List of Articles rationalist

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  1 - The Subtle Mind (The Status of Intellectual and Exalted Wisdom)
  Mohammad Javad  Rudgar Ali  Mardan Khatibi
  Animal pain and suffering in the domain of nature are In the worldview, the wisdom of martyr Motahhari's master is of prime status and superior position in the field of religion and religiosity, in such a way that the master of martyr believed that in Islam, originality More

  Animal pain and suffering in the domain of nature are In the worldview, the wisdom of martyr Motahhari's master is of prime status and superior position in the field of religion and religiosity, in such a way that the master of martyr believed that in Islam, originality is from that intellect. It is with wisdom that religion is known and recognized. Reason has a transcendental role in religious understanding and pain. The mystery of such dignity and the use of reason in the areas and levels of religion and religiosity is rational in rationalism of Islam and Islam, and Shi'i Islam is in fact an Islam of reason and rationality without extremes in all theoretical and practical spheres. The question now is: what is the position of the master of martyr Motahhari Aql in the radius of vision and the horizons of orientation and how they express and explain the position of the Islamic flows (Shi'a and Nietzali) in the application of reason? The present paper answers the above question After an introduction, he examined and processed the two methods of reporting and research and looked at Shahid Motahari's professor's attitude toward Shi'i has been described and interpreted. Manuscript profile
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  2 - Analyzing the problem of rule-following in education with emphasis on Wittgenstein’s Paradox
  Mohsen Bohlooli Fakhoodi
  The rules are components of our biological experiences that shape all social institutions and human activities, including education. When we invite others to follow the rules, there is always a presupposition in our mind that we and others have a common and clear concep More

  The rules are components of our biological experiences that shape all social institutions and human activities, including education. When we invite others to follow the rules, there is always a presupposition in our mind that we and others have a common and clear concept of the rules. Wittgenstein believes that one can be trained to follow the rules. But he puts forward an important paradox about the rule of law, according to which one cannot speak of a conformity or non-compliance with the rule. The logical dimensions of this paradox have attracted the attention of educational philosophers. Following the rules of education in the school and classroom space is one of the most prominent examples of compliance with the rules. But do we have enough reasons to persuade our children and students to follow the rules? The two views of rationalist and authoritarian are among the most important approaches in the area of education to the question of rule-following. Relying on Wittgenstein’s context-based approach to escaping the paradox, this paper claims that the best way to understand the category of rule-following is to form a tacit agreement between the community and educational environments, which can only be expressed in practice without being expressible. Manuscript profile
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  3 - Critical Study of Western Rationalists' Natural Law Theories in Modern Period
  Mohammad Hossein Talebi
  Natural law is the commands of intellect about free human behaviours to arrive at eternal happiness. After Medieval and Renaissance periods, Modern epoch lasted three centuries before the start of Postmodern period. The most important symbol of the period was the attent More

  Natural law is the commands of intellect about free human behaviours to arrive at eternal happiness. After Medieval and Renaissance periods, Modern epoch lasted three centuries before the start of Postmodern period. The most important symbol of the period was the attention to the status of the human being and putting him/her in the centre of scientific and philosophical thoughts (humanism). In Modern period, the teaching of natural law was under two incompatible conceptions: empiricism and rationalism. This article is a critical study of rationalists' theories of natural law in Modern period, particularly Enlightenment epoch. The question, which this essay will response, is: what are the deficiencies of rationalists' theories of natural law in Modern period? To answer this question, the thoughts of three rationalists, who wrote more than others about natural law in Modern period, namely Montesquieu, Rousseau and Kant, will be analysed in three independent chapters. Montesquieu summarised natural law in four laws: desire to peace, to nourishment, to sexuality and to social inclination. The most important deficiency of Montesquieu's theory is that he interpreted the law of nature instead of natural law. Rousseau restricted natural law into the laws of material nature of humans. He disregarded the intellect of human beings and reduced human level to animal one. Kant did not succeed in identifying natural law cases and he only referred to some general characteristics of natural law. The research method in this article is a synthetic one, which is traditional – intellectual – critical. Manuscript profile
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  4 - A Critical Study of Western Rationalists’ Theories of Natural Law in the Modern Period (Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Kant)
  Mohammad Hossein  Talebi
  Among the various interpretations of natural law, the most favorite of them states that it refers to the orders of practical intellect regarding Man’s voluntary behaviors in all places and at all times that lead to permanent happiness if obeyed by human beings. The theo More

  Among the various interpretations of natural law, the most favorite of them states that it refers to the orders of practical intellect regarding Man’s voluntary behaviors in all places and at all times that lead to permanent happiness if obeyed by human beings. The theory of natural law in the modern period has received two opposing empirical and rationalist interpretations. By reason, modern rationalism means calculating reason, which is viewed as a tool for attaining material and immaterial (moral) wishes. Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Kant were three rationalist philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment who discussed and theorized about natural law. In this paper, after a brief account of their theories on natural law, the author evaluates them one by one. In the first section, the author argues that Montesquieu, by posing a self-made myth, states that following natural desire leads Man to happiness. This act of following in his view implies natural law. The most important criticism of Montesquieu’s theory is that he has confused the natural law with the law of nature. In the second section, the author argues that, unlike Montesquieu, Rousseau believes that natural law is not based on the reason but, rather, on human instincts and feelings. The basic problem of this theory is his material approach to human nature, which lowers Man to the level of animals. Finally, the third section presents a critical investigation of Kant’s natural law. In his view, natural law is different from the law of nature. Kant believes that natural law enjoys two characteristics: universality and intrinsicness. However, he has not referred to any of the applications of natural law and has failed in providing a complete explanation of this theory. This failure is rooted in the epistemological system of Kant’s philosophy, based on which the practical wisdom and its orders (or the same natural law) must be deemed unfounded and unreliable. Kant maintains that the issues related to immaterial and even material substances are polemic rather than demonstrative in nature. Similar to other critical studies, the present study was conducted following a mixed narrative-intellectual method. Accordingly, the views of the three rationalist philosophers of the modern period are initially explained and then examined and evaluated based on rational arguments and reasoning. Manuscript profile