌شناسی (متدولوژی) علوم شهرت یافته است نیز دلالت دارد. مقصود از بیان این نکته آنست که تلقی برخی پژوهشگران، بویژه از میان گروه مستشرقان، مبنی بر اینکه دانشمندان علوم اسلامی توجه کافی به طبقه‌بندی و تفکیک و تمایز علوم از یکدیگر نداشته‌اند، با واقعیت مطابقت ندارد. شواهد و مصادیق مورد استناد آنان، نزدیک ساختن و حتی ادغام دانشهای کلام و عرفان با فلسفه است و برای نمونه، نظام فلسفی کسانی چون ملاصدرا را به کلام و حداکثر نوعی کلام عقلی تقلیل داده‌اند و نویسندگانی چون عابد الجابری، ابن‌سینا را به تداخل عرفان و فلسفه متهم ساخته و حتی از اینکه عناصر نوافلاطونی را وارد نظام فلسفی خویش گردانیده، سخت او را مورد انتقاد و نکوهش قرار میدهد. مجال آن نیست که خطای فاحش کسانی چون عابد الجابری را در اینجا تحلیل و بررسی کنیم، اما به اجمال باید گفت کسانی که با سنت فلسفی حکمای مسلمان، بویژه ابن‌سینا آشنایی حتی اولیه و مقدماتی دارند، بخوبی دریافته‌اند که شیخ‌الرئیس در جایی مانند سه نمط آخر اشارات و تنبیهات، در واقع به طراحی نوعی عرفان فلسفی و دقیقتر بگوییم، فلسفه عرفان دست ‌زده است و اگر نگوییم برای این طراحی نمیتوان نمونه و نظیری یافت، دست‌کم باید گفت کم‌نظیر است. در مورد نظام فلسفی ملاصدرا موسوم به حکمت متعالیه نیز چنین است، مضاف بر اینکه در همان آغازین نوشته‌های ملاصدرا، تعریفی که از این نظام فلسفی عرضه شده، مبادی، روش، موضوع و غایات آن را روشن ساخته است. از اینرو، اولاً به استناد منابع و مصادر متعدد تاریخی ـ‌که در برخی پژوهشهای تاریخ علم در دنیای اسلام انعکاس یافته است‌ـ تفکیک علوم و روش‌شناسی مربوط به آن در مدار توجه دانشمندان صدر قرار داشته و این خود بر بلوغ علمی آنان نیز دلالت دارد و ثانیاً، خوانش برخی از مستشرقان از نظامهای فلسفی دورۀ اسلامی دائر بر تداخل قلمروهای دانش، محل ایراد و اشکال جدّی است. مهمتر از آن، واقعیتی است که درک دانشمندان اسلامی بطورعام و حکما و فلاسفه بطور خاص، نسبت به ماهیت علم و وحدت درونی آن بگونه‌یی بوده است که با تقیّد به کثرت علوم و مرزبندیهای معرفتی آنها، به نوعی خط اتصال میان همۀ آن قلمروها قائل بوده‌اند که فهم آن با نگرشهای سطحی تحصلّی ـ پوزیتیویستی ـ و تقلیل‌گرایانه قابل جمع نیست. زمینۀ اصلی این تلقی وحدت‌گرایانه در نوع هستی‌شناسی حکمای مسلمان و نگاه آنان به هویت جمعی کائنات بوده و هست. نتیجه آنکه، در مقام ارزیابی و داوری، روش‌شناسی علوم در میان دانشمندان مسلمان را نباید و نمیتوان از مبادی وجودشناسانه آنان تفکیک کرد. امید آنکه پژوهشگران جوان و علاقمند به حوزۀ تاریخ و روش‌شناسی علوم، در بسط و گسترش آگاهی نسل حاضر نسبت به این میراث تاریخی و البته سنجش و نقد آن نیز اهتمام ورزند. Manuscript profile

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